From d41d29c496d082532fe3791a2144e2e076e1a7bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Samy Ateia Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 18:26:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] initial commit --- .github/workflows/local-docker-deploy.yml | 29 + Dockerfile | 10 + app/05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl | 255 ++++ ...3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv | 1277 +++++++++++++++++ app/Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl | 946 ++++++++++++ app/Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl | 75 + app/app.py | 705 +++++++++ app/requirements.txt | 5 + 8 files changed, 3302 insertions(+) create mode 100644 .github/workflows/local-docker-deploy.yml create mode 100644 Dockerfile create mode 100644 app/05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl create mode 100644 app/2024-03-26_19-24-27_claude-3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv create mode 100644 app/Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl create mode 100644 app/Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl create mode 100644 app/app.py create mode 100644 app/requirements.txt diff --git a/.github/workflows/local-docker-deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/local-docker-deploy.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a14a8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/local-docker-deploy.yml @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +name: Local Docker Deploy + +on: + push: + branches: + - main + +jobs: + build-and-deploy: + runs-on: self-hosted + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v2 + + - name: Build Docker container + run: | + docker build -t bioragent . + + - name: Stop and remove existing Docker container if running + run: | + if [ "$(docker ps -aq -f name=bioragent)" ]; then + docker stop bioragent || true + docker rm bioragent || true + fi + + - name: Run Docker container + run: | + docker run -d --name bioragent --restart unless-stopped -p 127.0.0.1:7865:7860 -e GEMIN_API_KEY=${{ secrets.GEMINI_API_KEY }} -e ELASTICSEARCH_HOST=${{ secrets.ELASTICSEARCH_HOST }} -e ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD=${{ secrets.ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD }} -e ELASTICSEARCH_USER=${{ secrets.ELASTICSEARCH_USER }} bioragent diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..693360e --- /dev/null +++ b/Dockerfile @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +FROM python:3.12.2-slim + +WORKDIR /app + +COPY app/ . + +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt + +EXPOSE 7860 +CMD ["python", "app.py"] diff --git a/app/05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl b/app/05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38120fd --- /dev/null +++ b/app/05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,255 @@ +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2574, 'offsetInEndSection': 2784, 'text': \"INTERPRETATION: 12 months of treatment with losartan was well tolerated but was not effective in reducing the rate of brain atrophy in individuals with clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34687634'}]\n\n\n 'Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. 12 months of treatment with losartan was well tolerated but was not effective in reducing the rate of brain atrophy in individuals with clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 452, 'offsetInEndSection': 569, 'text': 'CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35633976'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1208, 'offsetInEndSection': 1359, 'text': 'We will extract data based on the Checklist for\\xa0Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS), ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35321760'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 688, 'offsetInEndSection': 807, 'text': 'Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS-PF).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35196337'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 892, 'offsetInEndSection': 993, 'text': 'Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35493941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 267, 'text': 'The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodological appraisals of predictive models, based on the best available scientific evidence and through systematic reviews.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32583899'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 53, 'offsetInEndSection': 298, 'text': 'However, these models should be developed appropriately (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool [PROBAST] statements).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31762119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 621, 'offsetInEndSection': 842, 'text': 'tudies with model updating. Data was extracted following the Checklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEA', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31439598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 693, 'offsetInEndSection': 931, 'text': 'Data collection was guided by the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews (CHARMS) and applicability and methodological quality assessment by the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32453803'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 351, 'offsetInEndSection': 509, 'text': 'Studies were assessed using the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31090660'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 321, 'offsetInEndSection': 688, 'text': 'methods in oncology. We used the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) to assess the methodological conduct of i', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35395724'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 372, 'offsetInEndSection': 591, 'text': 'inclusion criteria). We followed the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33492724'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 116, 'text': 'Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314315'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 678, 'offsetInEndSection': 847, 'text': 'The CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) checklist was used for data extraction and quality assessment.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 190, 'offsetInEndSection': 1256, 'text': 'ion making. Systematic reviews of prognostic model studies can help identify prognostic models that need to further be validated or are ready to be implemented in healthcare.OBJECTIVES: To provide a step-by-step guidance on how to conduct and read a systematic review of prognostic model studies and to provide an overview of methodology and guidance available for every step of the review progress.SOURCES: Published, peer-reviewed guidance articles.CONTENT: We describe the following steps for conducting a systematic review of prognosis studies: 1) Developing the review question using the Population, Index model, Comparator model, Outcome(s), Timing, Setting format, 2) Searching and selection of articles, 3) Data extraction using the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist, 4) Quality and risk of bias assessment using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment (PROBAST) tool, 5) Analysing data and undertaking quantitative meta-analysis, and 6) Presenting summary of findings, inte', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35934199'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1028, 'offsetInEndSection': 1211, 'text': 'te, or status of the publication. To carry out the systematic review, the CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) guidel', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33407048'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1042, 'offsetInEndSection': 1457, 'text': 'The authors did not put any restrictions on the models included in their study regarding the model setting, prediction horizon or outcomes.Data extraction and synthesis Checklists of critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies (CHARMS) and prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used to guide developing of a standardised data extraction form.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978532'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 764, 'offsetInEndSection': 1015, 'text': 'We critically appraised these models by means of criteria derived from the CHARMS (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies) and PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34413828'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 116, 'offsetInEndSection': 266, 'text': 'ist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsess', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31762119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 690, 'offsetInEndSection': 840, 'text': 't for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME M', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31439598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 405, 'offsetInEndSection': 555, 'text': 'the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33492724'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodolog', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32583899'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 389, 'offsetInEndSection': 539, 'text': 'ist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist. In total 89,959 citations wer', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31090660'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 864, 'offsetInEndSection': 1014, 'text': 'acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the ri', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35493941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 517, 'offsetInEndSection': 667, 'text': 'ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment too', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33364802'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 461, 'offsetInEndSection': 611, 'text': 'nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of da', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31441567'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 690, 'offsetInEndSection': 850, 'text': 't for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: P', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31439598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 405, 'offsetInEndSection': 624, 'text': 'the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data, Participants, etc). We determin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33492724'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 864, 'offsetInEndSection': 1020, 'text': 'acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the risk of ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35493941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 517, 'offsetInEndSection': 764, 'text': 'ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used for the data extraction process and critical appraisal.RESULTS: From the 29', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33364802'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 461, 'offsetInEndSection': 821, 'text': 'nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of data, participants, outcome to be predicted, candidate predictors, sample size, missing data, model development, model performance, model evaluation, results and interpretation and discussion.RESULTS: We found tw', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31441567'}]\n\n\n 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "CHARMS stands for CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 745, 'offsetInEndSection': 917, 'text': 'Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33941934'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1266, 'offsetInEndSection': 1452, 'text': 'Bioinformatical analysis pointed to the tissue-specific splicing factors Srrm4 and Nova1 as likely upstream regulators of the observed splicing changes in the PLN-R14del cardiomyocytes. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36375644'}]\n\n\n 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Bioinformatical analysis pointed to the tissue-specific splicing factors Srrm4 and Nova1 as likely upstream regulators of the observed splicing changes in the PLN-R14del cardiomyocytes."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 620, 'offsetInEndSection': 678, 'text': ' 64% deletions, 18% duplications and 18% point mutations. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31381525'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 926, 'offsetInEndSection': 1241, 'text': 'Of these, 406 (70.5%) were exonic deletions, 64 (11.1%) were exonic duplications, and one was a deletion/duplication complex rearrangement (0.2%). Small mutations were identified in 105 cases (18.2%), most being nonsense/frameshift types (75.2%). Mutations in splice sites, however, were relatively frequent (20%). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 440, 'offsetInEndSection': 524, 'text': 'gene deletion rate was 54.3% (391/720), and gene duplication rate was 10.6% (76/720)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402533'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 526, 'offsetInEndSection': 737, 'text': 'The rate of deletion mutant occurred in Exon 45-54 was 71.9% (281/391) in all gene deletion patients; meanwhile, the rate of gene duplication occurred in Exon 1-40 was 82.9% (63/76) in all gene duplication ones.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402533'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 738, 'offsetInEndSection': 862, 'text': 'In all the patients with gene deletion and duplication, the rate of DMD and IMD was 90.6% (423/467), and BMD, 9.4% (44/467).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402533'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620649'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': 'The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620649'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 419, 'offsetInEndSection': 703, 'text': 'While in earlier studies equal mutation rates in males and females had been reported, a breakdown by mutation types can better explain the sex ratio of mutations: Point mutations and duplications arise preferentially during spermatogenesis whereas deletions mostly arise in oogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620649'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 388, 'offsetInEndSection': 1129, 'text': 'l spectrum. This information is extremely beneficial for basic scientific research, genetic diagnosis, trial planning, clinical care, and gene therapy.METHODS: We collected data from 1400 patients (1042 patients with confirmed unrelated Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] or Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]) registered in the Chinese Genetic Disease Registry from March 2012 to August 2017 and analyzed the genetic mutational characteristics of these patients.RESULTS: Large deletions were the most frequent type of mutation (72.2%), followed by nonsense mutations (11.9%), exon duplications (8.8%), small deletions (3.0%), splice-site mutations (2.1%), small insertions (1.3%), missense mutations (0.6%), and a combination mutation of a dele', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29973226'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 706, 'offsetInEndSection': 831, 'text': 'Deletions were the most common mutation type (256, 79%), followed by point mutations (45, 13.9%) and duplications (23, 7.1%).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35064276'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common mutation types are deletions, duplications, point mutations, deletion/duplication complex rearrangement,nonsense/frameshift mutations, mutations in splice sites."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 75, 'text': 'Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35939578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 193, 'offsetInEndSection': 406, 'text': 'Whether treatment with litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against BDCA2, would be efficacious in reducing disease activity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus has not been extensively studied.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35939578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 74, 'text': 'Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36069871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 420, 'text': ' The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to BDCA2, in patients with SLE have not been extensively studied.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36069871'}]\n\n\n 'What is the target of Litifilimab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Litifilimab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against BDCA2 that is being developed for treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 847, 'offsetInEndSection': 915, 'text': '. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35610482'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1513, 'offsetInEndSection': 1556, 'text': 'area under receiver operator curve [AUROC] ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35426141'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 819, 'offsetInEndSection': 927, 'text': 'The model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35438215'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 478, 'offsetInEndSection': 672, 'text': 'Our models predict GDM with high accuracy even at pregnancy initiation (area under the receiver operating curve (auROC)\\u2009=\\u20090.85), substantially outperforming a baseline risk score (auROC\\u2009=\\u20090.68).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31932807'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 858, 'offsetInEndSection': 1147, 'text': ' prediction of pancreatic cancer. Two popular models were evaluated: logistic regression and a recurrent neural network.RESULTS: For logistic regression, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve is often used to evaluate risk models.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958955'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 117, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'stic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive performa', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31093546'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Area under a receiver-operating-characteristic (AUROC) curve is widely used in medicine to summarize the ability of a continuous predictive marker to predict a binary outcome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28860560'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 258, 'text': 'The c statistic, or area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, achieved popularity in diagnostic testing, in which the test characteristics of sensitivity and specificity are relevant to discriminating diseased versus nondiseased patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309939'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1598, 'offsetInEndSection': 1949, 'text': '-day mortality, respectively. When using only baseline variables to predict mortality, all algorithms except SVM (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.83 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.69-0.97]) had AUROC >0.9: GBM (AUROC, 0.96 [0.94-1.0]), RF (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-1.0]), CNN (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-0.99]), and logistic regress', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34908548'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 99, 'offsetInEndSection': 361, 'text': 'We assessed model performance using two metrics, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC), to illustrate the differences in information they convey in the setting of class imbalance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31437918'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 777, 'offsetInEndSection': 958, 'text': 'The two approaches were explored and validated within the context of mRNA expression level prediction and have the area under the ROC curve (auROC) values ranging from 0.75 to 0.94.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30842277'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 862, 'offsetInEndSection': 1132, 'text': '.4%) and validation (47.4%) cohorts. The FibroGENE-DT yielded the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.804 for the prediction of fast fibrosis progression, cirrhosis and significant fibrosis risk, respectively, with compara', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26592354'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1711, 'offsetInEndSection': 1952, 'text': 'ement (oral or IV) was 41.1%. Independent predictors using history alone were female sex, decreasing age, surgical history, and non-Caucasian ethnicity (model area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.59 [95% confiden', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31094792'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 808, 'offsetInEndSection': 1084, 'text': ' reduction of at least I\u00b0 MR. One-year mortality was 28.2%.In Kaplan-Meier analysis, one- year mortality was significantly higher in RVD-pts (34.8% vs 2.8%, p\\xa0=\\xa00.009).Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for SHFM and MAGGIC were comparable for both scores', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33088899'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1371, 'offsetInEndSection': 1584, 'text': 'Using a standard multivariate approach to combine predictors, the PPIN model achieved an AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.81 with a sensitivity of 48% given a specificity of 90%.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620757'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 360, 'offsetInEndSection': 510, 'text': 'cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was appl', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35879562'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1005, 'offsetInEndSection': 1155, 'text': 'ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) an', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1325, 'offsetInEndSection': 1475, 'text': 's). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determined.RESUL', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25958031'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 598, 'offsetInEndSection': 748, 'text': 'ys). Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Pre-N8-GP prophylaxis models learned from dat', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34865209'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 536, 'offsetInEndSection': 686, 'text': 'agnostic threshold were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Stratification analysis by age and MP-IgM tite', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34154565'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 543, 'offsetInEndSection': 693, 'text': ' learning algorithms was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The conventional scoring models had various p', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35505048'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 471, 'offsetInEndSection': 621, 'text': 'sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) scores reported were included in the analysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33203588'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 837, 'offsetInEndSection': 987, 'text': 'nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to compare the model performance.RE', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36329470'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1029, 'offsetInEndSection': 1179, 'text': 'cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readm', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31304302'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 112, 'offsetInEndSection': 262, 'text': 'rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31093546'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1005, 'offsetInEndSection': 1216, 'text': 'ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) and pancreatic cancer (80.53%) tasks. For recurrent neural netw', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1325, 'offsetInEndSection': 1466, 'text': 's). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determi', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25958031'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 471, 'offsetInEndSection': 577, 'text': 'sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) sc', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33203588'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 837, 'offsetInEndSection': 955, 'text': 'nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36329470'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 112, 'offsetInEndSection': 266, 'text': 'rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive per', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31093546'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 360, 'offsetInEndSection': 706, 'text': 'cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate predictive accuracy of biomarkers on cognitive impairment; 178 subjects (41 PD, 31 VaD and 106 normal controls) were included. In multiple linear regression analysis of PD patients', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35879562'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 652, 'offsetInEndSection': 945, 'text': 'of outcome (AC), sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and area under receiver-operating curve (AUROC) were compared between 3 models: KCC (INR, creatinine, coma grade, pH), CART analysis using only KCC variables (KCC-CART) and a CART model using new variables (NEW-CART).RESULTS: Traditional KC', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25885260'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 652, 'offsetInEndSection': 941, 'text': 'models of the EGFR mutation status (Model 1: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]\\u2009=\\u20090.910, 95% CI 0.861-0.945; Model 2: AUROC\\u2009=\\u20090.859, 95% CI 0.803-0.904; Model 3: AUROC\\u2009=\\u20090.711, 95% CI 0.643-0.773). A testing set (n\\u2009=\\u200950) and temporal validation data set (n\\u2009=\\u200970', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31807867'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1029, 'offsetInEndSection': 1371, 'text': \"cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readmission (AUROC 0.75-0.76), prolonged length of stay (AUROC 0.85-0.86), and all of a patient's final discharge diagnoses (frequency-weighted AUROC 0.90). These models outperformed traditional, c\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31304302'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 838, 'offsetInEndSection': 1056, 'text': ' matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\xa0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509018'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 846, 'offsetInEndSection': 1064, 'text': ' accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\xa0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% and 61.5', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35509018'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1023, 'offsetInEndSection': 1173, 'text': 's), positive predictive values (PPVs), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), of machine learning models when predicting ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31509205'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 645, 'offsetInEndSection': 838, 'text': 'ance of prediction, accuracy of discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]), calibration, and validity of the two predictive models were investigated. The co', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28323524'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 734, 'text': 'The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is commonly used for assessing the discriminative ability of prediction models even though the measure is criticized for being clinically irrelevant and lacking an intuitive interpretation. Every tutorial explains how the coordinates of the ROC curve are obtained from the risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals, but it has not become common sense that therewith the ROC plot is just another way of presenting these risk distributions. We show how the ROC curve is an alternative way to present risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals and how the shape of the ROC curve informs about the overlap of the risk distributions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31967640'}]\n\n\n 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": ". AUROC stands for the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC)"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1011, 'offsetInEndSection': 1095, 'text': 'PRP-40 regulation of neuronal microexons is therefore a widely conserved phenomenon.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34348142'}]\n\n\n 'Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, PRP-40 regulation of neuronal microexons is a widely conserved phenomenon."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 568, 'offsetInEndSection': 761, 'text': 'Casimersen received its first approval on 25\\xa0February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\\xa045 skipping. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861387'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 762, 'offsetInEndSection': 943, 'text': 'he approval, granted under the US FDA Accelerated Approval Program, was based on an observed increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle in patients treated with casimersen', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861387'}]\n\n\n 'Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, casimersen is considered to be effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': 'Designing a Dual GLP-1R/GIPR Agonist from Tirzepatide: Comparing Residues Between Tirzepatide, GLP-1, and GIP.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651477'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 102, 'offsetInEndSection': 277, 'text': 'he efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in people with obesity are not known.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'Tirzepatide - a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist - a new antidiabetic drug with potential metabolic activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35593668'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 400, 'text': 'The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are responsible for up to 65% of postprandial insulin secretion. Tirzepatide, developed by Eli Lilly, is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist in the form of a synthetic linear peptide; its acylation technology allows it to bind to albumin, thus making it possible to dose the drug once a week. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35593668'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Tirzepatide is a dual incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist in the form of a synthetic linear peptide."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 187, 'offsetInEndSection': 315, 'text': 'hydrotherapy,\" \"balneotherapy,\" \"spa therapy,\" \"spa treatment,\" \"creno-balneotherapy,\" \"water treatments,\" and \"aqua therapy,\" o', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35779167'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 554, 'text': 'Spa therapy is an integral part of the treatment of burn scars. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the spa therapy used in the treatment of burn scars and analyze its effects reported in clinical studies. We used the PRISMA checklist and queried 8 scientific databases from August 2019 to July 2020 for articles referenced with the specific key words: (burn) AND ((spa) OR (crenotherap*) OR (sulfur bath) OR (balneo*) OR (hydrotherap*) OR (mineral water) OR (thermal water) OR (spring water) OR (health resort medicine))', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32875343'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 249, 'text': 'Soon after qualification, Fortescue Fox (1858-1940) began practice in a Scottish spa where he acquired a lifelong interest in chronic disorders, especially arthritis. He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 167, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 166, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': ' He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568298'}]\n\n\n 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Medical Hydrology is defined as the therapeutic use of bathing and water and would include therapeutic spa therapy"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'CYP1A2 polymorphisms modify the association of habitual coffee consumption with appetite, macronutrient intake, and body mass index: results from an observational cohort and a cross-over randomized study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34564706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1340, 'offsetInEndSection': 1952, 'text': 'High coffee consumption was more prevalent in rapid compared to slow metabolizers (P\\u2009=\\u20090.008 after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI) and was associated with lower appetite perception and lower BMI only in rapid metabolizers (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption\\u2009=\\u20090.002 and 0.048, respectively). This differential association of rs762551 genotype and coffee consumption with BMI was more evident in individuals at higher genetic risk of obesity (mean adjusted difference in BMI\\u2009=\\u2009-5.82\\u2009kg/m2 for rapid versus slow/intermediate metabolizers who consumed more than 14 cups of coffee per week).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34564706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1965, 'offsetInEndSection': 2256, 'text': 'CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism modifies the association of habitual coffee consumption with BMI, in part by influencing appetite, energy intake and circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone asprosin. This association is more evident in subjects with high genetic predisposition to obesity. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34564706'}]\n\n\n 'How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and apetite?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism modifies the association of habitual coffee consumption with BMI, in part by influencing appetite, energy intake and circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone asprosin. In specific, high coffee consumption was more prevalent in rapid compared to slow metabolizers (P\u2009=\u20090.008 after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI) and was associated with lower appetite perception and lower BMI only in rapid metabolizers (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption\u2009=\u20090.002 and 0.048, respectively)"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1347, 'offsetInEndSection': 1641, 'text': 'Eteplirsen-treated patients experienced a statistically significant longer median time to LOA by 2.09 years (5.09 vs. 3.00 years, p\\u200a<\\u200a0.01) and significantly attenuated rates of pulmonary decline vs. natural history patients (FVC%p change: -3.3 vs. -6.0 percentage points annually, p\\u200a<\\u200a0.0001).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34420980'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 967, 'offsetInEndSection': 1200, 'text': 'At Years 3 and 4, eteplirsen-treated patients demonstrated markedly greater mean 6MWT than controls (difference in change from baseline of 132 m [95%CI (29, 235), p\\u200a=\\u200a0.015] at Year 3 and 159\\u200am [95%CI (66, 253), p\\u200a=\\u200a0.002] at Year 4)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523015'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1202, 'offsetInEndSection': 1341, 'text': 'At Year 4, a significantly greater proportion of eteplirsen-treated patients were still ambulant versus controls (10/12 vs 3/11; p\\u200a=\\u200a0.020)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523015'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1606, 'offsetInEndSection': 1803, 'text': ' In this retrospective matched control study, eteplirsen treatment resulted in attenuation of ambulatory decline over a 4-year observation period, supporting long-term benefit in patients with DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523015'}]\n\n\n 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, eteplirsen is effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1482, 'offsetInEndSection': 1648, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: All three ARAT agents are efficacious options for the treatment of nmCRPC, whereas darolutamide appears to have the most favorable tolerability profile. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34308608'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: For nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), 3 drugs under patent protection-apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide-were approved based on randomized, placebo-controlled trials; 1 drug with generic availability, abiraterone acetate, showed efficacy in a single-arm trial and is commonly prescribed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33830214'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1701, 'offsetInEndSection': 1920, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: For nmCRPC, darolutamide offered optimal efficacy and safety among approved drugs, and abiraterone acetate may offer comparable metastasis-free survival benefit with cost savings from generic availability. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33830214'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 160, 'text': 'Darolutamide and survival in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a patient and caregiver perspective and plain language summary of the ARASENS trial.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35656777'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 687, 'offsetInEndSection': 846, 'text': 'Darolutamide is an approved treatment for a different type of prostate cancer called non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (also called nmCRPC).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35656777'}]\n\n\n 'What is the use of darolutamide?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Darolutamide is an approved treatment of non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (also called nmCRPC)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 155, 'offsetInEndSection': 272, 'text': ' Selective SFN (without large fiber affection) manifests with pain, sensory disturbances, or autonomic dysfunction. T', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35130356'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'Neuropathic pain (NP) is a main feature of Fabry disease (FD) as consequence of small fiber neuropathy. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) in FD was not described, but it is an important feature in other small fiber neuropathies', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948213'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 13, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': 'mall fiber neuropathy (SFN) can be associated with autoantibodies, including those of IgM class with specificity for the trisulfated heparan disaccharide (TS-HDS) antigen.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34698404'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'Up to 50% of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases are idiopathic, but novel antibodies to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been implicated in half of these cases', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36005471'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 683, 'offsetInEndSection': 961, 'text': 'an the patients without SFN. Restless leg syndrome was also more frequently observed in patients with SFN, who had pain aggravated at rest that improved by moving.CONCLUSIONS: These findings are in favor of the sensitization of relatively spared large A\u03b2-fibers and second-order', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30247738'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) comprise a clinical syndrome typically associated with acral burning pain, where the pathophysiological processes affect the thinly myelinated A-delta and the unmyelinated C nerve fibers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30125923'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 210, 'text': 'Small fibre neuropathy (SFN), a condition dominated by neuropathic pain, is frequently encountered in clinical practise either as prevalent manifestation of more diffuse neuropathy or distinct nosologic entity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524793'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Neuropathic pain is a characteristic feature of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which in 18% of the cases is caused by genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium ion channels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36430572'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 240, 'offsetInEndSection': 466, 'text': 'SFN was defined by the presence of suggestive sensory painful symptoms with normal nerve conduction studies and abnormal neurophysiologic tests for small nerve fibers or a low intraepidermal nerve fiber density at skin biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23982054'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 94, 'offsetInEndSection': 222, 'text': 'SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30569495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 222, 'text': 'Small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of thinly myelinated A\u03b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30569495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 336, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thin myelinated A\u03b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. Common symptoms include neuropathic pain and autonomic disturbances, and the typical clinical presentation is that of a length-dependent polyneuropathy, although other distributions could be present.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32654574'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 452, 'text': 'Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a peripheral nervous system disease due to affection of A-delta or C-fibers in a proximal, distal, or diffuse distribution. Selective SFN (without large fiber affection) manifests with pain, sensory disturbances, or autonomic dysfunction. Though uniform diagnostic criteria are unavailable, most of them request typical clinical features and reduced intra-epidermal nerve fiber density on proximal or distal skin biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35130356'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 480, 'text': 'Small fibre neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thinly myelinated A\u03b4-fibres and unmyelinated C-fibres. Although multiple causes of small nerve fibre degeneration have been reported, including via genetic mutations, the cause of small fibre neuropathy remains unknown in up to 50% of cases. The typical clinical presentation of small fibre neuropathy is that of a symmetrical, length-dependent polyneuropathy associated with sensory or autonomic symptoms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29029847'}]\n\n\n 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Small fiber neuropathy manifests with pain, sensory disturbances, or autonomic dysfunction."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 713, 'text': 'On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \u226550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \u22651%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835513'}]\n\n\n 'When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 706, 'offsetInEndSection': 1045, 'text': ' In relation to clinical trials, in the last ten years, has experienced great advances in the field of therapeutic options, divided into two major therapeutic targets: 1) the area of gene therapies and 2) trying to reverse or block the pathophysiological processes of the disease, such as inflammation, fibrosis, muscle regeneration, etc. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603849'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 646, 'offsetInEndSection': 788, 'text': 'Several promising gene therapies are currently under investigation. These include gene replacement, exon skipping, suppression of stop codons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29351004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 789, 'offsetInEndSection': 947, 'text': 'More recently, a promising gene editing tool referred to as CRISPR/Cas9 offers exciting perspectives for restoring dystrophin expression in patients with DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29351004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 271, 'offsetInEndSection': 561, 'text': 'Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34175043'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 522, 'offsetInEndSection': 742, 'text': 'We recently showed that antisense oligoribonucleotide-mediated skipping of exon 46 efficiently induced dystrophin synthesis in cultured muscle cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients carrying an exon 45 deletion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206800'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1125, 'offsetInEndSection': 1429, 'text': 'The success of induced exon skipping has spawned a number of \"fusion therapies\", including vector-mediated dystrophin exon skipping and ex vivo viral delivery of splice-switching antisense molecules into myogenic stem cells, followed by implantation, which may address long term oligomer delivery issues.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041827'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 273, 'text': 'Several clinical trials have recently demonstrated that oligonucleotide-based drugs induced targeted exon skipping in dystrophin pre-mRNA in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, resulting in novel expression of a truncated but functional isoform of the dystrophin protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22846203'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 516, 'offsetInEndSection': 715, 'text': 'These strategies include gene replacement with adeno-associated virus, exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides, and mutation suppression with compounds that \"read through\" stop codon mutations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328943'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 150, 'offsetInEndSection': 398, 'text': 'There are several promising genetic approaches, including viral delivery of the missing dystrophin gene, read-through of translation stop codons, exon skipping to restore the reading frame and increased expression of the compensatory utrophin gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23609411'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 133, 'offsetInEndSection': 418, 'text': 'So far, there is no effective treatment but new gene-based therapies are currently being developed with particular noted advances in using conventional gene replacement strategies, RNA-based approaches, or cell-based gene therapy with a main focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527108'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Myodys, a full-length dystrophin plasmid vector for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene therapy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228186'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 450, 'offsetInEndSection': 762, 'text': \"The first viral-mediated gene transfer for any muscle disease was carried out at Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State University for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D, and the first viral-mediated trial of gene transfer for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is under way at the same institutions.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846262'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 271, 'offsetInEndSection': 562, 'text': 'Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34175043'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 742, 'offsetInEndSection': 1174, 'text': \"Of all novel molecular interventions currently being investigated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, perhaps the most promising method aiming to restore dystrophin expression to diseased cells is known as 'exon skipping' or splice-modulation, whereby antisense oligonucleotides eliminate the deleterious effects of DMD mutations by modulating dystrophin pre-messenger RNA splicing, such that functional dystrophin protein is produced.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150322'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'Targeted exon skipping as a potential gene correction therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206800'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'Several new approaches to gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies involve oligonucleotides as targeting vectors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206797'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 146, 'offsetInEndSection': 448, 'text': 'gene therapy, an approach that demonstrates promise for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene therapy is not limited to replacement of defective genes but also includes strategies using surrogate genes with alternative but effective means of improving cellular function or repairing gene mutations', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846262'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 107, 'offsetInEndSection': 257, 'text': 'rophy gene which abort dystrophin synthesis. We have explored a gene correction therapy aimed at restoration of the reading frame in Duchenne muscular', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206800'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 359, 'offsetInEndSection': 579, 'text': 'on gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23387802'}]\n\n\n 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The following gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement and exon skipping, suppression of stop codons and the use CRISPR/Cas9 system."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'Germline Mutations in CIDEB and Protection against Liver Disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35939579'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 897, 'offsetInEndSection': 1028, 'text': 'We also found that variants in CIDEB, which encodes a structural protein found in hepatic lipid droplets, had a protective effect. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35939579'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2119, 'offsetInEndSection': 2217, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Rare germline mutations in CIDEB conferred substantial protection from liver disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35939579'}]\n\n\n 'Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes. CIDEB mutation protects from liver disease."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 238, 'text': 'Cdk9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a and T2b) and cyclin K. The Cdk9/cyclin T complexes appear to be involved in regulating several physiological processes', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12432243'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 120, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'We previously cloned a cdc2-related kinase, cdk9/PITALRE, that is able to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein i', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9766517'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 924, 'offsetInEndSection': 1057, 'text': 'hese results suggest that, among other roles, cdk9/PITALRE plays a role not unlike cdk5 in the differentiation of certain cell types.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9766517'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': ' CDK9/Cyclin T1 kinase is a protein kinase, indirectly involved in the cell cycle progression in the form of transcription elongation', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603123'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 152, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'Among various clinically validated kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are one of the extensively studied drug targets for clinical developmen', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605036'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 246, 'text': 'Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a broad family of proteins involved in the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. In this article, we explore the antitumoral activity of a novel proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) compound against CDK9', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 240, 'offsetInEndSection': 427, 'text': 'Cdk9/cyclin T1 belongs to the P-TEFb complex, and is responsible for the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA Polymerase II, thus promoting general elongation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12432243'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 93, 'offsetInEndSection': 403, 'text': 'Cdk9 function depends on its kinase activity and also on its regulatory units: the T-family cyclins and cyclin K. Recently, several studies confirmed the role of cdk9 in different cellular processes such as signal transduction, basal transcription, HIV-Tat- and MyoD-mediated transcription and differentiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11532614'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 930, 'offsetInEndSection': 1146, 'text': 'This data suggests the involvement of Cdk9 in several physiological processes in the cell, the deregulation of which may be related to the genesis of transforming events, that may in turn lead to the onset of cancer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12432243'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27833949'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 293, 'text': 'Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), with its cyclin T regulatory subunit, is a component of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex, which stimulates transcription elongation and also functions in co-transcriptional histone modification, mRNA processing, and mRNA export.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200140'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 481, 'text': 'Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner-Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34062779'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 367, 'text': 'CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. As a cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK9 activation in vivo depends upon its association with T-type cyclins to assemble the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27833949'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': 'Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), the kinase component of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34146121'}]\n\n\n 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is critical for RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcription initiation, elongation, and termination in several key biological processes including development, differentiation, and cell fate responses."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1178, 'offsetInEndSection': 1350, 'text': 'Thus, our data suggest that RBM24 is a critical regulator of CaMKII\u03b4 to control the cardiac QT interval, highlighting the key role of splicing regulation in cardiac rhythm.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36454480'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 60, 'text': 'RBM24 controls cardiac QT interval through CaMKII\u03b4 splicing.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36454480'}]\n\n\n 'How does RBM24 control QT interval?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "RBM24 controls cardiac QT interval through CaMKII\u03b4 splicing."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1854, 'offsetInEndSection': 1990, 'text': 'The results showed a significant difference in the NSAA score between the deletion and nonsense groups at the age of 3 years (P\\u2009=\\u20090.04).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35501714'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 583, 'offsetInEndSection': 1202, 'text': 'The boys were evaluated with standardized assessments at the screening and baseline visits at 32 sites in 5 countries (US, UK, Canada, Italy, Germany). Assessments included timed rise from floor, timed 10\\u202fm walk/run, six-minute walk distance, North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mean age at baseline was 5.9 years (range 4.1-8.1 years). Test-retest reliability was high for functional assessments, regardless of time lag between assessments (up to 90 days) and for the majority of age groups. Correlations were strong among the functional measures and timed tests, less so with FVC.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35618576'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a validated 17-item functional rating scale and widely used to assess motor function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626905'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1319, 'offsetInEndSection': 1645, 'text': 'hese exploratory analyses reveal additional approaches to interpreting the NSAA data beyond just change in NSAA total score. These observations also highlight the importance of reporting items as \"not obtainable\" for a patient with a temporary/transient physical disability that impacts their ability to perform the NSAA test.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35998119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 836, 'offsetInEndSection': 1119, 'text': 'measurement. All analyses were performed using the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model.RESULTS: Overall, Rasch analysis supported the NSAA as being a reliable (high Person Separation Index of 0.91) and valid (good targeting, little misfit, no reversed thresholds) measure of ambul', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21410696'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 144, 'offsetInEndSection': 344, 'text': 'We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31479456'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) tool is a key instrument for measuring clinical outcomes in patients with Duchenne muscular dy', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35998119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'The North Star Ambulatory Assessment is a functional scale specifically designed for ambulant boys affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20634072'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1416, 'offsetInEndSection': 1581, 'text': ' North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian Portuguese is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional capacity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28648683'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 344, 'text': 'Functional variability among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well recognised and complicates interpretation of clinical studies. We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31479456'}]\n\n\n 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, North Star Ambulatory Assessment score is a reliable clinical outcome and widely used for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 262, 'text': 'This study aimed to define the clinically relevant supratherapeutic dose of rilzabrutinib, an oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, and evaluate potential effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic exposures on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301810'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': \"Discovery of Reversible Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors PRN473 and PRN1008 (Rilzabrutinib).\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35302767'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 303, 'offsetInEndSection': 440, 'text': 'Herein, we describe the design of covalent reversible BTK inhibitors and the discoveries of PRN473 (11) and rilzabrutinib (PRN1008, 12). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35302767'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 813, 'offsetInEndSection': 1016, 'text': 'Ongoing trials include new B-cell/plasma-cell targeting agents such as the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and rilzabrutinib, and the anti-CD38 MoAbs daratumumab and its analogue isatuximab. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36182620'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Rilzabrutinib is oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 237, 'offsetInEndSection': 435, 'text': ' Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 456, 'offsetInEndSection': 769, 'text': ' According to the 2021 World Health Organization classification, the three risk types included (1) low-risk, expecting oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted; (2) intermediate-risk, expecting astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; and (3) high-risk, expecting glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35587830'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 238, 'offsetInEndSection': 436, 'text': 'Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'A review of adult-type diffuse gliomas in the WHO CNS5 classification with special reference to Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1213, 'offsetInEndSection': 1456, 'text': 'thogenesis and prognosis. Furthermore, the previous broad category of adult-type diffuse gliomas has been consolidated into 3 types: astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted; and gl', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006639'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 437, 'offsetInEndSection': 666, 'text': 'This review briefly discusses two tumor types: astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, and oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, with emphasis on relevant changes in their classification and defining molecular genetic alterations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 201, 'offsetInEndSection': 490, 'text': 'Since brainstem biopsies are rarely performed, these tumours are commonly classified according to their MR imaging characteristics into 4 subgroups: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, (b) enhancing malignant gliomas, (c) focal tectal gliomas and (d) exophytic gliomas/other subtypes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25641008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1566, 'offsetInEndSection': 2019, 'text': 'C\\u2009>\\u20090.5, k\\u2009>\\u20090.6, p\\u2009<\\u20090.001). IBGS type-I, type-II, and type-III gliomas had good specificity in identifying IDHmut 1p19q-codel oligodendroglioma (training - 97%, validation - 85%); IDHmut 1p19q non-codel astrocytoma (training - 80%, validation - 85.9%); and IDHwt glioblastoma (training - 76.5%, validation- 87.3%) respectively (p-value\\u2009<\\u20090.01).CONCLUSIONS: Imaging-based stratification of adult diffuse gliomas predicted patient survival and correlate', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35876874'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 119, 'offsetInEndSection': 340, 'text': 'In the new WHO classification 2021, adult-type diffuse astrocytic gliomas subdivide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36299937'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 415, 'offsetInEndSection': 776, 'text': 'Recent genetic studies have revealed that the major categories of gliomas, such as circumscribe astrocytomas, infiltrating astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma, roughly correspond to major genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and BRAF mutation/fusion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25744348'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 151, 'offsetInEndSection': 590, 'text': \"This improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostication: oligo-astrocytoma no longer exists as a clinical entity; isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is a smaller category with better prognosis; IDH wild-type 'low-grade' glioma has a much poorer prognosis; and glioblastoma is divided into IDH mutant (with an better prognosis than pre-2016 glioblastoma) and IDH wild type (with a poorer prognosis).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31175262'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 203, 'offsetInEndSection': 414, 'text': 'A four-tiered WHO grading scheme has been successfully applied to a spectrum of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas, but it is not fully applicable to other gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25744348'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 262, 'offsetInEndSection': 435, 'text': 'This has resulted in a major revision of the WHO classification, which is now for adult diffuse glioma centered around isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q diagnostics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28339700'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 247, 'offsetInEndSection': 370, 'text': 'The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700618'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 246, 'offsetInEndSection': 370, 'text': ' The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700618'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 609, 'offsetInEndSection': 759, 'text': 'ssion, and 1p/19q co-deletion detection in adult diffuse gliomas (Grade II, III, and IV) and to correlate them with clinicopathological and histopatho', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34729052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 198, 'offsetInEndSection': 348, 'text': 'vide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. The T2-', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36299937'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 293, 'offsetInEndSection': 443, 'text': 'include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. This r', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 494, 'offsetInEndSection': 644, 'text': 'hese changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the ma', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32640746'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 148, 'offsetInEndSection': 363, 'text': 'O classification, five main molecular subgroups of adult diffuse gliomas can be distinguished based on the 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and histone H3.3 mutation status. In the future, this cla', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30148717'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 467, 'text': 'Adult gliomas are most often infiltrative. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classed them into three major groups according to the presomptive cell of origin: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. Depending on the presence or absence of a small number of signs of anaplasia (mitosis, nuclear atypia, cell density, microvascular proliferation and necrosis) the WHO distinguishes grade II (LGG), III (anaplastic), and IV (glioblastomas, GBM).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889777'}]\n\n\n 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 345, 'offsetInEndSection': 592, 'text': 'Engineered T cells have achieved success in the treatment of blood cancers, with four chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies now approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies based on their unprecedented efficacy in clinical trials. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33833444'}]\n\n\n 'Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, four chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies now approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 783, 'offsetInEndSection': 902, 'text': 'Golodirsen is a provisionally approved PMO-based drug for approx. 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 599, 'offsetInEndSection': 710, 'text': 'This article summarizes the milestones in the development of golodirsen leading to this first approval for DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32026421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 252, 'offsetInEndSection': 513, 'text': 'n December 2019, intravenous golodirsen received its first global approval in the USA for the treatment of DMD in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping, based on positive results from a phase I/II clinical trial', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32026421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 334, 'offsetInEndSection': 486, 'text': 'To date, four PMOs, including eteplirsen, casimersen, viltolarsen, and golodirsen, have been conditionally approved by the FDA for the treatment of DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401026'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 965, 'offsetInEndSection': 1069, 'text': 'Golodirsen increased dystrophin protein (16.0-fold; P\\u2009<\\u20090.001) and exon skipping (28.9-fold; P\\u2009<\\u20090.001).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34788571'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1381, 'offsetInEndSection': 1552, 'text': 'This study provides evidence for golodirsen biologic activity and long-term safety in a declining DMD population and suggests functional benefit versus external controls. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34788571'}]\n\n\n 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, golodirsen can be considered effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 345, 'offsetInEndSection': 617, 'text': 'Thus far, it has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, an increasing number of studies have suggested that baricitinib can be used to treat dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35330989'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 744, 'offsetInEndSection': 979, 'text': 'We reviewed the application, efficacy, side effects, precautions, limitations and prospect of baricitinib in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) in recent 5 years including clinical trials and case reports. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35330989'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 54, 'text': 'Two Phase 3 Trials of Baricitinib for Alopecia Areata.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35334197'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1870, 'offsetInEndSection': 2037, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: In two phase 3 trials involving patients with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth at 36 weeks. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35334197'}]\n\n\n 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes. In two phase 3 trials involving patients with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth at 36 weeks."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 253, 'text': 'This study was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa injection replacing epoetin alfa injection (recombinant human erythropoietin injection, rHuEPO) for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney failure', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35774427'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 62, 'text': 'Anaemia is a common manifestation ofa chronic kidney failure. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877597'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'The hormone deficiency that underlies anemia in chronic kidney failure can now be corrected', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2010480'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 919, 'offsetInEndSection': 1058, 'text': 'We call this interrelationship between congestive heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and anemia the Cardio-Renal Anemia syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467179'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 72, 'text': 'Anemia is a major problem in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467179'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 551, 'offsetInEndSection': 841, 'text': \"Correction of the anemia with erythropoietin and intravenous iron led to a marked improvement in patients' functional status and their cardiac function, and to a marked fall in the need for hospitalization and for high-dose diuretics; renal function usually improved or at least stabilized.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467179'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 99, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'The anemia is very often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18670732'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'The role of anemia in congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency: the cardio renal anemia syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467179'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 116, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'While iron deficiency is often stated as a cause of anemia in chronic renal failure prior to end-stage renal disease, its relative contribution is debated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9375826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Anemia in chronic renal failure is predominantly caused by diminished erythropoietin synthesis by diseased kidneys.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9375826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1828, 'offsetInEndSection': 1938, 'text': 'We infer that impaired utilization of iron may be a significant factor in the anemia of chronic renal failure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9375826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Kidney failure causes anemia and is associated with a very high risk of coronary heart di', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442920'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Kidney failure is known to cause anemia, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiac failure an', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076240'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'The correction of anemia in patients with the combination of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure may prevent progression of both conditions.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18670732'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 120, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, usually develops as a consequence of erythropoietin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108343'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 101, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'In patients with CKD, anemia is often caused by decreased erythropoietin production relative to hemoglobin levels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536082'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1467, 'offsetInEndSection': 1551, 'text': 'Clearly more work is needed to clarify the relationship between anemia, CKD and CHF.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18670732'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 76, 'text': 'Use of EPOGEN for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2357306'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 200, 'offsetInEndSection': 270, 'text': ' Heart failure, anemia and chronic renal failure are mutually related.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623112'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32899941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 817, 'offsetInEndSection': 924, 'text': ' Partial, but not complete, correction of anemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 433, 'offsetInEndSection': 558, 'text': ' The high prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease is explained by a combination of erythropoietin and iron deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22454095'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 91, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': ' Many advanced chronic kidney disease patients have both anemia and chronic heart failure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22680636'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1669, 'offsetInEndSection': 1821, 'text': ' In conclusion, anemia is associated with a rapid decrease in kidney function in patients with heart failure, particularly in those with underlying CKD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437743'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 151, 'offsetInEndSection': 284, 'text': ' This analysis was conducted to evaluate whether anemia is a risk factor for kidney function decrease in patients with heart failure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437743'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 86, 'text': 'Anemia as a risk factor for kidney function decline in individuals with heart failure.