values_test.go

package pgx_test

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"net"
	"os"
	"reflect"
	"strings"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxtest"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)

func TestDateTranscode(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		dates := []time.Time{
			time.Date(1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1600, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1700, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1800, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1990, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(1999, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2001, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2004, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2013, 7, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2013, 12, 25, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2029, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2081, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2096, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(2550, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
			time.Date(9999, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
		}

		for _, actualDate := range dates {
			var d time.Time

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::date", actualDate).Scan(&d)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("Unexpected failure on QueryRow Scan: %v", err)
			}
			if !actualDate.Equal(d) {
				t.Errorf("Did not transcode date successfully: %v is not %v", d, actualDate)
			}
		}
	})
}

func TestTimestampTzTranscode(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		inputTime := time.Date(2013, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6000, time.Local)

		var outputTime time.Time

		err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::timestamptz", inputTime).Scan(&outputTime)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("QueryRow Scan failed: %v", err)
		}
		if !inputTime.Equal(outputTime) {
			t.Errorf("Did not transcode time successfully: %v is not %v", outputTime, inputTime)
		}
	})
}

// TODO - move these tests to pgtype

func TestJSONAndJSONBTranscode(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		for _, typename := range []string{"json", "jsonb"} {
			if _, ok := conn.TypeMap().TypeForName(typename); !ok {
				continue // No JSON/JSONB type -- must be running against old PostgreSQL
			}

			testJSONString(t, conn, typename)
			testJSONStringPointer(t, conn, typename)
		}
	})
}

func TestJSONAndJSONBTranscodeExtendedOnly(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	conn := mustConnectString(t, os.Getenv("PGX_TEST_DATABASE"))
	defer closeConn(t, conn)

	for _, typename := range []string{"json", "jsonb"} {
		if _, ok := conn.TypeMap().TypeForName(typename); !ok {
			continue // No JSON/JSONB type -- must be running against old PostgreSQL
		}
		testJSONSingleLevelStringMap(t, conn, typename)
		testJSONNestedMap(t, conn, typename)
		testJSONStringArray(t, conn, typename)
		testJSONInt64Array(t, conn, typename)
		testJSONInt16ArrayFailureDueToOverflow(t, conn, typename)
		testJSONStruct(t, conn, typename)
	}

}

func testJSONString(t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := `{"key": "value"}`
	expectedOutput := map[string]string{"key": "value"}
	var output map[string]string
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
		return
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(expectedOutput, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode map[string]string successfully: %v is not %v", typename, expectedOutput, output)
		return
	}
}

func testJSONStringPointer(t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := `{"key": "value"}`
	expectedOutput := map[string]string{"key": "value"}
	var output map[string]string
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, &input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
		return
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(expectedOutput, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode map[string]string successfully: %v is not %v", typename, expectedOutput, output)
		return
	}
}

func testJSONSingleLevelStringMap(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := map[string]string{"key": "value"}
	var output map[string]string
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
		return
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(input, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode map[string]string successfully: %v is not %v", typename, input, output)
		return
	}
}

func testJSONNestedMap(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := map[string]any{
		"name":      "Uncanny",
		"stats":     map[string]any{"hp": float64(107), "maxhp": float64(150)},
		"inventory": []any{"phone", "key"},
	}
	var output map[string]any
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
		return
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(input, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode map[string]any successfully: %v is not %v", typename, input, output)
		return
	}
}

func testJSONStringArray(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}
	var output []string
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(input, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode []string successfully: %v is not %v", typename, input, output)
	}
}

func testJSONInt64Array(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := []int64{1, 2, 234432}
	var output []int64
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(input, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode []int64 successfully: %v is not %v", typename, input, output)
	}
}

func testJSONInt16ArrayFailureDueToOverflow(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	input := []int{1, 2, 234432}
	var output []int16
	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err == nil || err.Error() != "can't scan into dest[0]: json: cannot unmarshal number 234432 into Go value of type int16" {
		t.Errorf("%s: Expected *json.UnmarkalTypeError, but got %v", typename, err)
	}
}

