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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>第 9 章 正则表达式 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册</title>
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<meta property="og:title" content="第 9 章 正则表达式 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="第 9 章 正则表达式 | 数据工程讲义：经济学分册" />
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<meta name="author" content="史冬波 续本达" />
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<li><a href="./">数据工程讲义</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>前言</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#致谢"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>致谢</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="author.html"><a href="author.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>作者简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> 写在前面</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#为什么写本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> 为什么写本书</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#如何使用本书"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> 如何使用本书</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> 数据工程：重塑经济学研究的流程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#人工智能时代的社会科学研究机遇与挑战"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> 人工智能时代的社会科学研究：机遇与挑战</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#社会科学的三圈分类"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> 社会科学的三圈分类</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai智能发展的三要素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> AI智能发展的三要素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai对社会科学研究的冲击"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> AI对社会科学研究的冲击</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#ai为社会科学研究创造的机遇"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> AI为社会科学研究创造的机遇</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程与数据科学"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> 数据工程与数据科学</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的灵魂数据流"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> 数据工程的灵魂：数据流</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的钥匙数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> 数据工程的钥匙：数据结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程师的工具箱"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> 数据工程师的工具箱</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#数据工程的四个指导原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> 数据工程的四个指导原则</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#可复现性原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> 可复现性原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#模块化与正交分解原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> 模块化与正交分解原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#最佳工具原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> 最佳工具原则</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#一次原则"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.4</b> 一次原则</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu-环境"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> GNU 环境</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#posix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> POSIX</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#gnu"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> GNU</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#命令行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.3</b> 命令行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#编辑器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.4</b> 编辑器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#版本控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> 版本控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Git</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git的三种状态"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> Git的三种状态</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git仓库"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> Git仓库</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.4" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git命令实践"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.4</b> Git命令实践</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.5" data-path="flow.html"><a href="flow.html#git目前的局限性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.5</b> Git目前的局限性</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> R语言基础</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> R语言简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r语言的特点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> R语言的特点</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r与rtudio的安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> R与Rtudio的安装</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#安装r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> 安装R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r安装rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> R安装RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#组织r代码的三种方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> 组织R代码的三种方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r代码的组成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.4</b> R代码的组成</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r对文件和路径的相关操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> R对文件和路径的相关操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#路径操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> 路径操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#文件操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> 文件操作</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#特殊路径"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> 特殊路径</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> 数据类型</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数值型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> 数值型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#逻辑型布尔型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> 逻辑型/布尔型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#字符型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> 字符型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#缺失值"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.4</b> 缺失值</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据类型判断与转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.5</b> 数据类型判断与转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.6</b> 运算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> 变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> 数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.1</b> 向量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#因子"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.2</b> 因子</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#矩阵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.3</b> 矩阵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据框"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.4</b> 数据框</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#列表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.5</b> 列表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据结构之间的转化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7.6</b> 数据结构之间的转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> 数据读写</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#csv文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.1</b> csv文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#hdf5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.2</b> HDF5</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#xml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.3</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.4</b> JSON</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#yaml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.5</b> YAML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#专用数据文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8.6</b> 专用数据文件</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#流程控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> 流程控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#条件判断"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.1</b> 