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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>第 8 章 Python基础 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册</title>
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="第 8 章 Python基础 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册" />
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<meta name="author" content="史冬波 续本达" />
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<li><a href="./">数据工程讲义</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>前言</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#致谢"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>致谢</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="author.html"><a href="author.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>作者简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> 写在前面</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#为什么写本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> 为什么写本书</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#如何使用本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> 如何使用本书</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> 数据工程：重塑经济学研究的流程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#人工智能时代的社会科学研究机遇与挑战"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> 人工智能时代的社会科学研究：机遇与挑战</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#社会科学的三圈分类"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> 社会科学的三圈分类</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai智能发展的三要素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> AI智能发展的三要素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai对社会科学研究的冲击"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> AI对社会科学研究的冲击</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai为社会科学研究创造的机遇"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> AI为社会科学研究创造的机遇</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程与数据科学"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> 数据工程与数据科学</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的灵魂数据流"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> 数据工程的灵魂：数据流</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的钥匙数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> 数据工程的钥匙：数据结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程师的工具箱"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> 数据工程师的工具箱</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的四个指导原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> 数据工程的四个指导原则</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#可复现性原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> 可复现性原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#模块化与正交分解原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> 模块化与正交分解原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#最佳工具原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> 最佳工具原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#一次原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.4</b> 一次原则</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu-环境"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> GNU 环境</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#posix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> POSIX</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> GNU</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#命令行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.3</b> 命令行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#编辑器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.4</b> 编辑器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#版本控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> 版本控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Git</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git的三种状态"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> Git的三种状态</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git仓库"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> Git仓库</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git命令实践"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.4</b> Git命令实践</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git目前的局限性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.5</b> Git目前的局限性</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> R语言基础</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> R语言简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言的特点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> R语言的特点</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r与rtudio的安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> R与Rtudio的安装</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#安装r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> 安装R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#在wsl上安装r语言"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> 在WSL上安装R语言</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r安装rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> R安装RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#组织r代码的三种方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.4</b> 组织R代码的三种方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r代码的组成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.5</b> R代码的组成</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r对文件和路径的相关操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> R对文件和路径的相关操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#路径操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> 路径操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#文件操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> 文件操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#特殊路径"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> 特殊路径</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> 数据类型</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数值型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> 数值型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#逻辑型布尔型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> 逻辑型/布尔型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#字符型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> 字符型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#缺失值"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.4</b> 缺失值</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型判断与转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.5</b> 数据类型判断与转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.6</b> 运算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> 变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> 数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.1</b> 向量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#因子"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.2</b> 因子</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#矩阵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.3</b> 矩阵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据框"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.4</b> 数据框</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#列表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.5</b> 列表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构之间的转化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.6</b> 数据结构之间的转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> 数据读写</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#csv文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.1</b> csv文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#hdf5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.2</b> HDF5</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#xml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.3</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.4</b> JSON</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#yaml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.5</b> YAML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#专用数据文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.6</b> 专用数据文件</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#流程控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> 流程控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#条件判断"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.1</b> 条件判断</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#循环"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数与包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10</b> 函数与包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数的定义与调用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.1</b> 函数的定义与调用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量作用域"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.2</b> 变量作用域</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数模块化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.3</b> 函数模块化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.4</b> 包</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11</b> 向量化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#apply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.1</b> apply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#lapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.2</b> lapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#sapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.3</b> sapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#vapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.4</b> vapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#mapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.5</b> mapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#其他"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.6</b> 