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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>第 4 章 文学式编程 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册</title>
<meta name="description" content="适用于数据工程与数据科学课程的教材。" />
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<meta property="og:title" content="第 4 章 文学式编程 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册" />
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<meta property="og:description" content="适用于数据工程与数据科学课程的教材。" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="第 4 章 文学式编程 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册" />
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<meta name="author" content="史冬波 续本达" />
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<li><a href="./">数据工程讲义</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>前言</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#致谢"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>致谢</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="author.html"><a href="author.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>作者简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> 写在前面</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#为什么写本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> 为什么写本书</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#如何使用本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> 如何使用本书</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> 数据工程：重塑经济学研究的流程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#人工智能时代的社会科学研究机遇与挑战"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> 人工智能时代的社会科学研究：机遇与挑战</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#社会科学的三圈分类"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> 社会科学的三圈分类</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai智能发展的三要素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> AI智能发展的三要素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai对社会科学研究的冲击"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> AI对社会科学研究的冲击</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai为社会科学研究创造的机遇"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> AI为社会科学研究创造的机遇</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程与数据科学"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> 数据工程与数据科学</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的灵魂数据流"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> 数据工程的灵魂：数据流</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的钥匙数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> 数据工程的钥匙：数据结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程师的工具箱"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> 数据工程师的工具箱</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的四个指导原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> 数据工程的四个指导原则</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#可复现性原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> 可复现性原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#模块化与正交分解原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> 模块化与正交分解原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#最佳工具原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> 最佳工具原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#一次原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.4</b> 一次原则</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu-环境"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> GNU 环境</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#posix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> POSIX</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> GNU</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#命令行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.3</b> 命令行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#编辑器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.4</b> 编辑器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#版本控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> 版本控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Git</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git的三种状态"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> Git的三种状态</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git仓库"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> Git仓库</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git命令实践"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.4</b> Git命令实践</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git目前的局限性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.5</b> Git目前的局限性</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> R编程基础</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> R语言简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言的特点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> R语言的特点</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r与rtudio的安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> R与Rtudio的安装</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#安装r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> 安装R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r安装rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> R安装RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#组织r代码的三种方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> 组织R代码的三种方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r代码的组成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.4</b> R代码的组成</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r对文件和路径的相关操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> R对文件和路径的相关操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#路径操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> 路径操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#文件操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> 文件操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#特殊路径"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> 特殊路径</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> 数据类型</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数值型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> 数值型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#逻辑型布尔型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> 逻辑型/布尔型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#字符型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> 字符型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#缺失值"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.4</b> 缺失值</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型判断与转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.5</b> 数据类型判断与转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.6</b> 运算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> 变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> 数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.1</b> 向量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#因子"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.2</b> 因子</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#矩阵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.3</b> 矩阵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据框"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.4</b> 数据框</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#列表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.5</b> 列表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构之间的转化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.6</b> 数据结构之间的转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> 