条件判断</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#循环"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数与包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10</b> 函数与包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数的定义与调用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.1</b> 函数的定义与调用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#变量作用域"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.2</b> 变量作用域</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#函数模块化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.3</b> 函数模块化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.4</b> 包</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#向量化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11</b> 向量化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#apply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.1</b> apply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#lapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.2</b> lapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#sapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.3</b> sapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#vapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.4</b> vapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#mapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.5</b> mapply</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.11.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#其他"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.11.6</b> 其他</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.12" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#代码风格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.12</b> 代码风格</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> 文学式编程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#什么是文学式编程"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 什么是文学式编程</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#markdown格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Markdown格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#标题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> 标题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#段落文本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> 段落文本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> 表格</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#图片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4</b> 图片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.5" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#代码块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.5</b> 代码块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.6" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#数学公式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.6</b> 数学公式</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#rmarkdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Rmarkdown</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#yaml头文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> YAML头文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#代码块控制"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> 代码块控制</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#rmarkdown特殊语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.3</b> Rmarkdown特殊语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#格式转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.4</b> 格式转换</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#xaringan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Xaringan</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#安装与模板"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> 安装与模板</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#其他学习资源"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> 其他学习资源</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#leanr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> leanr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#安装与模板-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> 安装与模板</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#互动代码模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> 互动代码模块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#测试题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> 测试题</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#bookdownblogdown以及pagedown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> bookdown、blogdown以及pagedown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="rmd.html"><a href="rmd.html#quarto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Quarto</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> 数据整理</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据tidydata"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> 整齐数据tidydata</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#分析单位unit-of-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> 分析单位(unit of analysis)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> 整齐数据</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的缘起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> 整齐数据的缘起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#整齐数据的定义"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> 整齐数据的定义</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据的凌乱点"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> 数据的凌乱点</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#关系代数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> 关系代数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#sql语言"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> SQL语言</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#mysql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> MySQL</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#postgresql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> Postgresql</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> dplyr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#集合运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.1</b> 集合运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#线性运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.2</b> 线性运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#管道"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.3</b> 管道</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据连接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.4</b> 数据连接</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据分组与汇总"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.5</b> 数据分组与汇总</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#宽数据与长数据的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> 宽数据与长数据的转换</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#宽数据转长数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6.1</b> 宽数据转长数据</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#长数据转宽数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6.2</b> 长数据转宽数据</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#联系人数据表的案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6.3</b> 联系人数据表的案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#其他定制操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7</b> 其他定制操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#排序"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.1</b> 排序</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#抽样"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.2</b> 抽样</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#去重复"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.3</b> 去重复</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#缺失值处理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.4</b> 缺失值处理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#拆分与合并数据列"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.5</b> 拆分与合并数据列</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#合并数据"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7.6</b> 合并数据</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#数据库的连接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8</b> 数据库的连接</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#data.table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9</b> data.table</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> 