其他</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.12" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#代码风格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.12</b> 代码风格</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> 文学式编程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#什么是文学式编程"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 什么是文学式编程</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#markdown格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Markdown格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#标题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> 标题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#段落文本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> 段落文本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> 表格</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#图片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4</b> 图片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.5" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#代码块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.5</b> 代码块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.6" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#数学公式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.6</b> 数学公式</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#rmarkdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Rmarkdown</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#yaml头文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> YAML头文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#代码块控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> 代码块控制</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#rmarkdown特殊语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.3</b> Rmarkdown特殊语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#格式转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.4</b> 格式转换</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#xaringan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Xaringan</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#安装与模板"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> 安装与模板</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#其他学习资源"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> 其他学习资源</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#leanr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> leanr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#安装与模板-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> 安装与模板</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#互动代码模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> 互动代码模块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#测试题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> 测试题</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#bookdownblogdown以及pagedown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> bookdown、blogdown以及pagedown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#quarto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Quarto</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> 数据整理</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据tidydata"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> 整齐数据tidydata</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#分析单位unit-of-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> 分析单位(unit of analysis)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> 整齐数据</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的缘起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> 整齐数据的缘起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的定义"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> 整齐数据的定义</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据的凌乱点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> 数据的凌乱点</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#关系代数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> 关系代数</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#sql语言"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> SQL语言</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#sqlite3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> SQLite3</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> 安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据类型-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> 数据类型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#新建数据库与表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.3</b> 新建数据库与表格</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#集合运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.4</b> 集合运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#线性运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.5</b> 线性运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据连接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.6</b> 数据连接</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.7" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据分组与汇总"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.7</b> 数据分组与汇总</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.8" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#其他-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.8</b> 其他</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.9" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据读写-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.9</b> 数据读写</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.10" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#索引与键"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.10</b> 索引与键</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#mysql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> MySQL</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#基本命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.1</b> 基本命令</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#postgresql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Postgresql</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7</b> dplyr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#集合运算-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.1</b> 集合运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#线性运算-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.2</b> 线性运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#管道"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.3</b> 管道</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据连接-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.4</b> 数据连接</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据分组与汇总-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.5</b> 数据分组与汇总</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#宽数据与长数据的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8</b> 宽数据与长数据的转换</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#宽数据转长数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8.1</b> 宽数据转长数据</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#长数据转宽数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8.2</b> 长数据转宽数据</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#联系人数据表的案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8.3</b> 联系人数据表的案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#其他定制操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9</b> 其他定制操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#排序"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.1</b> 排序</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#抽样"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.2</b> 抽样</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#去重复"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.3</b> 去重复</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#缺失值处理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.4</b> 缺失值处理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#拆分与合并数据列"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.5</b> 拆分与合并数据列</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#合并数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9.6</b> 合并数据</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.10" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据库的连接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.10</b> 数据库的连接</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.10.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#r与数据库"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.10.1</b> R与数据库</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.10.