func testJSONStruct(t *testing.T, conn *pgx.Conn, typename string) {
	type person struct {
		Name string `json:"name"`
		Age  int    `json:"age"`
	}

	input := person{
		Name: "John",
		Age:  42,
	}

	var output person

	err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::"+typename, input).Scan(&output)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("%s: QueryRow Scan failed: %v", typename, err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(input, output) {
		t.Errorf("%s: Did not transcode struct successfully: %v is not %v", typename, input, output)
	}
}

func mustParseCIDR(t testing.TB, s string) *net.IPNet {
	_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(s)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	return ipnet
}

func TestInetCIDRTranscodeIPNet(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value *net.IPNet
		}{
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "0.0.0.0/32")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "127.0.0.1/32")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "255.0.0.0/8")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "255.255.255.255/32")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "::/128")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "::/0")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "::1/128")},
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "0.0.0.0/32")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "127.0.0.1/32")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "255.0.0.0/8")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "255.255.255.255/32")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "::/128")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "::/0")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "::1/128")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128")},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			if conn.PgConn().ParameterStatus("crdb_version") != "" && strings.Contains(tt.sql, "cidr") {
				t.Log("Server does not support cidr type (https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/18846)")
				continue
			}

			var actual net.IPNet

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, value -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.value)
				continue
			}

			if actual.String() != tt.value.String() {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected %v, got %v (sql -> %v)", i, tt.value, actual, tt.sql)
			}
		}
	})
}

func TestInetCIDRTranscodeIP(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value net.IP
		}{
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")},
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")},
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("12.34.56.0")},
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")},
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("::1")},
			{"select $1::inet", net.ParseIP("2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("12.34.56.0")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("::1")},
			{"select $1::cidr", net.ParseIP("2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e")},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			if conn.PgConn().ParameterStatus("crdb_version") != "" && strings.Contains(tt.sql, "cidr") {
				t.Log("Server does not support cidr type (https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/18846)")
				continue
			}

			var actual net.IP

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, value -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.value)
				continue
			}

			if !actual.Equal(tt.value) {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected %v, got %v (sql -> %v)", i, tt.value, actual, tt.sql)
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}

		failTests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value *net.IPNet
		}{
			{"select $1::inet", mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24")},
			{"select $1::cidr", mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24")},
		}
		for i, tt := range failTests {
			var actual net.IP

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err == nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected failure but got none", i)
				continue
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestInetCIDRArrayTranscodeIPNet(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value []*net.IPNet
		}{
			{
				"select $1::inet[]",
				[]*net.IPNet{
					mustParseCIDR(t, "0.0.0.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "127.0.0.1/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "255.0.0.0/8"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "255.255.255.255/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::/128"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::/0"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::1/128"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128"),
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::cidr[]",
				[]*net.IPNet{
					mustParseCIDR(t, "0.0.0.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "127.0.0.1/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "255.0.0.0/8"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "255.255.255.255/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::/128"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::/0"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "::1/128"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128"),
				},
			},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			if conn.PgConn().ParameterStatus("crdb_version") != "" && strings.Contains(tt.sql, "cidr") {
				t.Log("Server does not support cidr type (https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/18846)")
				continue
			}

			var actual []*net.IPNet

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, value -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.value)
				continue
			}

			if !reflect.DeepEqual(actual, tt.value) {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected %v, got %v (sql -> %v)", i, tt.value, actual, tt.sql)
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestInetCIDRArrayTranscodeIP(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value []net.IP
		}{
			{
				"select $1::inet[]",
				[]net.IP{
					net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
					net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"),
					net.ParseIP("12.34.56.0"),
					net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"),
					net.ParseIP("2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e"),
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::cidr[]",
				[]net.IP{
					net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
					net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"),
					net.ParseIP("12.34.56.0"),
					net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"),
					net.ParseIP("2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e"),
				},
			},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			if conn.PgConn().ParameterStatus("crdb_version") != "" && strings.Contains(tt.sql, "cidr") {
				t.Log("Server does not support cidr type (https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/18846)")
				continue
			}