数据可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#从一个可以画恐龙的包说起"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> 从一个可以画恐龙的包说起</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#数据可视化的目的"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> 数据可视化的目的</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#图形语法grammar-of-graphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> 图形语法（Grammar of Graphics）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> <code>ggplot2</code></a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggplot2几何对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> <code>ggplot2</code>几何对象</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggplot2的美术属性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> <code>ggplot2</code>的美术属性</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.3" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#ggplot2辅助"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.3</b> <code>ggplot2</code>辅助</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#案例did结果的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> 案例：DID结果的可视化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#动图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> 动图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#大屏"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7</b> 大屏</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7.1" data-path="visu.html"><a href="visu.html#交互式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7.1</b> 交互式</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> 回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#一般线性回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> 一般线性回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#基础模型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> 基础模型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#稳健性标准误"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> 稳健性标准误</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#因果推断的反事实框架"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> 因果推断的反事实框架</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#定义因果关系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> 定义因果关系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#cef三定理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> CEF三定理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#交互项还是分组回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.3</b> 交互项还是分组回归</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#匹配"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> 匹配</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#工具变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> 工具变量</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> 双重差分</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#断点回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> 断点回归</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#原理-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> 原理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#案例-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> 案例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#包含高维分类变量的回归"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> 包含高维分类变量的回归</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#formula-公式对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8</b> formula (公式)对象</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式的生成"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.1</b> 公式的生成</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#生成公式的运算符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.2</b> 生成公式的运算符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#公式与字符串之间的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.3</b> 公式与字符串之间的转换</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式expression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9</b> 表达式expression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式的生成与执行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.10</b> 表达式的生成与执行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.11" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表达式与字符串的转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.11</b> 表达式与字符串的转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用stargazer输出表格"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12</b> 使用stargazer输出表格</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#标准回归表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.1</b> 标准回归表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#默认格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.2</b> 默认格式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格表头"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.3</b> 表格表头</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.4" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格正文"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.4</b> 表格正文</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.5" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#添加变量信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.5</b> 添加变量信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.6" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#选择统计量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.6</b> 选择统计量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.7" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#表格注释"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.7</b> 表格注释</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.8" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#整体布局"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.8</b> 整体布局</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.9" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#其他-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.9</b> 其他</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.12.10" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#描述性统计表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.12.10</b> 描述性统计表</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#回归结果的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13</b> 回归结果的可视化</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.1" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.1</b> 使用ggcoefstats可视化回归结果</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.2" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#使用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.2</b> 使用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.13.3" data-path="reg.html"><a href="reg.html#双重差分模型的可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.13.3</b> 双重差分模型的可视化</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Python基础</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#python简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Python简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#python安装与pycharm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Python安装与Pycharm</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> 安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#编辑器-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> 编辑器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#变量-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> 变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据类型-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> 数据类型</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#类型转换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> 类型转换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#算术运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> 算术运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#布尔运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> 布尔运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.4</b> 字符串</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.5" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串的替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.5</b> 字符串的替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.6" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字符串的切片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.6</b> 字符串的切片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.7" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准字符串操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.7</b> 