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#python与数据库"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.10.2</b> Python与数据库</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.11" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#data.table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.11</b> data.table</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> 数据可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#从一个可以画恐龙的包说起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> 从一个可以画恐龙的包说起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#数据可视化的目的"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> 数据可视化的目的</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#图形语法grammar-of-graphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> 图形语法（Grammar of Graphics）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> <code>ggplot2</code></a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#几何对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> 几何对象</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#美术属性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> 美术属性</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.3" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#统计变换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.3</b> 统计变换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.4" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#标尺"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.4</b> 标尺</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.5" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#坐标系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.5</b> 坐标系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#分面"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.6</b> 分面</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.7" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#标签与图例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.7</b> 标签与图例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.8" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#主题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.8</b> 主题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.9" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#图例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.9</b> 图例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.10" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#图形组合"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.10</b> 图形组合</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#调色板"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> 调色板</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggsci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5.1</b> ggsci</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#colorspace"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5.2</b> colorspace</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#动图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> 动图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#交互图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7</b> 交互图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#数据大屏dashboard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8</b> 数据大屏Dashboard</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#flexdashboard安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8.1</b> flexdashboard安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#新建dashboard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8.2</b> 新建dashboard</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8.3" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#dashboard布局"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8.3</b> dashboard布局</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.9" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#其他参考资料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.9</b> 其他参考资料</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> 回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#一般线性回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> 一般线性回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#基础模型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> 基础模型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#稳健性标准误"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> 稳健性标准误</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#因果推断的反事实框架"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> 因果推断的反事实框架</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#定义因果关系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> 定义因果关系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#cef三定理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> CEF三定理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#交互项还是分组回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.3</b> 交互项还是分组回归</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#匹配"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> 匹配</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#工具变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> 工具变量</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> 双重差分</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#断点回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> 断点回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#包含高维分类变量的回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> 包含高维分类变量的回归</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#formula-公式对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8</b> formula (公式)对象</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式的生成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.1</b> 公式的生成</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#生成公式的运算符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.2</b> 生成公式的运算符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式与字符串之间的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.3</b> 公式与字符串之间的转换</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式expression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9</b> 表达式expression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式的生成与执行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.10</b> 表达式的生成与执行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式与字符串的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11</b> 表达式与字符串的转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用stargazer输出表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12</b> 使用stargazer输出表格</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#标准回归表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.1</b> 标准回归表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#默认格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.2</b> 默认格式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格表头"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.3</b> 表格表头</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格正文"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.4</b> 表格正文</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#添加变量信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.5</b> 添加变量信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#选择统计量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.6</b> 选择统计量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格注释"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.7</b> 表格注释</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#整体布局"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.8</b> 整体布局</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#其他-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.9</b> 其他</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#描述性统计表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.10</b> 描述性统计表</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#回归结果的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13</b> 回归结果的可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.1</b> 使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.2</b> 使用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分模型的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.3</b> 双重差分模型的可视化</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Python基础</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#python简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Python简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#python安装与pycharm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Python安装与Pycharm</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#安装-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> 安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#编辑器-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> 编辑器</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#pycharm的安装与教育许可证"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> Pycharm的安装与教育许可证</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#变量-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> 变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据类型-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> 数据类型</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#类型转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> 类型转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#算术运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> 算术运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#布尔运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> 布尔运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.4</b> 字符串</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.5" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串的替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.5</b> 字符串的替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.6" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串的切片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.6</b> 