数据读写</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#csv文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.1</b> csv文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#hdf5文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.2</b> HDF5文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#xml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.3</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.4</b> JSON</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#专用数据文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.5</b> 专用数据文件</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#流程控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> 流程控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#条件判断"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.1</b> 条件判断</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#循环"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10</b> 函数</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数的定义与调用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.1</b> 函数的定义与调用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量作用域"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.2</b> 变量作用域</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数模块化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.3</b> 函数模块化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.4</b> 包</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11</b> 向量化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#apply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.1</b> apply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#lapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.2</b> lapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#sapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.3</b> sapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#vapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.4</b> vapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#mapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.5</b> mapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#其他"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.6</b> 其他</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.12" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#代码风格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.12</b> 代码风格</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> 文学式编程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#什么是文学式编程"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 什么是文学式编程</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#markdown格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Markdown格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#标题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> 标题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#段落文本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> 段落文本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> 表格</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#图片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4</b> 图片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.5" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#代码块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.5</b> 代码块</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#rmarkdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> RMarkdown</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#代码块控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> 代码块控制</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#xaringan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Xaringan</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#leanr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> LeanR</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#bookdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Bookdown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="md.html"><a href="md.html#格式转化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> 格式转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> 数据操纵</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整洁数据tidydata"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> 整洁数据tidydata</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#分析单位unit-of-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> 分析单位(unit of analysis)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> 整齐数据</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的缘起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> 整齐数据的缘起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的定义"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> 整齐数据的定义</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据的凌乱点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> 数据的凌乱点</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据操纵案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> 数据操纵案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> 数据可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#从一个可以画恐龙的包说起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> 从一个可以画恐龙的包说起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#调色板"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> 调色板</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> 回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#一般线性回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> 一般线性回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#基础模型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> 基础模型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#稳健性标准误"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> 稳健性标准误</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#因果推断的反事实框架"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> 因果推断的反事实框架</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#定义因果关系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> 定义因果关系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#cef三定理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> CEF三定理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#交互项还是分组回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.3</b> 交互项还是分组回归</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#匹配"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> 匹配</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#工具变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> 工具变量</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> 双重差分</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#断点回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> 断点回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> 案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#其他乱七八糟的方法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.3</b> 其他乱七八糟的方法</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#formula-公式对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> formula (公式)对象</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式的生成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7.1</b> 公式的生成</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#生成公式的运算符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7.2</b> 生成公式的运算符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式与字符串之间的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7.3</b> 公式与字符串之间的转换</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式expression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8</b> 表达式expression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式的生成与执行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9</b> 表达式的生成与执行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式与字符串的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.10</b> 表达式与字符串的转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用stargazer输出表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11</b> 使用stargazer输出表格</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#标准回归表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.1</b> 