标准字符串操作</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准输入输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> 标准输入输出</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#标准输入"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.1</b> 标准输入</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#命令执行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.2</b> 命令执行</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据结构-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> 数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#列表-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> 列表</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#元组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.2</b> 元组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#字典"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.3</b> 字典</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据结构之间的转化-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.4</b> 数据结构之间的转化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#流程控制-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> 流程控制</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#条件判断-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> 条件判断</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#循环-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#函数与模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8</b> 函数与模块</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#批量调用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.1</b> 批量调用</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#无名函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.2</b> 无名函数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#函数文档"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.3</b> 函数文档</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.4" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.4</b> 模块</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#数据读写与文件操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9</b> 数据读写与文件操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.1" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#读入文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.1</b> 读入文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.2" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#写出文件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.2</b> 写出文件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9.3" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#with关键字"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9.3</b> with关键字</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.10" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#os模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.10</b> os模块</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.11" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#案例获取高德地图地址信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.11</b> 案例：获取高德地图地址信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.12" data-path="py.html"><a href="py.html#面向对象单独成一章"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.12</b> 面向对象单独成一章</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> 正则表达式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#语法要素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> 语法要素</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#元字符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> 元字符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#重复"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> 重复</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#常用字符集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> 常用字符集</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#分组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> 分组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#非捕获组与断言"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.5</b> 非捕获组与断言</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#grep命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> grep命令</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#sed命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> sed命令</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用情景"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> 应用情景</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#文本替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> 文本替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#定位行"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> 定位行</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#替代"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.4</b> 替代</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#awk命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> awk命令</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#入门"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> 入门</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#r语言stringr包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> R语言stringr包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#stringr包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> stringr包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用案例wos数据分析"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> 应用案例：wos数据分析</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#应用案例数据合并与校对"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> 应用案例：数据合并与校对</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#python的re模块"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> Python的re模块</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#原生字符串"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> 原生字符串</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.2" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#编译"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.2</b> 编译</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.3" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#匹配-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.3</b> 匹配</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.4" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#分割"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.4</b> 分割</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.5" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#替换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.5</b> 替换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.6" data-path="regexp.html"><a href="regexp.html#命名组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.6</b> 命名组</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> 命令行</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#命令的基本概念"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> 命令的基本概念</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#常用命令"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> 常用命令</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#标准输入与输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> 标准输入与输出</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#管道与进程管理"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.3</b> 管道与进程管理</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.4" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#别名"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.4</b> 别名</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.5" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#脚本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.5</b> 脚本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.6" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#传参"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.6</b> 传参</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#变量与数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> 变量与数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#数组"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> 数组</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#字典-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> 字典</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#运算-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> 运算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#控制流程"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> 控制流程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#选择结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> 