字符串的切片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.7" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准字符串操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.7</b> 标准字符串操作</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准输入输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> 标准输入输出</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准输入"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.1</b> 标准输入</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#命令执行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.2</b> 命令执行</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据结构-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> 数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#列表-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> 列表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#元组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.2</b> 元组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字典"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.3</b> 字典</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据结构之间的转化-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.4</b> 数据结构之间的转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#流程控制-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> 流程控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#条件判断-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> 条件判断</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#循环-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#函数与模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8</b> 函数与模块</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#批量调用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.1</b> 批量调用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#无名函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.2</b> 无名函数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#函数文档"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.3</b> 函数文档</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.4</b> 模块</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据读写与文件操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9</b> 数据读写与文件操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#读入文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.1</b> 读入文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#写出文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.2</b> 写出文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#with关键字"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.3</b> with关键字</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.10" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#os模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.10</b> os模块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.11" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#python的环境配置"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.11</b> Python的环境配置</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.12" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#案例获取高德地图地址信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.12</b> 案例：获取高德地图地址信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.13" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#面向对象单独成一章"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.13</b> 面向对象单独成一章</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> 正则表达式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#语法要素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> 语法要素</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#元字符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> 元字符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#重复"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> 重复</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#常用字符集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> 常用字符集</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#分组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> 分组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#非捕获组与断言"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.5</b> 非捕获组与断言</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#grep命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> grep命令</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#sed命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> sed命令</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用情景"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> 应用情景</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#文本替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> 文本替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#定位行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> 定位行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#替代"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.4</b> 替代</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#awk命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> awk命令</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#入门"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> 入门</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#r语言stringr包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> R语言stringr包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#stringr包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> stringr包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用案例wos数据分析"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> 应用案例：wos数据分析</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用案例数据合并与校对"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> 应用案例：数据合并与校对</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#python的re模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> Python的re模块</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#原生字符串"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> 原生字符串</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#编译"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.2</b> 编译</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#匹配-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.3</b> 匹配</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#分割"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.4</b> 分割</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.5</b> 替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.6" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#命名组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.6</b> 命名组</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> 命令行</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#命令的基本概念"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> 命令的基本概念</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#fish"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> fish</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#常用命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> 常用命令</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#标准输入与输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.3</b> 标准输入与输出</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.4" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#管道与进程管理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.4</b> 管道与进程管理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.5" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#别名"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.5</b> 别名</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.6" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#脚本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.6</b> 脚本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.7" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#传参"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.7</b> 传参</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#变量与数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> 变量与数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#路径变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> 路径变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#数组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> 数组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#字典-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> 字典</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#运算-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> 运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#控制流程"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> 控制流程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#选择结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> 选择结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#循环-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> 函数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#linux文件与目录管理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> Linux文件与目录管理</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#linux-链接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6.1</b> Linux 链接</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#bash内建正则表达式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> bash内建正则表达式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.8" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#应用案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.8</b> 应用案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.9" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#通配符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.9</b> 通配符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.10" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#sed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.10</b> sed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.11" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#awk"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.11</b> awk</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.12" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#正则表达式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.12</b> 正则表达式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.13" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#r的命令行选项"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.13</b> R的命令行选项</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.13.