			var actual []net.IP

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, value -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.value)
				continue
			}

			assert.Equal(t, len(tt.value), len(actual), "%d", i)
			for j := range actual {
				assert.True(t, actual[j].Equal(tt.value[j]), "%d", i)
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}

		failTests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value []*net.IPNet
		}{
			{
				"select $1::inet[]",
				[]*net.IPNet{
					mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24"),
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::cidr[]",
				[]*net.IPNet{
					mustParseCIDR(t, "12.34.56.0/32"),
					mustParseCIDR(t, "192.168.1.0/24"),
				},
			},
		}

		for i, tt := range failTests {
			var actual []net.IP

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.value).Scan(&actual)
			if err == nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected failure but got none", i)
				continue
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestInetCIDRTranscodeWithJustIP(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql   string
			value string
		}{
			{"select $1::inet", "0.0.0.0/32"},
			{"select $1::inet", "127.0.0.1/32"},
			{"select $1::inet", "12.34.56.0/32"},
			{"select $1::inet", "255.255.255.255/32"},
			{"select $1::inet", "::/128"},
			{"select $1::inet", "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "0.0.0.0/32"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "127.0.0.1/32"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "12.34.56.0/32"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "255.255.255.255/32"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "::/128"},
			{"select $1::cidr", "2607:f8b0:4009:80b::200e/128"},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			if conn.PgConn().ParameterStatus("crdb_version") != "" && strings.Contains(tt.sql, "cidr") {
				t.Log("Server does not support cidr type (https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/18846)")
				continue
			}

			expected := mustParseCIDR(t, tt.value)
			var actual net.IPNet

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, expected.IP).Scan(&actual)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, value -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.value)
				continue
			}

			if actual.String() != expected.String() {
				t.Errorf("%d. Expected %v, got %v (sql -> %v)", i, tt.value, actual, tt.sql)
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestArrayDecoding(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		tests := []struct {
			sql    string
			query  any
			scan   any
			assert func(testing.TB, any, any)
		}{
			{
				"select $1::bool[]", []bool{true, false, true}, &[]bool{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]bool))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode bool[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::smallint[]", []int16{2, 4, 484, 32767}, &[]int16{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]int16))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode smallint[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::smallint[]", []uint16{2, 4, 484, 32767}, &[]uint16{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]uint16))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode smallint[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::int[]", []int32{2, 4, 484}, &[]int32{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]int32))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode int[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::int[]", []uint32{2, 4, 484, 2147483647}, &[]uint32{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]uint32))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode int[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::bigint[]", []int64{2, 4, 484, 9223372036854775807}, &[]int64{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]int64))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode bigint[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::bigint[]", []uint64{2, 4, 484, 9223372036854775807}, &[]uint64{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]uint64))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode bigint[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::text[]", []string{"it's", "over", "9000!"}, &[]string{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(query, *(scan.(*[]string))) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode text[]")
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::timestamptz[]", []time.Time{time.Unix(323232, 0), time.Unix(3239949334, 00)}, &[]time.Time{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					queryTimeSlice := query.([]time.Time)
					scanTimeSlice := *(scan.(*[]time.Time))
					require.Equal(t, len(queryTimeSlice), len(scanTimeSlice))
					for i := range queryTimeSlice {
						assert.Truef(t, queryTimeSlice[i].Equal(scanTimeSlice[i]), "%d", i)
					}
				},
			},
			{
				"select $1::bytea[]", [][]byte{{0, 1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6, 7}}, &[][]byte{},
				func(t testing.TB, query, scan any) {
					queryBytesSliceSlice := query.([][]byte)
					scanBytesSliceSlice := *(scan.(*[][]byte))
					if len(queryBytesSliceSlice) != len(scanBytesSliceSlice) {
						t.Errorf("failed to encode byte[][] to bytea[]: expected %d to equal %d", len(queryBytesSliceSlice), len(scanBytesSliceSlice))
					}
					for i := range queryBytesSliceSlice {
						qb := queryBytesSliceSlice[i]
						sb := scanBytesSliceSlice[i]
						if !bytes.Equal(qb, sb) {
							t.Errorf("failed to encode byte[][] to bytea[]: expected %v to equal %v", qb, sb)
						}
					}
				},
			},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.query).Scan(tt.scan)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf(`%d. error reading array: %v`, i, err)
				continue
			}
			tt.assert(t, tt.query, tt.scan)
			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestEmptyArrayDecoding(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		var val []string