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437743'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29151105'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anaemia of renal origin is a common problem.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20443766'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 199, 'text': 'Anemia is the most common hematologic complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948278'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 440, 'text': 'Anemia is one of the most characteristic and visable manifestations of chronic renal failure. Investigators in the past decade have provided a better understanding of this anemia. The etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure has three facets: first is reduced erythropoietin production by damaged kidneys; second is the presence of inhibitors to red blood cell (RBC) production in uremic serum; and third is red blood cell hemolysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7034633'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 378, 'text': 'Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in ESRD is complex and not fully understood. However, it appears that the two major determinants of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction are anemia and hypertension, both of which are very common in ESRD patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241712'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 376, 'text': 'NGAL, also known as lipocalin 2, is a stress protein located on the cell surface that is known for its involvement in iron transport. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between the iron profile and NGAL concentration in serum among chronic kidney disease patients under dialysis in order to find its diagnostic value with regards to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31994917'}]\n\n\n 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Anemia is associated with chronic renal disease"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1548, 'offsetInEndSection': 1645, 'text': 'We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785833'}]\n\n\n 'What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The estimated reduction in the required time through online counseling is about 8%."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1505, 'offsetInEndSection': 1779, 'text': 'Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u2009<\\u2009.001 for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone using a global test; P\\u2009=\\u2009.017 for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone using a global test)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35381069'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2790, 'offsetInEndSection': 3133, 'text': 'Among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treatment with daily prednisone or daily deflazacort, compared with intermittent prednisone alternating 10 days on and 10 days off, resulted in significant improvement over 3 years in a composite outcome comprising measures of motor function, pulmonary function, and satisfaction with treatment', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35381069'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 354, 'text': 'Deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone are the current standard of care for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) based on evidence that they improve muscle strength, improve timed motor function, delay loss of ambulation, improve pulmonary function, reduce the need for scoliosis surgery, delay onset of cardiomyopathy, and increase survival.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35723111'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 885, 'offsetInEndSection': 1142, 'text': 'Evidence from randomized clinical trials, prospective studies, meta-analyses, and post-hoc analyses suggests that patients receiving deflazacort experience similar or slower rates of functional decline compared with those receiving prednisone/prednisolone. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35723111'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'Though Deflazacort and prednisone improve clinical endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, Deflazacort produces fewer side effects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19488064'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1497, 'offsetInEndSection': 1647, 'text': ' trial. Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u2009<\\u2009.001 for daily predn', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35381069'}]\n\n\n 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "There are no sufficient evidence to support that deflazacort is more efficient that prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 663, 'offsetInEndSection': 994, 'text': 'They combine two different monospecific antigen-binding regions that target CD20 on B cells and engage T cells via CD3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 CD20:CD3 antigen binding fragment (Fab) format. The results of different phase 1 trials with BsAbs, including mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, epcoritamab and odeonextamab, have been recently published.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35928819'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 174, 'text': 'Mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio\u00ae), an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody, is being developed by Roche for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35947358'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mosunetuzumab is a CD20\\u2009\u00d7\\u2009CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody that redirects T cells to eliminate malignant B cells. I', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35803286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 655, 'offsetInEndSection': 774, 'text': 'However, several CD20 \u00d7 CD3 BsAbs including odronextamab, mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, and epcoritamab emerged recently. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35182296'}]\n\n\n 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Mosunetuzumab is an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody, is being developed by Roche for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': 'Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. The aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex cascade of signaling events that ultimately leads to the release of various mediators involved in allergic inflammation and anaphylactic reactions', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19082920'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 101, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'During the IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction mast cells release proteases such as tryptase, histamine and vasoactive mediators', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17128671'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 485, 'offsetInEndSection': 821, 'text': 'Histamine and other deleterious inflammatory mediators promote vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction; they are readily released from sensitized mast cells and basophils challenged with antigen. Anaphylaxis may be triggered by a variety of antigens including insect and reptile venom, a variety of drugs, vaccines, and food', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855441'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 209, 'offsetInEndSection': 364, 'text': 'Earlier mast cells were only known for their important role in the type 1 allergic reactions (i.e. anaphylaxis or some contact hypersensitivity reactions) ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678798'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 62, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 165, 'offsetInEndSection': 478, 'text': 'In IgE-dependent and other examples of anaphylaxis, tissue mast cells and circulating basophilic granulocytes (basophils) are thought to represent major (if not the major) sources of the biologically active mediators that contribute to the pathology and, in unfortunate individuals, fatal outcome, of anaphylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 57, 'text': 'Mast cell activation syndromes presenting as anaphylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 474, 'text': 'PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and anaphylaxis are the result of a spontaneous or triggered pathological degranulation of mast cells (MCs) and might have as substrate normal or pathological MCs (increased burden, aberrant MCs or both).RECENT FINDINGS: This review summarizes the most recent evidence on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and non IgE-mediated mechanisms underlying MC activation and degranulation and highlights the importance of standa', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292177'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 422, 'offsetInEndSection': 612, 'text': 'Elevated mast cell mediators such as tryptase and histamine have been reported during episodes, and mast cells are considered the primary cells responsible for driving anaphylaxis in humans.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32276688'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 479, 'offsetInEndSection': 719, 'text': 'In this chapter, we will describe the mechanisms of mast cell (and basophil) activation in anaphylaxis, with a focus on IgE-dependent activation, which is thought to be responsible for most examples of antigen-induced anaphylaxis in humans.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the circulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209078'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1345, 'offsetInEndSection': 1599, 'text': 'Some usual clinical manifestations in anaphylaxis, such as angioedema or hypotension, or other less common, such as metrorrhagia, may be explained by the direct effect of the activation of the coagulation and contact system driven by mast cell mediators.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28798744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1600, 'offsetInEndSection': 1732, 'text': 'Idiopathic anaphylaxis involves mast cell activation (acutely elevated urine histamine or serum tryptase) and activated lymphocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31690393'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 461, 'offsetInEndSection': 564, 'text': 'When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31690393'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'Systemic anaphylaxis arises when mast cells, possibly along with other cell types, are provoked to secrete mediators that evoke a systemic response.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15025392'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 517, 'offsetInEndSection': 589, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35080312'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Human mast cells, by elaborating vasoactive mediators and cytokines, are the primary effector cells of anaphylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15025396'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 163, 'offsetInEndSection': 441, 'text': ' Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29431885'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Acute anaphylaxis to small molecule drugs is largely considered to be antibody-mediated with immunogloblin E (IgE) and mast cell activation being key.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34867939'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 71, 'text': 'Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 64, 'text': 'Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: A Form of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32276688'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 108, 'offsetInEndSection': 324, 'text': ' A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 239, 'offsetInEndSection': 361, 'text': ' Beyond IgE-mediated activation of mast cells/basophils, further mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of anaphylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28798744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 452, 'offsetInEndSection': 556, 'text': ' When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22794697'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Extensive activation of mast cells is the major switch that triggers systemic anaphylaxis, resulting in the subsequent release of anaphylactic mediators into circulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33097573'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 33, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': 'ed in the amplification of the mast cell response during anaphylaxis are unclear. Mouse models of anaphylaxis demonstrate the critical involvement of ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906487'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 77, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22744266'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1253, 'offsetInEndSection': 1403, 'text': 'ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240785'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1017, 'offsetInEndSection': 1167, 'text': ' types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in diff', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 465, 'offsetInEndSection': 615, 'text': 'w clinical entities, such as the \u03b1-gal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs). Thus, it is also necessar', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35080312'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 342, 'offsetInEndSection': 492, 'text': 'ted that mast cell activation and anaphylaxis are negatively regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, little is known about the rela', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948367'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 186, 'offsetInEndSection': 336, 'text': 's not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence of PK-treatment. Inhibition of ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2661436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 77, 'offsetInEndSection': 237, 'text': 'phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with hymenopter', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22744266'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1253, 'offsetInEndSection': 1428, 'text': 'ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system activation, and bradykin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240785'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1017, 'offsetInEndSection': 1247, 'text': ' types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be a', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 169, 'offsetInEndSection': 256, 'text': 'arepsilonRI) on mast cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of mast cell activation i', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526344'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 186, 'offsetInEndSection': 305, 'text': 's not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2661436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 391, 'offsetInEndSection': 541, 'text': \"r, Ang-1's function in mast cell activation and anaphylaxis diseases is unknown. The results of our study suggest that Ang-1 decreased lipopolysacchar\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1404, 'offsetInEndSection': 1734, 'text': '\u03b5RI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis that were insensitive to U0126 or activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-\u03b2-4-ribofuranoside, suggesting that the suppression of Fc\u03b5RI signals by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway relies largely on AMPK activation. ERK1/2 controlled AMPK activity by regulating its subcellul', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948367'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 231, 'text': 'For half a century, it has been known that the mast cell is the cell responsible for the majority of anaphylactic events. Its mediators, taken as a whole, are capable of producing all of the clinical manifestations of these events.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857018'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell disease and in an idiopathic fashion without clear provoking factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 248, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc\u03b5RI on mast cells and basophils.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27130857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 296, 'text': 'Anaphylaxis is a rapidly evolving, acute, life-threatening reaction that occurs rapidly on contact with a trigger. Anaphylaxis is classically defined as an allergen-driven process that induces specific IgE and the activation of mast cells and basophils through the cross-linking of IgE receptors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33832694'}]\n\n\n 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "yes, Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is when your body's mast cells trigger the release of chemical mediators too frequently. When mast cells release too many chemical mediators, your body is flooded with them, and they trigger all sorts of reactions. These reactions can lead to anaphylaxis"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 876, 'offsetInEndSection': 1640, 'text': 'Approval was based on two randomized, open-label, active-controlled trials demonstrating statistically significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients randomized to pembrolizumab compared with chemotherapy. In KEYNOTE-024, patients with previously untreated mNSCLC who received pembrolizumab (200 mg intravenously [IV] every 3 weeks) had a statistically significant improvement in OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41-0.89; p\\u2009=\\u2009.005), and significant improvement in PFS (HR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.37-0.68; p\\u2009<\\u2009.001). In KEYNOTE-010, patients with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy received pembrolizumab IV 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835513'}]\n\n\n 'On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Approval was based on two randomized, open-label, active-controlled trials demonstrating statistically significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients randomized to pembrolizumab compared with chemotherapy, namely KEYNOTE-024 and KEYNOTE-010."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 174, 'text': 'Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene\\xa0for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 694, 'offsetInEndSection': 830, 'text': 'Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\xa0exon 53\\xa0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 505, 'offsetInEndSection': 693, 'text': 'After showing hopeful results in pre-clinical trials and several clinical trials across North America and Japan, it received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for DMD\\xa0in 2020.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 694, 'offsetInEndSection': 829, 'text': 'Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\xa0exon 53\\xa0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 48, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'ucleotide viltolarsen targets exon 53 of the dystrophin gene, and could be an effective treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33285037'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 110, 'offsetInEndSection': 342, 'text': 'esulting in an absence of functional dystrophin protein. Viltolarsen, an exon 53 skipping therapy, has been shown to increase endogenous dystrophin levels. Herein, long-term (>2 years) functional outcomes in viltolarsen treated pati', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634851'}]\n\n\n 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, viltolarsen is effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 147, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie's syndrome, is one of the rarest causes of small bowel obstruction.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32116320'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 290, 'text': \"BACKGROUND Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie's syndrome are rare vascular diseases due to the abnormal course of the superior mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta with reduced angle (<22\u00b0) and consequent compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker) and duodenum (Wilkie). \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32317620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': \"INTRODUCTION: Wilkie's Syndrome, also known as Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS), is a rare cause of bowel obstruction that can contribute to vague abdominal symptoms on clinical presentation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33655184'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 127, 'text': \"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or Wilkie's syndrome, is an unexpected cause of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33083170'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': \"Introduction Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare condition arising due to compression of the third part of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.\\xa0\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821627'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': \"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA syndrome) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare etiology of duodenal obstruction due to compression of the third portion of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32399444'}]\n\n\n 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Wilkie's syndrome or Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a rare condition arising due to compression of the third part of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': 'PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35680848'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 362, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of one ligand that binds to a protein of interest (POI) and another that can recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The chemically-induced proximity between the POI and E3 ligase results in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the POI by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35671157'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that induce protein degradation via formation of ternary complexes between an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35412837'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 362, 'text': 'Conversion of a FLT-3 inhibitor (quizartinib) into a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) results in a compound that induces degradation of FLT-3 ITD mutant at low nanomolar concentrations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30427680'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are bifunctional molecules that hijack endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligases to induce ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of protein of interest.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31064868'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 117, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404196'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 471, 'offsetInEndSection': 609, 'text': \"PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) is an innovative strategy that takes advantage by the cell's own Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35242765'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 223, 'offsetInEndSection': 410, 'text': 'Here we describe the design of a novel PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule) capable of simultaneously inducing the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizing its function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25305486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'We have developed a heterobifunctional all-small molecule PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera) capable of inducing proteasomal degradation of the androgen receptor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752944'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are small molecules that specifically link E3 ubiquitin ligases to proteins of interest to mediate targeted ubiquitination and degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35500825'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 503, 'offsetInEndSection': 781, 'text': 'We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948047'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'We developed a first-in-class proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for selective degradation of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35311871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for targeted protein degradation and cancer therapy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404196'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35410300'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 865, 'offsetInEndSection': 1272, 'text': 'PROTACs are the heterobifunctional nano molecules with size range of about 10 nanometres find application to eliminate the protein complexes formed by protein-protein interaction through large and flat surface generally defined as \"undruggable\" in conventional drug delivery system, which include around 85 % of proteins present in humans, suggesting their wide application in the field of drug development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36321238'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: PROTACs represent a novel class of heterobifunctional molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and to an E3 ligase complex, resulting in the transfer of ubiquitin and initiating a process ultimately causing the proteasomal degradation of the t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081540'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 867, 'offsetInEndSection': 1089, 'text': 'A technology was developed known as Protac (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric Molecule) that acts as a bridge, bringing together the SCF ubiquitin ligase with a protein target, resulting in its ubiquitination and degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16338398'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 615, 'offsetInEndSection': 1117, 'text': \"uary 2013 through June 2020. Only English-language patent applications with exemplified PROTACs reported to degrade a target protein(s) were deemed in scope, and the definition of 'PROTAC' was restricted to a bifunctional molecule which contains a discrete binding element for a specific degradation target(s), as well as a separate discrete E3 ligase-binding moiety.EXPERT OPINION: Delivering on the enormous potential of PROTACs will require the development of PROTAC medicines that are differentiate\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081540'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31708096'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 343, 'offsetInEndSection': 626, 'text': 'PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) emerge as a powerful class of therapeutic modalities, which rely on induced protein-protein interactions between the proteins of interest (POIs) and E3 ubiquitin ligases to aid the degradation of POIs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34100597'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 114, 'offsetInEndSection': 370, 'text': 'We assembled proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) from a cereblon (CRBN) and a von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ligase ligand and demonstrated a PROTAC-induced heterodimerization of the two E3 ligases leading to unidirectional and efficient degradation of CRBN.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672516'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 270, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': 'Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are a new promising class of small molecules that can effectively direct specific proteins to proteasomal degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34560429'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 101, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': ' PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32082969'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteaso', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160761'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36300631'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel ther', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33010159'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404196'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in re', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36139095'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 248, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent an emerging therapeutic technology with the potential to modulate traditional undruggable targets.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36300631'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 237, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new direction in small-molecule therapeutics whereby a heterobifunctional linker to a protein of interest (POI) induces its ubiquitination-based proteolysis by recruiting an E3 ligase.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34081921'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel therapeutic technology with potential advantages over traditional inhibition strategies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33010159'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in recent years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36139095'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 317, 'text': 'Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel drug discovery paradigm which has been widely used as biological tools and medicinal molecules with the potential of clinical application value.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160761'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) degrade target proteins by engaging the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Assays detecting target-PROTAC-E3 ligase', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33860212'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'Here we report the development of a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based on the combination of the unique features of the sirtuin rearranging ligands (SirReals) as highly potent and isotype-selective Sirt2 inhibitors with thalidomide, a bona fide cereblon ligand.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379698'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'A parallel, one-pot assembly approach to proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is demonstrated utilizing activated esters generated in situ, and traceless Staudinger ligation chemistry.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406191'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is emerging as a promising strategy for targeted protein degradation. However, the drug develo', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34240523'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule consists of a ligand (mostly small-molecule inhibitor) of the protein of interest (POI) and a covalently linked ligand of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). Upon binding to the POI, the PROTAC can recruit E3 for POI ubiquitination, which is subjected to proteasome-mediated degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404196'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': 'Targeted protein degradation using Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality in drug discovery. PROTACs mediate the degradation of select proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases for POI ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004963'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 312, 'text': 'Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule with two covalently-linked ligands recruits target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase together to trigger proteasomal degradation of target protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35410300'}]\n\n\n 'What is a PROTAC?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that induce protein degradation via formation of ternary complexes between an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 58, 'text': 'The \"Virtual Digital Twins\" Concept in Precision Nutrition', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770212'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 559, 'offsetInEndSection': 848, 'text': 'We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \"virtual digital twin,\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770212'}]\n\n\n 'Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A \"virtual digital twin\" could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Teclistamab is a T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody that targets both CD3 expressed on the surface of T cells and B-cell maturation antigen expressed on the surface of myeloma cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Teclistamab (JNJ-64007957), a B-cell maturation antigen \u00d7 CD3 bispecific antibody, displayed potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35749004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 224, 'offsetInEndSection': 406, 'text': 'The bispecific antibodies teclistamab (BCMA\u00d7CD3) and talquetamab (G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D [GPRC5D]\u00d7CD3) are in clinical development as therapies for MM. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006441'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Teclistamab (TECVAYLI\u00ae), a bispecific antibody that targets CD3 and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), is being developed by Janssen Research and Development for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36352205'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Teclistamab is a bispecific antibody that targets CD3 and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and is being developed for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Cholestasis of pregnancy is the commonest liver disease unique to pregnancy and is characterized by pruritus in the mother in late pregnancy, without any skin rashes. This is accompanied by an elevation of the serum bile acids. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385057'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 302, 'offsetInEndSection': 656, 'text': 'diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/493809'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1692, 'offsetInEndSection': 1967, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Plasma bilirubin seems to be the best liver function test in distinguishing patients with malignant bile duct strictures from those with bile duct stones. This routine test should receive more attention in clinical decision-making than has previously been given.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163822'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1390, 'offsetInEndSection': 1682, 'text': ' bilirubin proved to be the best laboratory test in differentiating patients (p=0.001 vs. alkaline phosphatase, p<0.001 vs. alanine aminotransferase and p<0.001 vs. gamma-glutamyltransferase). With a plasma bilirubin cutoff value of 145 micromol/L, four out of five patients were categorized ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163822'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 923, 'offsetInEndSection': 1138, 'text': 'Plasma bilirubin (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (p=0.040) levels were significantly higher in patients with malignant bile duct strictures than in those with bile duct stones.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163822'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 769, 'offsetInEndSection': 913, 'text': 'Plasma alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin values were determined in the morning before ERCP', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163822'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 280, 'text': 'Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most frequent pregnancy-specific liver disease. It is characterized by pruritus and an accompanying elevation of serum bile acid concentrations and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which are the key parameters in the diagnosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33896963'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 836, 'offsetInEndSection': 994, 'text': ' The liver function test revealed elevated levels of serum total bile acids, bilirubin, and transaminases; however, the \u03b3-glutamyl transferase level was norma', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27530795'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 252, 'offsetInEndSection': 480, 'text': 'Cholestasis is usually suspected clinically when a patient presenting with jaundice or pruritus is found to have an elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity disproportionate to increases in serum aminotransferase levels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7583073'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2007, 'offsetInEndSection': 2202, 'text': 'The biochemical parameters traditionally used for the assessment of extrahepatic cholestasis, AP, GGT, and bilirubin, do not support the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis caused by cirrhosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794902'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 152, 'offsetInEndSection': 553, 'text': 'ase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. Th', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27995906'}]\n\n\n 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Cholestasis is due to an excess of bile in the liver and is often due to a biliary obstruction. There are disproportionate elevations in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Serum bilirubin. In Cholestasis of pregnancy, an elevation of the serum bile acids is often seen"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 712, 'text': 'On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \u226550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \u22651%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835513'}]\n\n\n 'Which company produces Keytruda?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Keytruda is produced by Merck & Co., Inc.."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 3711, 'offsetInEndSection': 3793, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Pioglitazone did not delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34146512'}]\n\n\n 'Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. Pioglitazone did not delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 128, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': 'Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36252444'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 399, 'offsetInEndSection': 580, 'text': 'We have identified novel CRBN inhibitors, namely DHFO and its analogs, with structural features that are slightly different from thalidomide but stronger cereblon-binding affinity. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36252444'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 98, 'offsetInEndSection': 338, 'text': ' It additionally modulates the anti-myeloma effect of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35045330'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 162, 'offsetInEndSection': 443, 'text': '. Cereblon (CRBN)-targeting immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs\u00ae) lenalidomide (LEN) and pomalidomide (POM) play a central role in combination regimens due to their pleiotropic antitumor/immunomodulatory mechanisms that synergize with many anti-myeloma approved or developmental agents.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34316334'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 293, 'text': 'Thalidomide, well known for its potent teratogenicity, has been re-evaluated as a clinically effective drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Although the direct target of thalidomide had been unclear until recently, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary direct target of this drug b', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31202702'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 815, 'offsetInEndSection': 1076, 'text': 'The molecular mechanism of action of IMiDs remained unclear for a long time until 2010 when the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a primary direct target. IMiDs binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187860'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 974, 'offsetInEndSection': 1307, 'text': 'These results strongly suggest that increased BK channel activity is the pathological mechanism of intellectual disability in CRBN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCereblon (CRBN), a well known target of the immunomodulatory drug thalidomide, was originally identified as a gene that causes human intellectual disability when mutated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29530986'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': 'Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) complex, is a direct protein target for thalidomide teratogenicity and antitumor activity of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26990986'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1246, 'offsetInEndSection': 1409, 'text': 'Our biophysical, biochemical and gene silencing studies show that CRBN is a proximate, therapeutically important molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 586, 'offsetInEndSection': 899, 'text': 'CRBN has been identified as a direct target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) and plays a significant role in anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, anti-angiogenic activities, immunomodulatory activities and intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26117057'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 265, 'text': 'Thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and\\xa0pomalidomide, known as immunomodulatory drugs, (IMiDs)\\xa0bind\\xa0directly to cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in the rapid ubiquitination and degradation of the substrate protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33938033'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 268, 'offsetInEndSection': 321, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978850'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 241, 'offsetInEndSection': 397, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the primary target by which IMiDs mediate anticancer and teratogenic effects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294876'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to lenalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565715'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 138, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), originally identified as a gene associated with intellectual disability, was identified as primary target of thalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34033753'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 270, 'text': 'Clinical interest in the measurement of Cereblon (CRBN), the primary target of the IMiDs immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has been fueled by its essential requirement for antitumor or immunomodulatory activity of both drugs in multiple myeloma (MM).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186254'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 133, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL), is a major target protein of immunomodulatory drugs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32333926'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the target of the immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002965'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'Cereblon was identified as a direct target of thalidomide by Prof. H. Handa, and this pioneering work triggered active research on IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs), which include thalidomide-derivatives, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25626321'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'The Cullin-RING ligase 4 E3 ubiquitin ligase component Cereblon (CRBN) is a well-established target for a class of small molecules termed immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35780831'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 636, 'offsetInEndSection': 750, 'text': ' We identified a thalidomide-binding protein, cereblon (CRBN), as a primary target for thalidomide teratogenicity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21207098'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 359, 'offsetInEndSection': 567, 'text': ' Although the direct target of thalidomide was largely debated until recently, our groups discovered cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a primary target of thalidomide in 2010.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35831190'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 267, 'offsetInEndSection': 321, 'text': ' Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978850'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 172, 'offsetInEndSection': 322, 'text': 'd previously demonstrated that cereblon (CRBN) is the target of thalidomide embryopathy and acts as a substrate receptor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33777938'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 333, 'offsetInEndSection': 483, 'text': 'dy recently identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Subsequently it was demonstrated that CRBN is also required ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22966948'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to le', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565715'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(C', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328678'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 163, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': 'eblon (CRBN) has been identified as the primary teratogenic target of thalidomide. Our studies demonstrate that thalidomide, lenalidomide and another ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(CRBN) .', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328678'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 242, 'offsetInEndSection': 392, 'text': 'cluding multiple myeloma. Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs. It works as a substrate receptor of CRL4. Accumulating evidence has sh', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978850'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 92, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': 'ubiquitin ligase complex component. Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives. Cereblon is involved in multiple myeloma cell ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36252444'}]\n\n\n 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 80, 'text': 'SRRM4 Expands the Repertoire of Circular RNAs by Regulating Microexon Inclusion.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33207694'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1272, 'offsetInEndSection': 1572, 'text': 'Overexpressing SRRM4, known for regulating ME inclusion in mRNAs critical for neural differentiation, in human HEK293 cells resulted in the biogenesis of over 2000 novel ME-circRNAs, including ME-circEIF4G3, and changes in the abundance of many canonical circRNAs, including circSETDB2 and circLBRA. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33207694'}]\n\n\n 'Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, silencing of SRRM4 does not promote microexon inclusion."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'AZD7442, a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab [AZD8895] and cilgavimab [AZD1061]), has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35993765'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 59, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35914259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Association Between AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Administration and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35904210'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 199, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab, (Evusheld)) has been found effective among immunocompromised individuals (ICI) in reducing Sars-Cov-2 infection and severe disease in ICIs. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35904210'}]\n\n\n 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "AZD7442 is a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies tixagevimab and cilgavimab. It has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 233, 'offsetInEndSection': 324, 'text': '2 different programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 146, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': 'The first monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are now approved for clinical use', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26822752'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 100, 'offsetInEndSection': 289, 'text': 'e programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have quickly been incorporated into clinical trials for first- and second-line therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222273'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 361, 'offsetInEndSection': 570, 'text': 'The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25682878'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 320, 'offsetInEndSection': 597, 'text': 'Early-phase studies investigating several humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in advanced solid tumors paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29357948'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 230, 'text': 'Nivolumab (Opdivo, Bristol Meyer Squibb, New York, NY) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck, Kenilworth, NJ) are the first two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28923211'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 531, 'offsetInEndSection': 677, 'text': 'The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and several others are under investigation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058852'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 361, 'offsetInEndSection': 569, 'text': 'The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25682878'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 244, 'offsetInEndSection': 380, 'text': 'other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metast', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33686894'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 648, 'offsetInEndSection': 867, 'text': ' Pembrolizumab is one of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors approved by the FDA to treat NSCLC and is currently the only immunotherapy drug approved for first-line treatment of NSCLC in immune checkpoint inhibitors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32388240'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': ' A PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, was the first of these agents to be approved by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan, as a new cancer drug for melanoma, in July 2014.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27795534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 447, 'offsetInEndSection': 597, 'text': 's paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29357948'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 360, 'offsetInEndSection': 510, 'text': 'ministration (FDA) approved the first PD-1 targeting agent, namely pembrolizumab, shortly followed by nivolumab. Areas covered: Nivolumab is a fully h', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30304963'}]\n\n\n 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and Nivolumab (Opdivo were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': \"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808008'}]\n\n\n 'What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Dermatillomania is also known as skin picking disorder (SPD)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 189, 'text': 'Non-pathogenic Rickettsia species LON strains closely related to an agent of Japanese spotted fever (JSF), R. japonica, were isolated in Japan from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in 2001. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32863353'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 221, 'text': 'Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Japanese spotted fever (JSF; a spotted fever group rickettsiosis) are tick-borne zoonoses that are becoming a significant public health threat in Japan and East Asia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36016429'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 153, 'offsetInEndSection': 288, 'text': 'Rickettsia japonica is a member of SFG rickettsiae causing Japanese spotted fever (JSF) and can transmit to humans via infected ticks. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507925'}]\n\n\n 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Japanese Spotted Fever is caused by Rickettsia japonica."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'To compare the real-world safety profile of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors between younger and older patients', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35668012'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'Programmed Cell Death Receptor (PD-1) and its Ligand (PD-L1) pathway inhibitor therapy has been explored in the field of oncology treatment mainly for solid tumors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30851544'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': ' Inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been increasingly used in head and neck cancer therapy and reported to improve the outcomes with an acceptable safety profile.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31436392'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its two ligands [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2] has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells; however, the underlying mechanism for this T-cell dysfunction is not clear.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24031027'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 155, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'PD-1 interacts with two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587542'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': 'Expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) is used to select patients and analyze responses to anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27903604'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 336, 'text': 'PD-1 has two ligands: PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed broadly on hematopoietic and parenchymal cells, including pancreatic islet cells; and PD-L2, which is restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16606670'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are effective therapies in patients with non-small cell lung can', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960263'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands for PD-1, a costimulatory molecule that plays an inhibitory role in regulating T cell activation in the periphery.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697896'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 72, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'PD-1 has two ligands: PD-L1, expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and PD-L2, limited to DCs and macrophages.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097698'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint that is able to inhibit the immune system by binding to its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30547271'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 902, 'offsetInEndSection': 1106, 'text': 'Finally, we could demonstrate that PD-L1 and PD-L2 competed for PD-1 binding and conversely, an antagonist PD-1 mAb blocked both PD-L1 and PD-L2 binding to PD-1 and strongly enhanced T-cell proliferation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587542'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 181, 'offsetInEndSection': 360, 'text': 'ast cancer. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1\\xa0(PD-L1), seem to have prognostic and predictive values in a variety of cancers, including female br', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30519815'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have led to a paradigm shift in cance', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31876895'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 103, 'offsetInEndSection': 285, 'text': 'osuppression. Programmed death-1 (PD1) and its ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) exert inhibitory function by regulating the balance among T cell activation, tolerance, and im', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118528'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'PD-1 has two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924994'}]\n\n\n 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors act to inhibit the association of the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with its receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). PD-L1 is the receptor that binds to the PD-L1 protein"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 559, 'offsetInEndSection': 968, 'text': 'We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \"virtual digital twin,\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner. Such a model may revolutionize the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and provide a pillar for healthy aging.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770212'}]\n\n\n 'What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A \"virtual digital twin,\" could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner, thus revolutionizing the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and providing a pillar for healthy aging."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2720, 'offsetInEndSection': 3018, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Levosimendan was not superior to placebo in maintaining respiratory function in a broad population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although levosimendan was generally well tolerated, increased heart rate and headache occurred more frequently with levosimendan than with placebo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34536404'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1464, 'offsetInEndSection': 1668, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Levosimendan did not achieve the primary endpoint of improving sitting SVC in ALS. Headache and increased heart rate were increased on levosimendan, although it was otherwise well tolerated. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31315908'}]\n\n\n 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. Levosimendan was not superior to placebo in maintaining respiratory function in a broad population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although levosimendan was generally well tolerated, increased heart rate and headache occurred more frequently with levosimendan than with placebo."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 221, 'text': 'X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle defect. The disease severity ranges from asymptomatic carrier state to severe neonatal presentation with hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36362876'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 273, 'text': 'Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC-D) is an X-linked metabolic disease and the most common urea cycle disorder. Due to high phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from lethal neonatal hyperammonemic events to moderate symptoms and even asymptomatic individual', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36217298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme in the urea cycle, results in hyperammonemia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3826955'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 342, 'offsetInEndSection': 589, 'text': 'extreme irritability (100 percent), episodic vomiting and lethargy (100 percent), protein avoidance (92 percent), ataxia (77 percent), Stage II coma (46 percent), delayed physical growth (38 percent), developmental delay (38 percent), and seizures', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945292'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 230, 'offsetInEndSection': 359, 'text': 'Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency causes vomiting, lethargy, hyperventilation, and even death, mainly in the neonatal period.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17845164'}]\n\n\n 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Symptoms of Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency include hyperammonaemic encephalopathy, hyperammonemia, extreme irritability, episodic vomiting and lethargy, protein avoidance, ataxia , Stage II coma, delayed physical growth, developmental delay, and seizures"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1600, 'offsetInEndSection': 1923, 'text': 'SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394206'}]\n\n\n 'How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in colorectal cancer by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'Olokizumab, a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis inadequately controlled by methotrexate: efficacy and safety results of a randomised controlled phase III study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34344706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olokizumab (OKZ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate (MTX).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34344706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1387, 'offsetInEndSection': 1586, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with OKZ was associated with significant improvement in signs, symptoms and physical function of rheumatoid arthritis without discernible differences between the two regimens. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34344706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 64, 'text': 'Olokizumab versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001712'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 245, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: The cytokine interleukin-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Olokizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 cytokine directly, is being tested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001712'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2389, 'offsetInEndSection': 2722, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving maintenance methotrexate, olokizumab was superior to placebo and noninferior to adalimumab in producing an ACR20 response at 12 weeks. Larger and longer trials are required to determine the efficacy and safety of olokizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001712'}]\n\n\n 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Olokizumab, a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6, improves outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'ROAP regulates cell cycle and promotes tumor progression through Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077623'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 178, 'text': 'Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956806'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 174, 'text': 'Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) was a protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation and later found to be involved in microtubule regulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Purpose: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a significant role in the processes of embryo transplantation and microtubule regulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30854102'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 138, 'offsetInEndSection': 338, 'text': 'on subtype. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': 'Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is essential for centrosome integrity and proper bipolar organisation of spindle assembly during mitosis and plays an essential role in proliferation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30431120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of vari', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35708862'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1101, 'offsetInEndSection': 1199, 'text': 'Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Downregulated Trophinin-Associated Protein Plays a Critical Role in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Upregulation of Tumor Cell Growth and Migration.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 623, 'offsetInEndSection': 793, 'text': 'TROAP depletion significantly enhanced the proliferation and colony formation abilities, whereas TROAP overexpression had an inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for microtubular cytoskeleton regulation and spindle assembly, and its expression plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31198787'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': 'Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956806'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 543, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of TROAP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue with clinicopathologic parameters and survival time in liver cancer patients based on an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) data.METHODS: RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data and clinical information were down', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30284652'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 86, 'text': 'TROAP regulates prostate cancer progression via the WNT3/survivin signalling pathways.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30431120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1601, 'offsetInEndSection': 1744, 'text': 'Conclusions: Elevated TROAP expression predicted a poor prognosis, and TROAP may serve as a potential biomarker for application in oncotherapy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30854102'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'The Upregulation of Trophinin-Associated Protein (TROAP) Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30854102'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1454, 'offsetInEndSection': 1600, 'text': 'Altogether, our results show that TROAP is a novel crucial regulator of HCC progression and is a potential therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30854102'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7758945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33692939'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior o', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35708862'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'sociated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors. We performed this study to assess the biolo', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33692939'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 132, 'offsetInEndSection': 282, 'text': 'ctopic expression of trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) dramatically drove HCC cell growth assessed by foci formation in monolayer culture, colony f', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33500384'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1099, 'offsetInEndSection': 1249, 'text': '. Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC. This discovery will further our understanding of ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117881'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 177, 'offsetInEndSection': 327, 'text': 'n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of various cancers', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35708862'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 177, 'offsetInEndSection': 377, 'text': 'n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule regulation. However, limited informati', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 49, 'offsetInEndSection': 268, 'text': 'l role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma. We aimed to investigate the oncogenic role of T', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077623'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 26, 'offsetInEndSection': 210, 'text': 'ciated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate th', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30284652'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'AIMS: Experimental evidence demonstrated a crucial role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077623'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34287099'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'ophinin-associated protein expression is an independent prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1506, 'offsetInEndSection': 1603, 'text': ': Our results suggested that TROAP is an independent prognostic biomarker of poor survival in LAC', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285897'}]\n\n\n 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules and cell cycle, and is associated with the biological behavior of various cancers."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 49, 'text': 'Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1600, 'offsetInEndSection': 1923, 'text': 'SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394206'}]\n\n\n 'How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Structural and Mechanistic Bases of Viral Resistance to HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36190128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': 'Lenacapavir (LEN) is a long-acting, highly potent HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitor. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36190128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 803, 'offsetInEndSection': 1012, 'text': 'The investigational drug lenacapavir accesses unoccupied hydrophobic pockets in the complex to potently impair HIV-1 inside the nucleus without displacing the tightly bound cellular cofactor from virus cores. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36202818'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Lenacapavir (Sunlenca\u00ae) is a long-acting capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type\\xa01 (HIV-1) being developed by Gilead Sciences Inc. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36272024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 301, 'offsetInEndSection': 696, 'text': 'In August 2022, lenacapavir received its first approval in the EU for use in combination with other antiretroviral(s) in adults with multi-drug resistant HIV infection, for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive anti-viral regimen. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of lenacapavir leading to this first approval for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36272024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 53, 'text': 'Lenacapavir: a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34871187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 496, 'text': 'PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes available data for lenacapavir, an investigational first-in-class agent that disrupts functioning of HIV capsid protein across multiple steps in the viral life cycle.RECENT FINDINGS: Lenacapavir demonstrated picomolar potency in vitro with no cross resistance to existing antiretroviral classes and potent antiviral activity in persons with HIV-1. In persons with HIV-1, there was no preexisting resistance to lenacapavir regardless of treatment history.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34871187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 600, 'offsetInEndSection': 1015, 'text': 'In heavily treatment-experienced persons with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 and in treatment-naive persons with HIV-1, lenacapavir in combination with other antiretroviral agents led to high rates of virologic suppression and was well tolerated.SUMMARY: Ongoing studies are evaluating long-acting dosing of lenacapavir for treating HIV-1 in combination with other antiretrovirals and preventing HIV-1 as a single agent.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34871187'}]\n\n\n 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Lenacapavir is a long-acting, highly potent HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitor that is approved for treatment of HIV-1."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36165109'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 49, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': ' iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), either with or without anaemia. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36166211'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'Iron deficiency, both functional and absolute, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those requiring dialysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'Treatment with iron preparations remains one of the main directions in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29533917'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'This work presents an update on the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), either with or without anaemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33516607'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'ron replacement therapy in the management of anaemia in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients:', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33516607'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 80, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 49, 'text': 'Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting most patients on hemodialysis and imposing a substantial clin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372549'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in predialysis stage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684231'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'Anemia is a common and clinically important consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236129'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 775, 'offsetInEndSection': 1022, 'text': 'Among CKD patients, absolute iron deficiency is defined when the transferrin saturation (TSAT) is \u226420% and the serum ferritin concentration is \u2264100 ng/mL among predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients or \u2264200 ng/mL among hemodialysis patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney di', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824288'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 146, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse outcomes in these patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31477258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and impairs the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776721'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 424, 'offsetInEndSection': 502, 'text': 'Anemia in CKD is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 528, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia and serum phosphate levels > 4.0mg/dL are relatively common in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5 and are associated with higher risks of progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular events, and mortality.STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 149 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin, 9.0-12.0 g/dL; transferrin saturation [TSAT]\u2264 30%, serum ferritin \u2264 300 ng/', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468387'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': 'Anemia resulting from iron and erythropoietin deficiencies is a common complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630409'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Iron deficiency is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and plays a major role in the development of anemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34514189'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is a common occurrence in patients with chronic kidney disease and many patients do not respond well to supplementation with oral iron.