选择结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#循环-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> 循环</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> 函数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#bash内建正则表达式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> bash内建正则表达式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#应用案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> 应用案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.8" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#通配符"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.8</b> 通配符</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.9" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#sed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.9</b> sed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.10" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#awk"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.10</b> awk</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.11" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#正则表达式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.11</b> 正则表达式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.12" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#r的命令行选项"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.12</b> R的命令行选项</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.12.1" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#linuxunix-shebang"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.12.1</b> Linux/Unix Shebang</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.12.2" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#argparse包实例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.12.2</b> argparse包实例</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.13" data-path="cml.html"><a href="cml.html#关于命令行与ide"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.13</b> 关于命令行与IDE</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> 网络数据采集</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#网络数据格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> 网络数据格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> CSV</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xml-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> XML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#json-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.3</b> JSON</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> HTML</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#html的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> HTML的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#常见html标签"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> 常见HTML标签</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#dom树形数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> DOM树形数据结构</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> CSS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#css的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> CSS的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#id选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> id选择器</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#类选择器"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.3</b> 类选择器</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> JavaScript</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript案例"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.1</b> JavaScript案例</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#javascript的基本语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.2</b> JavaScript的基本语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#ajax"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4.3</b> AJAX</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> 开发者工具</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#打开开发者工具"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.1</b> 打开开发者工具</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#查看器与样式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.2</b> 查看器与样式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#其他功能"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.3</b> 其他功能</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#xpath"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Xpath</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#基本查询"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.1</b> 基本查询</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> HTTP</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#http常见方法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.1</b> HTTP常见方法</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#静态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> 静态爬虫</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#使用rselenium的动态爬虫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> 使用RSelenium的动态爬虫</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.1" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenium简介与安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.1</b> RSelenium简介与安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.2" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#安装docker"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.2</b> 安装Docker</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.3" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#rselenum语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.3</b> RSelenum语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.4" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例1在链家搜索并获取相关信息"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.4</b> 案例1:在链家搜索并获取相关信息</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9.5" data-path="web.html"><a href="web.html#案例2登录豆瓣"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9.5</b> 案例2:登录豆瓣</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> 地理计算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#r中地理计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> R中地理计算</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> 地理数据结构</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#向量vector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.1</b> 向量（Vector）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.2" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#栅格raster"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.2</b> 栅格（Raster）</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#坐标系coordinate-reference-system"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2.3</b> 坐标系（coordinate reference system）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据操纵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> 地理数据操纵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据可视化"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> 地理数据可视化</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> 地理数据运算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5.1" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#取子集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5.1</b> 取子集</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据读写"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> 地理数据读写</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="geo.html"><a href="geo.html#地理数据计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.7</b> 地理数据计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> GUN Make的数据生产线</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用make的必要性"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> 使用Make的必要性</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#数据流水线的构造目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> 数据流水线的构造目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Make安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#快速上手make"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> 快速上手make</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的工作方式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> make的工作方式</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#makefile-的高级写法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Makefile 的高级写法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#特殊目标"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.1</b> 特殊目标</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.2" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#使用变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.2</b> 使用变量</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.3" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#分支与循环结构"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.3</b> 分支与循环结构</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.4" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#函数-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.4</b> 函数</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#make的高级语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7</b> Make的高级语法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.1" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#并行计算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.1</b> 并行计算</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8" data-path="make.html"><a href="make.html#参考资料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8</b> 参考资料</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="net.html"><a href="net.