		err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select array[]::text[]").Scan(&val)
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf(`error reading array: %v`, err)
		}
		if len(val) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("Expected 0 values, got %d", len(val))
		}

		var n, m int32

		err = conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select 1::integer, array[]::text[], 42::integer").Scan(&n, &val, &m)
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf(`error reading array: %v`, err)
		}
		if len(val) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("Expected 0 values, got %d", len(val))
		}
		if n != 1 {
			t.Errorf("Expected n to be 1, but it was %d", n)
		}
		if m != 42 {
			t.Errorf("Expected n to be 42, but it was %d", n)
		}

		rows, err := conn.Query(context.Background(), "select 1::integer, array['test']::text[] union select 2::integer, array[]::text[] union select 3::integer, array['test']::text[]")
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf(`error retrieving rows with array: %v`, err)
		}
		defer rows.Close()

		for rows.Next() {
			err = rows.Scan(&n, &val)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf(`error reading array: %v`, err)
			}
		}
	})
}

func TestPointerPointer(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		pgxtest.SkipCockroachDB(t, conn, "Server auto converts ints to bigint and test relies on exact types")

		type allTypes struct {
			s   *string
			i16 *int16
			i32 *int32
			i64 *int64
			f32 *float32
			f64 *float64
			b   *bool
			t   *time.Time
		}

		var actual, zero, expected allTypes

		{
			s := "foo"
			expected.s = &s
			i16 := int16(1)
			expected.i16 = &i16
			i32 := int32(1)
			expected.i32 = &i32
			i64 := int64(1)
			expected.i64 = &i64
			f32 := float32(1.23)
			expected.f32 = &f32
			f64 := float64(1.23)
			expected.f64 = &f64
			b := true
			expected.b = &b
			t := time.Unix(123, 5000)
			expected.t = &t
		}

		tests := []struct {
			sql       string
			queryArgs []any
			scanArgs  []any
			expected  allTypes
		}{
			{"select $1::text", []any{expected.s}, []any{&actual.s}, allTypes{s: expected.s}},
			{"select $1::text", []any{zero.s}, []any{&actual.s}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::int2", []any{expected.i16}, []any{&actual.i16}, allTypes{i16: expected.i16}},
			{"select $1::int2", []any{zero.i16}, []any{&actual.i16}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::int4", []any{expected.i32}, []any{&actual.i32}, allTypes{i32: expected.i32}},
			{"select $1::int4", []any{zero.i32}, []any{&actual.i32}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::int8", []any{expected.i64}, []any{&actual.i64}, allTypes{i64: expected.i64}},
			{"select $1::int8", []any{zero.i64}, []any{&actual.i64}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::float4", []any{expected.f32}, []any{&actual.f32}, allTypes{f32: expected.f32}},
			{"select $1::float4", []any{zero.f32}, []any{&actual.f32}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::float8", []any{expected.f64}, []any{&actual.f64}, allTypes{f64: expected.f64}},
			{"select $1::float8", []any{zero.f64}, []any{&actual.f64}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::bool", []any{expected.b}, []any{&actual.b}, allTypes{b: expected.b}},
			{"select $1::bool", []any{zero.b}, []any{&actual.b}, allTypes{}},
			{"select $1::timestamptz", []any{expected.t}, []any{&actual.t}, allTypes{t: expected.t}},
			{"select $1::timestamptz", []any{zero.t}, []any{&actual.t}, allTypes{}},
		}

		for i, tt := range tests {
			actual = zero

			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, tt.queryArgs...).Scan(tt.scanArgs...)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v, queryArgs -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql, tt.queryArgs)
			}