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126670'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 392, 'offsetInEndSection': 740, 'text': 'However, the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in CKD patients is complicated by the relatively poor predictive ability of easily obtained routine serum iron indices (eg, ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive gold standard measures of iron deficiency (eg, bone marrow iron stores) or erythropoietic response to supplemental iron.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236129'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'Iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: potential role for intravenous iron therapy independent of erythropoietin.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106764'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804903'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 209, 'offsetInEndSection': 380, 'text': ' Limited data suggest that iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic kidney disease with anemia; this lack of iron can hinder the effectiveness of erythropoiesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533016'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 52, 'text': 'Anemia is a frequent complication of kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32556307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 58, 'text': 'Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949463'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29481308'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especiall', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804903'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 58, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': ' diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of CKD. One of the most common complications of CKD is anemia, the frequency and severity of which increase a', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303745'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal diseas', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16470356'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease. The cause of renal anemia is multifactorial and includes decreas', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29481308'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), mainly due to inadequate renal production of erythropoietin. In hemodia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26342303'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 316, 'offsetInEndSection': 466, 'text': 'o anemia. The other cause of anemia is deficiency of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with CKD and its importance in supporting erythr', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325171'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16470356'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 223, 'offsetInEndSection': 373, 'text': ' development and treat complications including anemia. Anemia is one of the common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a significan', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35058395'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 748, 'offsetInEndSection': 1006, 'text': 'The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD is complicated due to the relatively low predictive ability of routine serum iron markers (e.g., ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive measurements such as bone marrow iron stores.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35058395'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Anemia is a frequent complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is often accompanied by various clinical symptoms. The primary cause of anem', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28682026'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 84, 'text': 'Anemia is a frequent complication during the later stages of chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29336855'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'Anemia in chronic kidney disease is common and iron deficiency is an important cause.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403561'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 32, 'text': 'nemia in chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28412770'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 98, 'text': 'nemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28412770'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 18, 'offsetInEndSection': 66, 'text': 'e treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126670'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 13, 'offsetInEndSection': 279, 'text': 'he prevalence of iron deficiency and its contribution to the anemia of end stage renal disease has been extensively studied, but much less is known about the role of iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic kidney disease in predialysis patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106764'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 47, 'text': 'nemia in renal disease: diagnosis and manageme', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Anemia is a very common clinical problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in these patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325171'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325171'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 195, 'offsetInEndSection': 264, 'text': ' Deciding on the appropriate treatment for anemia associated with CKD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236129'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 32, 'text': 'nemia in chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630409'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 50, 'text': 'Anemia in ESRD and Earlier Stages of CKD', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29336855'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 3, 'offsetInEndSection': 40, 'text': ' Ferumoxytol for Anemia of CKD Trial ', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372549'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 104, 'offsetInEndSection': 165, 'text': ' anemia and reduction of serum phosphate in patients with CKD', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468387'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anemia is a common complication', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 89, 'text': 'nemia in diabetic kidney disease - underappreciated but still clinically relevant proble', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29696955'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 46, 'text': 'Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16198278'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 112, 'text': 'nemia in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common secondary to inadequate erythropoietin production', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16198278'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 27, 'text': 'echanisms of anemia in CKD', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935483'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 64, 'text': 'Anemia is a common feature of CKD associated with poor outcomes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935483'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 66, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'he current management of patients with anemia in CKD is controversial, with recent c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935483'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 259, 'offsetInEndSection': 346, 'text': 'Here, we examine recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935483'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'nemia of Inflammation with An Emphasis on Chronic Kidney Disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31614529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 33, 'offsetInEndSection': 93, 'text': ' Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32762831'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence has shown a tendency to increase in many countries.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32762831'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2, 'offsetInEndSection': 81, 'text': 'ythropoietin resistance in the treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893403'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 122, 'text': 'esistance to erythropoietin therapy is a common complication of the modern management of anemia in chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893403'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': 'spectrum of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': ' retrospective study was conducted over seven years and it aimed to find out various causes of anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 4, 'offsetInEndSection': 89, 'text': 'safety and efficacy of ferumoxytol therapy in anemic chronic kidney disease patients.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16164657'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 4, 'offsetInEndSection': 53, 'text': 'options for the anemia of chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30675430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 57, 'text': 'nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30675430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 64, 'text': 'Urology and nephrology update: anemia of chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24432707'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Anemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages, and it is nearly universal among patients with stage 5 CKD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24432707'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 34, 'text': 'nemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: ', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33842503'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'nemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33842503'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 129, 'text': 'Anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34860142'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 98, 'text': 'Anemia is an adverse outcome and common complication in chronic kidney disease patient', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34860142'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients]', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35644772'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2, 'offsetInEndSection': 178, 'text': ' chronic kidney disease, anemia and malnutrition coupled with inflammation as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrom are common and considered as morbidity-mortality factors', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35644772'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 8, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'f Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Beyond Erythropoietin', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123967'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'nemia is a frequent comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123967'}]\n\n\n 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "iron deficiency anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1547, 'offsetInEndSection': 1758, 'text': 'Amiloride regulates IKs and APs with transmural differences and reduces arrhythmogenicity through the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing. We suggested that the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23608591'}]\n\n\n 'Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Amiloride reduces arrhythmogenicity through the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing. Therefore, the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmias."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 367, 'offsetInEndSection': 485, 'text': 'Catamenial pneumothorax is one of the most frequent manifestation in terms of a thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35924495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Catamenial Pneumothorax as the First Expression of Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome and Pelvic Endometriosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35268286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: The menstrual-related catamenial pneumothorax (CP) can be the first expression of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), which is the presence of endometriotic lesions in the lungs and pleura, and pelvic endometriosis (PE).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35268286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 63, 'text': 'Catamenial pneumothorax: a rare manifestation of endometriosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35774053'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 176, 'offsetInEndSection': 297, 'text': 'Thoracic endometriosis is a rare extrapelvic location of endometriosis and the leading cause of catamenial pneumothorax. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35774053'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72\\xa0h after the onset of menstruation. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35286587'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'OBJECTIVES: Catamenial pneumothorax CP is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax in females forming part of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36179536'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to categorize thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) according to whether the presenting symptoms were catamenial and to evaluate whether such a categorization enables a better management strategy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375738'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 267, 'text': 'Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the chest cavity. The typical clinical manifestation is a spontaneous pneumothorax, which usually presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and/or cough. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35037874'}]\n\n\n 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Catamenial pneumothorax is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72 h after the onset of menstruation. It is a manifestation of a thoracic endometriosis syndrome."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 544, 'text': 'In contrast to the traditional mechanism of drug action that relies on the reversible, noncovalent interaction of a ligand with its biological target, a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) is designed such that the initial, reversible association is followed by the formation of a covalent bond between an electrophile on the ligand and a nucleophilic center in the protein. Although this approach offers a variety of potential benefits (high potency and extended duration of action), concerns over the possible toxicological consequences of prot', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27539547'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 487, 'offsetInEndSection': 676, 'text': \"Her particular hepatic metabolism further increased the drugs' concentration, favoring the haptenization of liver proteins, eventually leading to the development of an autoimmune hepatitis.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23928507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 976, 'offsetInEndSection': 1221, 'text': 'Drug presentation via antigen-presenting cells to T cells can either involve the classical pathway of haptenization of endogenous proteins or be directly mediated via noncovalent binding to immune receptors (MHC molecules or T cell receptors), t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22613852'}]\n\n\n 'Please summarize haptenization.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Haptenization is the reaction of an antigenic compound (a hapten) with a carrier protein in order to stimulate an immune response."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 150, 'offsetInEndSection': 337, 'text': 'The disease affects mainly female patients, who often deny the habit, and it usually presents with a bizarre pattern nonscarring patchy alopecia with short hair and a negative pull test. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35118122'}]\n\n\n 'Is trichotillomania encountered with equali frequency in males and females?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, the disease affects mainly female patients."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 192, 'text': 'Eagle-Barrett Syndrome (EBS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by the triad of absent or defective abdominal wall muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35429431'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome (EGBRS), is a rare congenital disease characterized by deficiency or absence of abdominal wall muscles, urological abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35526214'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'Prune Belly syndrome (PBS) or Eagle-Barrett syndrome is an anatomo-radiological syndrome consisting of a complex and rare malformation characterized by the following triad of symptoms: deficiency of the abdominal muscles, malformations of the urinary tract, and bilateral cryptorchidism.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30560020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 223, 'text': 'Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature, urinary tract anomalies, and cryptorchidism in males.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174092'}]\n\n\n 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Eagle-Barrett Syndrome (EBS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by the triad of absent or defective abdominal wall muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 129, 'text': 'Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a relatively rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, typically presenting with extensive lymphadenopathy,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32774275'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 207, 'offsetInEndSection': 483, 'text': 'Activity has been demonstrated in many subtypes of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia (WM)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28203581'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen predominantly in males. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604506'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 189, 'text': 'Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive, non-curable B-cell lymphoma, characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) involving CCND1 and a high number of additional genetic alterations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555177'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 126, 'text': \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by a poor response to therapy and short survival.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'Mantle cell lymphoma is a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder cytogenetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) which at molecular level involves the Bcl-1/PRAD-1 gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8649059'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mantle zone lymphoma (MZL) is a B-cell proliferation regarded as the follicular variant of intermediate lymphocytic lym', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8277026'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and g', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10463985'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 231, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and genetically by t(11;14)(q13;q32) with overexpression of the cyclin D1 (bcl-1) gene', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10463985'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a generally aggressive and heterogeneous clinical course. Chemokines are one of the complex components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33197439'}]\n\n\n 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Mantle Cell lymphoma is an aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1548, 'offsetInEndSection': 1644, 'text': 'We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785833'}]\n\n\n 'What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The estimated cost reduction by online counseling is about 10-12%."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 181, 'offsetInEndSection': 402, 'text': 'METHODS: In this phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550, an oral preferential inhibitor of the PDE4B subtype, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35569036'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'Phase I studies of BI 1015550, a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36299369'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'Introduction: BI 1015550 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that has antifibrotic properties. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36299369'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35517783'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 351, 'offsetInEndSection': 441, 'text': 'BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35517783'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2098, 'offsetInEndSection': 2401, 'text': 'In summary, the unique preferential inhibition of PDE4B by BI 1015550 and its anticipated improved tolerability in humans, plus its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic potential, suggest BI 1015550 to be a promising oral clinical candidate for the treatment of IPF and other fibro-proliferative diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35517783'}]\n\n\n 'What is the target of BI 1015550?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "BI 1015550 is a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor that is used for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1496, 'offsetInEndSection': 1750, 'text': 'Both REMS and RMPs provide positive guidance for identification, monitoring, and minimization of risk to patient safety. Currently, neither agency provides specific guidance on how risk should be related to benefit either qualitatively or quantitatively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23244814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 393, 'offsetInEndSection': 630, 'text': 'REMS requirements include medication guides, communication plans, elements to ensure safe use, implementation systems, and specified assessment intervals. RMP requirements are increased pharmacovigilance and risk minimization activities.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23244814'}]\n\n\n 'Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "REMS is the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) and RMP is European Medicines Agency's (EMA's) Risk Management Plan (RMP) Both REMS and RMPs provide positive guidance for identification, monitoring, and minimization of risk to patient safety. RMP has requirements not included in REMS were specific adverse event reporting , prospective registry studies, prospective epidemiology studies, additional trial data (28%), and Summary of Product Characteristics contraindications ."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'Microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators: Implication in central nervous system diseases.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155820'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1278, 'offsetInEndSection': 1447, 'text': 'We further discuss the emerging evidence for dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway in CNS diseases and the consequences contributed by the mis-splicing of microexons. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155820'}]\n\n\n 'Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, microexon mis-splicing leads to dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway with implications in central nervous system diseases."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 393, 'text': 'Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a lifelong genodermatosis associated with blistering, wounding, and scarring caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding the anchoring fibril component, collagen VII (C7). Here, we evaluated beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), an engineered, non-replicating COL7A1 containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector, to treat RDEB skin. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35347281'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1370, 'offsetInEndSection': 1528, 'text': 'These studies show that B-VEC is an easily administered, safely tolerated, topical molecular corrective therapy promoting wound healing in patients with RDEB.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35347281'}]\n\n\n 'Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Beremagene Geperpavec was tested for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': '\"Hairpatches\" (Hpt) is a naturally occurring, autosomal semi-dominant mouse mutation. Hpt/Hpt homozygotes die in utero, while Hpt/+ heterozygotes exhibit progressive renal failure accompanied by patchy alopecia. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301070'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse. A potential model for a newly described heritable human disorder.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1836514'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Retrotransposon insertion in the T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (Tal1) gene is associated with severe renal disease and patchy alopecia in Hairpatches (Hpt) mice.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301070'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 105, 'text': 'Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1836514'}]\n\n\n 'Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Hairpatches is a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 638, 'offsetInEndSection': 1073, 'text': 'RNA interference-mediated knockdown experiments identified two splicing factors, RBFOX2 and PTBP1, as regulators of microexon splicing in CRC cells. RBFOX2 and PTBP1 were found to directly bind to microexon-containing pre-mRNAs and to control their splicing in such cells. Differential microexon splicing was shown to be due, at least in part, to altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 in CRC tissue compared to matched normal tissue. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1178, 'offsetInEndSection': 1320, 'text': 'Our data thus suggest that altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 might influence CRC metastasis through the regulation of microexon splicing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508'}]\n\n\n 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Cribriform Appearance of White Matter in Canavan Disease Associated with Novel Mutations of ASPA Gene.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36267868'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 652, 'offsetInEndSection': 837, 'text': 'Genetic analysis revealed novel mutations in the aspartoacylase or ASPA gene that possibly accounts for the severe form of Canavan disease, which probably explains the imaging findings.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36267868'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Canavan disease (CD) is an inherited leukodystrophy resulting from mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35636725'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 290, 'text': 'Canavan disease (CD) is a devastating neurological disease that lacks effective therapy. Because CD is caused by mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, we introduced the wild-type (WT) ASPA gene into patient iPSCs through lentiviral transduction or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35637731'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1284, 'offsetInEndSection': 1453, 'text': 'The compound heterozygous variants of the ASPA gene probably underlay the Canavan disease in this patient, and the result has enabled prenatal diagnosis for this family.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35929936'}]\n\n\n 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Canavan disease is an inherited leukodystrophy resulting from mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces and to learn new faces', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29213721'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia with inability to identify faces, usually secondary to brain lesion in associative cortex areas, but there is also a congenital form known as developmental prosopagnosia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29213598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1305, 'offsetInEndSection': 1522, 'text': 'These results indicate that, in some subjects with developmental prosopagnosia, the face recognition deficit is not an isolated impairment but is associated with deficits in other domains, such as auditory perception.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30625291'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia (PA) or face blindness is characterized by a deficiency in identifying familiar faces.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'The apparent selectivity of agnosia for faces is termed prosopagnosia or face blindness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17981784'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 153, 'text': 'In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the \"loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy.\"', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2684250'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 582, 'offsetInEndSection': 699, 'text': 'The patient is unable to recognize faces or cars, consistent with his prosopagnosia and object agnosia, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Anecdotally, it has been reported that individuals with acquired prosopagnosia compensate for their inability to recognize faces by using other person identity cues such as hair, gait or the voice.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 170, 'offsetInEndSection': 364, 'text': 'Visual object agnosia refers to the inability to recognize objects and prosopagnosia to the failure to recognize faces that are well familiar to the patient, when stimuli are visually perceived.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2697897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 297, 'text': 'Since face recognition is the most powerful source of information for identifying familiar people, patients showing a multimodal defect in people recognition have been sometimes considered as affected by \"prosopagnosia\"-namely, by a form of visual agnosia, specifically affecting face recognition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182942'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a selective visual agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize the identity of faces.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539812'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological sign, characterized by disturbance of recognition of faces.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1796436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: The prosopagnosia has generally been defined as an incapacity to recognize familiar faces, or faces previously known, due to certain lesions to certain areas of the ce', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15098192'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a condition characterised by lifelong face recognition difficulties.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33184411'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 209, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Developmental prosopagnosia is a disorder of face recognition that is believed to reflect impairments of visual mechanisms. However, voice recognition has rarely been evaluated in developmental pro', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321070'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a selective impairment of the visual learning and recognition of faces.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17402670'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 586, 'offsetInEndSection': 683, 'text': ' This rarely studied form of prosopagnosia ensures that deficits are limited to face recognition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual impairment. In contrast to the acquire', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}]\n\n\n 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces and to learn new faces"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'Telegenetics involves the use of technology (generally video conferencing) to remotely provide genetic services. A telegenetics platform is critical for those with limitations or vulnerabilities compromising their ability to attend clinic in-person, including individuals in rural areas.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33817891'}]\n\n\n 'What is telegenetics?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Telegenetics involves the use of technology (generally video conferencing) to remotely provide genetic services. A telegenetics platform is critical for those with limitations or vulnerabilities compromising their ability to attend clinic in-person, including individuals in rural areas"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'A phase 1 dose escalation study of the pyruvate kinase activator mitapivat (AG-348) in sickle cell disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35576529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 104, 'offsetInEndSection': 333, 'text': 'In activating red blood cell pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, mitapivat (AG-348) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and decreases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, an upstream precursor in glycolysis. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35576529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion dependent \u03b1-thalassaemia or \u03b2-thalassaemia: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35964609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 259, 'offsetInEndSection': 478, 'text': 'We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of mitapivat (Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA), a pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) \u03b1-thalassaemia or NTD \u03b2-thalassaemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35964609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 249, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35988546'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase in red blood cells, has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 314, 'text': 'Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35365636'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 677, 'offsetInEndSection': 814, 'text': 'Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138766'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1263, 'offsetInEndSection': 1556, 'text': 'Taken together, these results confirm the active role of VLCFAs during necroptosis and point to multiple potential mechanisms of membrane disruption including direct permeabilization via bilayer disruption and permeabilization by targeting of proteins to cellular membranes by fatty acylation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31490656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 315, 'text': 'Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35365636'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of intracellular contents, and an associated inflammatory response.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31490656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 197, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'Here, we show that, during necroptosis, MLKL-dependent calcium (Ca2+) influx and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane preceded loss of PM integrity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388412'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 70, 'text': 'Membrane Disruption by Very Long Chain Fatty Acids during Necroptosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31490656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'The activation of mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) results in plasma membrane (PM) disruption and a form of\\xa0regulated necrosis, called necroptosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388412'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'Necroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that results from MLKL-mediated disruption of the cell membrane.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388403'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 283, 'text': 'Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the loss of membrane integrity and release of intracellular contents, the execution of which depends on the membrane-disrupting activity of the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein (MLKL) upon its phosphorylation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839552'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 324, 'offsetInEndSection': 556, 'text': 'Here we report that, following sciatic nerve injury, MLKL, a pseudokinase known to rupture cell membranes during necroptotic cell death, is induced and targets the myelin sheath membrane of Schwann cells to promote myelin breakdown.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30344099'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 689, 'offsetInEndSection': 794, 'text': 'Under conditions of necroptotic cell death, ESCRT-III controls the duration of plasma membrane integrity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388412'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 108, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'Necroptosis induction leads to cell membrane disruption, inflammation and vascularization.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31766571'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 464, 'offsetInEndSection': 657, 'text': ' Both necrosis and necroptosis show similar morphological features and are characterized by an increase in cell volume, cell membrane permeabilization, and rupture that lead to cellular demise.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341907'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 676, 'offsetInEndSection': 814, 'text': ' Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138766'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 905, 'offsetInEndSection': 1055, 'text': 'chanisms by which the essential, and possibly terminal, necroptotic effector, MLKL, triggers the disruption of cellular membranes to cause cell lysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27158445'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 484, 'offsetInEndSection': 634, 'text': 'uring necroptosis. We show that MLKL and phosphoMLKL, key for membrane permeabilization, are exclusively acylated during necroptosis. Reducing the lev', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33848465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 235, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'anslocates to and disrupts the plasma membrane, thereby causing necroptotic cell lysis. Herein, we show that activation of necroptosis in mouse dermal', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30709919'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 260, 'text': 'Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30148498'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 410, 'text': ' non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depen', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29076500'}]\n\n\n 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': \"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 160, 'text': 'Dermatillomania is a pathologic grooming disorder characterized by repetitive, ritualistic, impulsive skin picking without an underlying dermatologic condition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323095'}]\n\n\n 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Dermatillomania is a condition that leads to repetitive picking of their skin ending up in skin and soft tissue damage. It is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 78, 'text': 'Glofitamab Treatment in Relapsed or Refractory DLBCL after CAR T-Cell Therapy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 361, 'offsetInEndSection': 624, 'text': 'In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a monotherapy with the bispecific CD20xCD3 antibody glofitamab in patients who progressed after CAR T treatment. We report nine consecutive patients with progressive DLBCL after preceding CAR T-cell therapy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1106, 'offsetInEndSection': 1284, 'text': 'Our data suggest that glofitamab treatment is well tolerated and effective in patients with DLBCL relapsing after CAR T-cell therapy and can enhance residual CAR T-cell activity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 674, 'offsetInEndSection': 976, 'text': 'Bispecific antibodies such as epcoritamab, mosunetuzumab, and glofitamab, anti-CD19 antibody drug tafasitamab combined with lenalidomide, CD19 antibody drug conjugate loncastuximab tesirine, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export selinexor, and several new agents have been investigated for DLBCL. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198538'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 200, 'text': 'Glofitamab, a novel CD20xCD3, T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, exhibited single-agent activity in Study NP30179, a first-in-human, phase 1 trial in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34941996'}]\n\n\n 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Glofitamab is being tested for treatment of DLBCL after CAR T-Cell Therapy"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2839, 'offsetInEndSection': 3023, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Erenumab did not reduce pain intensity compared with placebo in patients with trigeminal neuralgia and CGRP probably does not have an important role in paroxysmal pain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36113495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2356, 'offsetInEndSection': 2656, 'text': 'There was no difference between groups in the number of responders at 4 weeks in the intention-to-treat population (14 [35%] of 40 with erenumab vs 18 [45%] of 40 with placebo; estimated effect size -10% [95% CI -31 to 11]; p=0\u00b736). 20 (50%) of 40 participants reported adverse events in each group. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36113495'}]\n\n\n 'Is erenumab effective for trigeminal neuralgia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. In a randomized clinical trial erenumab was not effective for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 400, 'offsetInEndSection': 508, 'text': 'Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that was initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'he Effectiveness of Lurasidone Add-On for Residual Aggressive Behavior and Obsessive Symptoms in Antipsychotic-Treated Children and Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome:', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33572131'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 296, 'text': 'This article briefly reviews the novel atypical second-generation antipsychotic drugs iloperidone (Fanapt\u00ae), asenapine (Saphris\u00ae), and lurasidone (Latuda\u00ae), all of which have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 2009. Each is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21446639'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 265, 'text': 'Lurasidone (Latuda(\u00ae)), a benzisothiazole derivative antipsychotic, is approved in the USA and Canada for the treatment of adults with major depressive episodes (MDE) associated with bipolar I disorder; this article reviews studies of lurasidone in this indication.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698146'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 400, 'offsetInEndSection': 509, 'text': 'Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that was initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 453, 'offsetInEndSection': 610, 'text': 'Lurasidone is a drug in the benzisothiazole class approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in June 2013 for the acute treatment of bipolar depression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26316760'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a supplemental new drug application Lurasidone (Latuda, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals), an atypical antipsychotic, for the treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents 13-17 years of age.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29962579'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Lurasidone is one of several antipsychotics approved in the recent past by the US FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364325'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 304, 'text': 'Lurasidone is a novel benzoisothiazol antipsychotic that has recently been approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in the U.S. Like many other second-generation antipsychotics, it has a high affinity for dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors as well as a high affinity for 5-HT(7) receptors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22146224'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 326, 'text': 'Lurasidone is a novel antipsychotic agent approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in a number of countries including the UK, and is also approved in the USA and Canada for the treatment of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder as either a monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26755968'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 207, 'offsetInEndSection': 333, 'text': 'Recently, lurasidone was approved to treat bipolar depression either as monotherapy or adjunctively with lithium or valproate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25852975'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 139, 'text': 'Lurasidone is a second-generation antipsychotic newly approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of schizophrenia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21177242'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 99, 'offsetInEndSection': 276, 'text': 'cide risk. Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and for the treatment of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24955752'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 93, 'text': 'Update on the development of lurasidone as a treatment for patients with acute schizophrenia.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675261'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 53, 'text': 'Lurasidone: a new treatment option for schizophrenia.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22146224'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'Lurasidone is an important antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with an oral bioavailability of 9-19% owing to its poor aqueous solubility.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34534629'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Background: Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in 2010.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34860899'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Lurasidone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia, as well as for the treatment of bipolar depression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32124704'}]\n\n\n 'What is the first indication for lurasidone?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that was initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar depression."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 3147, 'offsetInEndSection': 3590, 'text': 'Concomitant vaccination with ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 plus an age-appropriate influenza vaccine raises no safety concerns and preserves antibody responses to both vaccines. Concomitant vaccination with both COVID-19 and influenza vaccines over the next immunisation season should reduce the burden on health-care services for vaccine delivery, allowing for timely vaccine administration and protection from COVID-19 and influenza for those in need.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34774197'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 535, 'text': 'It is unknown if the efficacy of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine is affected by the co-administration of other vaccines. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has shifted their recommendations recently, allowing for the co-administration of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines with other vaccines. This is based on the experience with non-COVID-19 vaccines, where the immunogenicity and adverse event profiles were generally similar when vaccines are administered simultaneously or alone. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34304240'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1188, 'offsetInEndSection': 1387, 'text': 'Although the administration of Tdap with COVID-19 vaccine in our case caused delay in immunogenicity, it did not negate the ability of the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine to elicit an adequate immune response.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34304240'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'Concomitant administration of COVID-19 and influenza vaccines could reduce burden on health-care systems. We aimed to assess the safety of concomitant administration of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 plus an age-appropriate influenza vaccine.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34774197'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 252, 'offsetInEndSection': 571, 'text': 'In this multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 4 trial, adults in receipt of a single dose of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 were enrolled at 12 UK sites and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive concomitant administration of either an age-appropriate influenza vaccine or placebo alongside their second dose of COVID-19 vaccine.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34774197'}]\n\n\n 'Can other vaccines be given with COVID-19 vaccine?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Although there are no data regarding safety and efficacy when COVID-19 vaccines are co-administered with other vaccines, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that COVID-19 vaccines can be administered at any time in relation to other non-COVID-19 vaccines, and if needed, can be administered on the same day as other vaccines. This is based on the experience with non-COVID-19 vaccines, where the immunogenicity and adverse event profiles were generally similar when vaccines are administered simultaneously or alone.\n\nFurthermore, in a randomized trial, frequency of adverse effects and immunogenicity were largely similar when a COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1) was given concomitantly with either an influenza vaccine or placebo."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1293, 'offsetInEndSection': 1472, 'text': 'Sublocade\u00ae is a one-month-long depot formulation that is indicated in switch from sublingual buprenorphine, and which proposes only two dose schemes, i.e., 100 and 300mg monthly. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32499082'}]\n\n\n 'What is Sublocade?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Sublocade\u00ae is a one-month-long depot formulation that is indicated in switch from sublingual buprenorphine, and which proposes only two dose schemes, i.e., 100 and 300mg monthly."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 950, 'offsetInEndSection': 1328, 'text': 'This review supports the beneficial effects of music-based interventions on the health of preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit; however, it also offers suggestions for future studies in order to increase the number of interventions with music therapists, since the results of music therapy approaches were more consistent for physiological and behavioural outcomes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34919292'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'No effect of a musical intervention on stress response to venepuncture in a neonatal population.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31532835'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1359, 'offsetInEndSection': 1496, 'text': 'Our findings did not support the additional benefit of music intervention on neonatal stress response to venepuncture in preterm infants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31532835'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1547, 'offsetInEndSection': 1686, 'text': 'BF could significantly reduce pain response in healthy-term neonates during heel lance. MT did not enhance the effect of pain relief of BF.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467598'}]\n\n\n 'Is music therapy effective for pain management in neonates?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, although there are beneficial effects of music-based interventions, there are no clear evidence of their effectiveness on pain management in neonates."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 631, 'offsetInEndSection': 980, 'text': 'Many of the hopeful predictions outlined in our AML review of 2018 are now therapeutic realities: gemtuzumab ozogamicin, venetoclax, FLT3 inhibitors (midostaurin, gilteritinib), IDH inhibitors (ivosidenib, enasidenib), CPX-351, glasdegib, oral decitabine, and oral azacitidine. Others may soon be (quizartinib, APR246 magrolimab, menin inhibitors). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34350585'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 253, 'text': 'The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor gilteritinib is indicated for relapsed or refractory (R/R) FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), based on its observed superior response and survival outcomes compared with salvage chemotherapy (SC). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35637252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 729, 'offsetInEndSection': 961, 'text': 'Similarly high rates of composite complete remission (CRc) were observed in patients who received a FLT3 TKI before gilteritinib (CHRYSALIS, 42%; ADMIRAL, 52%) and those without prior FLT3 TKI therapy (CHRYSALIS, 43%; ADMIRAL, 55%).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35637252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 130, 'offsetInEndSection': 522, 'text': 'In this study, to identify therapeutic targets responsible for the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells (blasts) with FLT3 mutations after gilteritinib (GILT, a 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)) treatment, we performed proteomic screening of cytokine release and in vitro/ex vivo studies to investigate their associated signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35625776'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanisms of action of Gilteritinib?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor gilteritinib is indicated for relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 193, 'offsetInEndSection': 507, 'text': 'Two decades after the discovery of the RNA interference mechanism, the first siRNA drugs received approval for clinical use by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency between 2018 and 2022. These are mainly based on an siRNA conjugation with a targeting moiety for liver hepatocytes, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation for improved liver uptake represent an emerging class of drugs to treat liver diseases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35867041'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1272, 'offsetInEndSection': 1591, 'text': 'Patisiran (hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis) was the first licensed siRNA, followed by givosiran (acute hepatic porphyria), lumasiran (primary hyperoxaluria type 1) and inclisiran (familial hypercholesterolaemia), which all use N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linkage for effective liver-directed delivery. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36250252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 226, 'text': 'Conjugation of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or antisense oligonucleotides, to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligands has become the primary strategy for hepatocyte-targeted delivery, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34154993'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'We recently demonstrated that siRNAs conjugated to triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) induce robust RNAi-mediated gene silencing in the liver, owing to uptake mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786782'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 209, 'text': 'Conjugation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to an asialoglycoprotein receptor ligand derived from N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) facilitates targeted delivery of the siRNA to hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25434769'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'Inclisiran is a novel N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) therapy designed to specifically target proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA in the liver for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36281788'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are a leading RNA interference (RNAi) platform allowing targeted inhibition of disease-causing genes in hepatocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34091052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 379, 'offsetInEndSection': 568, 'text': 'GalNAc binds the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on hepatocytes and exploits this scavenger receptor to deliver siRNA across the plasma membrane by endocytosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35505960'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 205, 'text': 'Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) mediated delivery of triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to hepatocytes is a promising paradigm for RNAi therapeutics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730476'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Hepatocyte-specific delivery of siRNAs conjugated to novel non-nucleosidic trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine elicits robust gene silencing in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786782'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation for improved liver uptake represent an emerging class of drugs to treat liver diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35867041'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': 'Conjugation of triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) to oligonucleotide therapeutics results in marked improvement in potency for reducing gene targets expressed in hepatocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011654'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 239, 'offsetInEndSection': 521, 'text': ' The conjugation of ASOs to a receptor ligand can dramatically increase their entry into certain cells and tissues, as demonstrated by the implementation of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated ASOs for Asialoglycoprotein Receptor (ASGR)-mediated uptake into liver hepatocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069408'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 345, 'offsetInEndSection': 550, 'text': ' In pre-clinical models, attachment of a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand to an siRNA mediates hepatocyte uptake via the asialoglycoprotein receptor enabling RNAi-mediated gene silencing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 260, 'offsetInEndSection': 480, 'text': ' The development of GalNAc-siRNA conjugates, in which a synthetic triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine-based ligand is conjugated to chemically modified siRNA, has enabled efficient, ASGPR-mediated delivery to hepatocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988716'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 457, 'text': ' One example is the targeted delivery of ASOs to hepatocytes, achieved with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation to ASO, which results in selective uptake by asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31303442'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 993, 'offsetInEndSection': 1198, 'text': ' Moreover, we found that conjugation of \u03b1-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) with two lncRNA-directed siRNAs allows for direct liver cell targeting of this lncRNA and functional enhanced uptake of cholesterol.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31279228'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 475, 'offsetInEndSection': 592, 'text': ' Foremost of these has been the development of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) siRNA conjugates for delivery to liver.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792572'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': ' This is particularly the result of successful and efficient delivery of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs to the liver.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32771924'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'Conjugation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to tris N-acetylgalactosamine [(GalNAc)3] can enable highly selective, potent, and durable knockdown of targeted proteins in the liver.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34413198'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 422, 'offsetInEndSection': 572, 'text': \"conjugated to an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand for targeted delivery to hepatocytes. Exposure to 2'-F-monomer metabolites was low and transien\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30820542'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 344, 'offsetInEndSection': 494, 'text': 'd to a trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand for targeted delivery to hepatocytes. Sense and antisense strands of the parent duplex were syn', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32170309'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 94, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'from N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) facilitates targeted delivery of the siRNA to hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. The ligands derived from GalNAc ar', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25434769'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1380, 'offsetInEndSection': 1530, 'text': 'ine (GalNAc) moieties to ASOs or siRNAs facilitates receptor-mediated uptake by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. In summary, ATTR is a progressive dis', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36345805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 106, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'This is particularly the result of successful and efficient delivery of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs to the liver.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32771924'}]\n\n\n 'What is the reason for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation of siRNAs?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is used as a targeting moiety for Hepatocytes. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation for improved liver uptake represent an emerging class of drugs to treat liver diseases and this has become a primary strategy for hepatocyte-targeted delivery,"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 373, 'text': 'Two genes are synthetic lethal if mutation of either alone is compatible with viability but mutation of both leads to death. So, targeting a gene that is synthetic lethal to a cancer-relevant mutation should kill only cancer cells and spare normal cells. Synthetic lethality therefore provides a conceptual framework for the development of cancer-specific cytotoxic agents.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16110319'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality occurs when the simultaneous perturbation of two genes results in cellular or organismal death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21094158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 359, 'text': 'A synthetic lethal interaction occurs between two genes when the perturbation of either gene alone is viable but the perturbation of both genes simultaneously results in the loss of viability. Key to exploiting synthetic lethality in cancer treatment are the identification and the mechanistic characterization of robust synthetic lethal genetic interactions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649135'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 249, 'offsetInEndSection': 455, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality describes the phenomenon of the interplay between two genes in which deficiency of a single gene does not abolish cell viability but combined deficiency of two genes leads to cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34050264'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 416, 'offsetInEndSection': 558, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality refers to cell death caused by simultaneous perturbations of two genes while change of any one of them alone is nonlethal.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34070674'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is an extreme form of negative genetic epistasis that arises when a combination of functional deficiency in two or more genes results in cell death, whereas none of the single genetic perturbations are lethal by themselves.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30594981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality-an interaction between two genetic events through which the co-occurrence of these two genetic events leads to cell death, but each event alone does not-can be exploited for cancer therapeutics1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30971823'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 202, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a genetic interaction that results in cell death when two genetic deficiencies co-occur but not when either deficiency occurs alone, which can be co-opted for cancer therapeutics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36069976'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is inviability of a double-mutant combination of two fully viable single mutants, commonly interpreted as redundancy at an essential metabolic step.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18586941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': 'Synthetic dosage lethality (SDL) is a type of genetic interaction that occurs when increasing the expression of a gene causes a fitness defect, such as lethality, in a specific mutant background but has little effect on fitness in a wild-type background.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34590269'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a genetic interaction wherein two otherwise nonessential genes cause cellular inviability when knocked out simultaneously.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26451775'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a potential strategy for cancer treatment by specifically promoting the death of cancer cells with particular defects such as the loss of the RB (RB1) tumor suppressor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447678'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 668, 'offsetInEndSection': 836, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous inactivation of two genes or their products causes cell death whereas individual inactivation of either gene is not lethal.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29421999'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 249, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality (SL) is a type of genetic interaction between two genes such that simultaneous perturbations of the two genes result in cell death or a dramatic decrease of cell viability, while a perturbation of either gene alone is not lethal.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 298, 'offsetInEndSection': 542, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a type of genetic interaction between two genes such that simultaneous perturbations of the two genes result in cell death or a dramatic decrease of cell viability, while a perturbation of either gene alone is not lethal.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31675556'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality refers to a lethal phenotype that results from the simultaneous disruptions of two genes, while the disruption of either gene alone is viable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171189'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of mutations in two or more genes leads to cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26431531'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 376, 'offsetInEndSection': 493, 'text': \" Global analysis of synthetic lethality promises to identify cellular pathways that 'buffer' each other biologically.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309778'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 72, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is the synthesis of mutations leading to cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30125975'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 184, 'offsetInEndSection': 366, 'text': 'Exploiting a phenomenon known as synthetic lethality, in which simultaneous loss of two interacting genes leads to loss of viability, aids in the investigation of these interactions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 123, 'offsetInEndSection': 265, 'text': 'One such genetic interaction is synthetic lethality, in which the combination of two non-lethal mutations leads to loss of organism viability.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189863'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 199, 'offsetInEndSection': 349, 'text': 'pment of novel anticancer therapies. SL can be described as lethality (cell death) resulting from the combination of the two mutations, wherein the mu', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26211783'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 282, 'offsetInEndSection': 471, 'text': ' Synthetic lethality occurs when inhibition or mutation in two or more separate genes leads to cell death while inhibition or mutations of either gene alone has no lethal effect on the cell', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 136, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a promising strategy for specific targeting of cancer cells that carry mutations that are absent in normal cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22864477'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 470, 'offsetInEndSection': 613, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality exploits cancer cell dependency on a protein or pathway, which arises when the function of a tumor suppressor is defective.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34163025'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 160, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is based on the incompatibility of cell survival with the loss of function of two or more genes, not with loss of function of a single gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a proven effective antitumor strategy that has attracted great attention.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34589394'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 9, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality is a state when simultaneous loss of two genes is lethal to a cancer cell, while the loss of the individual genes is not.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30059974'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 251, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality describes a genetic interaction between two perturbations, leading to cell death, whereas neither event alone has a significant effect on cell viability. This concept can be exploited to specifically target tumor cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34454516'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 338, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality describes a relationship between two genes where single loss of either gene does not trigger significant impact on cell viability, but simultaneous loss of both gene functions results in lethality. Targeting synthetic lethal interactions with drug combinations promises increased efficacy in tumor therapy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30682083'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 418, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality (SL) refers to the genetic interaction between two or more genes where only their co-alteration (e.g. by mutations, amplifications or deletions) results in cell death. In recent years, SL has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy against cancer: by targeting the SL partners of altered genes in cancer cells, these cells can be selectively killed while sparing the normal cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26427375'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 356, 'text': 'Synthetic lethality defines a genetic interaction where the combination of mutations in two or more genes leads to cell death. The implications of synthetic lethal screens have been discussed in the context of drug development as synthetic lethal pairs could be used to selectively kill cancer cells, but leave normal cells relatively unharmed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789146'}]\n\n\n 'What is synthetic lethality?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Synthetic lethality occurs between two genes when the perturbation of either gene alone is viable but the perturbation of both genes simultaneously results in the loss of viability. So, two genes are synthetic lethal if mutation of either alone is compatible with viability but mutation of both leads to death. Targeting a gene that is synthetic lethal to a cancer-relevant mutation should kill only cancer cells and spare normal cells. Therefore, synthetic lethality provides a conceptual framework for the development of cancer-specific cytotoxic agents."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 711, 'offsetInEndSection': 1109, 'text': 'Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with two suprachoroidal injections of CLS-TA at 0 and 12 weeks with follow up lasting 24 weeks, showed the significant improvement in visual acuity and reduction in central subfield thickness, all without increasing the risk of elevated intraocular pressure or accelerated cataract progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164'}]\n\n\n 'How many injections of CLS-TA did the patients participating in the PEACHTREE trial receive?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The patients participating in the PEACHTREE trial received two suprachoroidal injections of CLS-TA at 0 and 12 weeks."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 184, 'offsetInEndSection': 289, 'text': 'Whole-exome sequencing was utilized to detect disease-causing variants in 40 MLPA-negative DMD patients. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35218518'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 421, 'offsetInEndSection': 524, 'text': 'WES analysis revealed that nonsense variant was the most common type in our study (23/36 of the cases).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35218518'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 818, 'offsetInEndSection': 992, 'text': '. The present study has demonstrated the importance of performing WES to detect disease-causing point mutations in MLPA-negative DMD patients and to identify carrier females.