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#linuxunix-shebang"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.13.1</b> Linux/Unix Shebang</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.13.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#argparse包实例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.13.2</b> argparse包实例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.14" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#关于命令行与ide"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.14</b> 关于命令行与IDE</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> 网络数据采集</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#网络数据格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> 网络数据格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> CSV</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xml-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#json-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.3</b> JSON</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> HTML</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> HTML的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#常见html标签"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> 常见HTML标签</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#dom树形数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> DOM树形数据结构</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> CSS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> CSS的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#id选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> id选择器</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#类选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.3</b> 类选择器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> JavaScript</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.1</b> JavaScript案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.2</b> JavaScript的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#ajax"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.3</b> AJAX</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> 开发者工具</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#打开开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.1</b> 打开开发者工具</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#查看器与样式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.2</b> 查看器与样式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#其他功能"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.3</b> 其他功能</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xpath"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Xpath</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#基本查询"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.1</b> 基本查询</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> HTTP</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http常见方法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.1</b> HTTP常见方法</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#静态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> 静态爬虫</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#使用rselenium的动态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> 使用RSelenium的动态爬虫</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenium简介与安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.1</b> RSelenium简介与安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#安装docker"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.2</b> 安装Docker</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenum语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.3</b> RSelenum语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例1在链家搜索并获取相关信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.4</b> 案例1:在链家搜索并获取相关信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例2登录豆瓣"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.5</b> 案例2:登录豆瓣</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> 地理计算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#r中地理计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> R中地理计算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> 地理数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#向量vector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.1</b> 向量（Vector）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#栅格raster"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.2</b> 栅格（Raster）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#坐标系coordinate-reference-system"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.3</b> 坐标系（coordinate reference system）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据操纵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> 地理数据操纵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> 地理数据可视化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> 地理数据运算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#取子集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5.1</b> 取子集</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> 地理数据读写</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.7</b> 地理数据计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> GUN Make的数据生产线</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用make的必要性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> 使用Make的必要性</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#数据流水线的构造目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> 数据流水线的构造目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Make安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#快速上手make"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> 快速上手make</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的工作方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> make的工作方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#makefile-的高级写法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Makefile 的高级写法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#特殊目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.1</b> 特殊目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.2</b> 使用变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#分支与循环结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.3</b> 分支与循环结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#函数-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.4</b> 函数</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的高级语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7</b> Make的高级语法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#并行计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.1</b> 并行计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#参考资料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8</b> 参考资料</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="net.html"><a href="net.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> 图数据分析</a></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>附录</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="sound.html"><a href="sound.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> 余音绕梁</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>参考文献</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> R日期时间</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> 日期-时间数据类型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#lubridate包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> lubridate包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#定义日期-时间变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> 定义日期-时间变量</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#从日期-时间中取出元素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> 从日期-时间中取出元素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间取整"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> 日期-时间取整</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间的数学运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> 日期-时间的数学运算</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间长度"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.1</b> 时间长度</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间周期"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.2</b> 时间周期</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间区间"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.3</b> 时间区间</a></li>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">数据工程讲义：经济学分册</a>