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> 图数据分析</a></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>附录</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="sound.html"><a href="sound.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> 余音绕梁</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>参考文献</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> R日期时间</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间数据类型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> 日期-时间数据类型</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#lubridate包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> lubridate包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#定义日期-时间变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> 定义日期-时间变量</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#从日期-时间中取出元素"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> 从日期-时间中取出元素</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间取整"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> 日期-时间取整</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#日期-时间的数学运算"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> 日期-时间的数学运算</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.1" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间长度"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.1</b> 时间长度</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.2" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间周期"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.2</b> 时间周期</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.3" data-path="date.html"><a href="date.html#时间区间"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.3</b> 时间区间</a></li>
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<div id="regexp" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="9">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">第 9 章</span> 正则表达式<a href="regexp.html#regexp" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<p>正则表达式是对字符串类型数据进行匹配判断，提取等操作的一套逻辑公式。可以看做是一整套约定俗成的黑话，对特定符号的约定俗成。当然，正则表达式可以广泛被采纳，是因为其背后有一套完备的公理体系。正则表达式是独立于编程语言之外的一个迷你语法，是自然语言处理的最佳工具。</p>
<p>更重要的是，在数据工程中，所有的数据都是文件，而所有的文件都是字符串。自动化处理字符串可以让我们避免大量的重复劳动，也可以让我们的科研充满乐趣。</p>
<div id="语法要素" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="9.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">9.1</span> 语法要素<a href="regexp.html#语法要素" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>正则表达式默认所有字符与自己匹配，通过约定一组语法要素来表达人类语言难以精准描述的字符串模式，从而达到更加灵活与精确识别自然语言的目的。</p>
<div id="元字符" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.1.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.1.1</span> 元字符<a href="regexp.html#元字符" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>大部分字符会简单匹配自身。除此之外，正则表达式约定一类特殊的不匹配自身的元字符（metacharacters），它们表示匹配一些非常规的内容，或者通过重复它们或改变它们的含义来影响正则的其他部分。</p>
<p>元字符含义如下：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>符号</th>
<th>含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><code>.</code></td>
<td>代表任意字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><code>^</code>、<code>$</code></td>
<td>开始与结束</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><code>*</code></td>
<td>重复任意次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><code>+</code></td>
<td>至少重复一次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><code>?</code></td>
<td>0或1次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><code>()</code></td>
<td>字符组合</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><code>|</code></td>
<td>或</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><code>[]</code></td>
<td>字符集合</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="重复" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.1.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.1.2</span> 重复<a href="regexp.html#重复" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>除去用元字符表达简单重复外，正则表达式还约定了重复m至n（包含）次的表达方式为<code>{m,n}</code>。其中m和n可缺省一个，<code>{m,}</code>表示至少重复m次，而<code>{,n}</code>表示至多重复n次，<code>{m}</code>表示恰好重复m次。</p>
<p>总结如下，</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">符号</th>
<th align="left">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>{m,n}</code></td>
<td align="left">重复m至n（包含）次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>{m,}</code></td>
<td align="left">至少重复m次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>{m}</code></td>
<td align="left">重复m次</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>思考下，如何用正则表达式表达至多n次？</em></p>
</div>
<div id="常用字符集" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.1.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.1.3</span> 常用字符集<a href="regexp.html#常用字符集" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>常用字符集you：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">符号</th>
<th align="left">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[0-9]</code></td>
<td align="left">数字字符集</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[a-zA-Z]</code></td>
<td align="left">英文字符集</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>\<</code>、<code>\></code></td>
<td align="left">单词开始或结束位置的空白符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>\b</code></td>
<td align="left">单词两边的空白字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>\B</code></td>
<td align="left">非单词两边的空白字符</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>除此之外，还约定了一组有特殊含义的字符集合，这些字符集合在使用时需要再嵌套一组<code>[]</code>。</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="30%" />
<col width="70%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">符号</th>
<th align="left">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[:alpha:]</code></td>
<td align="left">字母</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[:digit:]</code></td>
<td align="left">数字</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[:alnum:]</code></td>
<td align="left">字母或数字；<code>\w</code>与<code>[[:alnum:]]</code>同义，<code>\W</code> 与<code>[^[:alnum:]]</code>同义</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[:graph:]</code></td>
<td align="left">可见字符，不包括空白</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[:lower:]</code></td>
<td align="left">小写字母</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[:upper:]</code></td>
<td align="left">大写字母</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[:print:]</code></td>
<td align="left">可见的字符和空白</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[:punct:]</code></td>
<td align="left">标点</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[:space:]</code></td>
<td align="left">空白符，包括<code>\t</code>,<code>\r</code>,<code>\n</code>；<code>\s</code>与<code>[[:space:]]</code>同义，<code>\S</code>与<code>[^[:space:]]</code> 同义</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>[:xdigit:]</code></td>
<td align="left">十六进制数</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>[\u4e00-\u9fa5]</code></td>
<td align="left">中文字符</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>由于上述特殊字符被占用，需要转义操作来表达特殊字符自身，有三种约定：基础正则表达式、扩展正则表达式与<code>Perl</code>正则表达式。在基础正则表达式中，特殊字符（<code>?+*{[</code>等）是字符本身，需要特殊含义得加上<code>\</code>来表达其正则表达式含义（例如<code>\?</code>表示重复0次或1次，而<code>?</code>表示问号本身）。扩展正则表达式相反，用特殊字符默认表达正则含义，而加上<code>\</code>后表示字符本身。Perl正则表达式则把扩展正则表达式扩展到更大的范围，与<code>Perl5</code>语言正则表达式有同样功能。</p>