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35218518'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 146, 'offsetInEndSection': 299, 'text': 'Whole exome sequencing (WES) and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) were used to detect potential deletions in the STS and DMD genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35929940'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 462, 'offsetInEndSection': 619, 'text': 'The newborns with retest positive result were recalled again for serum creatine kinase (CK) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) test.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36281417'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 620, 'offsetInEndSection': 684, 'text': 'Whole exon sequencing was performed when MLPA test was negative.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36281417'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 247, 'offsetInEndSection': 446, 'text': ' In this study we aimed to determine the mutational spectrum of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)-negative muscular dystrophy patients in Pakistan using whole-exome sequencing. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1665, 'offsetInEndSection': 1803, 'text': 'Whole-exome sequencing identified a nonsense variant in Pakistani muscular dystrophy patients, which is amenable to treatment by Ataluren ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734897'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 220, 'offsetInEndSection': 345, 'text': ' We used the combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and sequencing analysis of the DMD gene. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34327855'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 422, 'offsetInEndSection': 592, 'text': 'We performed DNA tests in 152 patients, checking first exon deletion/duplication by MLPA, and subsequently, if negative, samples were sequenced to detect point mutations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34327855'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 387, 'offsetInEndSection': 628, 'text': 'The strategy for molecular diagnostic testing for DMD involves initial screening for deletions/duplications using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) followed by full-sequence analysis of DMD for sequence variants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271841'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 762, 'offsetInEndSection': 1045, 'text': 'Thus, NGS-based multigene panel testing for muscular dystrophy-associated genes or clinical exome sequencing rather than targeted DMD gene sequencing appears to be a more cost-effective testing modality with better diagnostic yield, for MLPA-negative patients with the DMD phenotype.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33552634'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 416, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To optimize the methods for genetic detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).METHODS: Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), multiplex PCR (mPCR), sequencing and other molecular techniques were used in combination for molecular diagnosis of 8 cases diagnosed as DMD.RESULTS: Among the 8 cases, 4 have carried large deletions, 3 have point mutations, among ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037351'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Genetic testing for Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) mutations initially involved multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR), which targeted two mutation hotspots in the gene and detected deletions in aff', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24300647'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1080, 'offsetInEndSection': 1344, 'text': 'Most frequently performed first step diagnostic tests in Group I and Group II were muscle biopsy and MLPA.Our study reflects the change in the age at genetic diagnosis and diagnostic approach to nm-DMD depending on the advances and availability of genetic testing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30453357'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 555, 'offsetInEndSection': 729, 'text': ' Dystrophin testing in muscle is the most sensitive test for identification of dystrophinopathy patients, although gene deletion studies can make the diagnosis in most cases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8745379'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 572, 'offsetInEndSection': 713, 'text': 'Diagnostic use of Xp21 probes is now as necessary as EMG, muscle biopsy and serum CK assay for the definition of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2669113'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most commonly used diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most commonly used diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy are multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 464, 'offsetInEndSection': 720, 'text': 'ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS MALIGNA: Symmetrical mainly intertriginous hyperpigmentation with partially verrucous hyperplasia and lichenification mostly in association with gastric adenocarcinoma. Special forms are florid cutaneous papillomatosis and tripe palms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33660024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 505, 'offsetInEndSection': 720, 'text': 'Bladder cancer with AN concomitant with tripe palms (TP) and/or mucosal involvement is relatively rare and, to our knowledge, only seven cases of AN with bladder cancer have been reported in the English literature. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603399'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 129, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Tripe palms (TP) is one of the rare cutaneous paraneoplastic manifestations of various intra-abdominal malignancies. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33074559'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Acanthosis nigricans (AN), Leser-Tr\u00e9lat sign, and tripe palm are all skin diseases. To date, reports of these appearing as a paraneoplastic syndrome in a gastric cancer patient are quite rare.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33344554'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1036, 'offsetInEndSection': 1501, 'text': 'Finally, yet another collection of paraneoplastic skin disorders can associate themselves with anatomically-diverse malignancies (Leser-Trelat syndrome, Trousseau syndrome, dermatomyositis, erythema gyratum repens, hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita, papuloerythroderma of Ofuji, tripe palms, and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis). Recognition of these processes by the pathologist can be a valuable step in the characterization of underlying malignant diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30736994'}]\n\n\n 'Is there any association between Tripe palms and cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes. Tripe palms sign is associated with cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual impairment. In contrast to the acquired form of prosopagnosia we studied the congenital form', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': 'Congenital prosopagnosia (cPA) is a selective impairment in the visual learning and recognition of faces without detectable brain damage or malformation. There is evidence that it can be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429021'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 134, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'Here we report a follow-up examination on M.T., suffering from acquired prosopagnosia following a large unilateral right-hemispheric lesion in frontal, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36202621'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 205, 'text': 'In contrast to the acquired form of prosopagnosia we studied the congenital form.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 67, 'offsetInEndSection': 257, 'text': 'Acquired prosopagnosia results after brain damage, developmental or congenital prosopagnosia (CP) is not caused by brain lesion, but has presumably been present from early childhood onwards.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19823580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 56, 'offsetInEndSection': 216, 'text': 'Acquired prosopagnosia is the loss of familiarity for facial identity and has several functional variants, namely apperceptive, amnestic, and associative forms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33832676'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 327, 'offsetInEndSection': 478, 'text': 'A selective deficit in the visual learning and recognition of faces is known as prosopagnosia, which can be found both in acquired and congenital form.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19334306'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 78, 'text': 'Congenital prosopagnosia--a common hereditary cognitive dysfunction in humans.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17981784'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 921, 'offsetInEndSection': 1029, 'text': 'Thus, the face recognition impairment of the hereditary prosopagnosics is reflected in their gaze behaviour.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 684, 'offsetInEndSection': 846, 'text': 'Whereas the control participants focused their gaze on the central facial features, the hereditary prosopagnosics showed a significantly different gaze behaviour.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Prosopagnosia is a selective deficit in facial identification which can be either acquired, (e.g., after brain damage), or present from birth (', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657764'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is an impairment in the ability to recognize faces and can be acquired after a brain lesion or occur as a developmental variant.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31231507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366884'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 538, 'offsetInEndSection': 687, 'text': ' This served to investigate whether congenital prosopagnosia results from process-specific deficiencies, or whether it is a face-specific impairment.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689639'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 81, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia refers to an acquired or developmental deficit in face recognition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30389553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Congenital prosopagnosia is a severe face perception impairment which is not acquired by a brain lesion and is presumably present from birth', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523592'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': 'Three patients with prosopagnosia, and acquired inability to recognize familiar faces usually resulting from cerebrovascular insufficiency, had left-sided visual field defects and color vision abnormalities of central origin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7091286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1042, 'offsetInEndSection': 1161, 'text': 'The segregation pattern of this hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) is fully compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16817175'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': 'A Quick guide to developmental prosopagnosia, a condition definied by problems in recognising faces that, in contrast with acquired prosopagnosia, develop in the absence of manifest brain injury.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115682'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Prosopagnosia is a selective deficit in facial identification which can be either acquired, (e.g., after brain damage), or present from birth (congenital)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657764'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 506, 'offsetInEndSection': 656, 'text': 'ing clinically significant impairments in facial recognition. Cases of acquired prosopagnosia were identified through a systematic literature search a', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31740940'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 326, 'text': 'Reflecting this, acquired prosopagnosia is not a single entity but a family of disorders with different anatomic lesions and different functional deficits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24389150'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Acquired prosopagnosia is a rare condition characterized by the loss of familiarity with previously known faces and the inability to recognize new ones', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33392335'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 545, 'offsetInEndSection': 930, 'text': 'Three key findings emerged: (a) Individuals with more severe prosopagnosia spent less time examining the internal facial region, (b) as observed in acquired prosopagnosia, some DPs spent less time examining the eyes and more time examining the mouth than controls, and (c) SRs spent more time examining the nose-a measure that also correlated with face recognition ability in controls.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933872'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Acquired prosopagnosia is usually a consequence of bilateral or right hemisphere lesions and is often associated with topographical disorientation and dyschromatopsia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32648048'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Prosopagnosia is a deficit in recognizing people from their faces. Acquired prosopagnosia results after brain damage, developmental or congenital pros', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19823580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 117, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Cases of acquired prosopagnosia have often been described over the last century.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689639'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Acquired prosopagnosia is usually associated with bilateral or right-sided lesions of the occipital or temporal lobes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374372'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 640, 'offsetInEndSection': 864, 'text': 'Most subjects with developmental prosopagnosia were normal on the Old/New Tests: for acquired prosopagnosia, subjects with occipitotemporal lesions often showed impairments while those with anterior temporal lesions did not.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30947609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 217, 'text': \"We studied a male with acquired prosopagnosia using a battery of Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to investigate whether observing faces varying by social category would activate the patient's implicit social biases.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21414330'}]\n\n\n 'is prosopagnosia inherited or acquired?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Prosopagnosia can be both inherited and acquired"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': \"A promoter is a short region of DNA (100-1,000 bp) where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31750297'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 274, 'offsetInEndSection': 369, 'text': 'Promoters mark the start of every transcript and are an important class of regulatory elements.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15899964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'A promoter is a region in the DNA sequence that defines where the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase initiates, which is typically located proximal to the transcription start site (TSS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33227813'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 107, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': \"It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31750297'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 176, 'text': 'A key step in the transcription of RNA is the binding of the RNA polymerase protein complex to a short promoter sequence that is typically upstream of the gene to be expressed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36099980'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 834, 'offsetInEndSection': 1023, 'text': 'Promoter regions are located within ~2\\xa0kb upstream of the transcriptional start site, whereas enhancers may be located at some distance from promoter sequences and exert long-range effects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30414142'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 245, 'text': 'These sequences are typically located in promoters, which are regions of variable length upstream of the open reading frames of genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258451'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 674, 'offsetInEndSection': 857, 'text': 'Most of these promoters display the changes of DNA methylation in their Ups-regions, which are between +500 and +2000 bp upstream from the transcription start site (TSS) of the genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25448745'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Promoters are fundamental components of synthetic gene circuits. They are DNA segments where transcription initiation takes place.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071849'}]\n\n\n 'Where are promoters typically found in DNA?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A promoter is an important regulatory element which marks the region that transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 711, 'offsetInEndSection': 1109, 'text': 'Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with two suprachoroidal injections of CLS-TA at 0 and 12 weeks with follow up lasting 24 weeks, showed the significant improvement in visual acuity and reduction in central subfield thickness, all without increasing the risk of elevated intraocular pressure or accelerated cataract progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164'}]\n\n\n 'What was the duration of the follow-up period of patients in the PEACHTREE clinical trial?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The patient follow-up period in the PEACHTREE trial lasted 24 weeks (6 months)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 201, 'offsetInEndSection': 377, 'text': 'In most cases the condition initially presents with facial and proximal weakness of the upper limbs, but over the course of the disease involves lower limb and truncal muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327287'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 378, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'Weakness is progressive and frequently asymmetric, which is a hallmark of the disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327287'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 599, 'offsetInEndSection': 700, 'text': '5 major FSHD symptoms: facial, periscapular, foot dorsiflexor, hip girdle weakness, and hearing loss.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327287'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 768, 'offsetInEndSection': 1340, 'text': ' patients with FSHD. Sponsors of treatments for FSHD patients should be aware of some of the common misconceptions associated with FSHD drug development with the goal of optimizing the chance to prove safety and efficacy for each potential treatment for FSHD in the clinical trial setting.RESULTS: Four major topics with potential clinical manifestations for patients with FSHD will be discussed related to muscle weakness, respiratory issues, animal models and prevalence.CONCLUSION: The authors offer multiple solutions to help counteract misconceptions with each scenar', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32008231'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 465, 'offsetInEndSection': 700, 'text': 'Here we performed an analysis of 643 FSHD1 patients in the UK FSHD patient registry, investigating factors affecting rate of onset of 5 major FSHD symptoms: facial, periscapular, foot dorsiflexor, hip girdle weakness, and hearing loss.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327287'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 848, 'offsetInEndSection': 1100, 'text': 'FAT1 lies near the critical locus involved in causing FSHD, and Fat1 mutant mice also show retinal vasculopathy, mimicking another symptom of FSHD, and showed abnormal inner ear patterning, predictive of deafness, reminiscent of another burden of FSHD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785297'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'RATIONALE: Early-onset facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is defined as facial weakness before the age of 5 and shoulder weakness before the', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34964760'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1179, 'offsetInEndSection': 1471, 'text': 'A classical presentation (74%) and 3 facial sparing phenotypes: a mild presentation (5%) with later facial and periscapular involvement, an early shoulder presentation (10%) with accelerated periscapular weakness and an early foot presentation (9%) with accelerated foot dorsiflexor weakness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327287'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1471, 'offsetInEndSection': 1774, 'text': 'Patients with FSHD also had reduced systemic antioxidative response molecules, such as low levels of zinc (a SOD cofactor), selenium (a GPx cofactor involved in the elimination of lipid peroxides), and vitamin C. Half of them had a low ratio of gamma/alpha tocopherol and higher ferritin concentrations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22796148'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of facial, shoulder-girdle and upper arm muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050443'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 122, 'offsetInEndSection': 483, 'text': 'Typically, FSHD patients present with a recognizable constellation of signs including weakness of facial, shoulder and pelvic girdle, humeral, and anterior foreleg muscles; preservation of some muscles including the deltoids; and other characteristic features including prominent scapular winging, anterior axillary folds, and horizontally positioned clavicles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11353419'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 241, 'offsetInEndSection': 500, 'text': 'physiology. Typically, progressive skeletal muscle weakness becomes noticeable in the second or third decade of life, yet there are many individuals who are genetically FSHD but develop symptoms much later in life or remain relatively asymptomatic throughout ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32278354'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 68, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 't neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive weakness of the facial, shoulder and upper arm muscles. The major gene involved has been mapped ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11592052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'We report an 18-year-old female with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), who had sensorineural deafness, retinal vessel abnormality, mental retardation, and epilepsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1908258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 82, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'cular dystrophy characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of the facial, shoulder-girdle and upper arm muscles. The gene locus for FSHD is map', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134683'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 53, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'nherited myopathy clinically characterized by weakness in the facial, shoulder girdle and upper a muscles. FSHD is caused by chromatin relaxation of t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34559225'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'PURPOSE: Severe manifestations of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) may be associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nocturnal hypoventilation (NH), but prevalence data are scarce', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31025273'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 374, 'text': 'Consensual diagnostic criteria for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) include onset of the disease in facial or shoulder girdle muscles, facial weakness in more than 50% of affected family members, autosomal dominant inheritance in familial cases, and evidence of myopathic disease in at least one affected member without biopsy features specific to alternative diagnoses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864616'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 61, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': 'onset facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) present epilepsy and mental retardation. This suggests a functional involvement of central nervous', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14659411'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 138, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': ' The major symptom of FSHD is progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscles', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32008231'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 35, 'offsetInEndSection': 185, 'text': 'phy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), the only 4q35 gen', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36030628'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 408, 'text': 'l symptoms are extremely variable including facial sparing type, limb-girdle type, and distal myopathy type. Most of the FSHD patients have a deletion', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050443'}]\n\n\n 'Which are some symptoms of FSHD?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Some symptoms of FSHD are the following: asymmetric weakness, facial and proximal weakness of the upper limbs, and lower limb and truncal muscles weakness, facial, periscapular, foot dorsiflexor, hip girdle weakness, and hearing loss."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 122, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Adagrasib, a KRASG12C inhibitor, irreversibly and selectively binds KRASG12C, locking it in its inactive state', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658005'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 70, 'text': 'Adagrasib in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring a KRASG12C Mutation.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658005'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1726, 'offsetInEndSection': 1863, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: In patients with previously treated KRASG12C -mutated NSCLC, adagrasib showed clinical efficacy without new safety signals. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658005'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'In the phase II KRYSTAL-1 trial, the KRASG12C inhibitor adagrasib yielded an overall response rate of 43% and a disease control rate of 80% in patients with previously treated KRASG12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35666594'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 328, 'text': 'The activity of KRAS inhibitors against brain metastases is relatively unexplored. The recent work on preclinical models and preliminary data from the ongoing KRYSTAL-1 phase Ib clinical trial support the potential of adagrasib (MRTX849) to penetrate the central nervous system and provide control of KRASG12C brain metastases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35608481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1332, 'offsetInEndSection': 1473, 'text': 'There are other KRAS-targeted agents currently under study, including adagrasib, with growing interest in targeting KRAS downstream pathways.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35938195'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of Adagrasib?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Adagrasib is a KRASG12C inhibitor that irreversibly and selectively binds KRASG12C, locking it in its inactive state."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Approximately 2% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are caused by mutations in the super oxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene a', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189359'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 718, 'offsetInEndSection': 795, 'text': '. The two most widely studied ALS/FTLD models, super-oxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30509290'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 189, 'text': 'A novel mutation of the SOD-1 gene which encodes the enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase was identified in a family manifesting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in three generations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283821'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD-1) are reported in 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases, but no definite report of a mutation in a \"truly\" sporadic case of ALS has been proved.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12402272'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 140, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is one of the most commonly mutated genes in ALS, and more than 160 mutations in SOD1 have been reported.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297615'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Mutations of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene were recently implicated in the pathogenesis of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7820674'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 577, 'offsetInEndSection': 660, 'text': 'Over 30 different mutations of SOD-1 have now been identified in families with ALS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283821'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 82, 'text': 'A novel mutation of SOD-1 (Gly 108 Val) in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283821'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': 'Approximately 2% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are caused by mutations in the super oxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene and transgenic mice for these mutations recapitulate many features of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189359'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'Mutations of the gene SOD-1, which encodes the enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, occur in patients with a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065559'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Autosomal-dominant familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) is associated with mutation in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10624810'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 379, 'offsetInEndSection': 631, 'text': '(1996) (Morita, M., Aoki, M., Abe, K., Hasegawa, T., Sakuma, R., Onodera, Y., Ichikawa, N., Nishizawa, M. and Itoyama, Y., A novel two-base mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10624810'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Mutations of the SOD1 gene, which encodes the enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9455977'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Familial ALS is associated with mutations in all exons of SOD1: a novel mutation in exon 3 (Gly72Ser).', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9455977'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 542, 'offsetInEndSection': 786, 'text': 'Here we report tight genetic linkage between FALS and a gene that encodes a cytosolic, Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a homodimeric metalloenzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the toxic superoxide anion O2.- to O2 and H2O2 (ref.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8446170'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), a degenerative disorder of motor neurons, is associated with mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene SOD1 in some affected families.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7951249'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 159, 'text': 'Eight of 38 patients (21%) with familial and 5 of 175 patients (3%) with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) had missense mutations in the SOD-1 gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506558'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'The SOD1 gene encoding the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein is mutated in approximately 15% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 3% of sporadic ALS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954173'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 212, 'offsetInEndSection': 344, 'text': 'About 20% of ALS families are associated with mutations in the gene for superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) encoded on chromosome 21q22.1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464949'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'The superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene is the first gene for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with autosomal dominant inheritance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24611504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 146, 'text': 'Dominant mutations in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene have been shown to cause a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SOD1-ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27556028'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 334, 'offsetInEndSection': 497, 'text': ' Mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) have been identified in cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to chromosome 21.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7554432'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Mutations in the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene have been reported in some pedigrees with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (FALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7917302'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 138, 'offsetInEndSection': 278, 'text': ' Genetic mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been associated with one kind of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS1).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Accumulated evidence implies that mutations in the gene coding for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) are associated with the pathogenesis of the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8981308'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': ' have reported point mutations in the cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 1) gene in some families with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9263219'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'All mutations in the human gene for CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) reported to date are associated with the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9062909'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene have been reported to cause adult-onset autosomal dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608106'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 274, 'text': 'We report the absence of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene mutations in 30 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including individuals with a confirmed family history of ALS (familial ALS/FALS), ALS with an unclear family history (UFALS) and sporadic ALS (SALS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10202988'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 860, 'offsetInEndSection': 1042, 'text': 'A predilection for disease onset in the lower limbs appears to be a distinguishing feature of familial ALS with SOD-1 mutations, and accords with findings in transgenic mouse models.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065559'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 645, 'offsetInEndSection': 747, 'text': 'is a new type of SOD1 mutation which may be associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.CON', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15079798'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 702, 'offsetInEndSection': 989, 'text': 'To delineate ALS associated with this particular CuZn-SOD mutation from ALS without mutations, we performed a detailed neurophysiological study of the corticomotoneuronal function using peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) in eight ALS patients homozygous for the D90A CuZn-SOD mutation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869061'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 102, 'offsetInEndSection': 252, 'text': 'ateral sclerosis (ALS) cases, but no definite report of a mutation in a \"truly\" sporadic case of ALS has been proved. We present the first case of a n', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12402272'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 208, 'offsetInEndSection': 301, 'text': 'It has been reported that mutations in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 gene can lead to ALS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31928838'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 134, 'offsetInEndSection': 253, 'text': 'Mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene have been found in 12%-23% of patients diagnosed with familial ALS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385392'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Mutations in the gene encoding the free radical scavenging enzyme CuZn-superoxide dismutase have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11675874'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 121, 'offsetInEndSection': 262, 'text': 'Up to 20% of ALS cases are inherited (familial, fALS) and associated with mutations, usually of the superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD-1) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15679043'}]\n\n\n 'Can Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) be associated with a mutation of the Super Oxide Dismutase 1 (SOD) gene?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) can be associated with a mutation of the Super Oxide Dismutase 1 (SOD) gene, in a small percentage of cases."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements in the genome that cooperate with promoters to control target gene transcription. Unlike promoters, enhancers are not necessarily adjacent to target genes and can exert their functions regardless of enhancer orientations, positions and spatial segregations from target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993419'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'Enhancers are important cis-acting elements that can regulate gene transcription and cell fate alongside promoters. In fact, many human cancers and diseases are associated with the malfunction of enhancers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35170113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 127, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-acting elements with many sites bound by transcription factors and activate transcription over long distance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31944157'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-acting elements that have the ability to increase the expression of target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30026829'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 376, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-acting elements that play major roles in upregulating eukaryotic gene expression by providing binding sites for transcription factors and their complexes. Because enhancers are highly cell/tissue specific, lack common motifs, and are far from the target gene, the systematic and precise identification of enhancer regions in DNA sequences is a big challenge.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28239713'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 153, 'text': 'Enhancers are short noncoding segments of DNA (100-1000\\xa0bp) that control the temporal and spatial activity of genes in an orientation-independent manner.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29583027'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Enhancers are important cis-acting elements that can regulate gene transcription and cell fate alongside promoters.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35170113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Transcriptional enhancers drive cell-type-specific gene expression patterns, and thus play key roles in development and disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758829'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 269, 'offsetInEndSection': 472, 'text': 'One consequence of the variability in the distance separating enhancers and their target promoters is that it is difficult to determine which elements are involved in the regulation of a particular gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29583027'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 168, 'offsetInEndSection': 389, 'text': 'Enhancers can stimulate gene activity at great genomic distances from their targets, raising questions about how enhancers communicate with specific gene promoters and what molecular mechanisms underlie enhancer function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32197056'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Enhancers are DNA sequences that enable complex temporal and tissue-specific regulation of genes in higher eukaryotes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33431820'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': 'Transcriptional enhancers are DNA regulatory elements that are bound by transcription factors and act to positively regulate the expression of nearby or distally located target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662874'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 87, 'text': 'Enhancers are DNA sequences that can activate gene transcription from remote positions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 103, 'offsetInEndSection': 295, 'text': 'Transcriptional enhancers are a key group of such elements in eukaryotes and are DNA regions that form physical contacts with gene promoters and precisely orchestrate gene expression programs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32664620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Transcriptional enhancers are short segments of genomic DNA (50 bp to 1 kb in length) that can work over long distances (\u22651 Mb) to regulate gene expression in specific cells and tissues.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27325706'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 570, 'offsetInEndSection': 800, 'text': 'Enhancers likely play an important role in the activation of genes by functioning as a primary point of contact for transcriptional activators, and by making physical contact with gene promoters often by means of a chromatin loop.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124110'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'Enhancers are DNA sequences composed of transcription factor binding sites that drive complex patterns of gene expression in space and time.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33037064'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Enhancers are genomic cis-regulatory sequences that integrate spatiotemporal signals to control gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737276'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'Enhancers are a type of cis-acting DNA elements that enhance transcriptional activity of target genes. However, the uncertainty in the orientation and distance between enhancers and target genes could post significant difficulties in identifying the target genes and the regulatory mechanisms of the enhancers. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952117'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'Enhancers regulate transcription of target genes, causing a change in expression level.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34879086'}]\n\n\n 'What are enhancers?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Enhancers are important cis-acting elements that can regulate gene transcription and cell fate alongside promoters by providing binding sites for transcription factors and their complexes. Unlike promoters, enhancers are not necessarily adjacent to target genes and can exert their functions regardless of enhancer orientations, positions and spatial segregations from target genes. In fact, because enhancers are highly cell/tissue specific, lack common motifs, and are far from the target gene, the systematic and precise identification of enhancer regions in DNA sequences is a big challenge. Despite that, many human cancers and diseases have been shown to be associated with the malfunction of enhancers."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 513, 'text': 'Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS\u00ae) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-TA, a triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension for suprachoroidal use (XIPERE\u00ae), administered via a microneedle-based device, the SCS Microinjector\u00ae. Suprachoroidal (SC) delivery facilitates targeting, compartmentalization, and durability of small molecule suspensions, thereby potentially addressing some of the efficacy, safety, and treatment burden limitations of current retinal therapies. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'Suprachoroidal delivery enables targeting, localization and durability of small molecule suspensions.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mode of delivery of the drug XIPERE?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "XIPERE is administered via a microneedle-based device, the SCS Microinjector, in the suprachoroidal space."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 210, 'offsetInEndSection': 398, 'text': ' Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) include dystroglycanopathies, merosin-deficient CMD, collagen VI-deficient CMD, SELENON-related rigid spine muscular dystrophy, and LMNA-related CMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 399, 'offsetInEndSection': 606, 'text': 'Childhood and adult-onset muscular dystrophies include dystrophinopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 521, 'offsetInEndSection': 887, 'text': 'g more heavily on genetic findings. This article reviews the clinical and genetic features of the most common congenital muscular dystrophies including laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2)-related (merosin deficient), collagen VI-related, and \u03b1-dystroglycan-related congenital muscular dystrophies and reviews the most common congenital myopathies including nemaline rod,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794464'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 349, 'offsetInEndSection': 946, 'text': 'otypic correlates. This article discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of these disorders.RECENT FINDINGS: Some important recent advancements include (1) a much greater understanding of the pathogenetic pathways underlying facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy type 1; (2) the publication of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Duchenne muscular dystrophy; and (3) further clarification of the many genetic muscle disorders presenting a limb-girdle pattern of weakness.SUMMARY: Muscular dystrophies are genetic, progressive, degenerative disorders', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305447'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 127, 'offsetInEndSection': 519, 'text': 'The most common are Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy, which result from mutations within the gene encoding dystrophin; myotonic dystrophy type 1, which results from an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene; and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, which is associated with contractions in the subtelomeric region of human chromosome 1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19555515'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy (DM) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) are the two most common adult muscular dystrophies and have progressive and often disabling manifestations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27734165'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of muscular dystrophies, is characterized by progressive and generalized muscle weakness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36121164'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 676, 'offsetInEndSection': 914, 'text': \"re included in this study. 102 (27.8%) out of the 366 patients were affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 42 (11.5%) by congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), 42 (11.5%) by Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) and 24 (6.5%) by Becker'\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32095889'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 558, 'offsetInEndSection': 924, 'text': 'his article reviews the clinical and genetic features of the most common congenital muscular dystrophies including laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2)-related (merosin deficient), collagen VI-related, and \u03b1-dystroglycan-related congenital muscular dystrophies and reviews the most common congenital myopathies including nemaline rod, core, and centronuclear myopathies. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794464'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 548, 'offsetInEndSection': 628, 'text': 'EAS COVERED: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27340611'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 333, 'offsetInEndSection': 420, 'text': 'Myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common of the adult-onset muscular dystrophies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3728255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) represent the most frequent multisystemic muscular dystrophies in adulthood.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29770119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 856, 'offsetInEndSection': 1063, 'text': 'We discuss the involvement of the immune system in the most common muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and show that the immune system influences muscle death and fibrosis as disease progresses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30215857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 477, 'offsetInEndSection': 572, 'text': \"Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is the most common form of inherited muscle disease of childhood.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427100'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common muscular dystrophy, is a severe muscle disorder, causing muscle weakness, loss of independence, and premature death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35089797'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and most severe form of all muscular dystrophies, leads to progressive muscle fiber necrosis, fibroblast proliferation, and growth of fibrous tissue and fat.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25955813'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are the most common clinical forms of muscular dystrophies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 235, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': ' cause exercise intolerance to some degree. Here, we focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of muscular dystrophy, as a para', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733645'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 62, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': 'ied by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and degeneration. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrop', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073590'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 36, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': ' debilitating disorders caused by progressive muscle wasting. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common type. DMD is a well-characterized g', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35360042'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common muscular dystrophies?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common muscular dystrophies include the congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) and the childhood and adult-onset muscular dystrophies. The CMD include dystroglycanopathies, merosin-deficient CMD, collagen VI-deficient CMD, SELENON-related rigid spine muscular dystrophy, and LMNA-related CMD. Childhood and adult-onset muscular dystrophies include dystrophinopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 75, 'text': 'Fazirsiran for Liver Disease Associated with Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35748699'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 286, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'This open-label, phase 2 trial investigated the safety and efficacy of fazirsiran, an RNA interference therapeutic, in patients with liver disease associated with AAT deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35748699'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1680, 'offsetInEndSection': 1870, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: In this small trial, fazirsiran was associated with a strong reduction of Z-AAT concentrations in the serum and liver and concurrent improvements in liver enzyme concentrations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35748699'}]\n\n\n 'Which disease is targeted by Fazirsiran?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Fazirsiran is an RNA interference therapeutic that was developed for Liver Disease Associated with Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 203, 'offsetInEndSection': 365, 'text': 'We explored the direct impact of T1AM on cardiomyocytes with a focus on the regulation of the intracellular temperature and natriuretic peptide (NP) expression. A', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35882940'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1458, 'offsetInEndSection': 1705, 'text': 'In hypertrophic cardiomyocytes, after up-regulating the expression of miR-145, the relative messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expressions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) induced by PE decreased.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35693619'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 401, 'offsetInEndSection': 579, 'text': 'Stretching of cultured cardiomyocytes up-regulates the expression of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Intracellular calcium-elevating agents such as the calcium ionophore A23187,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732268'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 460, 'offsetInEndSection': 571, 'text': 'Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) are of myocardial cell origin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574050'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone produced in the heart and an established biochemical marker for heart failure (HF) because the level in plasma increases in proportion to disease severity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30135320'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 572, 'offsetInEndSection': 768, 'text': 'BNP is released mainly from the left ventricle in response to volume overload and has become the first biochemical marker for the identification of individuals with congestive heart failure (CHF).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574050'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 268, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: B-type or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a novel natriuretic peptide secreted from the heart that forms a peptide family with A-type or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and its plasma level has been shown to be increased in patients with congestive he', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8025996'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 174, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': 'Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are of myocardial cell origin and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is of endothelial origin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10519161'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 496, 'offsetInEndSection': 620, 'text': ' ANP and BNP are elucidated to be the cardiac hormone mainly secreted from the atrium, and from the ventricle, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8100590'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 659, 'offsetInEndSection': 830, 'text': ' In contrast to atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/NT-proANP), which originate mainly from atrial tissue, BNP related peptides are produced mainly from ventricular myocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14987573'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 72, 'text': 'Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides: Hormones secreted from the heart.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29859763'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 459, 'offsetInEndSection': 571, 'text': ' Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) are of myocardial cell origin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574050'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 145, 'offsetInEndSection': 309, 'text': 'Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) are secreted from cardiomyocytes in response to atrial or ventricular wall stretch.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15478621'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 98, 'offsetInEndSection': 248, 'text': 'riuretic peptide (BNP) are primarily produced by, and secreted from, heart tissue. They maintain cardiovascular homeostasis by binding to natriuretic ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30120963'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 744, 'offsetInEndSection': 894, 'text': 'rom atrial tissue, BNP related peptides are produced mainly from ventricular myocytes. Ventricular (NT-pro)BNP production is strongly upregulated in c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14987573'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 121, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': ') and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notab', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29978892'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 289, 'offsetInEndSection': 439, 'text': 'tic and renin-angiotensin systems. Although originally isolated from porcine brain, the BNP gene is expressed in a specific manner in cardiac myocytes', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11558673'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 88, 'offsetInEndSection': 366, 'text': 'Unlike other members, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are cardiac hormones secreted from the atrium and ventricle of the heart, respectively, CNP is regarded as an autocrine/paracrine regulator with broad expression in the body.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35741432'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 418, 'text': 'However, there is an accumulating evidence that B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP) may originate from right ventricle and their concentrations are elevated in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) especially when resulting in right ventricular dysfunction (RVD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18706401'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone mainly secreted by cardiac ventricle myocytes and which is increased in cardiac diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12084525'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 191, 'offsetInEndSection': 341, 'text': 'vasoconstrictive molecules. The major source of plasma BNP is the cardiac ventricles. Elevated plasma BNP concentrations correlate with increased left', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689366'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 484, 'offsetInEndSection': 634, 'text': 'de (ANP) and brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) are of myocardial cell origin. BNP is released mainly from the left ventricle in response to ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574050'}]\n\n\n 'Where does Brain (or B type) Natriuretic Protein, BNP usually originate from?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "cardiomyocyte stress up-regulates the expression of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 9, 'offsetInEndSection': 317, 'text': 'Casirivimab/imdevimab (REGN-COV), a cocktail of neutralizing antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, was shown to be an effective treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis measure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35181864'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1248, 'offsetInEndSection': 1385, 'text': 'The high titer of IgGSP supports the clinical benefit of therapeutic and prophylactic use of REGN-COV from the serological point of view.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35181864'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 503, 'offsetInEndSection': 636, 'text': 'We collected serological data of patients with COVID-19 who were treated with REGN-COV 1200\\xa0mg (casirivimab 600\\xa0mg/imdevimab 600\\xa0mg).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35181864'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 6283, 'offsetInEndSection': 6437, 'text': 'Based on the current very low- to low-certainty evidence, we are uncertain about the efficacy and safety of ivermectin used to treat or prevent COVID-19. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34318930'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 6587, 'offsetInEndSection': 6747, 'text': 'Overall, the reliable evidence available does not support the use ivermectin for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 outside of well-designed randomized trials.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34318930'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 337, 'offsetInEndSection': 471, 'text': 'Currently, evidence on efficacy and safety of ivermectin for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 treatment is conflicting.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34318930'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 182, 'text': 'We report primary results of a phase 3 trial of AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) for post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36411267'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1503, 'offsetInEndSection': 1637, 'text': 'This study did not meet the primary efficacy endpoint of post-exposure prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 with AZD7442 versus placebo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36411267'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': 'This systematic review was performed to determine the population that benefited from prophylactic ivermectin. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36399336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 968, 'offsetInEndSection': 1444, 'text': 'Ivermectin was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.12-0.40) in the pre-exposure population, whereas no protective effect was observed in the post-exposure population (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.09-1.67). In summary, prophylactic ivermectin did not prevent COVID-19 in the post-exposure population. Although the protective effect of ivermectin was shown in the overall and pre-exposure populations, the results were unreliable owing to poor-quality evidence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36399336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2052, 'offsetInEndSection': 2251, 'text': 'This rigorous randomized controlled trial among persons with recent exposure excluded a clinically meaningful effect of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284679'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'Effective prevention against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently limited to nonpharmaceutical strategies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284679'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 373, 'offsetInEndSection': 453, 'text': 'To test hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284679'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 383, 'text': 'Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated no effect on the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to answer questions related to the use of hydroxychloroquine for pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the treatment of patients with mild COVID-19 in terms of hospitalization, adverse events, and mortality.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34669839'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1382, 'offsetInEndSection': 1515, 'text': 'The use of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection or treatment of patients with mild COVID-19 is not recommended.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34669839'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 774, 'offsetInEndSection': 946, 'text': 'No statistically significant differences were found between the hydroxychloroquine and control groups in terms of pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34669839'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 296, 'text': 'Rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants jeopardize antibody-based countermeasures. Although cell culture experiments have demonstrated a loss of potency of several anti-spike neutralizing antibodies against variant strains of SARS-CoV-21-3, the in vivo importance of these results remains uncertain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34153975'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1302, 'offsetInEndSection': 1476, 'text': 'Therefore, many-but not all-of the antibody products with Emergency Use Authorization should retain substantial efficacy against the prevailing variant strains of SARS-CoV-2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34153975'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 548, 'offsetInEndSection': 950, 'text': 'Although some individual mAbs showed reduced or abrogated neutralizing activity in cell culture against B.1.351, B.1.1.28, B.1.617.1 and B.1.526 viruses with mutations at residue E484 of the spike protein, low prophylactic doses of mAb combinations protected against infection by many variants in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, 129S2 immunocompetent mice and hamsters, without the emergence of resistance. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34153975'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 183, 'offsetInEndSection': 375, 'text': 'Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been tried against COVID-19 owing to its in vitro virucidal action against SARS-CoV-2, but the role of HCQ as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) remains inconclusive.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33166694'}]\n\n\n 'Are any medications available to prevent COVID-19 following exposure?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Currently, no. Certain monoclonal antibodies had previously been demonstrated to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure, but they mostly lack activity against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.\n\nOther agents (e.g., Hydroxychloroquine, Ivermectin, Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) have not been shown to be effective."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 727, 'offsetInEndSection': 959, 'text': 'Forced overexpression of HO-1, pharmacological activation of HO-1 with the agonists RTA-408 (omaveloxolone, an FDA-approved drug) and RTA-402 repressed cell death, and treatment with HO-1 antagonist SnPP exacerbated the cell death. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33971103'}]\n\n\n 'Has RTA 408 received FDA approval?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, RTA 408 is FDA approved."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 136, 'offsetInEndSection': 266, 'text': 'DM type 2 (DM2) is considered less severe than DM type 1 (DM1), but it is unknown whether this applies uniformly to all features. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35778789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 182, 'offsetInEndSection': 393, 'text': 'There are two genetically distinct types of myotonic dystrophy: myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), both dominantly inherited with significant overlap in clinical manifestations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35205411'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 109, 'offsetInEndSection': 330, 'text': 'The unstable repeat expansions of (CTG)n or (CCTG)n in the DMPK and ZNF9 genes cause the two known subtypes of myotonic dystrophy: (i) myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and (ii) myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23570879'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 128, 'offsetInEndSection': 321, 'text': 'Congenital myotonic dystrophy (CDM1) and myotonic dystrophy of type 1 (DM1) or of type 2 (DM2) are caused by the expression of mutant RNAs containing expanded CUG or CCUG repeats, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21623381'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) represent the most frequent multisystemic muscular dystrophies in adulthood.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29770119'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 200, 'offsetInEndSection': 440, 'text': 'To date, two types of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2), are known to exist; both are autosomal dominant disorders caused by expansion of an untranslated short tandem repeat DNA sequence (CTG)(n) and (CCTG)(n), respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496635'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 435, 'offsetInEndSection': 609, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophies MD1 and MD2 are multisystem diseases with numerous symptoms and high interfamily variability, resulting from the fact that different organs are affected.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514907'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': \"There are currently two clinically and molecularly defined forms of myotonic dystrophy: (1) myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), also known as 'Steinert's disease'; and (2) myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), also known as proximal myotonic myopathy.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176601'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 531, 'offsetInEndSection': 878, 'text': 'Phenotypes of DM1 and DM2 are similar but there are some important differences, most conspicuously in the severity of the disease (including the presence or absence of the congenital form), muscles primarily affected (distal versus proximal), involved muscle fiber types (type 1 versus type 2 fibers), and some associated multisystemic phenotypes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496635'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 139, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) are autosomal dominant, microsatellite repeat expansion disorders that affect muscle function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27727437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 123, 'offsetInEndSection': 480, 'text': \"There are two forms identified: myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), caused by an expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonin-protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19, and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), caused by an expansion of a CCTG repeat in intron 1 of the cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) gene on chromosome 3.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19360700'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type II (DM2) are dominantly inherited multisystemic disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19632331'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 512, 'offsetInEndSection': 748, 'text': ' For the enormous understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 and myotonic dystrophy type 2, these diseases are now called \"spliceopathies\" and are mediated by a primary disorder of RNA rather than proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33458578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 300, 'text': \"This review demonstrates genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in all of the multisystemic myotonic disorders collectively called 'myotonic dystrophies' according to the new nomenclature: myotonic dystrophy type 1, myotonic dystrophy type 2, proximal myotonic myopathy and proximal myotonic dystrophy.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073357'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 65, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'progress in elucidating the disease mechanism in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2.RECENT FINDINGS: Research on myotonic dystrophy has led to the r', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885447'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 203, 'offsetInEndSection': 326, 'text': 'The 2 major genetic forms of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 and type 2, differ in genetic etiology yet share clinical features.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32067592'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 901, 'offsetInEndSection': 1075, 'text': 'CENT FINDINGS: An active approach to screening and management of myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2 requires a multidisciplinary medical, rehabilitative and social team. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25121518'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 30, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'onest adult muscular dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) are often discussed jointly, and although they sha', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435591'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2 are progressive multisystem genetic disorders with clinical and genetic features in common', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25121518'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 149, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'Two genetically distinct forms of DM are identified - type 1 (DM1), the classic form first described by Steinert, and type 2 (DM2), identified by Ricker.