			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.s, actual.s)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.i16, actual.i16)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.i32, actual.i32)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.i64, actual.i64)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.f32, actual.f32)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.f64, actual.f64)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected.b, actual.b)
			if tt.expected.t != nil || actual.t != nil {
				assert.True(t, tt.expected.t.Equal(*actual.t))
			}

			ensureConnValid(t, conn)
		}
	})
}

func TestPointerPointerNonZero(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		f := "foo"
		dest := &f

		err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::text", nil).Scan(&dest)
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected failure scanning: %v", err)
		}
		if dest != nil {
			t.Errorf("Expected dest to be nil, got %#v", dest)
		}
	})
}

func TestEncodeTypeRename(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		type _int int
		inInt := _int(1)
		var outInt _int

		type _int8 int8
		inInt8 := _int8(2)
		var outInt8 _int8

		type _int16 int16
		inInt16 := _int16(3)
		var outInt16 _int16

		type _int32 int32
		inInt32 := _int32(4)
		var outInt32 _int32

		type _int64 int64
		inInt64 := _int64(5)
		var outInt64 _int64

		type _uint uint
		inUint := _uint(6)
		var outUint _uint

		type _uint8 uint8
		inUint8 := _uint8(7)
		var outUint8 _uint8

		type _uint16 uint16
		inUint16 := _uint16(8)
		var outUint16 _uint16

		type _uint32 uint32
		inUint32 := _uint32(9)
		var outUint32 _uint32

		type _uint64 uint64
		inUint64 := _uint64(10)
		var outUint64 _uint64

		type _string string
		inString := _string("foo")
		var outString _string

		type _bool bool
		inBool := _bool(true)
		var outBool _bool

		// pgx.QueryExecModeExec requires all types to be registered.
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inInt, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inInt8, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inInt16, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inInt32, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inInt64, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inUint, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inUint8, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inUint16, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inUint32, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inUint64, "int8")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inString, "text")
		conn.TypeMap().RegisterDefaultPgType(inBool, "bool")

		err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select $1::int, $2::int, $3::int2, $4::int4, $5::int8, $6::int, $7::int, $8::int, $9::int, $10::int, $11::text, $12::bool",
			inInt, inInt8, inInt16, inInt32, inInt64, inUint, inUint8, inUint16, inUint32, inUint64, inString, inBool,
		).Scan(&outInt, &outInt8, &outInt16, &outInt32, &outInt64, &outUint, &outUint8, &outUint16, &outUint32, &outUint64, &outString, &outBool)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Failed with type rename: %v", err)
		}

		if inInt != outInt {
			t.Errorf("int rename: expected %v, got %v", inInt, outInt)
		}

		if inInt8 != outInt8 {
			t.Errorf("int8 rename: expected %v, got %v", inInt8, outInt8)
		}

		if inInt16 != outInt16 {
			t.Errorf("int16 rename: expected %v, got %v", inInt16, outInt16)
		}

		if inInt32 != outInt32 {
			t.Errorf("int32 rename: expected %v, got %v", inInt32, outInt32)
		}

		if inInt64 != outInt64 {
			t.Errorf("int64 rename: expected %v, got %v", inInt64, outInt64)
		}

		if inUint != outUint {
			t.Errorf("uint rename: expected %v, got %v", inUint, outUint)
		}

		if inUint8 != outUint8 {
			t.Errorf("uint8 rename: expected %v, got %v", inUint8, outUint8)
		}