<p><strong>练习题</strong></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>请构造一个正则表达式来表示交大的邮箱地址，要求不能以数字开头，必须包含字母。</p></li>
<li><p>数据表<a href="">qje2014_2023.txt</a>包含了2014-2023年发表在Quarterly Journal of Economics杂志上的所有论文。可以看到，论文的作者与地址信息是以如下的模式表示的<code>[Gopinath, Gita; Stein, Jeremy C.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA; [Gopinath, Gita; Stein, Jeremy C.] NBER, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA</code>，请构造一个正则表达式表述这样的模式。</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="分组" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.1.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.1.4</span> 分组<a href="regexp.html#分组" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>正则表达式可以分为不同的小组来解析字符串，这些小组匹配不同组件。分组是用<code>(</code>，<code>)</code>元字符来标记，子组从左到右编号，从1向上编号。组可以嵌套；要确定编号只需计算从左到右的左括号字符。使用<code>\n</code>表示第n组的内容。例如，<code>(\w+)\s\1</code>可用于表示任意两组重复的字符组，<code>the the</code>。</p>
</div>
<div id="非捕获组与断言" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.1.5">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.1.5</span> 非捕获组与断言<a href="regexp.html#非捕获组与断言" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>精心设计的正则可以使用许多组，既可以捕获感兴趣的子串，也可以对正则本身进行分组和构建。为避免混淆，<code>Perl5</code>中使用 <code>(?...)</code>作为扩展语法。</p>
<p>如果我们对匹配的内容不感兴趣，可以使用<code>(?:...)</code>表示的非捕获组，<code>...</code>表示被匹配的正则表达式。在修改现有模式时特别有用，可以添加新组而不更改所有其他组的编号方式。</p>
<p>断言（assertion）用于找到的对应的位置，同样不匹配内容，因此也被称为零宽断言（zero-width assertion）。匹配到位置后，可以向后（向右）也可以向前（向左）继续搜索。</p>
<p>断言如下四种：</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="23%" />
<col width="76%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">符号</th>
<th align="left">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>(?<=...)</code></td>
<td align="left">肯定型后视断言，匹配成功时向后搜索，<code>(?<=[\u4e00-\u9fa5])\s</code>表示所有中文字符之后的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>(?<!...)</code></td>
<td align="left">否定型后视断言，匹配成功时向后搜索，<code>(?<=[\u4e00-\u9fa5])\s</code>表示所有非中文字符之后的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>(?=...)</code></td>
<td align="left">肯定型前视断言，匹配成功时向前搜索，<code>\s(?=[\u4e00-\u9fa5])</code>表示所有中文字符之前的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>(?!...)</code></td>
<td align="left">否定型前视断言，匹配成功时向前搜索，<code>\s(?![\u4e00-\u9fa5])</code>表示所有非中文字符之前的空格</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>断言可以让我们的正则表达式非常灵活，避免了很多复杂的情形。例如，如果我们要求，在注册用户的时候，需要验证用户的密码必须包含英文大小写字母以及数字，可以使用下面的正则表达式。</p>
<p><code>(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[0-9]).*</code></p>
<p>其中，<code>(?=.*[a-z])</code>是一个肯定型向前断言，用于判断在任意字符（包括没有字符的情况）后面是否出现了小写英文字母。这个断言不匹配具体内容，所以后面可以继续使用其他断言。</p>
<p>设想一下如果没有断言，这里的情况会有多么复杂。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="grep命令" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="9.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">9.2</span> grep命令<a href="regexp.html#grep命令" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>grep</code>命令的基本功能是，检验输入的第一行是否与正则表达式匹配，若是则输出该行。<code>grep</code>命令使用基本正则表达式，<code>grep -E</code>可以指定使用扩展正则表达式。由于，该命令使用频率很高，因此直接被封装为<code>egrep</code>命令。<code>-n</code>参数可以输出匹配结果所在行数，<code>-v</code>参数表示返回不包括后续正则表达式的行。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="regexp.html#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">seq</span> 10000 <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">egrep</span> <span class="at">-n</span> <span class="st">'^23{2,4}$'</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 233:233
## 2333:2333</code></pre>
<p>在实践中，<code>egrep</code>经常会配合其他命令使用，例如找出当前进程中的python进程。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="regexp.html#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">seq</span> 10000 <span class="kw">|</span> <span class="fu">egrep</span> <span class="at">-n</span> <span class="st">'^23{2,4}$'</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## 233:233
## 2333:2333</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="sed命令" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="9.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">9.3</span> sed命令<a href="regexp.html#sed命令" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>sed</code>是流编辑器（stream editor）的简称。它一次处理一行内容，处理时，把当前处理的行存储在临时缓冲区中，称为“pattern space”，接着用sed命令处理缓冲区中的内容，处理完成后，把缓冲区的内容送往屏幕。接着处理下一行，这样不断重复，直到文件末尾。<code>sed</code>继承自打印机<code>ed</code>命令，因此保留了很多<code>ed</code>的传统。</p>
<p>在<code>macOS</code>中，<code>GNU sed</code>的命令是<code>gsed</code>，使用时需要注意下，不要搞混。</p>
<div id="应用情景" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.3.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.3.1</span> 应用情景<a href="regexp.html#应用情景" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>sed</code>适用于以下场景：</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>一文多改，一个文件上投入多个改动；</p></li>
<li><p>一脚多文，一个脚本用在多个文件；</p></li>
</ol>
<p>3.高级<code>grep</code>，在查找关键词之前，先对待找的文本进行清洗；</p>
<p>4.管道过滤， 直接对着标准输入过滤，给到标准输出。</p>
</div>
<div id="文本替换" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.3.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.3.2</span> 文本替换<a href="regexp.html#文本替换" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><code>sed</code>常用的操作是替换，可以使用正则表达式</p>
<p>锁定行</p>
<p>其他操作</p>
<p>-r 扩展正则表达式</p>
</div>
<div id="定位行" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.3.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.3.3</span> 定位行<a href="regexp.html#定位行" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
</div>
<div id="替代" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.3.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.3.4</span> 替代<a href="regexp.html#替代" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div id="awk命令" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="9.4">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">9.4</span> awk命令<a href="regexp.html#awk命令" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p><code>awk</code>是模式匹配语言，更贴近人类的思维习惯。在<code>awk</code>看来，每个文本文件都是一个数据仓库，在文本处理的同时集成算术运算。其工作方式是先用<code>awk</code>描述数据中的规律，然后再根据这个规律来提取信息。与<code>sed</code>一样，单行的<code>awk</code>程序可以直接从命令行输入，对于多行的<code>awk</code>程序可以写成脚本。</p>
<div id="入门" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.4.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.4.1</span> 入门<a href="regexp.html#入门" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>从<code>grep</code>到<code>sed</code>再到<code>awk</code>的复杂度和能力是逐步提升的，我们最佳工具原则推荐大家同一个人任务，优先选择简单的工具。</p>
<p>必要性强不强的问题</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="r语言stringr包" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="9.5">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">9.5</span> R语言stringr包<a href="regexp.html#r语言stringr包" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>R语言中的正则表达式转义符使用两个<code>\</code>，这一点值得特别注意。<code>tidyverse</code>宇宙为我们提供了<code>stringr</code>包来对处理字符数据，其常用函数列举如下：</p>
<div id="stringr包" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="9.5.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">9.5.1</span> stringr包<a href="regexp.html#stringr包" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">字符</th>
<th align="left">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>str_sub</code></td>
<td align="left">提取指定位置的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>str_dup</code></td>
<td align="left">重复字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>str_length</code></td>
<td align="left">返回字符的长度</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>str_pad</code></td>
<td align="left">填补字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>str_trim</code></td>
<td align="left">丢弃填充，如去掉字符前后的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>str_c</code></td>
<td align="left">连接字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>str_extract</code></td>
<td align="left">提取首个匹配模式的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>str_extract_all</code></td>
<td align="left">提取所有匹配模式的字符</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left"><code>str_locate</code></td>
<td align="left">返回首个匹配模式的字符的位置</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left"><code>str_locate_all</code></td>
<td align="left">返回所有匹配模式的字符的位置</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">