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625963'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'Myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2 are a group of complex genetic disorders resulting from the expansion of (CTG)n nucleotide repeats in the DMPK gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35243403'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1613, 'offsetInEndSection': 1763, 'text': 'ers of subjects, sometimes even not separating Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 from Type 2. But this heterogeneity may also support the current point of vie', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30186217'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1081, 'offsetInEndSection': 1241, 'text': 'Despite clinical and genetic similarities, myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2 are distinct disorders requiring different diagnostic and management strategies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995693'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2 are progressive multisystem genetic disorders whose core clinical feature is myotonia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34840883'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the types of myotonic dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "There are two types of myotonic dystrophy: myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 583, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': 'Recently, a new dual anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) and anti-LAG-3 (Relatimab) treatment developed by Bristol Myers Squibb (Opdualag), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first LAG-3 blocking antibody combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954196'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'Nivolumab plus relatlimab (nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw; Opdualag\u2122) is a fixed-dose, combination immunotherapy treatment being developed by Bristol Myers Squibb for the treatment of multiple types of advanced cancers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35543970'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 201, 'offsetInEndSection': 377, 'text': 'DATA SOURCES: A search of PubMed conducted from August 2019 to August 2022 with the search terms Opdualag, nivolumab AND relatlimab, and BMS-986016 resulted in 14 publications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36268952'}]\n\n\n 'What are the active components of Opdualag?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Opdualag is a new dual anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) and anti-LAG-3 (Relatimab) treatment approved as the first LAG-3 blocking antibody combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 184, 'offsetInEndSection': 402, 'text': \" This retrospective case series included patients with PCG who underwent trabeculotomy using an illuminated microcatheter with the intent of catheterizing the full circumference of Schlemm's canal in a single procedure\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33488009'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 9, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': \"To study the effect of 3 Schlemm's canal (SC) microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) devices on outflow facility.DESIGN: Paired comparisons, randomized design, baseline-controlled study.P\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32672594'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': \"Outflow Facility Effects of 3 Schlemm's Canal Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery Devices.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32672594'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 146, 'offsetInEndSection': 282, 'text': \"Previously, blood reflux from Schlemm's canal (SC) after long-standing glaucoma surgery was reported in eyes treated with excisional LOT\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33613251'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': \"AIM: to comparatively evaluate the hypotensive effect of minimally invasive (type 1) and basic (type 2) subscleral removing of the external wall of Schlemm's canal with subsequent laser trabeculopuncture in patients with open-angle glaucoma \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291197'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 139, 'offsetInEndSection': 397, 'text': \"Schlemm's canal (SC) is a large, lymphatic-like vessel in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is essential for aqueous humor drainage required to maintain intraocular pressure and is sensitive to defects in blood and lymphatic vascular signaling pathways.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30242758'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': \"Schlemm's canal (SC) is a specialized vascular structure in the eye that functions to drain aqueous humor from the intraocular chamber into systemic circulation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061877'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': \"Schlemm's canal (SC) is a unique vascular structure that functions to maintain fluid homeostasis by draining aqueous humor from the eye into the systemic circulation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 409, 'text': \"We have tried to answer the question of whether the endothelium of Schlemm's canal is derived from and retains properties of blood vessels by studying: (1) the development of Schlemm's canal in human fetal eyes; (2) the existence of Weibel-Palade bodies in human neonatal, adult human and adult monkey eyes; and (3) the presence of blood coagulation Factor VIII-related antigen in adult human and monkey eyes.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1426078'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1450, 'offsetInEndSection': 1628, 'text': \"Our results indicate that the endothelium of Schlemm's canal is derived from a vascular origin and that even in the adult eye it retains some of the properties of a blood vessel.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1426078'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1258, 'offsetInEndSection': 1449, 'text': \"(3) Blood coagulation Factor VIII-related antigen was detected in the endothelium of the collector channels and Schlemm's canal, as well as in the blood vessels of the other parts of the eye.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1426078'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 454, 'offsetInEndSection': 579, 'text': \" Injecting fluorescein directly in Schlemm's canal proves that in cadaver eyes without glaucoma the lumen is open all around.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/729457'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 182, 'text': \"Differences in parameters of ciliary body and Schlemm's canal in different meridians of the eyeball has been described using histotopographic methods on 20 eyeballs of human corpses.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10581564'}]\n\n\n 'Where in the body would Schlemm's canal be found'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Schlemm's canal is in the eye"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 322, 'text': 'A precise estimate of the frequency and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections would be critical to optimize restriction and vaccination policies for the hundreds of millions previously infected subjects. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of reinfection and COVID-19 following primary infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35904405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 921, 'offsetInEndSection': 1185, 'text': 'Reinfection rates were still 0.66% after \u226512\\u2009months from first infection, and the risk was substantially lower among vaccinated subjects (0.32% vs. 0.74% for unvaccinated individuals). During the first 3\\xa0months of Omicron wave, the reinfection rates reached 3.31%.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35904405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1357, 'offsetInEndSection': 1683, 'text': 'A strong natural immunity follows the primary infection and may last for more than one year, suggesting that the risk and health care needs of recovered subjects might be limited. Although the reinfection rates considerably increased during the Omicron wave, the risk of a secondary severe or lethal disease remained very low.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35904405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'Despite over 140\\xa0million SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic, relatively few confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have been reported. While immunity from SARS-CoV-2 infection is probable, at least in the short term, few studies have quantified the reinfection risk.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34043841'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1006, 'offsetInEndSection': 1627, 'text': 'Reinfection was an uncommon event (absolute rate 0%-1.1%), with no study reporting an increase in the risk of reinfection over time. Only one study estimated the population-level risk of reinfection based on whole genome sequencing in a subset of patients; the estimated risk was low (0.1% [95% CI: 0.08-0.11%]) with no evidence of waning immunity for up to 7\\xa0months following primary infection. These data suggest that naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity does not wane for at least 10\\xa0months post-infection. However, the applicability of these studies to new variants or to vaccine-induced immunity remains uncertain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34043841'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 227, 'offsetInEndSection': 339, 'text': 'The risk of reinfection increased almost 18-fold following emergence of the Omicron variant compared with Delta.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35593164'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 120, 'text': 'Better understanding of the protective duration of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection against reinfection is needed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35233580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2153, 'offsetInEndSection': 2375, 'text': 'This large US population-based study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is uncommon among individuals with laboratory evidence of a previous infection. Protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is stable up to one year.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35233580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1807, 'offsetInEndSection': 1926, 'text': 'The duration of protection against reinfection was stable over the median 5 months and up to 1-year follow-up interval.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35233580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2800, 'offsetInEndSection': 3066, 'text': 'Among >22 million individuals tested February 2020 through April 2021, the relative risk of reinfection among those with prior infection was 87% lower than the risk of infection among individuals without prior infection. This protection was durable for up to a year.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35233580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 275, 'offsetInEndSection': 695, 'text': 'The aim of this study was a comparison of antibody level after infection caused by Delta and Omicron variants. The study included 203 persons who underwent mild COVID-19 despite two doses of vaccine. The obtained results indicate that a significantly lower titer was observed in patients with the Omicron variant infection. Therefore, these patients may be at risk of reinfection with new strains of the Omicron variant.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36298593'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 199, 'text': 'SARS-CoV-2 infection does not confer long immunity. However, studies suggest that prior infection is associated with lower risk of reinfection and milder outcomes of recurrent infections.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36275814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2115, 'offsetInEndSection': 2343, 'text': 'Reinfection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant resulted in fewer hospitalizations compared to the primary Delta infection, suggesting that primary infection may, to some extent, produce at least short lasting protective immunity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36275814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1386, 'offsetInEndSection': 1705, 'text': 'The vast majority of anti-spike IgG positive individuals remain anti-spike IgG positive for at least 8 months regardless of initial COVID-19 disease severity. The presence of anti-spike IgG antibodies is associated with a substantially reduced risk of reinfection up to 9 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34459525'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 266, 'text': 'Emerging data support detectable immune responses for months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, but it is not yet established to what degree and for how long protection against reinfection lasts.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34459525'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'Comparative genomic analysis demonstrates that true reinfection following SARS-CoV-2 infection is possible.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35262003'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 758, 'offsetInEndSection': 974, 'text': 'Our findings indicate that reinfection results in restricted SARS-CoV-2 replication despite substantial levels of humoral immunity, denoting the potential for transmission through reinfected asymptomatic individuals.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35263638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'Prior to the emergence of antigenically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants, reinfections were reported infrequently - presumably due to the generation of durable and protective immune responses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33791729'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 90, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': ' It is currently unclear whether the previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 provides protection against reinfection with VOCs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34120579'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1257, 'offsetInEndSection': 1402, 'text': 'Our case supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection may occur once antibody titers decrease or following the emergence of a new variant.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35935779'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': 'Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has been well documented, yet little is known about the degree of protection a previous infection provides against reinfection, especially against Variants of Concern (VOC).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35935779'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1286, 'offsetInEndSection': 1506, 'text': 'Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is a strong possibility. This case raises concerns that asymptomatic infections may not provide long-term protective immunity to all patients, which could make them susceptible to reinfection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33257644'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1149, 'offsetInEndSection': 1319, 'text': 'The rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively low. The protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to that estimated for vaccine efficacy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34908003'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1497, 'offsetInEndSection': 1669, 'text': 'SARS-CoV-2 reinfection can occur but is a rare phenomenon suggestive of protective immunity against reinfection that lasts for at least a few months post primary infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315061'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1593, 'offsetInEndSection': 1751, 'text': 'Reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 under endemic conditions would likely occur between 3 months and 5\u00b71 years after peak antibody response, with a median of 16 months.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34632431'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 318, 'text': 'It is currently unclear whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection will remain a rare event, only occurring in individuals who fail to mount an effective immune response, or whether it will occur more frequently when humoral immunity wanes following primary infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315049'}]\n\n\n 'Can reinfection occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Protective and detectable immune responses are induced after SARS-CoV-2 infection but it is not yet established to what degree and for how long protection against reinfection lasts. Evidence suggests that some of these responses can be detected for at least a year following infection.\n\nThe short-term risk of reinfection (e.g., within the first several months after initial infection) is low. Several studies estimated the risk of reinfection to be less than 1 percent in the subsequent 5-8 months following initial infection. The risk of reinfection may be greater with the Omicron variant."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': \"Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting dorsal root ganglia (DRG), cerebellar dentate nuclei and heart. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30065630'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mode of inheritance of Friedreich\u2019s ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 263, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutations of the DMD gene located at Xp21. In DMD patients, dystrophin is virtually absent; whereas BMD patients have 10% to 40% of the normal amount.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 538, 'offsetInEndSection': 708, 'text': 'Clinical data confirm some well known differences between Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy concerning the age of onset, severity of disease and rate of progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10422002'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 768, 'offsetInEndSection': 918, 'text': 'cular dystrophy, where there is absence of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and reduced amounts in Becker muscular dystrophy. Not all of the ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8894415'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 358, 'offsetInEndSection': 471, 'text': 'Ribosome concentration was normal in Duchenne and facioscapulohumeral and decreased in Becker muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/164552'}]\n\n\n 'What is the difference between Duchenne muscular Dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "DMD patients do not produce dystrophin whereas BMD patients produce 10-40% of the normal amount of dystrophin."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'Lance Adams Syndrome After Hypoxic Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35952340'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'Lance-Adams syndrome (chronic post-hypoxic myoclonus) is a rare syndrome occurring in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35952340'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'Hypoxic myoclonus, also known as Lance Adams syndrome, is a rare syndrome that results from the serious brain damage caused by cerebral hypoxia that often follows cardiopulmonary resuscitation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35220777'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': 'Lance Adams syndrome is the term used to describe late post-hypoxic myoclonus. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36213707'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': 'Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS) is a rare complication of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, often accompanied by action myoclonus. Myoclonus may occur as generalized, focal, or multifocal movements and can include the face, trunk, and/or extremities. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35530854'}]\n\n\n 'What is Lance-Adams syndrome?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Lance-Adams syndrome is a rare complication of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, often accompanied by action myoclonus. Myoclonus may occur as generalized, focal, or multifocal movements and can include the face, trunk, and/or extremities."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Mitapivat, a novel pyruvate kinase activator, for the treatment of hereditary hemolytic anemias.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34987744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 348, 'text': 'Mitapivat (AG-348) is a novel, first-in-class oral small molecule allosteric activator of the pyruvate kinase enzyme. Mitapivat has been shown to significantly upregulate both wild-type and numerous mutant forms of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PKR), increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and reducing levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34987744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 112, 'offsetInEndSection': 202, 'text': 'Mitapivat is an oral, small-molecule allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase in red cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31483964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 294, 'text': 'mitapivat, an oral, first-in-class activator of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, increased the hemoglobin level in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35417638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 118, 'offsetInEndSection': 347, 'text': 'Mitapivat has been shown to significantly upregulate both wild-type and numerous mutant forms of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PKR), increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and reducing levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34987744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 104, 'offsetInEndSection': 332, 'text': 'In activating red blood cell pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, mitapivat (AG-348) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and decreases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, an upstream precursor in glycolysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35576529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 117, 'text': 'Mitapivat (AG-348) is a novel, first-in-class oral small molecule allosteric activator of the pyruvate kinase enzyme.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34987744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 236, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35988546'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 110, 'offsetInEndSection': 490, 'text': 'tic anemia. In a phase 2 study, mitapivat, an oral, first-in-class activator of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, increased the hemoglobin level in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency.METHODS: In this global, phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of mitapivat in adults with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular r', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35417638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Kuo and colleagues1 evaluated the safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in\\xa0adults with non-transfusion-dependent \u03b1-thalassemia or \u03b2-thalassemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36260990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion dependent \u03b1-thalassaemia or \u03b2-thalassaemia: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35964609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'AG-348 (Mitapivat), an allosteric activator of red blood cell pyruvate kinase, increases enzymatic activity, protein stability, and ATP levels over a broad range of PKLR genotypes.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31974203'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 853, 'offsetInEndSection': 962, 'text': 'Mitapivat, a pyruvate kinase activator, represents a unique mechanism to mitigate ineffective erythropoiesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34889443'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 477, 'text': ' We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of mitapivat (Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA), a pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) \u03b1-thalassaemia or NTD \u03b2-thalassaemia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35964609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 754, 'offsetInEndSection': 899, 'text': 'RT OPINION: Mitapivat is a first-in-class allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase and the first FDA-approved disease directed therapy for PKD. It', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36124781'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 121, 'offsetInEndSection': 293, 'text': ' In a phase 2 study, mitapivat, an oral, first-in-class activator of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, increased the hemoglobin level in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35417638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 247, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35988546'}]\n\n\n 'What does mitapivat do?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Mitapivat is a novel pyruvate kinase activator, for the treatment of hereditary hemolytic anemia"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 336, 'text': 'Coordinated gene expression allows spatiotemporal control of cellular processes and is achieved by the cotranscription/translation of functionally related genes/proteins. Prokaryotes evolved polycistronic messages (operons) to confer expression from a single promoter to efficiently cotranslate proteins functioning on the same pathway.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35934590'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': 'The arrangement of functionally-related genes in operons is a fundamental element of how genetic information is organized in prokaryotes. This organization ensures coordinated gene expression by co-transcription.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32209657'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'Clustering of functionally related genes in operons allows for coregulated gene expression in prokaryotes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24012761'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Operons are clusters of genes that are transcribed as a single message, and regulated by the same gene expression machinery.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16755590'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'Bacterial genes are commonly encoded in clusters, known as operons, which share transcriptional regulatory control and often encode functionally related proteins that take part in certain biological pathways.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690561'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 136, 'text': 'In prokaryotic genomes, related genes are frequently clustered in operons and higher-order arrangements that reflect functional context.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487932'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 956, 'offsetInEndSection': 1213, 'text': ' Genes in operons are located next to each other in the same DNA strand, and thus their presence should result in a higher proportion of predicted functional interactions among adjacent genes in the same strand than among adjacent genes in opposite strands.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671982'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 141, 'text': 'Genes that are part of the same operon in prokaryotes, or have the same expression pattern in eukaryotes, are transcriptionally co-regulated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12220896'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 809, 'offsetInEndSection': 956, 'text': 'The presence of operons (polycistronic transcription units formed of functionally related genes) in prokaryotic genomes offers such an alternative.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671982'}]\n\n\n 'In prokaryotes, functionally related genes are sometimes positioned adjacent to each other in the genome and can be under the control of the same regulatory machinery. What are these called?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Prokaryotes often have functionally-related genes joined together under the direction of a single promoter. These structures are called operons. Clustering of functionally-related genes in operons allows for coordinated gene expression and spatiotemporal control of cellular processes."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 269, 'text': 'Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS\u00ae) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-TA, a triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension for suprachoroidal use (XIPERE\u00ae), administered via a microneedle-based device, the SCS Microinjector\u00ae. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358'}]\n\n\n 'What is the active ingredient of Xipere?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The active ingredient of Xipere is triamcinolone acetonide."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 889, 'offsetInEndSection': 956, 'text': 'Distal hotspot exons 47, 48 and 50 were the commonly deleted exons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35359537'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exon 45-55 deletion (del45-55) has been postulated as a model that could treat up to 60% of DMD patients', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35897138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1662, 'offsetInEndSection': 1803, 'text': 'We confirmed that del45-55 segregates a high proportion of benign phenotypes, severe cases, and isolated cardiac and cognitive presentations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35897138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 218, 'offsetInEndSection': 285, 'text': 'In particular, exons 45-52 constitute a hotspot for DMD mutations. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33531685'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1099, 'offsetInEndSection': 1238, 'text': 'An exon deletion hotspot, located in exons 45-54, was observed in DMD, and intron 44 was the most frequent deletion starting point (26.5%).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 383, 'offsetInEndSection': 563, 'text': 'In-frame exon skipping of dystrophin exons 45-55 represents a significant approach to treating DMD, as a large proportion of patients harbor mutations within this \"hotspot\" region.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29771942'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 783, 'offsetInEndSection': 1045, 'text': 'Here, we provide an update on DMD genotype-phenotype associations using a global DMD database and further provide the rationale for multiple exon skipping development, particularly for exons 45\u207b55 skipping and an emerging therapeutic concept, exons 3\u207b9 skipping.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30544634'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 494, 'offsetInEndSection': 649, 'text': ' A deletion of exons 3-9 encompassing a mutational hot spot in the DMD gene was detected, and dystrophin protein expression was \u223c15% that of control level.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27009627'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common mutation locations in dystrophin gene in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common mutation locations in DMD gene are exons 3-9 and 45-55."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 780, 'offsetInEndSection': 923, 'text': 'RESULTS: Seven infants were diagnosed with SCID, yielding an incidence of 1 in 22,819 live births. Four of these infants had Artemis-type SCID.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35729475'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 288, 'offsetInEndSection': 426, 'text': 'Artemis deficiency disrupts development of adaptive immunity and leads to radiosensitive T- B- severe combined immunodeficiency (RS-SCID).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35801871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 507, 'offsetInEndSection': 667, 'text': 'Encouraging data for X-SCID and preclinical work for Artemis-SCID and RAG1-SCID are paving the way for the therapy to become a viable curative treatment option.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35773051'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 350, 'text': 'Pathogenic variants in DCLRE1C encoding Artemis cause T-B-NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and patients with Artemis-deficient SCID (ART-SCID) require definitive therapy with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36385359'}]\n\n\n 'Does mutation of ARTEMIS gene causes severe combined immunodeficiency?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Artemis mutation disrupts development of adaptive immunity and leads to severe combined immunodeficiency."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 155, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': \"Wilson's disease (WD), an inherited disorder of copper metabolism that mostly affects the liver and brain;\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35322347'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Wilsons disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper transportation, which is fatal if not treated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8757902'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 398, 'offsetInEndSection': 570, 'text': 'Wilsons disease and idiopathic toxicosis are examples of severe chronic liver diseases that are the results of genetic predisposition to the hepatic accumulation of copper.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30646728'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 19, 'offsetInEndSection': 116, 'text': 'Wilson disease is a genetic copper storage disorder that causes hepatic and neurologic symptoms. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542331'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 483, 'offsetInEndSection': 536, 'text': \"Wilson's disease represents a copper storage disease.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Hereditary hemochromatosis and Wilson disease are autosomal recessive storage disorders of iron and copper overload, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266916'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 224, 'text': \"Hereditary deposition of iron (primary haemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson's disease) are autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by progressive liver pathology and subsequent involvement of various other organs.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17505988'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': \"OBJECTIVES: Wilson's disease (WD) is a metabolic disorder leading to hepatic and extrahepatic copper\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31345362'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 73, 'text': \"Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare hereditary disorder of copper metabolism.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33555495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 748, 'offsetInEndSection': 884, 'text': \"Wilson's disease, a copper storage disorder, in which biliary copper excretion is reduced, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508671'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'BACKGROUND & AIMS: Wilson disease is a genetic copper storage disorder that causes hepatic and n', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542331'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Wilson disease (WD) is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism, which can lead to severe liver failure and to a variety of neuropsychiatr', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098612'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'Wilson disease (WD) (OMIM# 277900) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by excess copper (Cu) storage in different human tissues, such as the brain, liver, and the corneas of the eyes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33573009'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 159, 'text': \"UNLABELLED: Wilson's disease (WND) and hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) are two metal loading diseases of copper and iron, respectively, and are both recessivel\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22774841'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disease with congenital copper metabolism disorder, characterized by decreased ceruloplasmin and increased urine copper, which can involve multiple organs.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36381061'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 176, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disease of copper metabolism which is widely recognized as a disease occurring clinically in children, adolescents, and young adults.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229372'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': \"Hereditary copper-associated hepatitis in dogs resembles Wilson's disease, a copper storage disease in humans.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583003'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 105, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism causing severe damage to vital organs.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886393'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': \"Inherited copper toxic disease, Wilson's disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder arising from a defect in biliary copper excretion.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093597'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism with a hepatic or neurologic presentation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738953'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 81, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disease of abnormal copper metabolism.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30271060'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 579, 'offsetInEndSection': 683, 'text': \" Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease are known as iron and copper accumulation disorders, respectively.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8114295'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 482, 'offsetInEndSection': 536, 'text': \" Wilson's disease represents a copper storage disease.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 796, 'offsetInEndSection': 904, 'text': \" In the new paradigm, Wilson's disease is seen as a hereditary disorder associated with copper intoxication.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16466879'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 434, 'offsetInEndSection': 584, 'text': \"ve determination of elevated liver iron content. Wilson's disease represents a copper storage disease. Prominent clinical features are hepatomegaly an\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the liver does not properly release copper into bile, resulting in prominent copper accumulation in various tissues.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25704483'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 337, 'offsetInEndSection': 498, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is one such\\xa0hereditary disease\\xa0that creates chaos in tissues, usually the brain and liver, via deposition of abnormal amounts of copper in them.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28168129'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is rare autosomal-recessive disorder originated on the basis of metabolic copper over-storage.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1306026'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal-recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in ATP7B and associated with neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological and hepatic manifestations.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34341141'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 147, 'text': \"PROJECT: Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism characterised by juvenile liver cirrhosis and by neurological symptoms\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11787982'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 78, 'text': \"OBJECTIVE: Wilson's disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder of copper metabolism\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175593'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 117, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an autosomal-recessive disorder of copper metabolism with neurological and hepatic presentations.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34289020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': \"Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder associated with copper accumulation in the liver, brain and other vital organs.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32738633'}]\n\n\n 'Is Wilson's disease described as an iron storage disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in your liver, brain and other vital organs."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': \"A promoter is a short region of DNA (100-1,000 bp) where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31750297'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 531, 'text': 'The RNA polymerase II core promoter is generally defined to be the sequence that directs the initiation of transcription. This simple definition belies a diverse and complex transcriptional module. There are two major types of core promoters - focused and dispersed. Focused promoters contain either a single transcription start site or a distinct cluster of start sites over several nucleotides, whereas dispersed promoters contain several start sites over 50-100 nucleotides and are typically found in CpG islands in vertebrates.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'A promoter is a region in the DNA sequence that defines where the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase initiates, which is typically located proximal to the transcription start site (TSS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33227813'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'Promoters are crucial for gene regulation. They vary greatly in terms of associated regulatory elements, sequence motifs, the choice of transcription start sites and other features.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392219'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 253, 'offsetInEndSection': 710, 'text': 'Similarly, promoters are modular. They consist of combinations of cis-acting elements that are the binding sites for transcription factors. It is this promoter architecture that largely determines the expression pattern of a gene. The modular nature of promoters is supported by the observation that many cis-acting elements retain their activities when they are taken out of their native promoter context and used as building blocks in synthetic promoters.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557757'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 252, 'text': 'The main function of gene promoters appears to be the integration of different gene products in their biological pathways in order to maintain homeostasis. Generally, promoters have been classified in two major classes, namely TATA and CpG.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020586'}]\n\n\n 'What are promoters?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A promoter is generally defined to be the sequence that directs the initiation of transcription. This simple definition belies a diverse and complex transcriptional module. There are two major types of core promoters - focused and dispersed. Focused promoters contain either a single transcription start site or a distinct cluster of start sites over several nucleotides, whereas dispersed promoters contain several start sites over 50-100 nucleotides.\n\nIn summary, promoters are short regions of DNA (100-1,000 bp) where transcription by RNA polymerase begins. They are typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 690, 'offsetInEndSection': 853, 'text': 'Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an activator of Nrf2 and an inhibitor of NF\u03baB, possessing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in mitochondrial bioenergetics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098'}]\n\n\n 'Is omaveloxolone an activator of NFkB?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, omaveloxolone is an inhibitor of NF\u03baB."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 634, 'offsetInEndSection': 736, 'text': ' Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) scores for postoperative pain were also assessed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626783'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 994, 'offsetInEndSection': 1051, 'text': 'The FLACC and COMFORT scales were utilized to assess pain', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33904220'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 683, 'offsetInEndSection': 862, 'text': 'Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628840'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 656, 'offsetInEndSection': 791, 'text': 'The pain experience (intense, moderate, or mild) was evaluated by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability-revised scale (FLACC-r).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34599744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1301, 'offsetInEndSection': 1508, 'text': ' Daily assessment and documentation for pain (81%) and sedation (87%) was reported by most of the PICUs, using the preferred validated FLACC scale (54%) and the COMFORT Behavioural scale (48%), respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35361254'}]\n\n\n 'What is the most commonly used pain scale for the measurement of pain in children?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most pain scale used to measure pain in children is FLACC (Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability) score."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 217, 'offsetInEndSection': 363, 'text': 'Here, we examined driving performance following administration of daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist developed to treat insomnia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35426136'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Daridorexant is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist used in treating insomnia disorder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36473030'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'Assessment of the effect of the dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant on various indices of disease severity in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35306405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 276, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: The dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant did not impact nighttime respiratory function as assessed by the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and nocturnal oxygen saturation (SpO2) and improved sleep in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35306405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Daridorexant (Quviviq\u2122; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) is an orally administered dual orexin type 1 and type 2 (OX1 and OX2) receptor antagonist (DORA) being developed for the treatment of insomnia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35298826'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of daridorexant?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Daridorexant is an orally administered dual orexin type 1 and type 2 (OX1 and OX2) receptor antagonist that is being developed for the treatment of insomnia."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 139, 'offsetInEndSection': 327, 'text': 'We utilised a novel DILI causality assessment tool (DILI-CAT), which uses drug-specific liver injury phenotypes, to examine potential DILI in early phase ximelagatran clinical development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266155'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'A novel phenotype-based drug-induced liver injury causality assessment tool (DILI-CAT) allows for signal confirmation in early drug development.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266155'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1633, 'offsetInEndSection': 1808, 'text': \"DILI-CAT, a clinically intuitive, data-driven, computer-assisted scoring algorithm, is a useful tool for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266155'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'A novel quantitative computer-assisted drug-induced liver injury causality assessment tool (DILI-CAT).', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36174069'}]\n\n\n 'What is DILI-CAT used for?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "DILI-CAT, ia a clinically intuitive, data-driven, computer-assisted scoring algorithm and is a useful tool for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1265, 'offsetInEndSection': 1486, 'text': 'SARS-COV-2 RNA shedding can be prolonged, yet high heterogeneity exists. Detection of viral RNA may not correlate with infectivity since available viral culture data suggests shorter durations of shedding of viable virus.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33077007'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 681, 'offsetInEndSection': 1252, 'text': 'Among 28 studies, the overall pooled median duration of RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 18.4 days (95% CI, 15.5-21.3; I2 = 98.87%; P < .01). When stratified by disease severity, the pooled median duration of viral RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 19.8 days (95% CI, 16.2-23.5; I2 = 96.42%; P < .01) among severely ill patients and 17.2 days (95% CI, 14.0-20.5; I2 = 95.64%; P < .01) in mild-to-moderate illness. Viral RNA was detected up to 92 days after symptom onset. Viable virus was isolated by culture from -6 to 20 days relative to symptom onset.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33077007'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 366, 'text': 'Immunocompromised adults can have prolonged acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive RT-PCR results, long after the initial diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 virus can be recovered in viral cell culture from immunocompromised adults with persistently positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35186791'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 753, 'offsetInEndSection': 961, 'text': 'Of 20 patients, 10 (50%) had a solid organ transplant and 5 (25%) had a hematologic malignancy. For most patients, RT-PCR Ct values increased over time. There were 2 patients with positive viral cell cultures', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35186791'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 327, 'offsetInEndSection': 900, 'text': ' Many patients, however, have persistently positive RT-PCR tests for weeks to months following clinical recovery, and multiple studies now indicate that these generally do not reflect replication-competent virus. SARS-CoV-2 appears to be most contagious around the time of symptom onset, and infectivity rapidly decreases thereafter to near-zero after about 10 days in mild-moderately ill patients and 15 days in severely-critically ill and immunocompromised patients. The longest interval associated with replication-competent virus thus far is 20 days from symptom onset.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33029620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 299, 'text': 'We describe a case of chronic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient with lymphoma and associated B-cell immunodeficiency. Viral cultures and sequence analysis demonstrate ongoing replication of infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for at least 119 days.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33089317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 601, 'offsetInEndSection': 733, 'text': 'This case highlights challenges in managing immunocompromised hosts, who may act as persistent shedders and sources of transmission.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33089317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1038, 'offsetInEndSection': 1325, 'text': 'COVID-19 patients with mild-to-moderate illness are highly unlikely to be infectious beyond 10 days of symptoms. However, evidence from a limited number of studies indicates that patients with severe-to-critical illness or who are immunocompromised, may shed infectious virus for longer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33049331'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 328, 'offsetInEndSection': 539, 'text': 'Many patients, however, have persistently positive RT-PCR tests for weeks to months following clinical recovery, and multiple studies now indicate that these generally do not reflect replication-competent virus.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33029620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1029, 'offsetInEndSection': 1243, 'text': 'The study evidenced that most patients tested positive for more than 2 weeks and that persistence of viral RNA is not necessarily associated with severe disease but may result from a weaker immune response instead.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32484958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 646, 'offsetInEndSection': 848, 'text': ' Prolonged viral shedding currently has unclear implications on the management and isolation decisions-the role of the cycle threshold (Ct) value in guiding therapeutic decisions is yet to be clarified.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33626020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 327, 'offsetInEndSection': 539, 'text': ' Many patients, however, have persistently positive RT-PCR tests for weeks to months following clinical recovery, and multiple studies now indicate that these generally do not reflect replication-competent virus.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33029620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 273, 'text': 'However, replication competent live viruses were not recovered beyond two to three weeks from onset of symptoms in mild to severe cases of COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34506421'}]\n\n\n 'What is the significance of a persistently positive RT-PCR for weeks after illness?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 can have detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in upper respiratory tract specimens for weeks after the onset of symptoms. However, prolonged viral RNA detection does not necessarily indicate prolonged infectiousness. In particular, isolation of infectious virus more than 10 days after illness onset is rare in patients whose symptoms have resolved.\n\nPeople with COVID-19 are thus generally felt to have low infectiousness after about 10 days, particularly after mild to moderate disease and in the absence of immunocompromise, regardless of whether they continue to have a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics for the GAA\u00b7TTC Expansion Disease Friedreich Ataxia.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31317428'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common inherited ataxia, is caused by transcriptional silencing of the nuclear FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31317428'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 244, 'offsetInEndSection': 460, 'text': 'Gene silencing in FRDA is due to hyperexpansion of the triplet repeat sequence GAA\u00b7TTC in the first intron of the FXN gene, which results in chromatin histone modifications consistent with heterochromatin formation. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31317428'}]\n\n\n 'What is the genetic cause of Freidreich's ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Friedreich ataxia is caused by hyperexpansion of the triplet repeat sequence GAA\u00b7TTC in the first intron of the FXN gene."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 751, 'offsetInEndSection': 922, 'text': 'In most cases, once FSHD is clinically suspected, the diagnosis can be genetically confirmed with a DNA test using Southern Blotting and hybridization to a set of probes. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1199, 'offsetInEndSection': 1332, 'text': 'In the absence of genetic confirmation, other investigations, mainly EMG and muscle biopsy, are needed to rule out another diagnosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 159, 'offsetInEndSection': 270, 'text': 'Molecular diagnosis is based mainly on the detection of deletions of a 3.3 kb-tandem repeat array in the locus.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144755'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 388, 'offsetInEndSection': 584, 'text': 'We describe a convenient non-radioactive protocol which requires a simple PCR probe synthesis and labelling procedure, thus facilitating and accelerating the standard Southern blot based DNA test.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144755'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'The molecular diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) relies on detecting contractions of the unique D4Z4 repeat array at the chromosome 4q35 locus in the presence of a permissive 4q35A haplotype.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34384893'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1000, 'offsetInEndSection': 1108, 'text': 'The Southern blot analysis with DNA probe p13E-11 has created a valuable molecular diagnostic test for FSHD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192267'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 239, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'The gene whose defect causes FSHD has not been identified, but molecular diagnosis can be made by analyzing D4Z4 repeat length on chromosome 4q35.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22109111'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 277, 'offsetInEndSection': 456, 'text': 'Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the currently used diagnostic methods (Southern blotting and molecular combing) against a new qPCR-based approach for FSHD1 diagnosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071558'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 719, 'offsetInEndSection': 889, 'text': 'llelic variant of chromosome 4. In most cases, once FSHD is clinically suspected, the diagnosis can be genetically confirmed with a DNA test using Southern Blotting and h', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 552, 'offsetInEndSection': 780, 'text': 'In this report we describe a protocol that can be used for DNA testing in well defined familial cases or proven de novo cases, and in the differential diagnosis of muscular dystrophy patients clinically suspected of having FSHD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8825045'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 451, 'offsetInEndSection': 663, 'text': 'A valuable molecular diagnostic test for FSHD has been created with the use of p13E-11 probe to detect the EcoR I/Bln I double digestion fragment which is usually smaller in FSHD patient than in normal indivdual.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11592052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 805, 'offsetInEndSection': 946, 'text': 'Molecular diagnosis for FSHD is usually offered with 98% accuracy but because of its complexity, a much more simple test would be preferable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11962336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 646, 'offsetInEndSection': 755, 'text': ' Molecular diagnostic testing is appropriate to confirm the diagnosis of FSHD without need for muscle biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 576, 'offsetInEndSection': 726, 'text': ' number of repetitive elements (D4Z4) on chromosome 4q35 (4qA allele). Molecular diagnostic testing is appropriate to confirm the diagnosis of FSHD wi', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1302, 'offsetInEndSection': 1452, 'text': 'and the homologous 10q26 regions were also detected.CONCLUSION: Molecular diagnosis of FSHD became a routine approach in Hungary thus supporting the w', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920844'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 418, 'offsetInEndSection': 568, 'text': '5.7+/-12.3 years (range: 26-72). The diagnosis of FSHD was confirmed by genetic tests. All patients underwent medical and neurological evaluations, su', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501370'}]\n\n\n 'Which diagnostic tests are used for the diagnosis of FSHD?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "FSHD is diagnosed with a Southern blot based DNA test. In the absence of genetic confirmation, other investigations, mainly EMG and muscle biopsy, are needed to rule out another diagnosis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1567, 'offsetInEndSection': 1733, 'text': 'Efgartigimod is an FcRn inhibitor recently approved for MG treatment, and rozanolixizumab, nipocalimab and batoclimab are other agents in clinical trial development. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35639288'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 400, 'text': 'Efgartigimod (efgartigimod alfa-fcab, Vyvgart\u2122) is a first-in-class neonatal Fc receptor antagonist being developed by argenx for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including myasthenia gravis. In December 2021, intravenous efgartigimod received its first approval in the USA for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody positive.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35179720'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 979, 'offsetInEndSection': 1118, 'text': 'This article summarizes the milestones in the development of efgartigimod leading to this first approval for generalized myasthenia gravis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35179720'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2951, 'offsetInEndSection': 3062, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Efgartigimod was well tolerated and efficacious in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34146511'}]\n\n\n 'Can Efgartigimod be used for myasthenia gravis?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes. Efgartigimod is effective, approved and can be used for myasthenia gravis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 86, 'text': 'Quercetin-biapigenin nanoparticles are effective to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33709285'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 436, 'offsetInEndSection': 757, 'text': ' The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of quercetin-biapigenin encapsulated into poly(\u0190-polycaprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles against t-BOOH-induced oxidative stress in several brain cell lines, as well as evaluate the permeability of those active molecules through an in vitro BBB model.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33709285'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1170, 'offsetInEndSection': 1288, 'text': 'As of our knowledge, this is the first report of quercetin-biapigenin PCL-loaded nanoparticle activity in brain cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33709285'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': \"Microbubbles in combination with focused ultrasound for the delivery of quercetin-modified sulfur nanoparticles through the blood brain barrier into the brain parenchyma and relief of endoplasmic reticulum stress to treat Alzheimer's disease.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32154811'}]\n\n\n 'Have Quercetin-biapigenin nanoparticles been shown to be effective in penetrating the blood-brain barrier'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, Quercetin-biapigenin nanoparticles been shown to be effective in penetrating the blood-brain barrier"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 562, 'offsetInEndSection': 756, 'text': 'These results suggest that metabolite-binding mRNAs are possibly involved in eukaryotic gene regulation and that some riboswitches might be representatives of an ancient form of genetic control.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756322'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 399, 'text': 'Genetic control by metabolite-binding mRNAs is widespread in prokaryotes. These riboswitches are typically located in noncoding regions of mRNA, where they selectively bind their target compound and subsequently modulate gene expression. We have identified mRNA elements in fungi and in plants that match the consensus sequence and structure of thiamine pyrophosphate-binding domains of prokaryotes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756322'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'Metabolite-sensing mRNAs, or \"riboswitches,\" specifically interact with small ligands and direct expression of the genes involved in their metabolism. Riboswitches contain sensing \"aptamer\" modules, capable of ligand-induced structural changes, and downstream regions, harboring expression-controlling elements.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 291, 'text': 'Riboswitches are a class of RNA motifs in the untranslated regions of bacterial messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that can adopt different conformations to regulate gene expression. The binding of specific small molecule or ion ligands, or other RNAs, influences the conformation the riboswitch adopts.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36227561'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Metabolite-sensing mRNAs, or \"riboswitches,\" specifically interact with small ligands and direct expression of the genes involved in their metabolism.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'Bacteria make extensive use of riboswitches to sense metabolites and control gene expression, and typically do so by modulating premature transcription termination or translation initiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468745'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 141, 'offsetInEndSection': 384, 'text': 'Riboswitches possess a metabolite-sensing system that controls gene regulation in a cis-acting fashion at the initiation of transcriptional/translational level by binding with a specific metabolite and controlling various biochemical pathways.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36275359'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 151, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'Riboswitches contain sensing \"aptamer\" modules, capable of ligand-induced structural changes, and downstream regions, harboring expression-controlling elements.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'Regulatory mRNA elements or riboswitches specifically control the expression of a large number of genes in response to various cellular metabolites.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303767'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 185, 'text': 'The discovery of metabolite-sensing RNA domains with gene regulatory functions, so-called riboswitches, has greatly expanded our view of the structural and functional complexity of RNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 435, 'offsetInEndSection': 760, 'text': 'Organisms from all three domains of life, including bacteria, plants and fungi, use TPP-sensing riboswitches to control genes responsible for importing or synthesizing thiamine and its phosphorylated derivatives, making this riboswitch class the most widely distributed member of the metabolite-sensing RNA regulatory system.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'Riboswitches are metabolite-sensing RNAs, typically located in the non-coding portions of messenger RNAs, that control the synthesis of metabolite-related proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'Structured mRNA elements called riboswitches control gene expression by binding to small metabolites.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072940'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Riboswitches are motifs in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA transcripts that sense metabolite levels and modulate the expression of the corresponding genes for metabolite import, export, synthesis, or degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22219369'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 998, 'offsetInEndSection': 1221, 'text': ' The discovery of a riboswitch in eukaryotes that is composed of a single class of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) suggests that additional ligand-sensing RNAs may be present to control eukaryotic or mammalian gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31741723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 379, 'offsetInEndSection': 604, 'text': ' Newly discovered metabolite-sensing riboswitches have revealed that cellular processes extensively make use of RNA structural modulation to regulate gene expression in response to subtle changes in metabolite concentrations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19101979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 74, 'offsetInEndSection': 237, 'text': 'These riboswitches are typically located in noncoding regions of mRNA, where they selectively bind their target compound and subsequently modulate gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756322'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Riboswitches are mRNA regulatory elements that control gene expression by altering their structure in response to specific metabolite binding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169642'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': \"Riboswitches are gene control elements typically located in the 5' untranslated regions of bacterial mRNAs where they modulate the expression of associated genes in response to elevated concentrations of cellular metabolites.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061809'}]\n\n\n 'What process involves metabolite-sensing mRNAs to control gene expression?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Riboswitches are metabolite-sensing gene-control elements that are typically located in non-coding portions of mRNAs, where they selectively bind their target compound and subsequently modulate gene expression. In eukaryotes, a well-characterized riboswitch senses the vitamin B1 derivative TPP (thiamine pyro-phosphate)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 268, 'text': 'The aim was to assess the bioequivalence of Sandoz methylphenidate osmotic-controlled release (OCR) tablets (Sandoz [Methylphenidate[ MPH OCR) with Concerta\u00ae, a methylphenidate formulation indicated for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25692005'}]\n\n\n 'What is Concerta\u00ae?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Concerta\u00ae is a methylphenidate formulation indicated for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 795, 'offsetInEndSection': 925, 'text': ' In DMD, there was a prevalence of 7.0% of ASDs, 18.0% of ADHD, 11.0% of depression, 24.0% of anxiety disorders, and 12.0% of OCD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in populations with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, and patients often present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34148958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 107, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'Neuropsychiatric phenotype associated to DMD gene mutations include now low IQ scores, epilepsy, autism, and attention deficit disorder. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741226'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 107, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'Neuropsychiatric phenotype associated to DMD gene mutations include now low IQ scores, epilepsy, autism, and attention deficit disorder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741226'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 268, 'text': 'Increased rates of clinically significant internalizing disorders (obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression) have been demonstrated in males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and a Duchenne muscular dystrophy neuropsychiatric syndrome has been suggested.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29779439'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 183, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'disability. In males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neuropsychiatric disorders have also been observed: attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsi', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29795071'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 720, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in populations with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD).DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to November 2021.STUDY SELECTION: Observational studies of individuals with DMD or BMD that estimated the prevalence of ASDs, ADHD, depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD in each population.DATA EXTRACTION: A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on each outcome and each population (ie, DMD, BM', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839922'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), epilepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 164, 'offsetInEndSection': 369, 'text': 'Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha to inhibit IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, has recently been shown to significantly improve the condition of patients with CRSwNP.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36214075'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Dupilumab is an antibody against interleukin-4 receptor \u03b1, used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34358343'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 711, 'offsetInEndSection': 976, 'text': 'The development of new therapies received great impetus by an ample research of the pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to a new era in the treatment of severe atopic eczema due to targeted treatments, e.g. the IL-4R alpha specific monoclonal antibody dupilumab.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34236520'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 136, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: The human monoclonal antibody dupilumab blocks interleukin (IL)-4 andIL-13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33993501'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 538, 'offsetInEndSection': 806, 'text': ' An emerging therapeutic option is dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody for adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, that inhibits interleukin-4 receptor alpha subunit (IL4-R\u03b1) and the signaling pathways activated by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33588666'}]\n\n\n 'Which interleukins are affected by Dupilumab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody for adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, that inhibits interleukin-4 receptor alpha subunit (IL4-R\u03b1) and the signaling pathways activated by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 120, 'offsetInEndSection': 309, 'text': ' Current approaches to regeneration and tissue engineering of articular cartilage include the use of chondrocytes, stem cells, scaffolds and signals, including morphogens and growth factors', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24710539'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 514, 'offsetInEndSection': 732, 'text': ' Autologous cartilage regeneration is a cell-based therapy in which autogenous chondrocytes or other chondrogenic cells are cultured to constitute cartilaginous tissue according to the principles of tissue engineering.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251544'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'Cartilage engineered from chondrocytes requires a scaffold to keep the cells in the cartilage defect and to act as a support for inducing hyaline cartilage formation ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17454427'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 462, 'offsetInEndSection': 667, 'text': 'To address these challenges, the focus of gene therapy for bone and cartilage repair has shifted in recent years to the use of autologous cells, typically osteocytes or chondrocytes, or their progenitors, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649985'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Articular Cartilage Chondrocytes are more Advantageous for Generating Hyaline-like Cartilage than Mesenchymal Cells Isolated from Microfracture Repairs', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256927'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 126, 'text': 'Influence of gel properties on neocartilage formation by auricular chondrocytes photoencapsulated in hyaluronic acid networks.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 238, 'offsetInEndSection': 307, 'text': 'affect neocartilage formation by encapsulated auricular chondrocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'Transplanting human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronate hydrogel repairs cartilage of osteoarthritis in the minipig model.