标准回归表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#默认格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.2</b> 默认格式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格表头"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.3</b> 表格表头</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格正文"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.4</b> 表格正文</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#添加变量信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.5</b> 添加变量信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#选择统计量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.6</b> 选择统计量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格注释"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.7</b> 表格注释</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#整体布局"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.8</b> 整体布局</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#其他-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.9</b> 其他</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#描述性统计表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11.10</b> 描述性统计表</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#回归结果的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12</b> 回归结果的可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.1</b> 使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.2</b> 使用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分模型的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.3</b> 双重差分模型的可视化</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> 命令行</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#命令的基本概念"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> 命令的基本概念</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#通配符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> 通配符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#正则表达式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> 正则表达式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#r的命令行选项"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> R的命令行选项</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#linuxunix-shebang"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> Linux/Unix Shebang</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#argparse包实例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> argparse包实例</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> 网络数据采集</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#网络数据格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> 网络数据格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> CSV</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xml-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#json-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> JSON</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> HTML</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> HTML的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#常见html标签"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> 常见HTML标签</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#dom树形数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.3</b> DOM树形数据结构</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> CSS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> CSS的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#id选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> id选择器</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#类选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> 类选择器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> JavaScript</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> JavaScript案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> JavaScript的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#ajax"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> AJAX</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> 开发者工具</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#打开开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> 打开开发者工具</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#查看器与样式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> 查看器与样式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#其他功能"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> 其他功能</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xpath"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> Xpath</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#基本查询"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> 基本查询</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.7" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.7</b> HTTP</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.7.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http常见方法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.7.1</b> HTTP常见方法</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.8" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#静态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.8</b> 静态爬虫</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#使用rselenium的动态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9</b> 使用RSelenium的动态爬虫</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenium简介与安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9.1</b> RSelenium简介与安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#安装docker"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9.2</b> 安装Docker</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenum语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9.3</b> RSelenum语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例1在链家搜索并获取相关信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9.4</b> 案例1:在链家搜索并获取相关信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例2登录豆瓣"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9.5</b> 案例2:登录豆瓣</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> 地理计算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#r中地理计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> R中地理计算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> 地理数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#向量vector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> 向量（Vector）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#栅格raster"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> 栅格（Raster）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#坐标系coordinate-reference-system"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> 坐标系（coordinate reference system）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据操纵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> 地理数据操纵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> 地理数据可视化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> 地理数据运算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#取子集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.1</b> 取子集</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> 地理数据读写</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> 地理数据计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> GUN Make的数据生产线</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用make的必要性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> 使用Make的必要性</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#数据流水线的构造目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> 数据流水线的构造目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Make安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#快速上手make"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> 快速上手make</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的工作方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> make的工作方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#makefile-的高级写法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Makefile 的高级写法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#特殊目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.1</b> 特殊目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.2</b> 使用变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#分支与循环结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.3</b> 分支与循环结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#函数-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.4</b> 函数</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的高级语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Make的高级语法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#并行计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.1</b> 并行计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#参考资料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> 参考资料</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>附录</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="sound.html"><a href="sound.