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<div id="py" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="8">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">第 8 章</span> Python基础<a href="py.html#py" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>你总是给自己设置障碍，因为你不敢。<em>—邪不压正</em></p>
</blockquote>
<div id="python简介" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.1</span> Python简介<a href="py.html#python简介" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>本章我们介绍<code>Python</code>的基础知识。在这之前，读者可能会好奇，为什么又多了一个语言？我们已经学习了<code>R语言</code>和<code>SQL语言</code>，接触了<code>bash</code>，在未来还要学习<code>html语言</code>和<code>正则表达式</code>。之所以学习这么多语言是因为数据工程中涵盖了多种多样的任务，针对不同的任务往往有不同的最佳工具。与其追求在一个语言中费劲完成</p>
<p>正如在第三章介绍的，尽管<code>R语言</code>非常强大，但是它毕竟不是一个通用语言，在很多任务上，效率并不高。例如，绝大多数的<code>API</code>都使用的是<code>Python</code>语法，这就极大限制了<code>R语言</code>的应用场景。因此，我们需要学习一门通用语言，</p>
<p><code>Python</code>也是一门解释性语言，对于编译型语言如<code>C/C++</code>它更容易调试。<code>Python</code>的语法如<code>R语言</code>一般简洁易懂。<code>Python</code>是一个通用语言可，在生活中的方方面面都可以使用。</p>
<p><code>Python</code>的软件库丰富，可以完成非常多其他的功能。<code>Python</code>可以将跨语言的程序粘合在一起，是天生的“胶水语言”，非常适合跨语言协作。</p>
<p>由于以上优点，<code>Python</code>成为当前最流行的编程语言。<code>Python</code>的出现大大降低了编程的门槛，程序员供给数量指数增多。</p>
<p>更重要的是，学习编程语言在总收益不变的情况下，边际成本是断崖式下降的，假设大家在学习<code>R语言</code>时候用了100%的努力，在学习<code>Python</code>时只用付出25%的努力，就可以快速掌握<code>Python</code>，但是编程能力和视野会翻倍。在未来深入学习<code>bash</code>时，只用付出10%的努力即可。不同的编程语言更是代表了不同的世界观，在增加技能的同时，让我们的用于更多看待世界的角度。</p>
</div>
<div id="python安装与pycharm" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.2</span> Python安装与Pycharm<a href="py.html#python安装与pycharm" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<div id="安装-2" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.1</span> 安装<a href="py.html#安装-2" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>Python</code>存在两个版本主要版本，<code>Python2</code>和<code>Python3</code>。<code>Python3</code>是针对<code>Python2</code>的一次大规模改进，以至于很多<code>Python2</code>的程序无法在<code>Python3</code>中运行，因此可以将两者看做是不同的语言，以避免混淆出错。</p>
<p>Windows用户在WSL环境中使用<code>apt</code>命令安装<code>python3</code>。</p>
<pre><code>apt install python3</code></pre>
<p>R用户可以通过<code>brew</code>或者在<code>Gentoo prefix</code>中的<code>merge</code>命令安装。</p>
<pre><code>brew install python3</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="编辑器-1" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.2</span> 编辑器<a href="py.html#编辑器-1" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>Python</code>有一个增强式编译环境，<code>Ipython</code>可用于交互式编程。还提供了<code>Jupyter Notebook</code>，是<code>IPython</code>发展而来的可以在网页上进行交互式编程的环境。它的交互性更强，可以规避掉命令行，上手容易，适合写教程。</p>
<p>但是，网页并不能替代编辑器，不适合写大段程序，也没有批量处理能力。如果是只是学会了<code>Jupyter</code>就以为自己学会了编程，到处招摇过市，会暴露自己的无知与傲慢。因此，不推荐大家将其作为编辑器使用。</p>
</div>
<div id="pycharm的安装与教育许可证" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.3</span> Pycharm的安装与教育许可证<a href="py.html#pycharm的安装与教育许可证" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>我们推荐<code>Pycharm Professional</code>作为<code>Python</code>的编辑器（<a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/?section=mac">下载地址</a>），这是一款不逊色于<code>Rstudio</code>的编辑器，且为教育机构用户提供免费的权限。<code>Pycharm</code>不仅继承了语法高亮、自动补全以及版本控制等基本功能，更是集合了远程服务器编译功能，让远程调试非常便捷，这是一个<code>Rstudio</code>都没有的功能。同时，<code>Pycharm</code>也支持跨语言编辑。</p>
<p>安装之后请在<a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/shop/eform/students" class="uri">https://www.jetbrains.com/shop/eform/students</a>申请教育许可证。建议使用“官方文件”认证的方式。</p>
<p><img src="images/pybasic/pycharm.png" width="90%" /></p>
<p>打开<code>Pycharm</code>的第一步是新建项目，新建项目是要确定项目路径与编译代码的<code>Python</code>路径。Windows系统读者注意要使用WSL环境中的<code>python</code>，具体配置方法见视频。</p>
<p><img src="images/pybasic/pycharm2.png" width="90%" /></p>
<p>这里对应的习惯是一个研究项目对应一个路径，其实这样的习惯在<code>R</code>中也应该学习。</p>
<p><code>Pycharm</code>的窗口环境如下：</p>
<p><img src="images/pybasic/pycharm3.png" width="90%" /></p>
<p>此外<code>Rstudio</code>也是可以兼容python的，使用<code>reticulate::repl_python()</code>即可将<code>Console</code>的编译环境变成<code>python</code>环境。在做一些小命令尝试的时候，可以直接在Rtudio中编程，而不需要特别转换工作环境。毕竟，任何环境的转换都是需要成本的。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="变量-1" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.3</span> 变量<a href="py.html#变量-1" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>Python</code>变量使用<code>=</code>赋值与修改，变量既可以是最基本的数据类型，也可以是复杂的数据结构，甚至是新的类实体。<code>print</code>函数可以将变量输出到屏幕。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="py.html#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"hello world"</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="py.html#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## hello world</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="数据类型-2" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.4">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.4</span> 数据类型<a href="py.html#数据类型-2" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>Python</code>有五种数据类型：整型（精度无限的整数）、浮点型（64位高精度小数）、字符串和<code>None</code>。字符串引号（单引号或双引号）标注、布尔型（<code>Ture</code>和<code>False</code>）。</p>
<p><code>None</code>是<code>Python</code>中一个特别的值，即不是整数也不是浮点数，属于一种独有的类型。可以代表很多含义：“空”或者“没有”，或者“无法表达”，或者“出错了”、“非法”。转换为布尔类型时，None 的赋值为“假”。</p>
<p><code>type</code>函数可以查看的数据类型。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="py.html#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'int'></code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="py.html#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>(<span class="fl">3.14</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'float'></code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="py.html#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>(<span class="st">"hello world"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'str'></code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="py.html#cb11-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>(<span class="va">True</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'bool'></code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="py.html#cb13-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>(<span class="va">None</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'NoneType'></code></pre>
<div id="类型转换" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.1</span> 类型转换<a href="py.html#类型转换" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>int</code>、<code>float</code>、<code>str</code>和<code>bool</code>函数可以转换数据类型。与<code>R</code>一样，不是所有类型都可以互相转换的，转换不及会报错。</p>
</div>
<div id="算术运算" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.2</span> 算术运算<a href="py.html#算术运算" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>+-*/</code>用于四则运算，幂运算使用两个星号，<code>//</code>表示整除，<code>%</code>为取余数。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="py.html#cb15-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 6</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="py.html#cb17-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 0</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="py.html#cb19-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 9</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="py.html#cb21-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">/</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 1.5</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="py.html#cb23-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">**</span> <span class="dv">6</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 729</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="py.html#cb25-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">//</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 1</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="py.html#cb27-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span> <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 0</code></pre>
<p>更复杂的运算，可以导入<code>math</code>模块，例如阶乘。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="py.html#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> math</span>
<span id="cb29-2"><a href="py.html#cb29-2" tabindex="-1"></a>math.factorial(<span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 3628800</code></pre>
<p>注意，在<code>Python</code>里面整数是高精度的，具体多少精度，取决于计算机的硬件水平。<code>Python</code>会自行做出判断，用计算效率损失来换取人类在编程时候的方便。这样的恰恰适合经济学家，如果能够节省人类的时间，不惜浪费计算机的时间；通过升级硬件来节约计算机的时间。</p>
</div>
<div id="布尔运算" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.3</span> 布尔运算<a href="py.html#布尔运算" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>and</code>，<code>or</code>，<code>not</code>是<code>Python</code>中的“与或非”运算。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="py.html#cb31-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="va">True</span> <span class="kw">and</span> <span class="va">False</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## False</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="py.html#cb33-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="va">True</span> <span class="kw">or</span> <span class="va">False</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## True</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb35"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb35-1"><a href="py.html#cb35-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">not</span> <span class="va">True</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## False</code></pre>