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease of degenerative joints. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for cartilage regeneration in OA. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 129, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or biological scaffolds have been used to regenerate articular cartilage with varia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30603587'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 130, 'offsetInEndSection': 451, 'text': 'le success. In the present study we evaluated cartilage regeneration using a combination of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, HyalofastTM and/or native cartilage tissue following full thickness surgical cartilage defect in rabbits.METHODS: Full-thickness surgical ablation of the medial-tibial cartilage was performed in New Zealand', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30603587'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 80, 'offsetInEndSection': 604, 'text': 'as increased. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been proposed to be an attractive alternative candidate in the tissue engineering of articular cartilage primarily due to its abundant source, reduced cartilage donor site morbidity, and strong capacity for proliferation and potential to differentiate toward a chondrogenic phenotype.AREAS COVERED: A current overview of human, in vivo, and in vitro evidence on the use of MSCs in cartilage tissue engineering.EXPERT OPINION: We demonstrate robust evidence that MSCs have the', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784026'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1770, 'offsetInEndSection': 2248, 'text': 'In this article, we review the progress on stem cell therapies for arthritic disorders, focusing on the various stem cell populations previously used for cartilage regeneration, successful cases of stem cell therapies in muscle and hemopoietic disorders, some of the reasons why these other fields have been successful (i.e., \"lessons learned\" to be applied to OA stem cell therapy), and finally, novel potential sources of stem cells for regenerating damaged cartilage in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35711627'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 466, 'offsetInEndSection': 623, 'text': 'Here, we provide an overview of the current status of cord blood cells and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from these cells in cartilage regeneration.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30251563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'Combination of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Cartilage Pellet and Bioscaffold Supported Cartilage Regeneration of a Full Thickness Articular Surface Defect in Rabbits.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30603587'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 309, 'offsetInEndSection': 417, 'text': 'The use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage regeneration has been widely investigated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33607469'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': 'Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a good cell source for regeneration of cartilage as they can migrate directly to the site of cartilage injury and differentiate into articular chondrocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759682'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 422, 'text': 'Alginate microbeads containing adipose stem cells (ASCs) pretreated with chondrogenic media have been used successfully to regenerate hyaline cartilage in critical size defects in rat xiphoid suggesting that they may be used to treat defects in elastic cartilages such as the ear.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29766656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 106, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': 'Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000333'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 957, 'offsetInEndSection': 1295, 'text': 'This review briefly summarizes chemokines and growth factors that induce recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells, endogenous cell sources for regenerating cartilage, scaffolds for delivery of bioactive factors, and bioadhesive materials that are necessary to bring about endogenous cartilage repair.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559963'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 87, 'offsetInEndSection': 380, 'text': 'Mesenchymal stem cells derived from synovium have been shown to be a superior cell source for cartilage regeneration to those from other mesenchymal tissues due to their higher rates of colony formation, proliferation potential with autologous serum, and in vitro/vivo chondrogenic potentials.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628803'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': '[Use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for ex vivo cartilage regeneration].', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17333068'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 216, 'offsetInEndSection': 319, 'text': 'Here we show resident fibrocartilage stem cells (FCSCs) can be used to regenerate and repair cartilage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27721375'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27721375'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 684, 'offsetInEndSection': 821, 'text': 'Regenerated cartilage can be derived from various cell types, including chondrocytes, pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637149'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 208, 'offsetInEndSection': 372, 'text': 'There are several cell sources being investigated to promote cartilage regeneration: mature articular chondrocytes, chondrocyte progenitors, and various stem cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018484'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 328, 'offsetInEndSection': 669, 'text': 'In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro characteristics and chondrogenic capacity of some easily available adult cell sources for use in cartilage repair which includes: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), adipose tissue-derived MSC, articular chondrocyte progenitors, and nasal septum-derived progenitors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26507473'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Chondrocytes or adult stem cells for cartilage repair: the indisputable role of growth factors.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 215, 'offsetInEndSection': 319, 'text': ' Here we show resident fibrocartilage stem cells (FCSCs) can be used to regenerate and repair cartilage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27721375'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 174, 'text': 'The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering of hyaline cartilage is a topical area of regenerative medicine that has already entered clinical practice.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829895'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 69, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': ' Currently, ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are used to regenerate the damaged cartilage', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129782'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 612, 'offsetInEndSection': 758, 'text': 'In this investigation, we assessed the chondrogenic ability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to regenerate cartilage in vitro and in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951745'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are primitive cells capable of restoring damaged mesenchyme and with the ability to differentiate into mature cells of bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, nerve or fibrous tissues.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24726343'}]\n\n\n 'What cells are used to regenerate cartilage?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Current approaches to regeneration and tissue engineering of articular cartilage include the use of chondrocytes, stem cells, scaffolds and signals, including morphogens and growth factors."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 405, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications have received increasing attention and have been shown to be extensively involved in kidney development and disease progression. Among them, the most common RNA modification, N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A), has been shown to dynamically and reversibly exert its functions in multiple ways, including splicing, export, decay and translation initiation efficiency to regulate mRNA fate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36196023'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most abundant mammalian mRNA modification. m6A regulates RNA processing, splicing, nucleation, translation and stability by transferring, removing and recognizing m6A methylation sites, which are critical for cancer initiation, progression, metabolism and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36314059'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 259, 'text': 'The methyltransferase-like 3 (Mettl3) is a key component of the large N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex in mammalian responsible for RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, which plays an important role in gene post-transcription modulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34130310'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 116, 'offsetInEndSection': 223, 'text': 'Methylation of the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional epigenetic modification of RNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31188932'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 260, 'text': 'N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic reversible methylation modification of the adenosine N6 position and is the most common chemical epigenetic modification among mRNA post-transcriptional modifications, including methylation, demethylation, and recognition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35032318'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 219, 'offsetInEndSection': 298, 'text': 'N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) is one of the most common modifications on mRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35748227'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is methylation that occurs in the N6-position of adenosine, which is the most prevalent internal modification on eukaryotic mRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31801551'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 182, 'offsetInEndSection': 362, 'text': 'The N6-methyl adenosine (m6A) is an important epigenetic modification primarily present on mRNA that controls the levels of transcripts and efficiency of translation in eukaryotes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867812'}]\n\n\n 'Is adenosine methylation an epigenetic modification?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Adenosine methylation is the most common mammalian epigenetic modification of mRNAs that is directed by a large methyltransferase complex containing Mettl3."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 269, 'text': 'Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS\u00ae) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-TA, a triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension for suprachoroidal use (XIPERE\u00ae), administered via a microneedle-based device, the SCS Microinjector\u00ae. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358'}]\n\n\n 'Which year was XIPERE approved by the FDA?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "XIPERE was approved by the FDA in 2021."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1396, 'offsetInEndSection': 1557, 'text': 'The duration between breastfeeding and heel lance may influence the perception of pain in newborns. Keeping this period short, may reduce the perception of pain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34983147'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 983, 'offsetInEndSection': 1122, 'text': \"Breastfeeding and mother's heartbeat sounds, which are non-pharmacological pain relief methods, are effective in neonatal pain management. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35620884'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1046, 'offsetInEndSection': 1165, 'text': 'The best non-pharmacological methods are breastfeeding followed by non-nutritive sucking coupled with sucrose sucking. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36291504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 868, 'offsetInEndSection': 1045, 'text': ' Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking as primary strategies for pain management in neonates are useful strategies to consider.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36291504'}]\n\n\n 'Can breastfeeding be used to alleviate the procedural pain in neonates?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, breastfeeding is effective for pain management in neonates."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes available data for lenacapavir, an investigational first-in-class agent that disrupts functioning of HIV capsid protein across multiple steps in the viral life cycle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34871187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Lenacapavir (Sunlenca\u00ae) is a long-acting capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type\\xa01 (HIV-1) being developed by Gilead Sciences Inc. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36272024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 301, 'offsetInEndSection': 554, 'text': 'In August 2022, lenacapavir received its first approval in the EU for use in combination with other antiretroviral(s) in adults with multi-drug resistant HIV infection, for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive anti-viral regimen.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36272024'}]\n\n\n 'Can lenacapavir be used for HIV?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, lenacapavir can be used for HIV."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 529, 'offsetInEndSection': 842, 'text': 'Here we report that targeting the codon-optimized form of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin from the archaebacterium Natronomas pharaonis (hereafter abbreviated Halo) to genetically-specified neurons enables them to be silenced reliably, and reversibly, by millisecond-timescale pulses of yellow light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375185'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 661, 'offsetInEndSection': 891, 'text': 'By using Cal-Light to drive expression of the inhibitory receptor halorhodopsin (eNpHR), which responds to yellow light, we temporarily inhibit the lever-pressing behavior, confirming that the labeled neurons mediate the behavior.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650460'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 465, 'offsetInEndSection': 723, 'text': 'We introduced enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a yellow light-sensitive, membrane-targeting chloride pump, into mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by intravitreously injecting an adeno-associated virus serotype-2 vector carrying the CMV-eNpHR-EYFP construct.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483674'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 597, 'offsetInEndSection': 912, 'text': 'Hippocampal pyramidal neurons were transduced in vivo with a virus carrying an enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a yellow light activated chloride pump, and acute seizure progression was then monitored behaviorally and electrophysiologically in the presence and absence of illumination delivered via an optical fiber.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637949'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1223, 'offsetInEndSection': 1360, 'text': 'Similarly, archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) expresses a monovalent Cl- channel protein halorhodopsin that responds to yellow light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905012'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 141, 'offsetInEndSection': 380, 'text': 'Towards achieving this goal, light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated with 480 nm light, and a first generation halorhodopsin (NpHR1.0), an anion pump activated by 580 nm light, have been introduced into hiPSC.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23366158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 485, 'offsetInEndSection': 645, 'text': 'In analogy, other excitable cells can be inhibited by expressing Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) and subsequent illumination with yellow light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815873'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 140, 'offsetInEndSection': 303, 'text': ' Towards achieving this goal, light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated with 480 nm light, and a first generation halorhodopsin (NpHR1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23366158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 441, 'offsetInEndSection': 591, 'text': ' retino-tectal pathway. We introduced enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a yellow light-sensitive, membrane-targeting chloride pump, into mouse retinal g', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483674'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 724, 'offsetInEndSection': 1042, 'text': 'Several weeks after the injection, whole-cell recordings made from sSC neurons in slice preparations revealed that yellow laser illumination of the eNpHR-expressing retino-tectal axons, putatively synapsing onto the recorded cells, effectively inhibited EPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation of the optic nerve layer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483674'}]\n\n\n 'What color light does the the inhibitory receptor halorhodopsin (eNpHR) respond to?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Halorhodopsin responds to yellow light."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'A critical regulatory element in many promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II is the \"TATA\" box, which is located 25-30 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1409643'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 722, 'offsetInEndSection': 921, 'text': 'About 24% of human genes have a TATA-like element and their promoters are generally AT-rich; however, only approximately 10% of these TATA-containing promoters have the canonical TATA box (TATAWAWR).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123746'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'TBP binding to the TATA box induces a specific downstream unwinding site that is targeted by pluramycin.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9383448'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 281, 'text': 'The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is one of the major components of the human TFIID multiprotein complex. It is important in directing the initiation of RNA transcription at a site immediately downstream of the TATA sequence (TATA box) found in many eukaryotic promoters. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9383448'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'The TATA box-binding factor TFIID plays a primary role in the process of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II and its regulation by various gene-specific factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': 'The canonical core promoter elements consist of the TATA box, initiator (Inr), downstream core promoter element (DPE), TFIIB recognition element (BRE) and the newly-discovered motif 10 element (MTE).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16522199'}]\n\n\n 'What regulatory element promotes RNA polymerase II binding as well as the binding of factors that facilitate the unwinding of DNA prior to translation?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Found in about 24% of human gene promoters, the TATA box is a critical regulatory element that is mostly found in genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and as such, recruits this enzyme to the promoter. Additionally, the TATA-binding protein aids in unwinding DNA."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 352, 'offsetInEndSection': 498, 'text': \"We conducted a phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial with 2 doses of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients (9 subjects each cohort)\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 825, 'offsetInEndSection': 920, 'text': 'Nineteen patients enrolled in the trial, and 18 completed all safety and efficacy measurements.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}]\n\n\n 'How many patients with Friedreich's ataxia were included in each cohort of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Each cohort of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001 involved 9 Friedreich's ataxia patients. In total nineteen patients enrolled in the trial, and 18 completed all safety and efficacy measurements."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 127, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) is in the top three list of all dystrophies with an approximate 1:8000 incidence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34315378'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 322, 'text': 'It is present worldwide, with a prevalence of around 4 per 100000 and an incidence of about 1 in 20000. Overall lifespan is not affected significantly.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496633'}]\n\n\n 'What is the incidence of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy has and incidence of 1:8000 to 1:20000."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 513, 'offsetInEndSection': 781, 'text': 'Risdiplam (Evrysdi)-an orally bioavailable, small molecule approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and more recently by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of patients \u22652 months of age with spinal muscular atrophy-is presented here as a case study.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34620695'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'An expanded access program of risdiplam for patients with Type 1 or 2 spinal muscular atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35567422'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 248, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: The US risdiplam expanded access program (EAP; NCT04256265) was opened to provide individuals with Type 1 or 2 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) who had no satisfactory treatment options access to risdiplam prior to commercial availability. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35567422'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 152, 'offsetInEndSection': 560, 'text': 'SMN1 produces SMN, a ubiquitously expressed protein, that is essential for the development and survival of motor neurons. Major advances and developments in SMA therapeutics are shifting the natural history of the disease. With three relatively new available therapies, nusinersen (Spinraza), onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma), and risdiplam (Evrysdi), patients survive longer and have improved outcomes. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35614235'}]\n\n\n 'Risdiplam is used for treatment of which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Risdiplam is approved for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 27, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'To evaluate the predictive value of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and CSF NfL (cNfL) in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) for evidence of disease activity (EDA) and clinical conversion (CC)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36280258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'Neurofilament Light Chain Levels Are Predictive of Clinical Conversion in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36280258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 28, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': 'eurodegeneration and astrocytic activation are pathologic hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be quantified by serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 132, 'text': 'Serum GFAP and NfL Levels Differentiate Subsequent Progression and Disease Activity in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2219, 'offsetInEndSection': 2325, 'text': 'sNfL reflected acute disease activity in patients with MS at high risk of underlying progressive pathology', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2327, 'offsetInEndSection': 2487, 'text': 'Thus, sGFAP and sNfL levels may be used to stratify patients with progressive MS for clinical research studies and clinical trials and may inform clinical care.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Associations between neurofilament light-chain protein, brain structure, and chronic kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34274959'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 350, 'text': 'Neurofilament light-chain (NfL) protein is a blood-based marker of neuroaxonal injury. We sought to (1) compare plasma NfL levels in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy peers, (2) characterize the relationship between NfL level and kidney function, and (3) evaluate NfL as a predictor of abnormal brain structure in CKD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34274959'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1742, 'offsetInEndSection': 1928, 'text': 'Within the CKD sample, NfL level is associated with abnormal kidney function and brain structure. Decreased kidney function may be linked to abnormal neuronal integrity in pediatric CKD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34274959'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 471, 'offsetInEndSection': 644, 'text': 'Using single-molecule array assays, we evaluated longitudinal changes of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and GFAP/NfL levels.R', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34212756'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Serum neurofilament light chain or glial fibrillary acidic protein in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain metastases.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34283286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1394, 'offsetInEndSection': 1633, 'text': 'erum NfL and GFAP could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for BM in patients with lung cancer. We established a model that can provide individual diagnoses of BM. Higher NfL level may be associated with poor prognosis of patients with BM.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34283286'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 410, 'text': \" The 'Frontotemporal dementia-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Spectrum' (FAS) encompasses different phenotypes, including cognitive disorders (frontotemporal dementia, FTD) and/or motor impairments (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS). The aim of this study was to apprehend the specific uses of neurofilaments light chain (NfL) and phosphorylated neurofilaments heavy chain (pNfH) in a context of FAS.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34313819'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 97, 'text': 'Comparative diagnosis interest of NfL and pNfH in CSF and plasma in a context of FTD-ALS spectrum', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34313819'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 87, 'text': 'Neurofilament Light Chain Is a Biomarker of Neurodegeneration in Ataxia Telangiectasia.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33893614'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1014, 'offsetInEndSection': 1122, 'text': 'NfL is a new potential progression biomarker in blood for neurodegeneration in A-T which increases with age.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33893614'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': ' The neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a versatile biomarker for CNS-diseases and is approaching clinical use.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759425'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': ': Serum neurofilament light (sNfL) chain is a promising biomarker reflecting neuro-axonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658739'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Serum neurofilament light chain concentration predicts disease worsening in multiple sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658739'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1179, 'offsetInEndSection': 1352, 'text': 'Serum NfL concentration was the only factor associated with disease worsening, indicating that sNfL is a useful biomarker in MS that might be relevant in a clinical setting.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35658739'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 257, 'text': 'Patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may develop progressive neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (ND-CNS-LCH). Neurofilament light protein (NFL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a promising biomarker to detect and monitor ND-CNS-LCH.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35582775'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Screening for neurodegeneration in Langerhans cell histiocytosis with neurofilament light in plasma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35582775'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 541, 'offsetInEndSection': 705, 'text': 'Thus, our results suggest that p-NFL may be used to screen for ND-CNS-LCH. Further studies are encouraged, including the role of p-NFL for monitoring of ND-CNS-LCH.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35582775'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'Elevated serum Neurofilament Light chain (NfL) as a potential biomarker of neurological involvement in Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1).', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35575811'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 666, 'offsetInEndSection': 836, 'text': 'Circulating Neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels have been recognized as a sensitive prognostic and monitoring biomarker of neuroaxonal damage in various CNS disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35575811'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 147, 'text': 'Neurofilament light chain and total tau in the differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of acute and chronic inflammatory polyneuropathies.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35638376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 24, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of axonal injury biomarkers in patients with inflammatory polyneuropathies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35638376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 709, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that the plasma concentration of the neurofilament light chain (NfL) might be considered a plasma biomarker for the screening of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD).METHODS: With a single molecule array method (Simoa, Quanterix), plasma NfL concentrations were measured in 99\\xa0subjects with AD at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI-AD; n\\u2009=\\u200925) or at the stage of early dementia (ADD; n\\u2009=\\u200933), and in nondemented controls (n\\u2009=\\u200941); in all patients, the clinical diagnoses were in accordance with the results of the four core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2)1-42, A\u03b242/40, Tau, and pTau181), interpreted according to the Erla\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30055655'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 110, 'offsetInEndSection': 418, 'text': 'The levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma have been related to degeneration in several neurodegenerative conditions including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and NfL is currently considered as the most promising diagnostic and prognostic fluid biomarker in FTD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33108404'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': \"Plasma neurofilament light as a potential biomarker of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30055655'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': \"Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a marker of brain atrophy and predictor of disease progression in rare diseases such as Huntington Disease, but also in more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33636389'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1634, 'offsetInEndSection': 1715, 'text': 'In conclusion, NfL plasma levels are elevated during ECM confirming brain damage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35750882'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'Neurofilament light chain plasma levels are associated with area of brain damage in experimental cerebral malaria.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35750882'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 277, 'text': 'Background: Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is an axonal cytoskeletal protein that is released into the extracellular space following neuronal or axonal injury associated with neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and oth', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35959400'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 191, 'offsetInEndSection': 345, 'text': ' Increased levels of circulating neurofilament light chain (NfL), a biomarker of neuro-axonal injury, have been observed in patients with severe COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35075461'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 374, 'offsetInEndSection': 661, 'text': 'Our results shown that plasma NfL levels increased with an increase in cognitive impairment across the three groups of PD patients: PD with normal cognition (PD-NC), 17.9\\xa0\u00b1\\xa08.9\\xa0pg/ml; PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI),21.9\\xa0\u00b1\\xa010.3\\xa0pg/ml; and PD dementia (PDD), 35.7\\xa0\u00b1\\xa021.7\\xa0pg/ml.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34311152'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 194, 'offsetInEndSection': 330, 'text': \" In Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurofilament light chain (NFL), a neurofilament subunit, is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29630554'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1749, 'offsetInEndSection': 1846, 'text': 'the CKD sample, NfL level is associated with abnormal kidney function and brain structure. Decrea', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34274959'}]\n\n\n 'Please list the diseases associated with elevations in the plasma Neurofilament Light chain (NfL).'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a biomarker of neurodegeneration and is associated with many diseases such as MS, CKD, Ataxia telangiectasia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and acute and chronic inflammatory polyneuropathies"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 290, 'text': 'Accessible chromatin often represents gene regulatory elements, including promoters and enhancers, essential for gene expression. Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) is one of the most popular techniques to investigate chromatin accessibility across the genome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36173566'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 767, 'text': 'Functional cis-regulatory elements (CREs) act as precise transcriptional switches for fine-tuning gene transcription. Identification of CREs is critical for understanding regulatory mechanisms of gene expression associated with various biological processes in eukaryotes. It is well known that CREs reside in open chromatin that exhibits hypersensitivity to enzyme cleavage and physical shearing. Currently, high-throughput methodologies, such as DNase-seq, ATAC-seq, and FAIRE-seq, have been widely applied in mapping open chromatin in various eukaryotic genomes. More recently, differential MNase (micrococcal nuclease) treatment has been successfully employed to map open chromatin in addition to profiling nucleosome landscape in both mammalian and plant species.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36264486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': \"Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) originating from Staphylococcus aureus is a calcium dependent ribo- and desoxyribonuclease which has endo- and exonucleolytic activity of low sequence preference. MNase is widely used to analyze nucleosome positions in chromatin by probing the enzyme's DNA accessibility in limited digestion reactions.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35796986'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1120, 'offsetInEndSection': 1384, 'text': 'In this review, we discuss techniques for determining DNA accessibility and nucleosome positioning (DNase-seq, FAIRE-seq, MNase-seq, and ATAC-seq) and techniques for detecting and functionally characterizing chromatin-bound proteins (ChIP-seq, DamID, and CUT&RUN).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31776829'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 520, 'text': 'Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies and accompanying reductions in cost have led to an explosion of techniques to examine DNA accessibility and protein localization on chromatin genome-wide. Generally, accessible regions of chromatin are permissive for factor binding and are therefore hotspots for regulation of gene expression; conversely, genomic regions that are highly occupied by histone proteins are not permissive for factor binding and are less likely to be active regulatory regions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31776829'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'The ATAC-seq assay has emerged as the most useful, versatile, and widely adaptable method for profiling accessible chromatin regions and tracking the activity of cis-regulatory elements (cREs) in eukaryotes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 356, 'offsetInEndSection': 655, 'text': 'We have developed a method for profiling the accessibility of individual chromatin fibers, a single-molecule long-read accessible chromatin mapping sequencing assay (SMAC-seq), enabling the simultaneous, high-resolution, single-molecule assessment of chromatin states at multikilobase length scales.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32042188'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 327, 'offsetInEndSection': 509, 'text': 'Recently, ATAC-seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing) has emerged as one of the most powerful approaches for genome-wide chromatin accessibility profiling.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30948010'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing data (ATAC-seq) is an efficient and precise method for revealing chromatin accessibility across the genome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33584814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 260, 'text': 'We previously developed a single-cell DNase-seq assay (scDNase-seq) to profile accessible chromatin in a limited number of single cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33693880'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 688, 'offsetInEndSection': 770, 'text': 'DNase-seq and the more recent ATAC-seq are two assays that are gaining popularity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27008018'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 510, 'offsetInEndSection': 691, 'text': 'This method assesses DNA accessibility using hyperactive Tn5 transposase, which simultaneously cuts DNA and inserts sequencing adaptors, preferentially in regions of open chromatin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30948010'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 178, 'offsetInEndSection': 426, 'text': 'For example, assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) identifies nucleosome-depleted (open) chromatin, which harbors potentially active gene regulatory sequences; and bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) quantifies DNA methylation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31160376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Characterization of chromatin accessibility with a transposome hypersensitive sites sequencing (THS-seq) assay.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26846207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 343, 'offsetInEndSection': 471, 'text': 'We present a transposome hypersensitive sites sequencing assay for highly sensitive characterization of chromatin accessibility.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26846207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 145, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'DNase I and Tn5 transposase assays require thousands to millions of fresh cells for comprehensive chromatin mapping.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26846207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) provides a simple and scalable way to detect the unique chromatin landscape associated with a cell type and how it may be altered by perturbation or disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35478247'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq) is a method to investigate the accessibility of chromatin in a genome-wide fashion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34382186'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 189, 'text': 'The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) has become the preferred method for mapping chromatin accessibility due to its time and input material efficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213349'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 200, 'text': 'Chromatin accessibility profiling assays such as ATAC-seq and DNase1-seq offer the opportunity to rapidly characterize the regulatory state of the genome at a single nucleotide resolution.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30064353'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 186, 'offsetInEndSection': 414, 'text': \"Chromatin accessibility experiments such as DNaseI sequencing (DNase-seq) and Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) produce genome-wide data that include distinct 'footprint' patterns at binding sites.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27993786'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common assays to profile chromatin accessibility?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies and accompanying reductions in cost have led to an explosion of techniques to examine chromatin accessibility genome-wide. Generally, accessible regions of chromatin are permissive for factor binding and are therefore hotspots for regulation of gene expression. Therefore, identification of these regions is critical for understanding regulatory mechanisms of gene expression associated with various biological processes in eukaryotes.\n\nCurrently, high-throughput methodologies, such as DNase-seq, ATAC-seq, FAIRE-seq, and MNase-seq have been widely applied in mapping open chromatin in various eukaryotic genomes."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 352, 'offsetInEndSection': 651, 'text': \"We conducted a phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial with 2 doses of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients (9 subjects each cohort). Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive either RT001 (1.8 or 9.0 g/day), or a matching dose of nondeuterated ethyl linoleate as comparator for 28 days.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}]\n\n\n 'What doses of RT001 were used in the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of Friedreich's ataxia patients?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "In the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients two doses of the drug were evaluated 1.8 or 9.0 g/day."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1037, 'offsetInEndSection': 1129, 'text': 'The tools used to control pain in infants in the article included PIPP,NFCS,NIPS AND NPASS. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35410609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 98, 'offsetInEndSection': 226, 'text': 'The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) and the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) are valid measures of pain. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35362716'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 526, 'offsetInEndSection': 758, 'text': 'Fifteen bedside nurses trained to use the N-PASS and the NIPS prospectively completed 202 pain/agitation and sedation assessments from a convenience sample of 88 infants, including chronically ventilated, medically fragile infants. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35362716'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'The present study evaluated the correlation of Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), with changes in cerebral oxygenation (\u0394crSO2; measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) in preterm infants during acute painful procedures (heel lance and venepuncture).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36271296'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 427, 'offsetInEndSection': 523, 'text': 'A cornerstone in pain assessment is the use of scales such as COMFORT, PIPP-R, NIPS and N-PASS. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36291504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 79, 'offsetInEndSection': 379, 'text': 'The aim of this study was to assess the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), Douleur Aigu\u00eb du Nouveau-n\u00e9 (DAN) scale, Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), and Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) in premature infants undergoing heel blood collection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32599608'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 462, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: Practical, valid and reliable pain measuring tools in neonates are required in clinical practice for effective pain management and prevention of the evaluator bias.METHODS: This prospective study was designed to cross-validate three pain scales: CRIES (cry, requires O(2), increased vital signs, expression, sleeplessness), CHIPPS (children's and infants' postoperative pain scale) and NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) in terms of validity, reliabil\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885171'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2163, 'offsetInEndSection': 2517, 'text': \"natal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale perform better in reliability. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale appears to be a better choice for frontier nurses to assess procedural pain in ventilated neonates based on its good feasibility, utility and nurses' preference.RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Choosing a valid, reliable, feasible and\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29945293'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 542, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To temporally assess a painful stimulus in premature infants using 3 neonatal pain scales.METHODS: A total of 83 premature infants were observed during airway aspiration by 3 evaluators (E1, E2 and E3) using 3 pain assessment scales (Neonatal Facial Coding System - NFCS; Neonatal Infant Pain Scale - NIPS; and Premature Infant Pain Profile - PIPP) at 5 time points: T1 (before airway aspiration), T2 (during airway aspiration), T3 (1 minute after airway aspiration), T4 (3 minutes after airway aspiration), and T5 (5 minutes after', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32401971'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 737, 'offsetInEndSection': 946, 'text': \"e frequently than Norwegian units. The most frequently used scales were different versions of Astrid Lindgren's Pain Scale (ALPS) in Sweden and Echelle Douleur Inconfort Noveau-Ne (EDIN), ALPS and Premature In\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29282767'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1766, 'offsetInEndSection': 2162, 'text': 'r than those of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale was mostly preferred by 55.9% of the nurses, followed by the Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (23.5%) and the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (20.6%).CONCLUSIONS: The three scales are all reliable and valid, but the Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale and the Ne', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29945293'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 247, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated neonatal pain scales during procedures commonly performed in a neonatal intensive care unit.DESIGN: Evaluated were the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), the Comfort scale, and a new scale known as the Scale for Use', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9535312'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 288, 'offsetInEndSection': 517, 'text': 'uded in the study. Video recordings of infants during heel prick blood sampling were evaluated by two observers according to the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), and the Douleur Aigu\u00eb d', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 616, 'offsetInEndSection': 832, 'text': 'Pain was assessed using indicators from three previously established scales (CRIES, the Premature Infant Pain Profile, and the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale), as well as the COVERS Scale, depending upon gestational age.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20976299'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': '[Measures for the assessment of pain in neonates as well as a comparison between the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN) with the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)].', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747965'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 427, 'offsetInEndSection': 522, 'text': 'A cornerstone in pain assessment is the use of scales such as COMFORT, PIPP-R, NIPS and N-PASS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36291504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1783, 'offsetInEndSection': 1933, 'text': 'he Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale was mostly preferred by 55.9% of the nurses, followed by th', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29945293'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common pain scales used to measure pain in neonates?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common pain scales used to measure pain in neonates are the following: Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP), Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (NPASS), COMFORT and Douleur Aigu\u00eb du Nouveau-n\u00e9 (DAN)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2858, 'offsetInEndSection': 2995, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Prehospital treatment with transdermal GTN does not seem to improve functional outcome in patients with presumed stroke. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30738649'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1718, 'offsetInEndSection': 1823, 'text': 'Conclusions- Prehospital treatment with GTN worsened outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31587658'}]\n\n\n 'Was prehospital transdermal glyceryl trinitrate effective for stroke in the RIGHT-2 trial?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. Prehospital treatment with transdermal glyceryl trinitrate did not improve functional outcome in patients with presumed stroke."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an intronic guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet expansion in the frataxin (FXN) gene, which leads to reduced expression of full-length frataxin (1-210) also known as isoform 1. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 147, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited, multisystemic disorder predominantly caused by GAA hyper expansion in intron 1 of frataxin (FXN) gene. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35663795'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia, the most common hereditary ataxia, is a neuro- and cardio-degenerative disorder caused, in most cases, by decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36107856'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 133, 'text': \"Simultaneous Quantification of Mitochondrial Mature Frataxin and Extra-Mitochondrial Frataxin Isoform E in Friedreich's Ataxia Blood.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1338, 'offsetInEndSection': 1454, 'text': 'We now report a quantitative assay for frataxin proteoforms in whole blood from healthy controls and FRDA patients. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1925, 'offsetInEndSection': 2122, 'text': 'The mean levels of mature frataxin in whole blood from healthy controls and homozygous FRDA patients were significantly different (p < 0.0001) at 7.5 \u00b1 1.5 ng/mL and 2.1 \u00b1 1.2 ng/mL, respectively. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2315, 'offsetInEndSection': 2511, 'text': 'he mean levels of total frataxin in whole blood from healthy controls and homozygous FRDA patients were significantly different (p < 0.0001) at 34.2 \u00b1 4.3 ng/mL and 6.8 \u00b1 4.0 ng/mL, respectively. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is caused by mutations in the FRDA gene that encodes frataxin, a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a homozygous GAA repeat expansion mutation in intron 1 of the frataxin gene (FXN), which instigates reduced transcription.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582297'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is a rare neuro-cardiodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the frataxin (FXN) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35038030'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia, characterized by decreased expression of frataxin protein, is caused by GAA trinucleotide repeats within intron 1 in 98% of patients.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31020006'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the frataxin (FXN) gene.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30159187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 315, 'text': 'Most patients are homozygous for the expansion of a GAA triplet repeat within the FRDA gene, but a few patients show compound heterozygosity for a point mutation and the GAA-repeat expansion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease that is caused by guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) nucleotide repeat expansions in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32291635'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessively inherited ataxia, is due to a homozygous GAA triplet repeat expansion in the first intron of the FRDA gene in about 96% of patients.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15340363'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is due to loss of function mutations in the gene encoding frataxin (FRDA).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241270'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease, is the most common of the inherited ataxias.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': \"Mutations in Frataxin (FXN) cause Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27343351'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 148, 'text': 'The genetic mutation in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a hyperexpansion of the triplet-repeat sequence GAA\u00b7TTC within the first intron of the FXN gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798143'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 415, 'offsetInEndSection': 575, 'text': \"The expansion of a GAA triplet repeat within the first intron of the frataxin gene, which causes Friedreich's ataxia, was not identified in any of the patients.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, resulting in decreased frataxin expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624801'}]\n\n\n 'What gene is mutated in Friedreich's ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited, multisystemic disorder predominantly caused by GAA hyper expansion in intron 1 of the frataxin (FXN) gene"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 141, 'text': 'The Effects of Two Nrf2 Activators, Bardoxolone Methyl and Omaveloxolone, on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival during Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 690, 'offsetInEndSection': 853, 'text': 'Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an activator of Nrf2 and an inhibitor of NF\u03baB, possessing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in mitochondrial bioenergetics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098'}]\n\n\n 'Is omaveloxolone a suppressor of Nrf2?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, omaveloxolone is an activator of Nrf2."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1377, 'offsetInEndSection': 1604, 'text': 'We observed the increase in SC concentrations in response to painful stimulus. The presence of a correlation between NIPS scores and SC increase suggests that SC can be used as an objective parameter to assess pain in neonates.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36282969'}]\n\n\n 'Can salivary cortisol be used to evaluate pain in neonates?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, salivary cortisol concentrations can be used to evaluate pain in neonates."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2743, 'offsetInEndSection': 2938, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: The addition of nintedanib to chemotherapy was safe but did not improve the rate of pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.FUNDING: Boehringer Ingelheim.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35421369'}]\n\n\n 'Does nintedanib improve response rate in patients with bladder cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. The addition of nintedanib to chemotherapy was safe but did not improve the rate of pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 254, 'offsetInEndSection': 494, 'text': 'Three types of nucleic acid-based gene silencing molecules can be distinguished, including DNA-base antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), nucleic acid enzymes (ribozyme and DNAzyme) and double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA or microRNA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18508540'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 228, 'offsetInEndSection': 545, 'text': 'Antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic single stranded strings of nucleic acids that bind to RNA and thereby alter or reduce expression of the target RNA while siRNAs, on the other hand, are double-stranded RNA molecules which can hybridize with a specific mRNA sequence and block the translation of numerous genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28064104'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 176, 'offsetInEndSection': 415, 'text': 'However, in practice the term \"antisense\" has been used to describe single stranded oligonucleotides (ss ASOs) designed to hybridize to RNAswhile the term \"siRNA\" has come to mean double stranded oligonucleotides designed to activate Ago2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32800852'}]\n\n\n 'What is the difference between siRNA and Antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "DNA-base antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) arw single stranded in contrast to double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA or microRNA)"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Preliminary evaluation of YUTIQ\u2122 (fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 0.18\\xa0mg) in posterior uveitis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31663454'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 568, 'offsetInEndSection': 792, 'text': 'This article will review the pharmacology and preliminary clinical data of the 0.18\\xa0mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (YUTIQ\u2122), to show its efficacy and safety in the treatment of noninfectious posterior uveitis', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31663454'}]\n\n\n 'What is Yutiq?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yutiq is a 0.18 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (YUTIQ\u2122) used in the treatment of noninfectious posterior uveitis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD/Duchenne) is a progressive X-linked muscular disease with an overall incidence of 1:5,000 live male births.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562557'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 966, 'offsetInEndSection': 1094, 'text': 'The cumulative incidence of disease was 19.7 per 100,000 male live births and 1 in 5076 live born males were diagnosed with DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35754057'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 209, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetically determined disease, linked to the X chromosome, c haracterized clinically by producing progressive muscle weakness, with an incidence of 1 per 3500-6000 males born.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603849'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive wasting disease of skeletal and cardiac muscles, representing one of the most common recessive fatal inherited genetic diseases with 1:3500-1:5000 in yearly incidence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386334'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy, with an incidence of 1/3300 male live births and a prevalence rate in the total population of 3/10000', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996334'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy is a severe, recessive, X-linked neuromuscular disease with an incidence of 1/3500 (Duchenne type) and 1/30,000 (Becker type) in newborn boys.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055393'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 283, 'offsetInEndSection': 474, 'text': 'Statistics Canada data on annual male births in Nova Scotia were obtained for each year.The overall incidence of 1 per 4700 male births remained stable during the 30-year period of the study.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080524'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 214, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern and occurs at an incidence of 1 in 3500 male births, which means that it is a so-called \"orphan\" or rare disease (frequency < 1/2000).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common fatal muscle disease, with an estimated incidence of 1/3500-1/5000 male births, and it is associated with mutations in the X-linked DMD gene encoding dystrophin, the largest known human gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36012442'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 117, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common inherited disease with a worldwide incidence of 1 in 3,500 male births.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629099'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common and severe X-linked disorders with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 newborn males.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7705851'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 701, 'offsetInEndSection': 955, 'text': 'The cumulative birth incidence of Becker muscular dystrophy (at least 1 in 18 450 male live births) was about one third that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1 in 5618 male live births), suggesting that the disorder is more common than previously thought.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1673177'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 57, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'scular dystrophy in childhood, with a worldwide incidence of one in 5000 live male births. It is due to mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to ab', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28802771'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy, with an incidence of 1/3300 male live births and a prevalence rate in the total population of 3/100000 individuals', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996334'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 577, 'offsetInEndSection': 727, 'text': 'ur region too. The incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy was 1 in 4827 liveborn boys. The figure is in the range of the published data of the incid', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7922631'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 408, 'text': 'ular dystrophies the authors estimate the incidence of DMD at 1/6500 living new born boys. The number of false positives (1,5 p. 1000) is little and, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7334342'}]\n\n\n 'What is the incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is approximately 1:5,000 live male births"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib in patients with melanoma with CNS metastases (TRICOTEL): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35940183'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 349, 'offsetInEndSection': 1031, 'text': 'METHODS: TRICOTEL was a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study done in two cohorts: a BRAFV600 wild-type cohort and a BRAFV600 mutation-positive cohort, recruited at 21 hospitals and oncology centres in Brazil, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with previously untreated metastatic melanoma, CNS metastases of 5 mm or larger in at least one dimension, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or less. Patients in the BRAFV600 wild-type cohort received intravenous atezolizumab (840 mg, days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle) plus oral cobimetinib (60 mg once daily, days 1-21). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35940183'}]\n\n\n 'Which drugs were studied in the TRICOTEL study?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "TRICOTEL trial studied atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib in patients with melanoma with CNS metastases."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid (AF) is created by the flow of fluid from the fetal lung and bladder and reabsorbed in part by fetal swallowing and partly by the transfer across the amnion to the fetal circulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22425592'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid contains large amounts of proteins produced by amnion epithelial cells, fetal tissues, fetal excretions and placental tissues; thus, it is an important potential source of biomarkers for identifying fetal pathologies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29684686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 401, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid (AF), routinely used for prenatal diagnosis, contains large amounts of proteins produced by the amnion epithelial cells, fetal tissues, fetal excretions and placental tissuesAlthough many amniotic fluid proteins have been identified and are currently used to detect potential fetal anomalies, little is known about the functions of these proteins and how they interact with one another.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22439042'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 225, 'offsetInEndSection': 304, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid is created by the flow of fluid from the fetal lung and bladder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254633'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 155, 'offsetInEndSection': 255, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid is produced by fetal urines with small aliquots from fetal membranes and lung fluids.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301291'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 331, 'offsetInEndSection': 482, 'text': 'As fetal urine and perhaps lung liquid combine to produce amniotic fluid, maternal dehydration may affect the amniotic fluid volume and/or composition.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2286751'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 225, 'offsetInEndSection': 304, 'text': 'Amniotic fluid is created by the flow of fluid from the fetal lung and bladder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303237'}]\n\n\n 'How is amniotic fluid produced?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Amniotic fluid (AF) is created by the flow of fluid from the fetal lung and bladder and reabsorbed in part by fetal swallowing and partly by the transfer across the amnion to the fetal circulation."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 109, 'text': 'Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the Treatment of Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: History and Current Status.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274226'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'In the past decades, the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, especially for intermediate and high-risk groups, is increasingly accepted by multiple guidelines. Currently, the front-line setting for the high-risk group is still intravesical BCG instillation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274226'}]\n\n\n 'Which cancer is the BCG vaccine used for?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is used for the teatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 211, 'offsetInEndSection': 398, 'text': 'Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) include dystroglycanopathies, merosin-deficient CMD, collagen VI-deficient CMD, SELENON-related rigid spine muscular dystrophy, and LMNA-related CMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562158'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 190, 'offsetInEndSection': 451, 'text': 'This chapter reviews the most common forms of congenital muscular dystrophies, including laminin \u03b1-2 (merosin) deficiency, Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, fukutin-related proteinopathy, rigid spine syndrome, and glycosylation disorders of \u03b1-dystroglycan.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622361'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 290, 'text': 'OBJECTIVES: The collagen VI related muscular dystrophies (COL6-RD), Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) and Bethlem myopathy (BM) are among the most common congenital muscular dystrophies and are characterized by distal joint laxity and a combination of distal and proximal joint c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29244830'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 521, 'offsetInEndSection': 887, 'text': 'g more heavily on genetic findings. This article reviews the clinical and genetic features of the most common congenital muscular dystrophies including laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2)-related (merosin deficient), collagen VI-related, and \u03b1-dystroglycan-related congenital muscular dystrophies and reviews the most common congenital myopathies including nemaline rod,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794464'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 630, 'offsetInEndSection': 871, 'text': 'In this review, we summarize the clinical features of two of the most common congenital muscular dystrophies, COL6-related dystrophies and LAMA2-related dystrophies, which are caused by mutations in muscle ECM and basement membrane proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29933045'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 334, 'offsetInEndSection': 441, 'text': 'Mutations in LAMA2 cause the most common type of congenital muscular dystrophies, called LAMA2 MD or MDC1A.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29191403'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 258, 'text': 'Dystroglycanopathies are a clinically and genetically diverse group of recessively inherited conditions ranging from the most severe of the congenital muscular dystrophies, Walker-Warburg syndrome, to mild forms of adult-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288328'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 192, 'text': 'Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A), the most common congenital muscular dystrophy in Western countries, is caused by recessive mutations in LAMA2, the gene encoding laminin alpha 2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568901'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 607, 'offsetInEndSection': 784, 'text': ' most common forms were those with \u03b1-dystroglycan glycosylation deficiency (40.18%) followed by those with laminin \u03b12 deficiency (24.11%) and collagen VI deficiency (20.24%). Th', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653289'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 558, 'offsetInEndSection': 924, 'text': 'his article reviews the clinical and genetic features of the most common congenital muscular dystrophies including laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2)-related (merosin deficient), collagen VI-related, and \u03b1-dystroglycan-related congenital muscular dystrophies and reviews the most common congenital myopathies including nemaline rod, core, and centronuclear myopathies. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794464'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 217, 'text': \"Congenital LAMA2 related muscular dystrophy (LAMA2-RD), the most commonly recognized type of congenital muscular dystrophies, has been described in patients' cohorts from Europe and the UK but not from Middle-Eastern.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32444167'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 386, 'offsetInEndSection': 536, 'text': 's and degeneration apparent at birth or in the first 6 months of life. LAMA2 MD is the most common congenital muscular dystrophy, affecting approximat', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31308722'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in the Japanese population, characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy in combination with cortical dysgenesis (micropolygyria).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10734260'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 157, 'offsetInEndSection': 307, 'text': 's in Laminin a2. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 338-341. Laminin \u03b12 related congenital muscular dystrophy is one of the most common congenital muscular dyst', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29376585'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': 'LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy (MDC1A), the most commonly recognized type of congenital muscular dystrophies, is a severe neonatal onset muscle disease caused by recessive mutations in the LAMA2 gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36334577'}]\n\n\n 'What are the most common congenital muscular dystrophies?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The most common congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are the following: dystroglycanopathies, merosin-deficient CMDs, collagen VI-deficient CMDs and LMNA-related CMDs."