add controlled opengl example

Author: leogermond

Diff for: courses/fundamentals_of_ada/230_interfacing_with_c/10-example_refcount_wrap.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+==========================================
+Refcounting Wrapper for External C Objects
+==========================================
+
+-------
+Context
+-------
+
+* From :url:`https://blog.adacore.com/the-road-to-a-thick-opengl-binding-for-ada-part-2`
+* OpenGL API create various objects like textures or vertex buffers
+* Creating them gives us an ID
+
+    - Can then be used to refer to the object
+
+* Simple approach: Manually reclaiming them
+
+    - Could cause leaks
+
+* Refcount approach: automatic ID management
+
+    - From an Ada wrapper
+    - Automatic reclaim once the last reference vanishes
+
+-----------------
+Wrapper Interface
+-----------------
+
+* :ada:`type GL_Object is abstract tagged private`
+
+    - Implements smart pointer logic
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+       procedure Initialize_Id (Object : in out GL_Object);
+
+       procedure Clear (Object : in out GL_Object);
+
+       function Initialized (Object : GL_Object) return Boolean;
+
+* Derived by the **actual** object types
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+       procedure Internal_Create_Id
+         (Object : GL_Object; Id : out UInt) is abstract;
+
+       procedure Internal_Release_Id
+         (Object : GL_Object; Id : UInt) is abstract;
+
+* Example usage
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+    type Shader (Kind : Shader_Type) is new GL_Object with null record;
+
+------------------------------------
+Wrapper Implementation: Private part
+------------------------------------
+
+* Object ID's holder: :ada:`GL_Object_Reference`
+
+    - All derived types have a handle to this
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   type GL_Object_Reference;
+   type GL_Object_Reference_Access is access all GL_Object_Reference;
+
+   type GL_Object is abstract new Ada.Finalization.Controlled with record
+      Reference : GL_Object_Reference_Access := null;
+   end record;
+
+* Controlled implements **ref-counting**
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   -- Increases reference count.
+   overriding procedure Adjust (Object : in out GL_Object);
+
+   -- Decreases reference count. Destroys texture when it reaches zero.
+   overriding procedure Finalize (Object : in out GL_Object);
+
+------------------------------------
+Wrapper Implementation: Full Picture
+------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   type GL_Object_Reference is record
+      GL_Id           : UInt;
+      Reference_Count : Natural;
+      Is_Owner        : Boolean;
+   end record;
+
+.. image:: controlled_gl_object.svg
+
+------------------------
+:ada:`Adjust` Completion
+------------------------
+
+* :ada:`Adjust` is called every time a new reference is **created**
+* Increments the ref-counter
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+    overriding procedure Adjust (Object : in out GL_Object) is
+    begin
+       if Object.Reference /= null then
+          Object.Reference.Reference_Count := @ + 1;
+       end if;
+    end Adjust;
+
+--------------------------
+:ada:`Finalize` Completion
+--------------------------
+
+* :ada:`Finalize` should always be :dfn:`idempotent`
+
+    - Compiler might call it multiple times on the same object
+    - In particular when **exceptions** occur
+    - Do **not** decrement the reference counter for every call
+
+        + A given object will own **only one** reference
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+    overriding procedure Finalize (Object : in out GL_Object) is
+       Ref : GL_Object_Reference_Access
+            renames Object.Reference;
+    begin
+       --  Idempotence: the next call to Finalize will have no effect
+       Ref := null;
+
+       if Ref /= null then
+          Ref.Reference_Count := @ - 1;
+          if Ref.Reference_Count = 0 then
+             Free (Ref.all);  --  Call to user-defined primitive
+             Unchecked_Free (Ref);
+          end if;
+       end if;
+    end Finalize;

Diff for: courses/fundamentals_of_ada/700_expert_resource_management.rst

@@ -37,4 +37,5 @@ Expert Resource Management
 .. include:: 140_access_types/11-idiom_constant_pointer.rst
 .. include:: 260_controlled_types/10-idiom_refcounting.rst
 .. include:: 260_controlled_types/11-example_logger.rst
+.. include:: 230_interfacing_with_c/10-example_refcount_wrap.rst
 .. include:: 240_tasking/21-gnat_semaphores.rst