		if inUint16 != outUint16 {
			t.Errorf("uint16 rename: expected %v, got %v", inUint16, outUint16)
		}

		if inUint32 != outUint32 {
			t.Errorf("uint32 rename: expected %v, got %v", inUint32, outUint32)
		}

		if inUint64 != outUint64 {
			t.Errorf("uint64 rename: expected %v, got %v", inUint64, outUint64)
		}

		if inString != outString {
			t.Errorf("string rename: expected %v, got %v", inString, outString)
		}

		if inBool != outBool {
			t.Errorf("bool rename: expected %v, got %v", inBool, outBool)
		}
	})
}

// func TestRowDecodeBinary(t *testing.T) {
// 	t.Parallel()

// 	conn := mustConnectString(t, os.Getenv("PGX_TEST_DATABASE"))
// 	defer closeConn(t, conn)

// 	tests := []struct {
// 		sql      string
// 		expected []any
// 	}{
// 		{
// 			"select row(1, 'cat', '2015-01-01 08:12:42-00'::timestamptz)",
// 			[]any{
// 				int32(1),
// 				"cat",
// 				time.Date(2015, 1, 1, 8, 12, 42, 0, time.UTC).Local(),
// 			},
// 		},
// 		{
// 			"select row(100.0::float, 1.09::float)",
// 			[]any{
// 				float64(100),
// 				float64(1.09),
// 			},
// 		},
// 	}

// 	for i, tt := range tests {
// 		var actual []any

// 		err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql).Scan(&actual)
// 		if err != nil {
// 			t.Errorf("%d. Unexpected failure: %v (sql -> %v)", i, err, tt.sql)
// 			continue
// 		}

// 		for j := range tt.expected {
// 			assert.EqualValuesf(t, tt.expected[j], actual[j], "%d. [%d]", i, j)

// 		}

// 		ensureConnValid(t, conn)
// 	}
// }

// https://github.com/jackc/pgx/issues/810
func TestRowsScanNilThenScanValue(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 120*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	pgxtest.RunWithQueryExecModes(ctx, t, defaultConnTestRunner, nil, func(ctx context.Context, t testing.TB, conn *pgx.Conn) {
		sql := `select null as a, null as b
union
select 1, 2
order by a nulls first
`
		rows, err := conn.Query(context.Background(), sql)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		require.True(t, rows.Next())

		err = rows.Scan(nil, nil)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		require.True(t, rows.Next())

		var a int
		var b int
		err = rows.Scan(&a, &b)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		require.EqualValues(t, 1, a)
		require.EqualValues(t, 2, b)

		rows.Close()
		require.NoError(t, rows.Err())
	})
}

func TestScanIntoByteSlice(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	conn := mustConnectString(t, os.Getenv("PGX_TEST_DATABASE"))
	defer closeConn(t, conn)
	// Success cases
	for _, tt := range []struct {
		name             string
		sql              string
		resultFormatCode int16
		output           []byte
	}{
		{"int - text", "select 42", pgx.TextFormatCode, []byte("42")},
		{"int - binary", "select 42", pgx.BinaryFormatCode, []byte("42")},
		{"text - text", "select 'hi'", pgx.TextFormatCode, []byte("hi")},
		{"text - binary", "select 'hi'", pgx.BinaryFormatCode, []byte("hi")},
		{"json - text", "select '{}'::json", pgx.TextFormatCode, []byte("{}")},
		{"json - binary", "select '{}'::json", pgx.BinaryFormatCode, []byte("{}")},
		{"jsonb - text", "select '{}'::jsonb", pgx.TextFormatCode, []byte("{}")},
		{"jsonb - binary", "select '{}'::jsonb", pgx.BinaryFormatCode, []byte("{}")},
	} {
		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			var buf []byte
			err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), tt.sql, pgx.QueryResultFormats{tt.resultFormatCode}).Scan(&buf)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, tt.output, buf)
		})
	}
}