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 55, 'text': 'Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 199, 'offsetInEndSection': 345, 'text': 'In the phase 1 dose-defining portion of the study, teclistamab showed promising efficacy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1946, 'offsetInEndSection': 2102, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Teclistamab resulted in a high rate of deep and durable response in patients with triple-class-exposed relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 105, 'text': 'Translational Modeling Predicts Efficacious Therapeutic Dosing Range of Teclistamab for Multiple Myeloma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35749004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Teclistamab (JNJ-64007957), a B-cell maturation antigen \u00d7 CD3 bispecific antibody, displayed potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35749004'}]\n\n\n 'What disease can be treated with Teclistamab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Teclistamab can be used for Multiple Myeloma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 205, 'text': 'Nonlinear laser wave-mixing spectroscopy is demonstrated as a fast and sensitive detection method for heart-failure biomarkers, pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36152606'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 380, 'text': 'Natriuretic peptides are biomarkers of myocardial stress and are frequently elevated among patients with severe respiratory illnesses, typically in the absence of elevated cardiac-filling pressures or clinical heart failure. Elevation of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP is associated with worse outcomes among patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33520785'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'Natriuretic peptides (NPs, B-type natriuretic peptide /BNP and NT-proBNP) are universally used biomarkers with established cut-points to aid in the diagnosis of heart failure (HF).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33002457'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 272, 'offsetInEndSection': 508, 'text': 'Eight natriuretic peptides have been described so far: ANP, BNP, CNP, DNP, urodilatin, uroguanylin, osteocrin, musculin and three receptors: NPR-A, NPR-B and NPR-C thanks to which these hormones accomplish their physiological functions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33130802'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34871602'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 242, 'text': 'Natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and C-type natriuretic peptide) are cardiac and vascular peptides with vasodilatory, diuretic, natriuretic, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antimitogenic actions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16548773'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 135, 'offsetInEndSection': 411, 'text': 'There are four different groups NPs identified till date [atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide, a D-type natriuretic peptide (DNP)], each with its own characteristic functions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide family comprises atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP), and urodilatin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17965966'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'The natriuretic system consists of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and four other similar peptides including the wrongly named brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23776857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide family is comprised of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide - DNP and urodilatin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747125'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 200, 'text': 'Four major natriuretic peptides have been isolated: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and Dendroaspis-type natriuretic peptide (DNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703404'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 315, 'text': 'Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) consist of a family of peptides (atrial natriuretic factor [ANF], long acting natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, urodilatin, brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], and C type natriuretic peptide [CNP]) which are synthesized within the heart, except for urodilatin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189309'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'Since the discovery of the natriuretic effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a family of other natriuretic peptides similar to ANP were isolated, including atriopeptin, vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide, urodilatin, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) to name a few.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11339846'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 364, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide system is a complicated system comprising at least three endogenous peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and C-type natriuretic peptide) and three receptors [the atrial natriuretic peptide-A receptor (guanylyl cyclase A), the atrial natriuretic peptide-B receptor (guanylyl cyclase B) and the clearance receptor].', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8834155'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 170, 'offsetInEndSection': 332, 'text': '126 amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108 amino acid B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and 103 amino acid C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) prohormones).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487258'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 336, 'offsetInEndSection': 707, 'text': \"The recent description of the C-type peptide CNP, the major brain-derived peptide, has suggested that original studies examining the endocrine actions of the natriuretic peptides using A-type (ANP) or B-type (BNP) isoforms might have underestimated some of the biopotency of the natriuretic peptides or even failed to detect the full spectrum of the family's bioactivity.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18407084'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 274, 'offsetInEndSection': 496, 'text': 'The NP family includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, 28AA), urodilatin (INN: Ularitide, 32 AA), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP, 32AA), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, 22AA), and D-type natriuretic peptide (DNP, 38AA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149542'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Atrial cardiocytes in the heart of mammals produce in a regulated manner the polypeptide hormones atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 165, 'text': 'Three types of natriuretic peptides (NP) have been isolated: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506340'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29859763'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 169, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': 'The family consists of an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and a brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) of myocardial cell origin, a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) of endothelial origin, and a urodilatin (Uro) which is processed from a prohormone ANP in the kidney.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961205'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 229, 'text': 'Natriuretic peptides family consists of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), while receptors for these natriuretic peptides comprise at least three subtypes, i.e.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8392634'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Natriuretic peptide family consists of several hormones produced by cardiomyocyte, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382054'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 96, 'offsetInEndSection': 299, 'text': 'Four types of natriuretic peptides have been found thus far: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 351, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptides - atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide - comprise a family of proteins that participate in the integrated control of intravascular volume and arterial blood pressure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11476733'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'The natriuretic peptide family consists of three members: atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7496058'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 128, 'offsetInEndSection': 293, 'text': 'They consist of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide and are elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12783635'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 229, 'text': 'Cardiac natriuretic peptides (including ANP, BNP, CNP and urodilatin) constitute a family of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, sharing similar chemical structure (characterized by a cysteine bridge) and biological function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565701'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 183, 'offsetInEndSection': 333, 'text': ' that activate receptor guanylate cyclases, namely, natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-A and NPR-B. Exposure of cells to atrial natriuretic peptide (A', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8967430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: In mammals, the natriuretic system contains three natriuretic peptides, NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, that bind to three transmembrane receptors, NPR1, NPR2 and NPR3', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31771521'}]\n\n\n 'Please list the natriuretic peptides.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Natriuretic peptides (NPs, B-type natriuretic peptide /BNP and NT-proBNP) are universally used biomarkers with established cut-points to aid in the diagnosis of heart failure (HF)"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'Neuronal-specific microexon splicing of TAF1 mRNA is directly regulated by SRRM4/nSR100.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31559909'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 688, 'offsetInEndSection': 964, 'text': \"Knockdown and ectopic expression experiments demonstrate that the neuronal-specific splicing factor SRRM4/nSR100 promotes the inclusion of microexon 34' into TAF1\\xa0mRNA, through the recognition of UGC sequences in the poly-pyrimidine tract upstream of the regulated microexon. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31559909'}]\n\n\n 'Does SRRM4 regulate neuronal-specific microexon splicing of TAF1 mRNA?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Neuronal-specific microexon splicing of TAF1 mRNA is directly regulated by SRRM4/nSR100."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 544, 'offsetInEndSection': 811, 'text': 'FSHD type 1 (FSHD1) is due to a deletion on chromosome 4q, leading to hypomethylation and derepression of DUX4. FSHD type 2 (FSHD2) is due to mutations in SMCHD1 with resulting hypomethylation of the same subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q and derepression of DUX4.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 448, 'offsetInEndSection': 677, 'text': 'The molecular genetics of FSHD are complex, with current understanding focusing on epigenetic effects related to contraction-dependent (FSHD1) and contraction-independent (FSHD2) effects of a hypomethylated repeat sequence (D4Z4)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496633'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 371, 'offsetInEndSection': 585, 'text': 'In FSHD1, partial deletion of the D4Z4 repeats on the 4th chromosome affects the expression of DUX4, whereas FSHD2 is caused by the mutations in the protein regulating the methylation status of chromatin - SMCHD1. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 213, 'offsetInEndSection': 370, 'text': 'There are two types of the disease: FSHD1 (MIM:158900) and FSHD2 (MIM: 158901), which have different genetic causes but are phenotypically indistinguishable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}]\n\n\n 'What is the difference between Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) and type 2 (FSHD2)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "FSHD type 1 (FSHD1) and FSHD type 2 (FSHD2) have different genetic causes but are phenotypically indistinguishable. FSHD1 is caused by a deletion on chromosome 4q, leading to hypomethylation and derepression of DUX4. FSHD type 2 (FSHD2) is due to mutations in SMCHD1 with resulting hypomethylation of the same subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q and derepression of DUX4."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 164, 'offsetInEndSection': 279, 'text': 'In ECOSPOR III, SER-109, an investigational oral microbiome therapeutic, was superior to placebo in reducing rCDI. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35789381'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'SER-109, an Oral Microbiome Therapy for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35045228'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 197, 'offsetInEndSection': 343, 'text': 'SER-109 is an investigational microbiome therapeutic composed of purified Firmicutes spores for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35045228'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 218, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'We report that the manufacturing steps for SER-109, a purified investigational microbiome therapeutic developed to reduce risk of Clostridioides difficile recurrence, inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, a model coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36158136'}]\n\n\n 'SER-109 is developed for prevention of which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "SER-109 is an investigational microbiome therapeutic composed of purified Firmicutes spores for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 341, 'offsetInEndSection': 550, 'text': 'hey are genetically identical and those with twin-twin transfusion syndrome(TTTS) provide an ideal natural model in whom to study the influence of differing haemodynamic stresses on the developing vascular tre', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869491'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 13, 'offsetInEndSection': 278, 'text': 'n twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), genetically identical twins are exposed to different haemodynamic conditions during fetal life, which are considered to be the cause of prenatal and postnatal cardiovascular differences between the donor and the recipient', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972991'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 10, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': ' To test the hypothesis that identical twins show no inter-twin differences in cardiovascular structure or physiology in fetal life unless there has been twin-twin transfusion syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181221'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is an unusual and serious condition that occurs in twin pregnancies when identical twins share a placenta but develop discordant amniotic fluid volumes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34400890'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication of monozygotic (identical) twins, which share one single monochorionic placenta.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296754'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 147, 'text': 'Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication of monozygotic (identical) twin fetuses sharing one single (monochorionic) placenta.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354242'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe pregnancy complication of monochorionic (identical) twins that results in markedly discordant in utero environments for', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32858578'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 673, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: In twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), genetically identical twins are exposed to different haemodynamic conditions during fetal life, which are considered to be the cause of prenatal and postnatal cardiovascular differences between the donor and the recipient.OBJECTIVE: To assess intertwin differences on childhood cardiac outcome after intrauterine laser coagulation therapy (LC) of severe TTTS.DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Prospective, detailed, echocardiographic follow-up of 31 twin pairs aged 9.95\u00b10.8\\u2005years (mean\u00b1SD) with severe TTTS treated by LC, and the comparison with reference values.RESULTS: Cardiac function was normal and did not show intertwin d', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972991'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 159, 'text': 'Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication of monozygotic, monochorionic, diamniotic twins resulting from transplacental vascular communications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608856'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2656, 'offsetInEndSection': 2807, 'text': ' Most likely, the identical twin transfusion syndrome produces anoxia and brain damage during early prenatal development in the smaller identical twin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/848859'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 202, 'offsetInEndSection': 412, 'text': ' A likely explanation for the association between birthweight and intelligence among identical twins is the identical twin transfusion syndrome which occurs only between some monochorionic identical twin pairs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/848859'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'The twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a rare but severe complication in monozygotic twins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7789711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Monochorionic twins are at increased risk for unique complications including twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR), and twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536818'}]\n\n\n 'In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, are the twins identical?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "In twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), genetically identical twins are exposed to different haemodynamic conditions during fetal life."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Trichotillomania is defined as an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder in which patients recurrently pull out hair from any region of their body. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35118122'}]\n\n\n 'What is the definition of trichotillomania?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Trichotillomania is defined as an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder in which patients recurrently pull out hair from any region of their body."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'The dystrophin gene (DMD) is the largest gene in the human genome, mapping on the Xp21 chromosome locus.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28867298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutations of the DMD gene located at Xp21.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 130, 'offsetInEndSection': 255, 'text': 'The disease is caused by deletion, duplication or point mutation of the dystrophin gene, located on the X chromosome (Xp21). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18935728'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'DMD gene which is composed of 79 exons is the largest known gene located on X chromosome (Xp21).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24274981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Dystrophinopathies are allelic conditions caused by deletions, duplications and point-mutations in the DMD gene, located on the X chromosome (Xp21.2).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33870095'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 197, 'offsetInEndSection': 276, 'text': 'The disease is caused by mutations in the DMD gene located on the X chromosome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361862'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 98, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: The Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene is located in the short arm of the X chromo', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24627880'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin DMD gene located at Xp21.1 region.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471087'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 401, 'offsetInEndSection': 678, 'text': 'Because the DMD gene is located at Xp21.2, which is one breakpoint of the inv(X), and because its defects are rarely associated with severe mental retardation, the other clinical features of this patient were deemed likely to be associated with the opposite breakpoint at Xq22.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 241, 'offsetInEndSection': 368, 'text': 'Long-range physical mapping has shown that the DMD gene, localized in Xp21, is extremely large, exceeding 2 million base pairs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2889148'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 329, 'offsetInEndSection': 415, 'text': 'The DMD gene, located on Xp21, is the largest human gene in the human genome (2.3 Mb).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014122'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'The Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene has been localized to chromosome Xp21 and codes for a 14-kilobase (kb) transcript and a protein called dystrophin, of relative molecular mass 427,000.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2541343'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 640, 'offsetInEndSection': 772, 'text': ' The breakpoint in our patient is also located at Xp21, adding evidence for the assignment of this band as the site of the DMD gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6655672'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 328, 'offsetInEndSection': 409, 'text': ' The DMD gene, located on Xp21, is the largest human gene in the human genome (2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014122'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 297, 'offsetInEndSection': 381, 'text': ' The present case supports the hypothesis that the DMD gene must be located at Xp21.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3777020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 185, 'offsetInEndSection': 272, 'text': ' The causal gene of DMD is the largest one in human that locates in the region of Xp21.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28247611'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 400, 'offsetInEndSection': 441, 'text': ' Because the DMD gene is located at Xp21.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 39, 'offsetInEndSection': 189, 'text': 'n coded by the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene located on the X-chromosome. Truncating mutations in the DMD gene cause loss of dystrophin and t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28028563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 71, 'offsetInEndSection': 221, 'text': 'r disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin DMD gene located at Xp21.1 region. Up to 65% of the patients present dystrophin gene deletions. Mothe', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471087'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a defective gene located on the X-chromosome, responsible for the production of the dystrophin protein', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28740938'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 100, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'l muscle disorders, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene located in Xp21. DMD occurs with the incidence 1:3500, BMD with the incidence of 1:18,5', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837995'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 17, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'ne (DMD) is the largest gene in the human genome, mapping on the Xp21 chromosome locus. It spans 2.2Mb and accounts for approximately 0,1% of the enti', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28867298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD), and adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) can occur together as part of a contiguous gene syndrome located at chromosome Xp21, GKD can manifest with recurrent episodes of vomiting, acidemia, mental retardation, or stupor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19078586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 77, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'inked recessive disorders caused by mutations of the DMD gene located at Xp21. In DMD patients, dystrophin is virtually absent; whereas BMD patients h', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 22, 'offsetInEndSection': 172, 'text': 'rophy (DMD) is a dystrophinopathy, and its associated gene is located on Xp21. Moreover, utrophin, a recently identified structural homologue of dystr', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12619170'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 96, 'offsetInEndSection': 246, 'text': ' disease in children, resulting from a defect in the DMD gene located on Xp21.2. The new emerging treatment using exon skipping strategy is tailored t', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31661024'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 303, 'offsetInEndSection': 453, 'text': \"resent case supports the hypothesis that the DMD gene must be located at Xp21. In this study, involvement of the father's chromosomes in the transloca\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3777020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 364, 'offsetInEndSection': 514, 'text': ' only later was it diagnosed as DMD. Because the DMD gene is located at Xp21.2, which is one breakpoint of the inv(X), and because its defects are rar', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12145744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 274, 'text': 'letion, duplication or point mutation of the dystrophin gene located at Xp 21.2. In the present study DNA from seventy unrelated patients clinically d', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936400'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 60, 'offsetInEndSection': 210, 'text': 'inked diseases resulting from a defect in the dystrophin gene located on Xp21. DMD is the most frequent neuromuscular disease in humans (1/3500 male n', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12488581'}]\n\n\n 'Where is the DMD gene located?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome, on the Xp21 locus."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1023, 'offsetInEndSection': 1227, 'text': 'Recently, evobrutinib and tolebrutinib have shown efficacy in phase II clinical trials, and there are numerous ongoing phase III clinical trials of various BTKIs in relapsing and progressive forms of MS.\\xa0', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36301434'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': 'Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating safety, exposure and pharmacodynamics of BTK inhibitor tolebrutinib (PRN2246, SAR442168).', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34724345'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 523, 'text': \"Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), expressed in B cells and cells of innate immunity, including microglia, is an essential signaling element downstream of the B-cell receptor and Fc-receptors. Tolebrutinib (PRN2246, SAR442168) is a potent BTK inhibitor that covalently binds the kinase, resulting in durable inhibition with the potential to target inflammation in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Tolebrutinib crosses the blood-brain barrier and potently inhibits BTK in microglial cells isolated from the CNS. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34724345'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of Tolebrutinib?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), expressed in B cells and cells of innate immunity, including microglia, is an essential signaling element downstream of the B-cell receptor and Fc-receptors. Tolebrutinib is a potent BTK inhibitor that covalently binds the kinase, resulting in durable inhibition with the potential to target inflammation in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Tolebrutinib crosses the blood-brain barrier and potently inhibits BTK in microglial cells isolated from the CNS."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Optogenetics allows the experimental manipulation of excitable cells by a light stimulus without the need for technically challenging and invasive procedures.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34429103'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 349, 'text': 'Optogenetics has revolutionized the capability of controlling genetically modified neurons in\\xa0vitro and in\\xa0vivo and has become an indispensable neuroscience tool. Using light as a probe for selective neuronal activation or inhibition and as a means to read out neural activity has dramatically enhanced our understanding of complex neural circuits. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35718324'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': 'Optogenetics controls neural activity and behavior in living organisms through genetically targetable actuators and light. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32543249'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 409, 'text': 'This is a review of the current state of optogenetics-based research in the field of ophthalmology and physiology of vision. Optogenetics employs an interdisciplinary approach that amalgamates gene engineering, optics, and physiology. It involves exogenous expression of a light-activated protein in a very particular retinal cell enabling regulation (stimulation vs. inhibition) of its physiological activity', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310015'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 583, 'offsetInEndSection': 901, 'text': 'In contrast, optogenetics leverages light-sensitive proteins to control cellular signaling dynamics and target gene expression and, by virtue of precise hardware control over illumination, offers the capacity to interrogate how spatiotemporally varying signals modulate gene regulatory networks and cellular behaviors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35273478'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 86, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'As light-gated protein switches, signaling photoreceptors provide the basis for optogenetics, a term that refers to the control of organismal physiology and behavior by light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 546, 'offsetInEndSection': 840, 'text': 'In this review, we summarize the main optogenetic systems implemented in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which allow orthogonal control (by light) of gene expression, protein subcellular localization, reconstitution of protein activity, and protein sequestration by oligomerization.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 83, 'text': 'Optogenetics is the genetic approach for controlling cellular processes with light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32601426'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': \"The recently introduced term 'optogenetics' describes a variety of techniques for expressing genes in nerve cells that render them responsive to light.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 92, 'offsetInEndSection': 238, 'text': 'Optogenetic expression systems can provide precise control over gene expression timing, location, and amplitude using light as the inducing agent.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487118'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 70, 'text': 'Optogenetics refers to the control of biological processes with light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'Optogenetics refers to a technique that uses light to modulate neuronal activity with a high spatiotemporal resolution, which enables the manipulation of learning and memory functions in the human brain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34423469'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'In optogenetics, as in nature, sensory photoreceptors serve to control cellular processes by light.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35998606'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Optogenetics refers to the genetic modification of cells to express light-sensitive proteins, which mediate ion flow or secondary signalling cascades upon light exposure.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28255969'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 231, 'offsetInEndSection': 360, 'text': ' Optogenetics involves the use of genetically encoded and optically active proteins, namely opsins, to control neuronal circuits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28726577'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 659, 'offsetInEndSection': 794, 'text': ' (3) A completely different interpretation of optogenetics refers to the light activated expression of a genetically induced construct.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32795553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 69, 'text': 'Optogenetics is an innovative technique for optical control of cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412943'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 97, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': ' Optogenetics refers to techniques that use light to control the cellular activity of targeted cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35204770'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 156, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': 'basis for optogenetics, a term that refers to the control of organismal physiology and behavior by light. We establish as novel optogenetic tools the ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245580'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Optogenetics refers to the ability to control cells that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069384'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Optogenetics refers to the control of biological processes with light. The activation of cellular phenomena by defined wavelengths has several advanta', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'Optogenetics is the use of genetically coded, light-gated ion channels or pumps (opsins) for millisecond resolution control of neural activity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29118219'}]\n\n\n 'Optogenetics refers to the study of gene expression optimization'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Optogenetics allows the experimental manipulation of excitable cells by a light stimulus without the need for technically challenging and invasive procedures."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 497, 'offsetInEndSection': 724, 'text': 'The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is a potential therapeutic option for PD-L1-positive mTNBC, as the FDA recently approved atezolizumab (Tecentriq) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in combination with chemotherapy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33983696'}]\n\n\n 'Which form of breast cancer has Keytruda been FDA approved for?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "FDA has approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in combination with chemotherapy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 278, 'offsetInEndSection': 431, 'text': 'exon-skipping therapy including eteplirsen (brand name Exondys 51), a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide designed to skip exon 51 of the dystrophin gene', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34797383'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 518, 'offsetInEndSection': 686, 'text': 'a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) antisense oligonucleotide eteplirsen received accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34797383'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'Eteplirsen (Exondys\\xa051) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping that is developed by Sarepta Therapeutics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27807823'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 380, 'offsetInEndSection': 662, 'text': 'In September 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for eteplirsen (or Exondys 51), a drug that acts to promote dystrophin production by restoring the translational reading frame of DMD through specific skipping of exon 51 in defective gene variants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280301'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 120, 'offsetInEndSection': 356, 'text': 'Recently, eteplirsen, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer-based splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO) targeting DMD exon 51, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the first antisense-based drug for DMD patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339778'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 345, 'offsetInEndSection': 495, 'text': 'The FDA conditionally approved the first exon-skipping AON, called eteplirsen (brand name ExonDys51), targeting exon 51 of the DMD gene, in late 2016.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30171554'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 321, 'offsetInEndSection': 519, 'text': 'In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conditionally approved the first phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (morpholino)-based AO drug, eteplirsen, developed for DMD exon 51 skipping.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865998'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 242, 'offsetInEndSection': 468, 'text': 'Currently, there is no cure, though exon-skipping therapy including eteplirsen (brand name Exondys 51), a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide designed to skip exon 51 of the dystrophin gene, is considered especially promising.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34797383'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 362, 'offsetInEndSection': 733, 'text': 'in protein. Eteplirsen, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), is designed to skip exon 51, restore the reading frame, and induce production of internally shortened dystrophin in patients with mutations amenable to such treatment.OBJECTIVE: Describe lung function assessed throughout eteplirsen studies 201/202.METHODS: Studies 201/202 included 12 patients treat', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29278896'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 371, 'text': 'We previously conducted a proof of principle; dose escalation study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients using the morpholino splice-switching oligonucleotide AVI-4658 (eteplirsen) that induces skipping of dystrophin exon 51 in patients with relevant deletions, restores the open reading frame and induces dystrophin protein expression after intramuscular (i.m.)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086232'}]\n\n\n 'What is eteplirsen's mechanism of action?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Eteplirsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) antisense oligonucleotide designed to skip exon 51 of the dystrophin gene."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 72, 'text': 'Oncolytic DNX-2401 Virus for Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35767439'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 322, 'offsetInEndSection': 503, 'text': 'METHODS: We conducted a single-center, dose-escalation study of DNX-2401, an oncolytic adenovirus that selectively replicates in tumor cells, in patients with newly diagnosed DIPG. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35767439'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1971, 'offsetInEndSection': 2236, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoral infusion of oncolytic virus DNX-2401 followed by radiotherapy in pediatric patients with DIPG resulted in changes in T-cell activity and a reduction in or stabilization of tumor size in some patients but was associated with adverse events.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35767439'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'Phase I Trial of DNX-2401 for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Newly Diagnosed in Pediatric Patients.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29088386'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 419, 'offsetInEndSection': 641, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety, tolerability, and toxicity of an oncolytic adenovirus, DNX-2401, injected into the cerebellar peduncle in pediatric subjects with DIPG and to collect tumor samples of this type of tumor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29088386'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 116, 'text': 'DNX-2401, an Oncolytic Virus, for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas: A Case Report.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594041'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 824, 'offsetInEndSection': 1047, 'text': 'To this aim, we have designed a clinical Phase I trial for newly diagnosed pediatric DIPG to investigate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of delivering DNX-2401 into tumors within the pons following biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594041'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1506, 'offsetInEndSection': 1620, 'text': ' To our knowledge, this is the first report of intratumoral DNX-2401 for a patient with DIPG in a clinical trial. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594041'}]\n\n\n 'Was DNX-2401 tested for treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes. DNX-2401 is tested for treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 477, 'text': 'Blue diaper syndrome (BDS) (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 211000) is an extremely rare disorder that was first described in 1964. The characteristic finding is a bluish discoloration of urine spots in the diapers of affected infants. Additional clinical features of the first described patients included diarrhea, inadequate weight gain, hypercalcemia, and nephrocalcinosis. An intestinal defect of tryptophan absorption was postulated as the underlying pathology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29610180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 120, 'text': 'We describe the ocular abnormalities seen in a new metabolic disease which is deficient in the transport of tryptophan. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1818237'}]\n\n\n 'Which amino acid in implicated in the Blue diaper syndrome?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Blue diaper syndrome is an extremely rare disorder with characteristic finding is a bluish discoloration of urine spots in the diapers of affected infants. An intestinal defect of tryptophan absorption was postulated as the underlying pathology."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1369, 'offsetInEndSection': 1498, 'text': 'Targeted knockout of the SOX9 gene, which plays a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into chondrocytes, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35690812'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 64, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': '. SOX9 is a transcription factor with critical roles during neurodevelopment, particularly within neural stem cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562901'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'Epithelial SOX9 drives progression and metastases of gastric adenocarcinoma by promoting immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36002248'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 226, 'text': 'any cancers engage embryonic genes for rapid growth and evading the immune system. SOX9 has been upregulated in many tumours, yet the role of SOX9 in mediating immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment is unclear. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36002248'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1454, 'offsetInEndSection': 1687, 'text': 'Epithelial SOX9 is critical in suppressing CD8+ T cell responses and modified macrophage function in GAC through the paracrine LIF factor. Cotargeting LIF/LIFR and CSF1R has great potential in targeting SOX9-mediated cancer stemness,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36002248'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 898, 'offsetInEndSection': 1171, 'text': 'S: In PCL of humans and mice, the expression of SP, SOX9, and MMP13 was upregulated as OA progressed, but their expression was downregulated in severe degeneration. SP and SOX9 were co-expressed in chondrocyte-like cells. In ligament cells, SP agonists downregulated SOX9, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35856812'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 141, 'text': 'Sox9 plays an essential role in mammalian testis formation. It has been reported that gene expression in the testes is regulated by enhancers', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921234'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'SOX9 and SRY binding sites on mouse mXYSRa/Enh13 enhancer redundantly regulate Sox9 expression to varying degrees.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921234'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': 'Sox9 is involved in the thyroid differentiation program and is regulated by crosstalk between TSH, TGF\u03b2 and thyroid transcription factors', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35140269'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 120, 'text': 'SOX9 is an intestine crypt transcription factor, is regulated by the Wnt pathway, and represses the CDX2 and MUC2 genes.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240568'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Sox9 is a high-mobility group box-containing transcription factor that functions as a key regulator of chondrogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'A member of the Sry-related HMG-box family of transcription factors (SOX9) is a transcription factor that belongs to the superfamily of High Mobility Group (HMG) domain transcription factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988015'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 517, 'offsetInEndSection': 764, 'text': 'Sry-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9) is a member of the high-mobility group box family of DNA-binding transcription factors that are selectively expressed by epithelial cell progenitors to modulate branching morphogenesis during lung development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520400'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 532, 'offsetInEndSection': 757, 'text': 'Transcription factor SOX9 plays essential roles during developmental steps from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to proliferating chondrocytes, meanwhile, it inhibits transition of proliferating chondrocytes to hypertrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692165'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': 'Sox9 encodes a HMG-box transcription factor that has been implicated in numerous developmental processes including chondrogenesis, formation of cardiac valves, and neural crest, testis and spinal cord development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678811'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 263, 'offsetInEndSection': 430, 'text': 'SOX9 is a master transcription factor that participates in sequential events in chondrogenesis by regulating a series of downstream factors in a stage-specific manner.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380234'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 77, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'ng skeletal framework and articular joint formation. Sox9 is a key transcription factor that is essential for chondrocyte differentiation and chondroc', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732631'}]\n\n\n 'Explain the function of SOX9'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "SOX9 is a transcription factor with critical roles during neurodevelopment, particularly within neural stem cells. Epithelial SOX9 drives progression and metastases of gastric adenocarcinoma by promoting immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 355, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that generally directs proteins for degradation by the proteasome or by lysosomes. However, ubiquitination has been implicated in many other cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, regulation of protein-protein interactions and association with ubiquitin-binding scaffolds.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21926471'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 349, 'text': 'Ubiquitin is best known for its function in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Recent studies have revealed several new functions of ubiquitin that are independent of proteasomal degradation. These functions include the novel signaling roles of ubiquitin in DNA repair and the activation of protein kinases such as IkappaB kinase.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 146, 'text': 'Ubiquitination ofendogenous proteins is one of the key regulatory steps that guides protein degradation through regulation of proteasome activity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20886764'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Ubiquitination-the covalent conjugation of ubiquitin (Ub) to other cellular proteins-regulates a wide range of cellular processes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16608998'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 100, 'offsetInEndSection': 411, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is a specific process associated with several highly regulated biological outcomes including cell cycle progression, differentiation, antigen presentation, retrovirus assembly, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, biological clocks, receptor downregulation and endocytosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11182597'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 263, 'offsetInEndSection': 532, 'text': 'Although targeting for proteasomal degradation is the best studied outcome of ubiquitylation, we now understand that modification of proteins with ubiquitin has numerous other cellular roles that alter protein function and that are unrelated to proteasomal degradation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228479'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates most cellular pathways and processes, including degradation of proteins by the proteasome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 391, 'offsetInEndSection': 571, 'text': 'The most widely studied effect of ubiquitination of proteins is proteasome-mediated substrate degradation; however, ubiquitination can also alter protein localization and function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33192571'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 152, 'offsetInEndSection': 296, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is a highly selective post-translational modification that involves the covalent conjugation of ubiquitin to a substrate protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34645583'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 476, 'offsetInEndSection': 664, 'text': 'In addition to proteasomal degradation, ubiquitination regulates other cellular processes, such as transcription, translation, endocytosis, receptor activity, and subcellular localization.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34645583'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is controlled by a series of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that can ligate ubiquitin to cellular proteins and dictate the turnover of a substrate and the outcome of signalling events such as DNA damage repair and cell cycle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35327659'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 510, 'offsetInEndSection': 781, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is the covalent link of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin and serves as a signal to target protein degradation by the proteasome or to other outcomes such as endocytosis, degradation by the lysosome or specification of cellular localization.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22827778'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 255, 'text': 'The covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins is a posttranslational modification that is involved not only in signaling processes leading to protein degradation but also in those resulting in activation, proliferation, and cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22375051'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 443, 'text': 'Two of the best characterized functions of protein ubiquitination are to mark proteins for degradation by cytosolic proteasome and to promote the internalization of certain plasma membrane proteins via the endocytotic pathway, followed by their degradation in the vacuole.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12896807'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that can dynamically alter the function, degradation and transport of a protein, as well as its interaction with other proteins, and activity of an enzyme.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31931110'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 577, 'offsetInEndSection': 870, 'text': 'Ubiquitination, the covalent link of the small 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin to target proteins, serves as a signal for protein degradation by the proteasome or for other outcomes such as endocytosis, degradation by the lysosome or directing these proteins to specific cellular compartments.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399444'}]\n\n\n 'What are the outcomes of ubiquitination?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that generally directs proteins for degradation by the proteasome or by lysosomes. However, ubiquitination has been implicated in many other cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and regulation of protein-protein interactions."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 228, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': \"To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 652, 'offsetInEndSection': 731, 'text': 'The primary endpoints were safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic analysis. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}]\n\n\n 'What were the primary endpoints of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The primary endpoints of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients were safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic analysis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35850241'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 225, 'offsetInEndSection': 403, 'text': \"The classic form of autosomal recessive ataxia, Friedreich's ataxia (FA), is now known to be due to an intronic expansion of a guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA)-trinucleotide repeat.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9630233'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': \"Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is the commonest genetic cause of ataxia and is associated with the expansion of a GAA repeat in intron 1 of the frataxin gene.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581313'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': \"Reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein Frataxin (FXN) is the underlying cause of Friedreich's ataxia.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831023'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is the most common hereditary ataxia, caused by abnormal expansion of the GAA triplet of the first intron of the X25 gene on chromosome 9.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152405'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Friedreich ataxia (FA), the most common hereditary ataxia, is caused by pathological expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the X25 gene on c', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344344'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is a rare neuro-cardiodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the frataxin (FXN) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35038030'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by decreased expression of frataxin (FXN) protein.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35289725'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Friedreich ataxia (FA), the most common hereditary ataxia, is caused by pathological expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the X25 gene on chromosome 9', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344344'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of Friedreich's Ataxia (FA)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 178, 'text': 'Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation (SSH) is a unique type of chemotherapy-associated drug eruption, characterized by hyperpigmentation along the superficial venous network.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31168954'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation (SSH) is a rare vasculo-cutaneous entity that has been associated with peripheral infusion of chemotherapy agents, in particular 5-FU1-3, but also seen with docetaxel4,5, fotemustine6, and vinorelbine7. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29951170'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': 'Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation is a peculiar cutaneous eruption that follows the path of vein after intravenous injection of the chemotherapeutic agent. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28878924'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'Serpentine erythematous or hyperpigmented streaks along the superficial venous network proximal to the site of injection may occur as a distinctive eruption after infusion of several chemotherapeutic agents. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136872'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 193, 'offsetInEndSection': 404, 'text': 'Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation was the term coined by Hrushesky to describe increased pigmentation of the skin immediately overlying the venous network used for intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20134385'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 116, 'text': 'Two cases of serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation developing in the area of fotemustine infusions are reported. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1559000'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 695, 'offsetInEndSection': 913, 'text': 'The serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation on the lower extremities was uniform in width and color, which contrasts with the darker discoloration near the site of infusion seen with PSSH associated with chemotherapy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23745227'}]\n\n\n 'What causes Serpentine Supravenous Hyperpigmentation?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentationis a rare vasculo-cutaneous entity that has been associated with peripheral infusion of chemotherapy agents, in particular 5-fluorouracil, but also seen with docetaxel, fotemustine, and vinorelbine."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 535, 'text': \"Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can aggregate and form toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils which are the main component of Lewy bodies. Intra-neuronal Lewy bodies are a major pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). These fibrillar structures can act as seeds and accelerate the aggregation of monomeric a-syn. Indeed, recent studies show that injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33352233'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 192, 'text': \"A variety of gene mutations can cause familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-Syn) cause PD.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17593875'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 516, 'offsetInEndSection': 914, 'text': 'In this review, we focus on a yeast model for synucleinopathies and summarize recent studies that not only provided new clues on how the misfolding of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) triggers toxicity and eventually cell death, but that also led to the identification of conserved suppressor proteins, which are effective in protecting cells, including neurons, from the alpha-syn-induced cytotoxicity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019751'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1108, 'offsetInEndSection': 1421, 'text': 'These findings suggest that alpha-syn aggregation is a key feature associated with decline of proteasome and lysosome and support the hypothesis that cell degeneration in PD involves proteosomal and lysosomal dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and protein accumulation and aggregation leading to cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505575'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 330, 'offsetInEndSection': 469, 'text': 'Here we show that \u03b1-Syn selectively interacts with TrkB receptors and inhibits BDNF/TrkB signaling, leading to dopaminergic neuronal death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28923922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1503, 'offsetInEndSection': 1714, 'text': 'In conclusion, we demonstrate that either endogenous or exogenous \u03b1-Syn can be neuroprotective against A\u03b2-induced cell death, suggesting a cell defence mechanism during the initial stages of the mixed pathology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389658'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1182, 'offsetInEndSection': 1399, 'text': 'This review article focuses on the mechanism associated with extracellular \u03b1-syn uptake in glial cells and the consequent glial cell activation that contributes to the neuronal death associated with synucleinopathies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35625583'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 321, 'offsetInEndSection': 534, 'text': 'Indeed, recent studies show that injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33352233'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 251, 'offsetInEndSection': 378, 'text': 'Aggregated forms of \u03b1-syn are associated with multiple neurotoxic mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34194605'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 288, 'offsetInEndSection': 475, 'text': 'Although the exact mechanism of \u03b1-syn-mediated cell death remains elusive, recent research suggests that \u03b1-syn-induced alterations in neuronal excitability contribute to cell death in PD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31768670'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 313, 'offsetInEndSection': 486, 'text': 'Current thinking suggests that an interaction between alpha-syn and dopamine (DA) leads to the selective death of neuronal cells and the accumulation of misfolded alpha-syn.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444607'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 295, 'offsetInEndSection': 580, 'text': 'Our findings that brain and peripheral cells exposed to \u03b1-syn can lead to impaired mitochondrial function, leading to cellular degeneration and cell death, provides additional evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of toxicity of \u03b1-syn in human cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24093918'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 324, 'offsetInEndSection': 522, 'text': '\u0391lpha-synuclein (\u03b1-syn) is a protein found to aggregate in the substantia nigra region of patients with PD, forming Lewy Body inclusions; its aggregation may contribute to neuronal cell death in PD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32035284'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 497, 'offsetInEndSection': 609, 'text': \"One hypothesis is that \u03b1-Syn aggregates disrupt the cell membrane's integrity, eventually leading to cell death.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974096'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 961, 'offsetInEndSection': 1108, 'text': ' The data suggest that the sustained population of oligomer formation and retention could be a major cause of cell death in \u03b1-Syn familial mutants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29906099'}]\n\n\n 'Please summarize the relationship between a-syn and cell death.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can aggregate and form toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils which are the main component of Lewy bodies. Intra-neuronal Lewy bodies are a major pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). Injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': 'Oncogenes are gain-of-function mutations of normal regulatory genes or proto-oncogenes. Originally discovered in retroviruses initiating a variety of animal and avian cancers, oncogenes are believed to be important contributors to human carcinogenesis. Proto-oncogenes are altered by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697588'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 340, 'offsetInEndSection': 599, 'text': 'Aberrant proteolysis with oncogenic potential is elicited by two major mechanisms: defective degradation of positive cell cycle regulators (i.e., proto-oncoproteins) and enhanced degradation of negative cell cycle regulators (i.e., tumor suppressor proteins).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665054'}]\n\n\n 'What are positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Proto-oncogenes are normal regulatory genes that can be transformed - by gain-of-function mutations - to oncogenes which are important contributors to human carcinogenesis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': 'Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations of the SERPING1 or the Factor 12 genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965672'}]\n\n\n 'What is the inheritance pattern of hereditary angioedema?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant disorder."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 97, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is classically considered a disease with onset in the first or second decade.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31467149'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 57, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': \" age of 25. Rare variants have been described, such as late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and very-late-onset Friedreich's ataxia, occurring after 25 and 40 years, r\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388117'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'The onset of Friedreich ataxia (FA) was before 10 years of age in 36 out of 95 personally observed patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677022'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 299, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease among Europeans and people of European descent, is characterized by an early onset (usually before the age of 25), progressive ataxia, sensory loss, absence of tendon reflexes and pyramidal weakness of the legs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586299'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': \"Very late-onset Friedreich's ataxia (VLOFA) is characterized by symptomatic onset after 40 years of age and, usually, a benign phenotype.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092110'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 394, 'offsetInEndSection': 634, 'text': 'Onset is usually in the first or second decade of life; however, late-onset cases of Freidreich ataxia (LOFA), after the age of 25 years, and very late-onset cases of Freidreich ataxia (VLOFA), after the age of 40 years, have been reported.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685137'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 273, 'offsetInEndSection': 369, 'text': 'Disease begins after the age of 25 in occasional patients (late-onset Friedreich ataxia (LOFA)).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754264'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 871, 'offsetInEndSection': 1101, 'text': \"ing Scale and EQ-5D. The Friedreich's ataxia cohort was subdivided into three groups: early disease onset (\u226414 years), intermediate onset (15-24 years), and late onset (\u226525 years), which were compared for clinical characteristics \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25566998'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 272, 'offsetInEndSection': 369, 'text': ' Disease begins after the age of 25 in occasional patients (late-onset Friedreich ataxia (LOFA)).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754264'}]\n\n\n 'What is usually the onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "During the first or second decade is usually the onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Cost-utility analysis of cemented hemiarthroplasty versus hydroxyapatite-coated uncemented hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures : the World Hip Trauma Evaluation 5 (WHiTE 5) trial.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909375'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'A randomized clinical trial of low dose single antibiotic-loaded cement versus high dose dual antibiotic-loaded cement in patients receiving a hip hemiarthroplasty after fracture: A protocol for the WHiTE 8 COPAL study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630700'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': 'The World Hip Trauma Evaluation Study 3: Hemiarthroplasty Evaluation by Multicentre Investigation - WHITE 3: HEMI - An Abridged Protocol.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825319'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 253, 'offsetInEndSection': 405, 'text': 'METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) was set up to measure outcome in a comprehensive cohort of UK patients with hip fracture. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797994'}]\n\n\n 'What disease was the topic of the World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) trial?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) was set up to measure outcome of patients with hip fracture."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': 'Challenges to the Diagnosis of Functional Neurological Disorder: Feigning, Intentionality, and Responsibility.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36311548'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 214, 'text': 'he diagnosis of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) requires differentiation from other neurologic diseases/syndromes, and from the comparatively rare diagnosis of feigning (Malingering and Factitious Disorder)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36311548'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder reflects impairments in brain networks leading to distressing motor, sensory and/or cognitive symptoms that demonstrate positive clinical signs on examination incongruent with other conditions. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35653495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': \"Functional neurological disorder and somatic symptom disorder in Parkinson's disease.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34629180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'The occurrence of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) and Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) in PD was not commonly accepted until recently, despite some evidence that emerged in the pre and early L-Dopa era. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34629180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 78, 'text': 'Maladaptive schemas of patients with functional neurological symptom disorder.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34585455'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 13, 'offsetInEndSection': 122, 'text': 'he psychological underpinnings of functional neurological symptom disorders (FNSD) remain poorly understood. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34585455'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 124, 'offsetInEndSection': 538, 'text': 'disintegration of explicit and implicit information processing in patients with FNSD has previously been suggested; however, this suggestion has so far received little empirical support. Trauma and maladaptive schemas probably reinforce disintegration in FNSD. The present study explored the occurrence of maladaptive schemas and investigated the impact of trauma-related maladaptive schemas in patients with FNSD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34585455'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'Functional neurological symptom disorder (FND) remains a clinical challenge. It is one of the many mimics of cerebrovascular accidents, spinal cord disorders, and lower motor neuron disease. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35911352'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Previous studies with adults suggest that aberrant communication between neural networks underpins functional neurological disorder (FND). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36002964'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal or atypical sensorimotor, gait, dissociative, or special sensory symptoms in the absence of structural nervous system lesions to explain the symptoms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726111'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorders (FNDs), which are sometimes also referred to as psychogenic neurological disorders or conversion disorder, are common disabling neuropsychiatric disorders with limited treatment options.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33280274'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms and signs (either motor or sensory) that cannot be explained by any known medical or mental disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34188796'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a rare neuropsychiatric illness that commonly presents to the medical setting as opposed to the psychiatric setting.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34806689'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Historically, functional neurological disorder (FND) has been described in psychodynamic terms as the physical manifestation of psychological distress.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 262, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Functional neurological disorders (FNDs) are common but often misdiagnosed.REVIEW SUMMARY: The incidence of FNDs is between 4 and 12 per 100,000, comparable to multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and it is the second most common dia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35858632'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 202, 'text': 'Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), otherwise known as Conversion Disorder, is characterized by abnormal sensory or motor symptoms that are determined to be \"incompatible\" with neurological disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31911360'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Conversion disorder or functional neurological disorder is a neurological symptom complex originating from psychological factors, which manifests in voluntary motor and sensory functions or as unexplained epilepsy-like seizures.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506326'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 141, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by a structural neurological cause.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36075980'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a constellation of common neurological symptoms without exact organic pathophysiology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36039249'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 227, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is an elusive disorder characterized by unexplained neurological symptoms alongside aberrant cognitive processing and negative affect, often associated with amygdala reactivity', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28856091'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND), previously regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion, is now a rule-in diagnosis with available treatments.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35074803'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common and highly disabling disorder, but its aetiology remains enigmatic.