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> 余音绕梁</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>参考文献</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> R日期时间</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> 日期-时间数据类型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#lubridate包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> lubridate包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#定义日期-时间变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> 定义日期-时间变量</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#从日期-时间中取出元素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> 从日期-时间中取出元素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间取整"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> 日期-时间取整</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间的数学运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> 日期-时间的数学运算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间长度"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.1</b> 时间长度</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间周期"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.2</b> 时间周期</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间区间"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.3</b> 时间区间</a></li>
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<div id="md" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="4">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">第 4 章</span> 文学式编程<a href="md.html#md" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<p>可复现性是数据工程誓死捍卫的底线原则与科学研究区分于巫术的主要特征。R语言内嵌了一整套自动化报告解决方案，可以保证结果可复现。另一方面，任何数据分析报告都不是一簇而就的，必然涉及到反反复复的结果调试，R语言自动化报告可以帮我们避免反复将分析结果赋值粘贴到Word文档里面（如果你不理解这句话，那说明你还不是一个资深数据分析人员），避免了这种愚蠢的重复劳动。我们一直认为懒没有错，因为懒是推动人类寻找更高效技术方案的原生动力，自动化报告就是这样的技术方案。</p>
<div id="什么是文学式编程" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> 什么是文学式编程<a href="md.html#什么是文学式编程" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>文学式编程是相对于结构式编程而言的。结构式编程就是我们前面学到的那些循环、分支结构、函数等代码，让计算机按照我们的设定去执行特定任务。但是在展示这些运算结果的时候，我们还需要将其编辑到一个文档或者演示文稿中。文学式编程则是将这两步融合在一起，分析报告的正文和代码放入同一个文档，编译的时候分别运行，从而一次性生成分析报告。</p>
<p>文学式编程起源于大神Knuth开发的Sweave框架，大名鼎鼎的Tex就是其作品。写到这里，忍不住要提到Tex开发的故事，当年Knuth老人家不满出版社的排版质量，一气之下写了一套高质量排版系统，并写支票奖励发现缺陷的人，奖金都是16进制的1美元，而且金额随缺陷数目递增（这段轶事大神谢益辉的书籍中也有记载）。</p>
<p>2011年，R语言社区大神谢益辉（我在课上把他称为华人之光）由于忍不了Sweave的图片宽度设置等问题，一气之下（又来！）开发了knitr包（具体这段历史可以参考谢益辉自己的<a href="https://bookdown.org/yihui/r-ninja/auto-report.html">回忆</a><a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a>），兼容并无限拓展Sweave，把我们从LaTex的深坑中拯救了出来。读到这里，如果你还没有体会过LaTex的坑有多深，那么恭喜你，你可以不用体会，直接跳入RMarkdown的简洁世界吧。</p>
<p>上面的故事也告诉我们，如果你想推动技术进步，就让程序员生气吧，忍无可忍的程序员总会搞出一些惊天动地的事情。</p>
</div>
<div id="markdown格式" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> Markdown格式<a href="md.html#markdown格式" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>Markdown</code>格式是最简洁的带格式的文本语法。<code>Markdown</code>是John Gruber于2004年开发的，使用一组非常简洁的符合人类阅读习惯的标签来实现大部分文本文档中的格式，大量被程序开发人员使用。</p>
<div id="标题" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.2.1</span> 标题<a href="md.html#标题" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>标题使用<code>#</code>加空格的形式表示，几级标题就用几个<code>#</code>表示。由于本文是使用markdown语法写作的，因此就不演示编译后结果了。</p>
<pre><code># 一级标题
## 二级标题
### 三级标题
#### 四级标题</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="段落文本" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.2.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.2.2</span> 段落文本<a href="md.html#段落文本" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>段落可以是一行或者多行文字，不同段落之间用空行分割。<code>*</code>之间的文本为<em>斜体</em>，两个<code>*</code>之间的文本为<strong>加粗</strong>，三个以上<code>*</code>表示分隔符，使用<code>-</code>表示无序列表，使用<code>1.</code>表示有序列表，可以通过制表符来进行列表分级。通过<code>[](link)</code>来表示引用，link表示超链接地址。</p>
<p>例如，</p>
<pre><code>后来我就念了**两首诗**[^2],
[^2]: 纪念一位逝去的长者
> 苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之
他回忆说：“*一个人的命运啊，当然要靠自我奋斗，但是也要考虑到历史的行程。*”
***
人固有一死，
- 或重于泰山
- 或轻于鸿毛
- 或介于中间
更多关于markdown知识可以参考markdown手册和Rstudio的文档， 以及[Xie, Allaire, and Grolemund 2019](https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/)。</code></pre>
<p>后来我就念了<strong>两首诗</strong><a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a>,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之</p>
</blockquote>
<p>他回忆说：“<em>一个人的命运啊，当然要靠自我奋斗，但是也要考虑到历史的行程。</em>”</p>
<hr />
<p>人固有一死，</p>
<ul>
<li>或重于泰山</li>
<li>或轻于鸿毛
<ul>
<li>或介于中间</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>更多关于markdown知识可以参考markdown手册和Rstudio的文档， 以及<a href="https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/">Xie, Allaire, and Grolemund 2019</a>。</p>
</div>
<div id="表格" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.2.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.2.3</span> 表格<a href="md.html#表格" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>表格使用<code>|</code>分割不同的列，多个<code>-</code>区分表头与表格，并搭配<code>:</code>表示对齐方式，列宽度与输入的列标题下横线宽度成比例。例如：</p>
<pre><code>| Covariates | Mean | | Difference | P value |
| --------------------------------------------------------- |:---------:| --------- | ----------:| -------|
| | Acceptors | Rejectors | | |
| PhD from globally top-100 STEM program | 0.525 | 0.551 | −0.026 | 0.701 |
| Research productivity before return | | | | |
| Articles per year | 2.390 | 2.932 | −0.541 | 0.098 |
| First-authored articles per year | 1.003 | 1.058 | −0.055 | 0.658 |
| First-authored articles in top 10% of journals per year | 0.523 | 0.403 | 0.119 | 0.040 |
| Last-authored articles per year | 0.196 | 0.608 | −0.412 | 0.000 |
| Last-authored articles in top 10% of journals per year | 0.046 | 0.202 | −0.156 | 0.001 |
| Overseas faculty appointments | 0.136 | 0.890 | −0.755 | 0.000 |
| Research funding per year ($1000 in 2010 USD) | 4.439 | 30.365 | −25.925 | 0.006 |
Table: Table 1. YTT offer receiver comparison.(Shi et.al., 2023)[^3]
[^3]: Dongbo Shi et al. ,Has China’s Young Thousand Talents program been successful in recruiting and nurturing top-caliber scientists?.Science379,62-65(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.abq1218
</code></pre>
<table>
<caption>Table 1. YTT offer receiver comparison.(Shi et.al., 2023)<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a></caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="60%" />
<col width="11%" />
<col width="9%" />
<col width="11%" />
<col width="7%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Covariates</th>
<th align="center">Mean</th>
<th></th>
<th align="right">Difference</th>
<th>P value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td align="center">Acceptors</td>
<td>Rejectors</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>PhD from globally top-100 STEM program</td>
<td align="center">0.525</td>
<td>0.551</td>