<p><code><</code>、<code><=</code>、<code>></code>、<code>>=</code>、<code>==</code>，<code>!=</code>用于数值比较，生成布尔型。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb37"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb37-1"><a href="py.html#cb37-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="dv">2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## True</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb39"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb39-1"><a href="py.html#cb39-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## False</code></pre>
<p>在<code>Python</code>内部，布尔型被储存成整数型的0和1，因此可进行算术运算。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb41"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb41-1"><a href="py.html#cb41-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="va">True</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 3</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb43"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="py.html#cb43-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="va">False</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## True</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="字符串" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.4</span> 字符串<a href="py.html#字符串" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>Python</code>有非常强大的字符串工具库，针对单个字符串，<code>Python</code>开发了非常强大的属性与操作。很多操作让R用户眼睛瞪得像铜铃。例如，用加法和乘法，定义字符串的拼接与重复。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb45"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb45-1"><a href="py.html#cb45-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">"3.14"</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="st">"15926"</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## '3.1415926'</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb47"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb47-1"><a href="py.html#cb47-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">"重要的话说三次！"</span><span class="op">*</span><span class="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## '重要的话说三次！重要的话说三次！重要的话说三次！'</code></pre>
<p><code>len</code>函数可以得到字符串的长度。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb49"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb49-1"><a href="py.html#cb49-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">len</span>(<span class="st">"3.1415"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 6</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="字符串的替换" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.5">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.5</span> 字符串的替换<a href="py.html#字符串的替换" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>.format</code>函数可以实现灵活的字符串替换，例如，</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb51"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb51-1"><a href="py.html#cb51-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">"我感觉{}还需要{}，你们毕竟还是{}，你明白这意思吧？我告诉你们我是{}了，见得多了，西方哪一个{}我没有去过？你们要知道，美国的{}，比你们不知道要{}到哪里去了，我跟他{}。"</span>.<span class="bu">format</span>(<span class="st">"你们新闻界"</span>,<span class="st">"学习"</span>,<span class="st">"too young"</span>,<span class="st">"身经百战"</span>,<span class="st">"国家"</span>,<span class="st">"华莱士"</span>,<span class="st">"高"</span>,<span class="st">"谈笑风生"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## '我感觉你们新闻界还需要学习，你们毕竟还是too young，你明白这意思吧？我告诉你们我是身经百战了，见得多了，西方哪一个国家我没有去过？你们要知道，美国的华莱士，比你们不知道要高到哪里去了，我跟他谈笑风生。'</code></pre>
<p>其中，变的部分用<code>{}</code>表示，<code>.format</code>中的参数与前面的<code>{}</code>一一对应。</p>
<p><code>f-string</code>可以实现同样的功能，在数据输出时经常使用。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb53"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb53-1"><a href="py.html#cb53-1" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb53-2"><a href="py.html#cb53-2" tabindex="-1"></a>b <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="cb53-3"><a href="py.html#cb53-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>a<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">乘以</span><span class="sc">{</span>b<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">等于</span><span class="sc">{</span>a<span class="op">*</span>b<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## '3乘以5等于15'</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="字符串的切片" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.6">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.6</span> 字符串的切片<a href="py.html#字符串的切片" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>直接用<code>[]</code>就可以取出字符串的子集，注意<code>Python</code>从0开始编号，且使用左闭右开区间，跨语言使用时别出错。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb55-1"><a href="py.html#cb55-1" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"hello world"</span></span>
<span id="cb55-2"><a href="py.html#cb55-2" tabindex="-1"></a>a[<span class="dv">0</span>],a[<span class="dv">2</span>:<span class="dv">4</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ('h', 'll')</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="标准字符串操作" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.4.7">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.4.7</span> 标准字符串操作<a href="py.html#标准字符串操作" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>Python</code>的官方文档详尽介绍了标准库中字符串的进阶操作，推荐大家自己学一遍。我们介绍一些常用操作。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">操作</th>
<th align="left">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>.count</code></td>
<td align="left">统计字符出现的次数</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>.startwith</code></td>
<td align="left">判断字符串是否由某个子串开头</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>.split</code></td>
<td align="left">将字符串按照给定的分隔符分成列表</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>.replace</code></td>
<td align="left">一一替换字符</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb57"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb57-1"><a href="py.html#cb57-1" tabindex="-1"></a>seed <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">bin</span>(<span class="dv">2324</span>)</span>
<span id="cb57-2"><a href="py.html#cb57-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(seed)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 0b100100010100</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb59"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb59-1"><a href="py.html#cb59-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(seed.replace(<span class="st">'0'</span>,<span class="st">"奥"</span>).replace(<span class="st">'1'</span>,<span class="st">"利"</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 奥b利奥奥利奥奥奥利奥利奥奥</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="标准输入输出" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.5">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.5</span> 标准输入输出<a href="py.html#标准输入输出" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<div id="标准输入" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.5.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.5.1</span> 标准输入<a href="py.html#标准输入" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>input</code>函数可以键盘得到输入。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb61"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb61-1"><a href="py.html#cb61-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">input</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<p>标准输入默认输入数据类型为字符串，因此，当需要数字时，需要进行类型转换。标准输入使程序可与外界交互，输入信息被赋给了变量。输入可以由人给出，也可以由其它程序给出。</p>
</div>
<div id="命令执行" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.5.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.5.2</span> 命令执行<a href="py.html#命令执行" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>Python</code>默认一个命令独立成行，如果需要多个命令写在一行中，需要用分号连接不同的命令。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="数据结构-1" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.6">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.6</span> 数据结构<a href="py.html#数据结构-1" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>把基本数据类型组合起来可以构成复杂的数据结构。<code>Python</code>数据结构包括列表、元组和字典。</p>