<td align="right">−0.026</td>
<td>0.701</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Research productivity before return</td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td></td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Articles per year</td>
<td align="center">2.390</td>
<td>2.932</td>
<td align="right">−0.541</td>
<td>0.098</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>First-authored articles per year</td>
<td align="center">1.003</td>
<td>1.058</td>
<td align="right">−0.055</td>
<td>0.658</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>First-authored articles in top 10% of journals per year</td>
<td align="center">0.523</td>
<td>0.403</td>
<td align="right">0.119</td>
<td>0.040</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Last-authored articles per year</td>
<td align="center">0.196</td>
<td>0.608</td>
<td align="right">−0.412</td>
<td>0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Last-authored articles in top 10% of journals per year</td>
<td align="center">0.046</td>
<td>0.202</td>
<td align="right">−0.156</td>
<td>0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Overseas faculty appointments</td>
<td align="center">0.136</td>
<td>0.890</td>
<td align="right">−0.755</td>
<td>0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Research funding per year ($1000 in 2010 USD)</td>
<td align="center">4.439</td>
<td>30.365</td>
<td align="right">−25.925</td>
<td>0.006</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>实际上，对于比较已经有<code>MS Excel</code>文件的表格，可以使用在线工具将其直接转化为<code>Markdown</code>语法，例如<a href="https://tool.lu/tables" class="uri">https://tool.lu/tables</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="图片" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.2.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.2.4</span> 图片<a href="md.html#图片" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>![]()</code>用于添加图片，方括号内是图片的标题，可以空缺，圆括号内是图片的地址，可以是网页图片也可以是本地图片。</p>
<pre><code></code></pre>
<p><img src="https://www.r-project.org/logo/Rlogo.png" /></p>
<p>或者</p>
<pre><code></code></pre>
<p><img src="Rlogo.png" /></p>
</div>
<div id="代码块" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.2.5">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.2.5</span> 代码块<a href="md.html#代码块" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>使用单个上标顿号`可以在文本行内标注代码代码引用，使用三个`可以将整个段落设置为代码块。</p>
<p>段落代码块使用时，可以在三个`后用<code>{}</code>来标记代码块使用的编程语言。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="md.html#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(readr)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rmarkdown" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> RMarkdown<a href="md.html#rmarkdown" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>基于<code>knitr</code>包，R在Markdown语法的基础上，将运算代码和预算结果嵌入到文本当中，并做了针对性的设计，拓展名为<code>.Rmd</code>。</p>
<div id="代码块控制" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="4.3.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">4.3.1</span> 代码块控制<a href="md.html#代码块控制" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>在代码块的<code>{}</code>中通过<code>参数=取值</code>的方式来控制代码块在文档中的功能与呈现方式。为了更好区分不同的代码块，可以在<code>{r}</code>之后添加一个标签，例如<code>{r setup}</code>，只有标签是可以不指定参数名的。</p>
<p>常用参数如下：</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="33%" />
<col width="66%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">参数</th>
<th align="left">说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>eval</code></td>
<td align="left">是否运行代码，也可用向量指定运行代码的行数</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>echo</code></td>
<td align="left">是否在文档中显示代码，也可用向量指定显示代码的行数</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>results</code></td>
<td align="left">显示文本输出的方式，<code>markup</code>用标记语言显示，<code>asis</code>显示原始文本，<code>hold</code>表示代码运行结束之后统一输出文本，<code>hide</code>表示隐藏文本结果</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>collapse</code></td>
<td align="left">是否将代码块合并</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>warning</code></td>
<td align="left">是否输出警告信息</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>message</code></td>
<td align="left">是否输出运行信息</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>include</code></td>
<td align="left">是否将代码结果输出到文档，当<code>FALSE</code>时，代码依然运行，但是不输出结果</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>error</code></td>
<td align="left">是否在代码运行报错是停止编译markdown，缺省值是<code>TRUE</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>comment</code></td>
<td align="left">注释的标注方式，默认为<code>#</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>background</code></td>
<td align="left">代码块的背景颜色</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>cache</code></td>
<td align="left">是否缓存代码，当<code>TRUE</code>时，代码在第二次编译时不重复运行</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>fig.x</code></td>
<td align="left">系列参数设置图片输出的格式</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>file</code></td>
<td align="left">调用外部R代码</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>可以在文档开头通过一个代码块设置全局参数，例如，</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="md.html#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#```</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="md.html#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a>knitr<span class="sc">::</span>opts_chunk<span class="sc">$</span><span class="fu">set</span>(</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="md.html#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">comment =</span> <span class="st">''</span>, <span class="at">fig.width =</span> <span class="dv">6</span>, <span class="at">fig.height =</span> <span class="dv">6</span></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="md.html#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="md.html#cb7-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#```</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>更详细的资料可以参考<a href="https://yihui.org/knitr/options/" class="uri">https://yihui.org/knitr/options/</a>。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="xaringan" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.4">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> Xaringan<a href="md.html#xaringan" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Xarigan的一些神奇的技巧</p>
</div>
<div id="leanr" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.5">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> LeanR<a href="md.html#leanr" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
</div>
<div id="bookdown" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.6">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span> Bookdown<a href="md.html#bookdown" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
</div>
<div id="格式转化" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="4.7">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">4.7</span> 格式转化<a href="md.html#格式转化" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<hr />
<ol start="1">
<li id="fn1"><p>R语言忍者秘笈 <a href="https://bookdown.org/yihui/r-ninja/" class="uri">https://bookdown.org/yihui/r-ninja/</a> <a href="md.html#fnref1" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn2"><p>纪念一位逝去的长者<a href="md.html#fnref2" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn3"><p>Dongbo Shi et al. ,Has China’s Young Thousand Talents program been successful in recruiting and nurturing top-caliber scientists?.Science379,62-65(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.abq1218<a href="md.html#fnref3" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol>
</div>
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