<div id="列表-1" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1</span> 列表<a href="py.html#列表-1" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>列表用<code>[]</code>表达，其中的元素用<code>,</code>分割。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb62"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb62-1"><a href="py.html#cb62-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"a"</span>,<span class="st">"c"</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="添加" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1.1</span> 添加<a href="py.html#添加" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>生成空列表，使用<code>.append()</code>方法逐步加入元素，注意每次只能加一个</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb63"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb63-1"><a href="py.html#cb63-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt.append(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb63-2"><a href="py.html#cb63-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lt)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a', 'c', 2, 1]</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="拼接" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1.2">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1.2</span> 拼接<a href="py.html#拼接" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p><code>+</code>，<code>+=</code>可用于拼接列表；<code>*</code>用于重复。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb65"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb65-1"><a href="py.html#cb65-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt <span class="op">+</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a', 'c', 2, 1, 1, 2]</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb67"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb67-1"><a href="py.html#cb67-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt <span class="op">*</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a', 'c', 2, 1, 'a', 'c', 2, 1, 'a', 'c', 2, 1]</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb69"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb69-1"><a href="py.html#cb69-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt<span class="op">+=</span>[<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>]</span>
<span id="cb69-2"><a href="py.html#cb69-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lt)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a', 'c', 2, 1, 1, 2]</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="切片" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1.3">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1.3</span> 切片<a href="py.html#切片" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>与字符串一致，可以用下标取出列表特定的元素，同样是左闭右开。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb71"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb71-1"><a href="py.html#cb71-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a']</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="判断" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1.4">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1.4</span> 判断<a href="py.html#判断" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p><code>in</code>命令可以判断元素的归属。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb73"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb73-1"><a href="py.html#cb73-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">"b"</span> <span class="kw">in</span> lt, <span class="dv">2</span> <span class="kw">in</span> lt</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## (False, True)</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="删除" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.1.5">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.1.5</span> 删除<a href="py.html#删除" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p><code>remove</code>用于为删除特定元素；<code>pop</code>用于删除指定索引对应的元素；<code>clear</code>用于清空列表中所有元素，得到空列表；<code>del</code>删除变量。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb75"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb75-1"><a href="py.html#cb75-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt.remove(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb75-2"><a href="py.html#cb75-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lt)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['a', 'c', 2, 1, 2]</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb77"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb77-1"><a href="py.html#cb77-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt.pop(<span class="dv">0</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 'a'</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb79"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb79-1"><a href="py.html#cb79-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lt)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## ['c', 2, 1, 2]</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb81"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb81-1"><a href="py.html#cb81-1" tabindex="-1"></a>lt.clear()</span>
<span id="cb81-2"><a href="py.html#cb81-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lt)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## []</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="元组" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.6.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.6.2</span> 元组<a href="py.html#元组" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>元组是一类特殊的列表，不同之处在于元组的元素不能修改。使用<code>()</code>生成。<code>+</code>与<code>+=</code>可以用于拼接元组，<code>*</code>用于重复，<code>[]</code>用于切片。</p>
<p>由于元组是不能修改的，因此只能全部删除元组。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb83"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb83-1"><a href="py.html#cb83-1" tabindex="-1"></a>tup1 <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">23</span>,<span class="dv">4</span>,<span class="st">'a'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb83-2"><a href="py.html#cb83-2" tabindex="-1"></a>tup2 <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="st">"x"</span>,<span class="st">"y"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb83-3"><a href="py.html#cb83-3" tabindex="-1"></a>tup <span class="op">=</span> tup1 <span class="op">+</span> tup2</span>
<span id="cb83-4"><a href="py.html#cb83-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tup[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">3</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## (1, 23, 4)</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb85"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb85-1"><a href="py.html#cb85-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">del</span> tup</span></code></pre></div>
<p>注意一个细节，<code>("x")</code>一个元素时，会被认为是字符串而不是元组。但是<code>["x"]</code>却是一个列表。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb86"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb86-1"><a href="py.html#cb86-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>((<span class="st">"x"</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'str'></code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb88"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb88-1"><a href="py.html#cb88-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">type</span>([<span class="st">"x"</span>])</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## <class 'list'></code></pre>
</div>
<div id="字典" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.6.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.6.3</span> 字典<a href="py.html#字典" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>字典是<code>Python</code>的经典数据结构，与<code>JSON</code>数据结构类似。字典用<code>{}</code>定义，以<code>key:value</code>这样的键值对定义一组词，词与词之间用<code>,</code>分隔。</p>
<p>可以通过<code>.keys()</code>和<code>.values()</code>取出字典的键和值，<code>.items()</code>在则可以构建迭代器。</p>
<p>字典的索引是通过<code>keys</code>实现的，是无序的，但仍可以通过对keys的索引进行元素的删除，只是不支持切片操作。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb90"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb90-1"><a href="py.html#cb90-1" tabindex="-1"></a>dc <span class="op">=</span> {<span class="st">"女"</span>: <span class="dv">25</span>}</span>
<span id="cb90-2"><a href="py.html#cb90-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dc[<span class="st">"男"</span>]<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">18</span></span>
<span id="cb90-3"><a href="py.html#cb90-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(dc[<span class="st">"女"</span>])</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 25</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb92"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb92-1"><a href="py.html#cb92-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'男'</span> <span class="kw">in</span> dc)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## True</code></pre>
<p><code>dict</code>和<code>enumerate</code>函数可以把任何序列直接生成字典。这在后续的循环迭代器构建中有妙用。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb94"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb94-1"><a href="py.html#cb94-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">dict</span>(<span class="bu">enumerate</span>(<span class="st">"abcd"</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## {0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c', 3: 'd'}</code></pre>
<div id="字典的键" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.6.3.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.6.3.1</span> 字典的键<a href="py.html#字典的键" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>字典的原理要求键是不可变类型。因此，元组可以作为键，例如，</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb96"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb96-1"><a href="py.html#cb96-1" tabindex="-1"></a>{(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>): <span class="st">"a"</span>, (<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>): <span class="st">"b"</span>, (<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>): <span class="st">"c"</span>}</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## {(0, 0): 'a', (0, 1): 'b', (1, 0): 'c'}</code></pre>
<p>这样的数据结构适合地理数据。</p>
</div>