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30455406'}]\n\n\n 'Is Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) classified as a psychosomatic disorder?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Functional neurological disorder reflects impairments in brain networks leading to distressing motor, sensory and/or cognitive symptoms that demonstrate positive clinical signs on examination incongruent with other conditions."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 173, 'offsetInEndSection': 825, 'text': 'In this review, it is argued that the relationship between the accessibility and activity of an enhancer is insufficiently described by simply considering open versus closed chromatin, or active versus inactive enhancers. Instead, recent studies focusing on the quantitative nature of accessibility signal reveal subtle differences between active enhancers and their different inactive counterparts: the closed silenced state and the accessible primed and repressed states. While the open structure as such is not a specific indicator of enhancer activity, active enhancers display a higher degree of accessibility than the primed and repressed states.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142172'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'DNA accessibility is thought to be of major importance in regulating gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31511305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 99, 'text': 'Accessibility of promoter DNA is not the primary determinant of chromatin-mediated gene regulation.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31511305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 797, 'offsetInEndSection': 1020, 'text': 'Euchromatin and heterochromatin have very similar accessibilities, suggesting that transcription factors can penetrate heterochromatin. Thus, DNA accessibility is not likely to be the primary determinant of gene regulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31511305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'A major goal in the field of transcriptional regulation is the mapping of changes in the binding of transcription factors to the resultant changes in gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36069349'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1692, 'offsetInEndSection': 1873, 'text': 'Together, these results show many gene expression changes can happen independently of changes in the accessibility of local chromatin in the context of a single-factor perturbation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36069349'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 647, 'offsetInEndSection': 825, 'text': 'While the open structure as such is not a specific indicator of enhancer activity, active enhancers display a higher degree of accessibility than the primed and repressed states.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142172'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 349, 'offsetInEndSection': 578, 'text': 'Functional enhancers, in contrast with accessible chromatin regions that lack enhancer activity, were enriched for enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and preferentially interacted in vivo with B cell lineage-determining transcription factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31873292'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 173, 'offsetInEndSection': 394, 'text': 'In this review, it is argued that the relationship between the accessibility and activity of an enhancer is insufficiently described by simply considering open versus closed chromatin, or active versus inactive enhancers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32142172'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1375, 'offsetInEndSection': 1626, 'text': 'In conclusion, loci identified as active by STARR-seq often overlap with those identified by chromatin accessibility and active epigenetic marking, yet a significant fraction is epigenetically repressed or display condition-specific enhancer activity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32912294'}]\n\n\n 'Are accessible enhancers necessarily active?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "DNA accessibility is thought to be of major importance in regulating gene expression. However, recent studies focusing on the quantitative nature of the accessibility signal reveal subtle differences between active enhancers and their different inactive counterparts: the closed silenced state and the accessible primed and repressed states. While the open structure as such is not a specific indicator of enhancer activity, active enhancers display a higher degree of accessibility than the primed and repressed states. In addition, another study has shown that euchromatin and heterochromatin can have very similar accessibilities, suggesting that transcription factors can penetrate heterochromatin. Together, these results show that many gene expression changes can happen independently of changes in the accessibility of local chromatin."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 690, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': 'Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an activator of Nrf2 and an inhibitor of NF\u03baB, possessing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in mitochondrial bioenergetics. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098'}]\n\n\n 'What is the alternative name of RTA 408?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "RTA 408 is also known as omaveloxolone."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 167, 'offsetInEndSection': 285, 'text': 'SMA is a monogenic pathology that originates from the loss of the SMN1 gene in most cases or mutations in rare cases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36375840'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35643151'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Loss or deletion of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1) is causative for a severe and devastating neuromuscular disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35614235'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in SMN1 (encoding survival motor neuron protein (SMN)). Reduced expression of SMN leads to loss of \u03b1-motor neurons, severe muscle weakness and often early death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35927425'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 114, 'offsetInEndSection': 299, 'text': 'The primary cause of most, if not all, forms of childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy appears to be the homozygous loss of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (SMNT) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9225684'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the survival of motoneuron gene 1 (SMN1).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31127156'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by the low levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and is characterized by motor neuron degeneration and muscle atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811488'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 196, 'offsetInEndSection': 424, 'text': 'Although the major cause of SMA is autosomal recessive exon deletions or loss-of-function mutations of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, next generation sequencing technologies are increasing the genetic heterogeneity of SMA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35126465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by deletions or mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31371553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by homozygous mutation or deletion of the SMN1 gene encoding survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein, resulting in the selective loss of alpha-motor neurons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19535574'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'Chronic low levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein cause spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30010942'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'The underlying cause of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a deficiency of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299569'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in SMN1 (encoding survival motor neuron protein (SMN)).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35927425'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency leading the loss of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and brainstem.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799103'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 139, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by SMN1 gene deletions or mutations, and ALS is the most frequent motor neuron condition in adults.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12427909'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 161, 'text': 'Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by genetic mutations in the SMN1 gene, resulting in drastically reduced levels of Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30368521'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder caused by recessive mutations in the SMN1 gene, globally affecting ~8-14 newborns per 100,000.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36142791'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30065610'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular genetic disease caused by reduced survival motor neuron (SMN) protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34217376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Classic spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutations in the telomeric copy of SMN1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528396'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 104, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': ' cause of infantile mortality. SMA is caused by mutation or deletion of Survival Motor Neuron-1 (SMN1). The clinical features of the disease are cause', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392710'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss or deletion of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN) 1 or mutations in rare cases."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2015, 'offsetInEndSection': 2208, 'text': \"CONCLUSIONS: Prasinezumab therapy had no meaningful effect on global or imaging measures of Parkinson's disease progression as compared with placebo and was associated with infusion reactions. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921451'}]\n\n\n 'Is Prasinezumab effective for Parkinson\u2019s Disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, Prasinezumab is not effective for Parkinson\u2019s Disease."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 127, 'text': 'Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31670406'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Previous work has demonstrated that fusion of a luciferase to an opsin, to create a luminescent opsin or luminopsin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862809'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 362, 'offsetInEndSection': 540, 'text': 'luminopsins, fusion proteins of light-generating luciferase and light-sensing ion channels that could be used to increase neuronal excitability if exposed to a suitable substrate', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34281270'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 499, 'offsetInEndSection': 583, 'text': 'BL-OG is realized through opsin-luciferase fusion proteins called luminopsins (LMOs)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35836081'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 235, 'text': 'Luminopsins are fusion proteins of luciferase and opsin that allow interrogation of neuronal circuits at different temporal and spatial resolutions by choosing either extrinsic physical or intrinsic biological light for its activation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26733686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': 'Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity, allowing for less cumbersome and less invasive optogenetic manipulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31670406'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 168, 'offsetInEndSection': 309, 'text': 'This is commonly achieved by utilizing a luminopsin (LMO), a fusion protein of a light-emitting luciferase tethered to a light-sensing opsin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30152529'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 237, 'text': 'Previous work has demonstrated that fusion of a luciferase to an opsin, to create a luminescent opsin or luminopsin, provides a genetically encoded means of manipulating neuronal activity via both chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862809'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 357, 'offsetInEndSection': 572, 'text': 'We have bypassed the challenges of external light delivery by directly coupling a bioluminescent light source (a genetically encoded luciferase) to an inhibitory opsin, which we term an inhibitory luminopsin (iLMO).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399324'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 299, 'offsetInEndSection': 619, 'text': 'A non-invasive and highly specific approach to neuronal stimulation is bioluminescent-optogenetics (BL-OG), where genetically expressed light emitting luciferases are tethered to light sensitive channelrhodopsins (luminopsins, LMO); neurons are activated by the addition of the luciferase substrate coelenterazine (CTZ).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35126293'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 648, 'offsetInEndSection': 895, 'text': 'We generated a neuronal precursor cell line expressing luminopsin 3 (LMO3), a luciferase-channelrhodopsin fusion protein, which responds to the luciferase substrate coelenterazine (CTZ) with emission of blue light that in turn activates the opsin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29577367'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1157, 'offsetInEndSection': 1457, 'text': 'Thus, although preserving the ability to be activated by external light sources, LMOs expand the use of optogenetics by making the same opsins accessible to noninvasive, chemogenetic control, thereby allowing the same probe to manipulate neuronal activity over a range of spatial and temporal scales.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26733686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 499, 'offsetInEndSection': 584, 'text': 'BL-OG is realized through opsin-luciferase fusion proteins called luminopsins (LMOs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35836081'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 496, 'offsetInEndSection': 709, 'text': 'We have previously addressed these challenges by employing bioluminescence and have created a new line of opto-chemogenetic probes termed luminopsins by fusing light-sensing opsins with light-emitting luciferases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30957296'}]\n\n\n 'What are Luminopsins?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 782, 'text': 'The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376230'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 364, 'offsetInEndSection': 680, 'text': 'We define seven hallmarks of cancer: selective growth and proliferative advantage, altered stress response favoring overall survival, vascularization, invasion and metastasis, metabolic rewiring, an abetting microenvironment, and immune modulation, while highlighting some considerations for the future of the field.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28560055'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 557, 'text': 'These distinctive and complementary capabilities, defined as the \"hallmarks of cancer,\" include the ability of tumor cells and their microenvironment to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, promote replicative immortality, induce angiogenesis, support invasion and metastasis, reprogram energy metabolism, induce genomic instability and inflammation, and trigger evasion of immune responses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31873723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'Human cancers share properties referred to as hallmarks, among which sustained proliferation, escape from apoptosis, and genomic instability are the most pervasive.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621662'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 423, 'offsetInEndSection': 606, 'text': 'Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376230'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'The hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan and Weinberg are properties that cancer cells must possess for successful transformation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23932019'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 227, 'offsetInEndSection': 422, 'text': 'They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376230'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1097, 'offsetInEndSection': 1459, 'text': 'The integrative concept embodied in the hallmarks of cancer is helping to distill this complexity into an increasingly logical science, and the provisional new dimensions presented in this perspective may add value to that endeavor, to more fully understand mechanisms of cancer development and malignant progression, and apply that knowledge to cancer medicine.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35022204'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1117, 'offsetInEndSection': 1528, 'text': 'Based on extensive study of the cancer research literature, we propose four novel hallmarks of cancer, namely, the ability of cells to regress from a specific specialized functional state, epigenetic changes that can affect gene expression, the role of microorganisms and neuronal signalling, to be included in the hallmark conceptualization along with evidence of various means to exploit them therapeutically.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33465324'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 180, 'text': 'The hallmarks of cancer conceptualization is a heuristic tool for distilling the vast complexity of cancer phenotypes and genotypes into a provisional set of underlying principles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35022204'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 324, 'offsetInEndSection': 561, 'text': 'The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36283507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 635, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': 'Attention is paid to the emerging hallmarks, deregulation of cellular energy metabolism and evasion of immune destruction, and enabling characteristics, genome instability and mutation and tumour-promoting inflammation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263268'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 434, 'text': 'This progression has been suggested to depend on six essential characteristics identified as the \"hallmarks of cancer,\" which include: self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15864800'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 935, 'offsetInEndSection': 1364, 'text': 'The six classical hallmarks of cancer (i.e., limitless replication, self-provision of proliferative stimuli, insensitivity to antiproliferative signals, disabled apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness/metastatic potential), as well as other common features of tumors (i.e., avoidance of the immune response, enhanced anabolic metabolism, disabled autophagy) may directly or indirectly implicate deregulated mitochondria.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19698742'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 425, 'text': 'Hanahan and Weinberg (2000, Cell 100: 57-70) listed \"hallmarks\" of cancer that must be considered in order to understand the underlying determinants of carcinogenesis: (a) self-sufficiency in growth signals; (b) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals; (c) evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis); (d) limitedless replicative potential; (e) sustained angiogenesis; and (f) tissue invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650245'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 202, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'These hallmarks include; unlimited proliferation, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, initiating invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31119147'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 231, 'offsetInEndSection': 430, 'text': 'Cancer hallmarks include sustained proliferation, evading growth suppressors, metastasis, replicative immortality, angiogenesis, resisting cell death, altered cellular energetics, and immune evasion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29495398'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': 'According to Hanahan and Weinberg, cancer manifests as six essential physiologic hallmarks: (1) self-sufficiency in growth signals, (2) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, (3) evasion of programmed cell death, (4) limitless replicative potential, (5) sustained angiogenesis, and (6) invasion and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27935336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Tumors arise through waves of genetic alterations and clonal expansion that allow tumor cells to acquire cancer hallmarks, such as genome instability and immune evasion. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32092639'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 178, 'text': 'The hallmarks of cancer provide a highly cited and well-used conceptual framework for describing the processes involved in cancer cell development and tumourigenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33823788'}]\n\n\n 'What are the hallmarks of cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 711, 'offsetInEndSection': 1109, 'text': 'Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with two suprachoroidal injections of CLS-TA at 0 and 12 weeks with follow up lasting 24 weeks, showed the significant improvement in visual acuity and reduction in central subfield thickness, all without increasing the risk of elevated intraocular pressure or accelerated cataract progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164'}]\n\n\n 'What was the phase of the clinical trial PEACHTREE?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The PEACHTREE trial was a phase III clinical trial."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 316, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited muscular disorder clinically characterized by slowly progressive weakness affecting humero-peroneal muscles, early joint contractures and cardiomyopathy with conduction defects. Autosomal dominant and recessive forms are caused by mutations in lamin A/C gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16550925'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 516, 'offsetInEndSection': 591, 'text': 'X-linked recessive form of EDMD is caused by mutation in EMD (or STA) gene ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16550925'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 162, 'offsetInEndSection': 353, 'text': 'The LINC components emerin, lamin A/C, SUN1, SUN2, nesprin-1 and nesprin-2 interact with each other at the NE and also with other binding partners including actin filaments and B-type lamins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 473, 'offsetInEndSection': 590, 'text': 'Emerin was the first LINC component associated with a human disease, namely EDMD (Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 591, 'offsetInEndSection': 742, 'text': 'Later on, other components of the LINC complex, such as lamins A/C and small isoforms of nesprin-1 and nesprin-2, were found to be associated with EDMD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 814, 'offsetInEndSection': 973, 'text': 'Only approximately 46% of the EDMD patients can be linked to genes of LINC and non-LINC components, pointing to further genes involved in the pathology of EDMD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1030, 'offsetInEndSection': 1215, 'text': ' Recently, screening of binding partners of LINC components as candidates identified LUMA (TMEM43), encoding a binding partner of emerin and lamins, as a gene involved in atypical EDMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1303, 'offsetInEndSection': 1354, 'text': ' EDMD-causing mutations in STA/EMD (encoding emerin', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103509'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 564, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare muscular dystrophy, but is particularly important to diagnose due to frequent life-threatening cardiac complications. EDMD classically presents with muscle weakness, early contractures, cardiac conduction abnormalities and cardiomyopathy, although the presence and severity of these manifestations vary by subtype and individual. Associated genes include EMD, LMNA, SYNE1, SYNE2, FHL1, TMEM43, SUN1, SUN2, and TTN, encoding emerin, lamin A/C, nesprin-1, nesprin-2, FHL1, LUMA, SUN1, SUN2, and titin, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31840275'}]\n\n\n 'Which genes are related to Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The genes that are related to EDMD are the following: EMD (or STA), LMNA (laminA/C gene), SUN1, SUN2, nesprin-1 (SYNE1), nesprin-2 (SYNE2), titin (TTN) and FHL1 (LUMA) genes."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 68, 'text': 'Phase 1-2 Trial of AAVS3 Gene Therapy in Patients with Hemophilia B.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35857660'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 230, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: FLT180a (verbrinacogene setparvovec) is a liver-directed adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy that uses a synthetic capsid and a gain-of-function protein to normalize factor IX levels in patients with hemophilia B', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35857660'}]\n\n\n 'Was AAVS3 developed for hemophilia A?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. AAVS3 was developed for hemophilia B."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 224, 'offsetInEndSection': 587, 'text': 'new firefly bioluminescence substrates, and further evaluated their activities in vitro and in vivo. It is worth noting that the maximum biological emission wavelength of novel luciferin analogue AL3 ((S,E)-2-(6-hydroxy-5-(3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) is 100 nm red-shifted compared with D-luciferin, ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 610, 'offsetInEndSection': 711, 'text': 'AL4 ((S,E)-2-(5-(2-cyanovinyl)-6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 733, 'offsetInEndSection': 919, 'text': 'The new substrate AL2 ((S,E)-2-(6-hydroxy-7-(3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) showed better bioluminescence performance in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551298'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 243, 'text': 'The interaction of luciferases from two types of luminous bacteria, Photobacterium leiognathi and Vibrio harveyi, with their substrates [the photorecovered FMNH2 and long-chain aldehydes--decanal (C10), dodecanal (C12) and tetradecanal (C14)] ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11512142'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 593, 'offsetInEndSection': 686, 'text': 'Following coadministration of two luciferase substrates, native coelenterazine and luciferin,', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17994900'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 377, 'offsetInEndSection': 597, 'text': 'Comparisons of experimental data with predictions based upon the three inhibitory models show that product inhibition during luciferase luminescence is noncompetitive with respect to both luciferin and ATP as substrates.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/836795'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 140, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': 'An alternative luciferase (Luc) substrate cyclic luciferin (Cycluc) was recently advanced for BLI applications as providing a stronger, more stable signal at significantly lower doses than the classical substrate D-luciferin (D-Luc) increasing sensitivity of Luc detection 10 to 100 times.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979501'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 43, 'text': 'ATP is one of the substrates of luciferase.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165512'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 286, 'offsetInEndSection': 504, 'text': 'D-luciferin, a natural substrate of firefly luciferase, has been reported to have limited brain distribution, possibly due to the efflux transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), at the blood-brain barrier.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34887255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 204, 'offsetInEndSection': 324, 'text': '4-Methyl-D-luciferin is a substrate of Photinus pyralis luciferase, and it causes light emission in luminometric assays.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2230665'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1501, 'offsetInEndSection': 1659, 'text': 'This study examined the pharmacokinetics, brain distribution, and the role of active efflux transporters on the luciferase substrates D-luciferin and CycLuc1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34887255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 102, 'offsetInEndSection': 337, 'text': 'Antares, a fusion of the luciferase NanoLuc to the orange fluorescent protein CyOFP, has emerged as a bright bioluminescent reporter with orthogonal substrate specificity to firefly luciferase (FLuc) and its derivatives such as AkaLuc.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32661427'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 243, 'offsetInEndSection': 377, 'text': \"Here we report cost-effective and efficient syntheses of d-luciferin and 6'-aminoluciferin, two widely used bioluminescent substrates.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525906'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 87, 'text': 'd-Luciferin is a popular bioluminescent substrate of luciferase in the presence of ATP.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31764924'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 197, 'offsetInEndSection': 347, 'text': 'cusing on the tissue distribution of two luciferase substrates, D-luciferin and CycLuc1. D-luciferin, a natural substrate of firefly luciferase, has b', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34887255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 699, 'offsetInEndSection': 849, 'text': ' non-competitive manner with respect to the luciferase substrates D-luciferin and ATP. By contrast, the compound has no effect on Renilla and Gaussia ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22789175'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 700, 'offsetInEndSection': 850, 'text': 'non-competitive manner with respect to the luciferase substrates D-luciferin and ATP. By contrast, the compound has no effect on Renilla and Gaussia l', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22789175'}]\n\n\n 'List the luciferase substrates'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "luciferase substrates include coelenterazine (CTZ), Luciferin, ATP, FMNH2, and luciferin analogs like AL3 ((S,E)-2-(6-hydroxy-5-(3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid), AL4 ((S,E)-2-(5-(2-cyanovinyl)-6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) and AL2 ((S,E)-2-(6-hydroxy-7-(3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) as well as long-chain aldehydes--decanal (C10), dodecanal (C12) and tetradecanal (C14)]"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 386, 'offsetInEndSection': 734, 'text': 'Transcription factors regulating both the identity and patterning of embryonic structures and the development of individual organs are often called master regulatory genes. These genes, as well as other transcription factors, are parts of signaling networks mediating cellular communication, including inductive interactions between nearby tissues.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066109'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': 'The transformation of normal precursors into cancer cells is an intricately regulated, multistep process. The master regulatory genes that play a crucial role in the process of organism development may also play a key role in carcinogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26845852'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'SOX genesare master regulatory genes controlling development and are fundamental to the establishment of sex determination in a multitude of organisms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35760052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 215, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': 'Because a MRG can regulate the concurrent expression of several genes, its mutation often leads to major diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33083114'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 386, 'offsetInEndSection': 558, 'text': 'Transcription factors regulating both the identity and patterning of embryonic structures and the development of individual organs are often called master regulatory genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066109'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 119, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': 'Such master regulators are classically seen as acting on the top of a regulatory hierarchy that determines a complete developmental program, and they usually encode transcription factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043361'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'Master genes are known to induce the differentiation of a multipotent cell into a specific cell type.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27434165'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1054, 'offsetInEndSection': 1176, 'text': ' A poorly understood phenomenon is how developmental master regulators exert functions in different cell- and organ types.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043361'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 118, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': ' Such master regulators are classically seen as acting on the top of a regulatory hierarchy that determines a complete developmental program, and they usually encode transcription factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043361'}]\n\n\n 'What are master regulatory genes?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Transcription factors regulating both the identity and patterning of embryonic structures and the development of individual organs are often called master regulatory genes. These genes, as well as other transcription factors, are parts of signaling networks mediating cellular communication, including inductive interactions between nearby tissues. SOX genes are an example of master regulatory genes that control development and are fundamental to the establishment of sex determination in a multitude of organisms. Because a master regulatory gene can regulate the concurrent expression of several genes, its mutation often leads to major diseases. In particular, the master regulatory genes that play a crucial role in the process of organism development may also play a key role in carcinogenesis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 86, 'text': \"Randomized, clinical trial of RT001: Early signals of efficacy in Friedreich's ataxia.\", 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 352, 'offsetInEndSection': 500, 'text': \"We conducted a phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial with 2 doses of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia patients (9 subjects each cohort). \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723'}]\n\n\n 'In what type of clinical trial has RT001 been evaluated against Friedreich's ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "RT001 was evaluatd in a phase I/II double-blind, randomized, comparator-controlled trial in Friedreich's ataxia patients."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Inflammatory myopathies, including polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), necrotizing myopathy (NM), antisynthetase syndrome (ASS) and overlap myositis (OM), in short myositis, are rare diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35394612'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 135, 'offsetInEndSection': 407, 'text': 'This review describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment for IIMs, namely polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and myositis associated with antisynthetase syndrome (ASS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34767470'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 307, 'offsetInEndSection': 650, 'text': 'The search strategy from the 2021 Cochrane Physical Activity review in neuromuscular disease was used, and we selected articles that included people with IIM, including Dermatomyositis (DM), Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM), Immune Mediated Necrotising Myopathy (IMNM) [also known as necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM)], and Polymyositis (PM).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35927155'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 172, 'offsetInEndSection': 438, 'text': 'We present evidence based on recently emerged clinical, histologic, immunopathologic, demographic and therapeutic observations that these myopathies comprise three major and distinct groups: polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion-body myositis (IBM).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1423335'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'The inflammatory myopathies, including dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, and polymyositis, are poorly understood autoimmune diseases affecting skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351525'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 267, 'text': 'There are five major types of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), autoimmune necrotizing myopathy (AINM) and inflammatory myopathies associated with connective tissue diseases (overlap myositis).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282137'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 267, 'text': 'Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is the umbrella term including dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), overlap myositis (OM), sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) and necrotising autoimmune myopathy (NAM), also known as immune-mediated necrotising myopathy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155760'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 307, 'text': 'Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), except for sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), present with subacute symmetrical weakness of the limb girdle muscles, an elevated serum creatine kinase activity, and inflammatory cells in the muscle biopsy (necrotizing autoimmune myopathy being an exception).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365315'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 428, 'offsetInEndSection': 658, 'text': 'Five main types of inflammatory myopathies are now widely recognised: dermatomyositis, immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, sporadic inclusion-body myositis, overlap myositis (including antisynthetase syndrome), and polymyositis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30129477'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The inflammatory myopathies include polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM), and inclusion b', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799409'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IM), including dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM), are a group of systemic rheumatologic diseases of unknown etiology characterized by chronic myositis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16769661'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 287, 'text': 'Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are a group of heterogeneous striated muscle acquired autoimmune diseases, characterized by progressive symmetrical muscle weakness, elevated serum levels of muscle enzymes, electromyographic abnormalities and inflammatory infiltrates on muscle biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794659'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 270, 'text': 'Inflammatory myopathies are a group of immune-mediated muscle disorders comprising dermatomyositis; polymyositis; overlap myositis, including antisynthetase syndromes and nonspecific myositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies, and sporadic inclusion body myositis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703475'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are a group of rare disorders including polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and autoimmune necrotizing myopathies (NMs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117947'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: The molecular basis of inflammatory myopathies such as dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis, which share the characteristics of chronic muscle inflammation and skeletal muscle wasting, are poorly understood', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24757153'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies include polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM) and inclusion body myositis (IBM).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870499'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 515, 'offsetInEndSection': 665, 'text': ' the common inflammatory myopathies, i.e. dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and sporadic inclusion body myositis, and to describe the specific spectrum o', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33554607'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the known inflammatory myopathies?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The known inflammatory myopathies are the following: polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), necrotizing myopathy (NM), antisynthetase syndrome (ASS), overlap myositis (OM) and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) also known as necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 165, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'METHODS: We conducted a phase 1 clinical trial to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of L9LS, a next-generation antimalarial monoclonal antibody, and its protective efficacy against controlled human malaria infection in healthy adults who had never had malaria or received a vaccine for malaria.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921449'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2119, 'offsetInEndSection': 2300, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: In this small trial, L9LS administered intravenously or subcutaneously protected recipients against malaria after controlled infection, without evident safety concerns.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921449'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'L9LS, a potent and safe antimalarial monoclonal antibody, demonstrated 88% protective efficacy against infection in a phase 1 trial in healthy adults.1 ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36260982'}]\n\n\n 'L9LS was developed for which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "L9LS was developed for malaria."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'Developmental iron deficiency (dID) models facilitate the study of specific oligodendrocyte (OL) requirements for their progression to a mature state and subsequent contribution to myelinatio', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Ontogenetic oligodendrocyte maturation through gestational iron deprivation: The road not taken.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1444, 'offsetInEndSection': 1564, 'text': ' the expression levels of Hes5, Sox10, and Olig1 in dID conditions correlated with an unfavorable OL maturation profile.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1572, 'offsetInEndSection': 1691, 'text': ' the current results provide further evidence of dID impact on myelination, keeping OL away from the maturational path.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Impaired Postnatal Myelination in a Conditional Knockout Mouse for the Ferritin Heavy Chain in Oligodendroglial Cells.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868463'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'To define the importance of iron storage in oligodendrocyte development and function, the ferritin heavy subunit (Fth) was specifically deleted in oligodendroglial cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868463'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2314, 'offsetInEndSection': 2444, 'text': 'Fth iron storage is essential for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for OPC maturation in the demyelinated adult brain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868463'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'H-ferritin expression in astrocytes is necessary for proper oligodendrocyte development and myelination.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34460113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1478, 'offsetInEndSection': 1629, 'text': ' These results indicate that Fth iron storage in astrocytes is vital for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for the remyelination of the CNS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34460113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 107, 'text': 'Iron modulates the differentiation of a distinct population of glial precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11518519'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 421, 'offsetInEndSection': 692, 'text': 'Here, using an in vitro cultured differentiation model of oligodendrocytes, we found that both transferrin receptor and ferritin-H are significantly upregulated during oligodendrocyte maturation, implying the essential role of iron in the development of oligodendrocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25206366'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1060, 'offsetInEndSection': 1217, 'text': 'Our results raise the possibility that iron may affect oligodendrocyte development at stages during early embryogenesis rather than during later development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11518519'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'When disrupted, iron homeostasis negatively impacts oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and impairs myelination.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092084'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 355, 'offsetInEndSection': 567, 'text': 'These hypotheses are based on the observations that there is a peak in brain iron uptake in vivo that coincides with the period of greatest myelination and that a shortage of iron leads to myelination deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11518519'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'Developmental iron deficiency (dID) models facilitate the study of specific oligodendrocyte (OL) requirements for their progression to a mature state and subsequent contribution to myelination.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'Iron is an essential trophic element that is required for cell viability and differentiation, especially in oligodendrocytes, which consume relatively high rates of energy to produce myelin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25206366'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1479, 'offsetInEndSection': 1629, 'text': 'These results indicate that Fth iron storage in astrocytes is vital for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for the remyelination of the CNS.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34460113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1076, 'offsetInEndSection': 1352, 'text': 'Total iron content in unperfused brain is not significantly different between Mcoln1(-/-) and wild-type littermate mice, suggesting that the observed maturation delay or loss of oligodendrocytes might be caused by impaired iron handling, rather than by global iron deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26398942'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1346, 'offsetInEndSection': 1534, 'text': 'These data indicate that iron delivered via transferrin and its receptor is intrinsically involved in oligodendrocyte maturation and thus plays a critical role in the onset of myelination.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7768202'}]\n\n\n 'Does iron regulate oligodendrocyte maturation?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Developmental iron deficiency has an impact on myelination and effects oligodendrocyte maturation. Iron storage in astrocytes is vital for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for the remyelination of the CNS."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 280, 'text': 'Each human, when born, has slightly different DNA sequences, which make each of us unique. The variations in DNA sequences are called genetic variants. The primary aim of genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to detect associations between genetic variants and human phenotypes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605948'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully mapped thousands of loci associated with complex traits. These associations could reveal the molecular mechanisms altered in common complex diseases and result in the identification of novel drug targets.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32477401'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 713, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide an important avenue for undertaking an agnostic evaluation of the association between common genetic variants and risk of disease. Recent advances in our understanding of human genetic variation and the technology to measure such variation have made GWAS feasible. Over the past few years a multitude of GWAS have identified and replicated many associated variants. These findings are enriching our knowledge about the genetic basis of disease and leading some to advocate using GWA study results for genetic testing. For many of the GWA study results, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and the findings explain only a limited amount of heritability.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20235850'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 321, 'text': 'Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful study design to identify genetic variants of a trait and, in particular, detect the association between common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and common human diseases such as heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, and psychiatric disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29536439'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involve testing genetic variants across the genomes of many individuals to identify genotype-phenotype associations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31068683'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': 'Genome-wide association (GWA) studies are best understood as an extension of candidate gene association studies, scaled up to cover hundreds of thousands of markers across the genome in samples usually of several thousand cases and controls.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153613'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide an important avenue for undertaking an agnostic evaluation of the association between common genetic variants and risk of disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20235850'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1710, 'offsetInEndSection': 2062, 'text': 'GWAS are an important discovery tool that require extensive follow-up to map each region, investigate the biological mechanism underpinning the association and eventually test the optimal markers for assessing risk for a disease or its outcome, such as in pharmacogenomics, the study of the effect of genetic variation on pharmacological interventions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906782'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for investigators to examine the human genome to detect genetic risk factors, reveal the genetic architecture of diseases and open up new opportunities for treatment and prevention.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870131'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 156, 'offsetInEndSection': 322, 'text': 'GWAS have revolutionized the field of complex disease genetics over the past decade, providing numerous compelling associations for human complex traits and diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31068683'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have developed into a powerful and ubiquitous tool for the investigation of complex traits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33442955'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 265, 'offsetInEndSection': 385, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) scan the genome to search associations of SNPs with specific traits, like cancer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343194'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) evaluate associations between genetic variants and a trait or disease of interest free of prior biological hypotheses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27612175'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAS) offer an unbiased means to understand the genetic basis of traits by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to causal variants of complex phenotypes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22888763'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of complex traits, discovering >6000 variants associated with >500 quantitative traits and common complex diseases in humans.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629526'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 174, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a hypothesis-free approach to discover genetic variants contributing to the risk of a certain disease or disease-related trait.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29423796'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for pathogenetic studies of complex diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188273'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified many genetic variants associated with complex traits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31821614'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and sequencing studies are routinely conducted for the identification of genetic variants that are associated with complex traits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599666'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 185, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been highly informative in discovering disease-associated loci but are not designed to capture all structural variations in the human genome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35332097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) detect common genetic variants associated with complex disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727703'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified abundant genetic susceptibility loci, GWAS of small sample size are far less from meeting the previous expectations due to low statistical power and false positive results.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31024629'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow the finding of genetic variants associated with several traits.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095100'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 193, 'offsetInEndSection': 332, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) play a key role in discovering genetic variations that may contribute towards disease vulnerability.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895066'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a valuable approach to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a phenotype of interest.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31893446'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are performed to find associations between genetic variants (i.e. single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and diseases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24754927'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 214, 'text': 'Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) refer to observational studies of a genome-wide set of genetic variants across many individuals to see if any genetic variants are associated with a certain trait.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32693805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of susceptibility variants, although most have been associated with small individual risk estimates that offer little predictive value. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30908599'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 257, 'text': 'Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) are used to identify statistically significant genetic variants in case-control studies. The main objective is to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence a particular phenotype (i.e., disease trait).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30183645'}]\n\n\n 'What are genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Each human has slightly different DNA sequences, called genetic variants, which make each of us unique. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide an important avenue for undertaking an agnostic evaluation of the association between common genetic variants and the risk of disease. Recent advances in our understanding of human genetic variation and the technology to measure such variation have made GWAS feasible. Over the past few years, a multitude of GWAS has identified and replicated many associated variants. These associations could reveal the molecular mechanisms altered in common complex diseases and result in the identification of novel drug targets."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Design and synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as an EGFR degrader based on CO-1686.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35594654'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 241, 'offsetInEndSection': 365, 'text': 'The emerging technology proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) could be an alternative strategy to overcome these problems. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35594654'}]\n\n\n 'What does PROTACs stand for?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "PROTACs are proteolysis targeting chimeras."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 253, 'text': 'Leigh syndrome (LS), or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is the most common childhood mitochondrial encephalopathy, accounting for more than 50% of cases in this age group. Its estimated incidence is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 182, 'offsetInEndSection': 253, 'text': 'Its estimated incidence is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 834, 'offsetInEndSection': 917, 'text': 'Leigh syndrome occurs with an estimated frequency of 1:77,000-1:34,000 live births.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651330'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Leigh syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder with an incidence of 1\\u2009:\\u200940,000 live births.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868319'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'Leigh syndrome is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1 in 40,000 live births.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 133, 'offsetInEndSection': 210, 'text': 'It has an incidence of 1 in 77,000 live births worldwide with poor prognosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30392038'}]\n\n\n 'What is the incidence of Leigh syndrome?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The incidence of Leigh syndrome is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 143, 'offsetInEndSection': 371, 'text': 'It is a serious threat to prehospital patients and especially injured patients, since it can induce a vicious cycle of the synergistic effects of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy; referred to as the trauma triad of death. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162267'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 67, 'text': 'The trauma triad of death: hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10347389'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 665, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': 'The \"new\" golden hour may well be the time in the operating room before the patient reaches the physiologic limit, defined as the onset of the triad: hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10347389'}]\n\n\n 'What are features of the The Trauma Triad of Death?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The trauma triad of death: hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'Surgeons treating advanced carcinoma of the tongue with total glossectomy face many conflicts in view of the morbidity and poor functional and survival outcomes following surgery. I', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34016519'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 136, 'offsetInEndSection': 411, 'text': 'Ablation of a tongue tumor leaves defects that can be either surgically reconstructed or replaced by a prosthesis to help recreate normalcy and balance in the oral cavity. This clinical report describes a prosthetic design to rehabilitate a patient after a total glossectomy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33608105'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 488, 'offsetInEndSection': 684, 'text': 'Wide variation in negotiated surgical prices was identified. Across-center ratios ranged from 6.2 (partial glossectomy without primary closure) to 22.8 (excision of tongue lesion without closure).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35671092'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 255, 'text': 'The aim of this study was to test the non-inferiority of the contralateral submental island flap (CSIF) compared with primary closure (PC) regarding local recurrence after partial glossectomy in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). T', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35672195'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 20, 'offsetInEndSection': 334, 'text': 'Locally advanced tongue or tongue base cancer is recommended to be treated by radical resection that is usually detrimental to physiological functions. This study reports the efficacy and treatment outcome of the patients who had received total glossectomy and laryngeal suspension without lip-split mandibulotomy ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35985885'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 11, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'To evaluate potential interactions and compensatory mechanisms of subjectively impaired taste function with ortho- and retronasal olfaction after glossectomy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36254878'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 182, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': ' In this cross-sectional pilot study, chemosensory functions were assessed in 25 patients with tongue carcinomas after glossectomy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36254878'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 194, 'text': 'Glossectomy, or tongue reduction, is not commonly performed in Japan even though the proportion of patients with Class III skeletal pattern is higher among Japanese people than among Caucasians.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8214788'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Total glossectomy is the procedure for entire removal of the tongue, practice considered as one of the most mutilating possible done in head and n', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12053512'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Total glossectomy is the procedure for entire removal of the tongue, practice considered as one of the most mutilating possible done in head and neck surgery', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12053512'}]\n\n\n 'What is a glossectomy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Glossectomy is the removal of the tongue, usually performed as a treatment for cancer of the tongue."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 437, 'offsetInEndSection': 636, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications may constitute changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation etc), and changes in non-coding RNA, leading to an altered gene expression profile.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35583646'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications viz. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-based alterations play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34870779'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 275, 'offsetInEndSection': 400, 'text': 'Major epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling as well as the noncoding RNAs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33605616'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 479, 'text': 'Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated not only by genomic enhancers and promoters, but also by covalent modifications added to both chromatin and RNAs. Whereas cellular gene expression may be either enhanced or inhibited by specific epigenetic modifications deposited on histones (in particular, histone H3), these epigenetic modifications can also repress viral gene expression, potentially functioning as a potent antiviral innate immune response in DNA virus-infected cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32533130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 190, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'Examples of epigenetic control are DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and mi-RNA expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28259291'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 558, 'offsetInEndSection': 701, 'text': 'These modifications are dubbed as \"epigenetic modifications\" and include, among others, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and small RNAs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920747'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes are defined as inherited modifications that are not present in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28259291'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 171, 'offsetInEndSection': 293, 'text': 'Examples of such modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNAs, and chromatin architecture.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935066'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 118, 'offsetInEndSection': 312, 'text': 'DNA methylation and histone modifications, for example, are capable of spatial and temporal regulation of expression-with several studies demonstrating that these epigenetic marks are heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074949'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 166, 'text': 'DNA methylation and histone modifications such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, are two types of epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30679030'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 456, 'offsetInEndSection': 631, 'text': 'In the present review we discuss three prominent epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and the effects of chromatin remodeling complexes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35735917'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'In the current era of epigenetics research, we have observed many examples of epigenetic modifications, like histone modification and DNA methylation, in various fatal diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992310'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, result in heritable changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30984620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'DNA methylation has been characterized as the representative example of epigenetic modifications and implicated in numerous biological processes, such as genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31989558'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 673, 'offsetInEndSection': 814, 'text': 'Methylation and histone acetylation are two of the most well-studied examples of the epigenetic modifications that occur on histone proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 115, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'One example of epigenetic factors is DNA methylation, which prevents certain genes from being expressed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24743128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 815, 'offsetInEndSection': 930, 'text': 'DNA methylation is the type of epigenetic modification that alters gene expression without modifying gene sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 300, 'offsetInEndSection': 490, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications are chromosome-bound, heritable changes to the genome that do not affect the DNA sequence, and can include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA processing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28069135'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 224, 'offsetInEndSection': 386, 'text': 'Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modification are essential for chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression including miRNAs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23056006'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 346, 'offsetInEndSection': 476, 'text': 'This review summarises the main epigenetic modifications in mammals, especially DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35052371'}]\n\n\n 'What are some examples of epigenetic modifications?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated not only by genomic enhancers and promoters but also by covalent modifications added to both chromatin and RNAs. Epigenetic modifications may constitute changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, etc), chromatin remodeling, and changes in non-coding RNA, leading to an altered gene expression profile."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 543, 'offsetInEndSection': 892, 'text': 'In the United States, zanubrutinib, a next-generation BTK inhibitor, has been approved for treating adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy, for adults with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia, and for adults with relapsed or refractory marginal zone lymphoma who have received at least one anti-CD20-based therapy. B', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651781'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2451, 'offsetInEndSection': 2587, 'text': 'To reduce these side effects, zanubrutinib, a next-generation BTK inhibitor, was designed to block BTK more specifically than ibrutinib.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651781'}]\n\n\n 'What does Zanubrutinib inhibit?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Zanubrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is classically considered a disease with onset in the first or second decade. However, late-onset (age of onset 25-39 years) and very-late-onset (age of onset >40 years) forms do occur rarely.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31467149'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1696, 'offsetInEndSection': 1902, 'text': \"and Friedreich's ataxia is heterogeneous. Late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and very-late-onset Friedreich's ataxia appear to belong to the same clinical and molecular continuum and should be considered togeth\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388117'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 57, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': \" age of 25. Rare variants have been described, such as late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and very-late-onset Friedreich's ataxia, occurring after 25 and 40 years, r\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388117'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 219, 'offsetInEndSection': 1021, 'text': \"spectively. We describe the clinical, functional, and molecular findings from a large series of late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and very-late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and compare them with typical-onset Friedreich's ataxia.METHODS: Phenotypic and genotypic comparison of 44 late-onset Friedreich's ataxia, 30 very late-onset Friedreich's ataxia, and 180 typical Friedreich's ataxia was undertaken.RESULTS: Delayed-onset Friedreich's ataxia (late-onset Friedreich's ataxia and very-late-onset Friedreich's ataxia) had less frequently dysarthria, abolished tendon reflexes, extensor plantar reflexes, weakness, amyotrophy, ganglionopathy, cerebellar atrophy, scoliosis, and cardiomyopathy than typical-onset Friedreich's ataxia, along with less severe functional disability and shorter GAA expansion on t\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388117'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': \"Very late-onset Friedreich's ataxia (VLOFA) is characterized by symptomatic onset after 40 years of age and, usually, a benign phenotype.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092110'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 871, 'offsetInEndSection': 1101, 'text': \"ing Scale and EQ-5D. The Friedreich's ataxia cohort was subdivided into three groups: early disease onset (\u226414 years), intermediate onset (15-24 years), and late onset (\u226525 years), which were compared for clinical characteristics \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25566998'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 893, 'offsetInEndSection': 1123, 'text': \"he Friedreich's ataxia cohort was subdivided into three groups: early disease onset (\u226414 years), intermediate onset (15-24 years), and late onset (\u226525 years), which were compared for clinical characteristics and outcome measures. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25566998'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the types of Friedreich's Ataxia based on onset age?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "There are three types of Friedreich's ataxia based on onset age: Friedreich's ataxia with onset in the first or second decade, late-onset (age of onset 25-39 years) and very-late-onset (age of onset >40 years)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 301, 'text': 'Fulvestrant plus capivasertib versus placebo after relapse or progression on an aromatase inhibitor in metastatic, oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (FAKTION): overall survival, updated progression-free survival, and expanded biomarker analysis from a randomised, phase 2 trial.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35671774'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 4240, 'offsetInEndSection': 4449, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: Updated FAKTION data showed that capivasertib addition to fulvestrant extends the survival of participants with aromatase inhibitor-resistant ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35671774'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 866, 'offsetInEndSection': 955, 'text': 'Similarly, there was an overall survival benefit in the FAKTION study with capivasertib. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36110891'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 221, 'text': 'Fulvestrant plus capivasertib versus placebo after relapse or progression on an aromatase inhibitor in metastatic, oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (FAKTION): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32035020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 130, 'offsetInEndSection': 318, 'text': 'The FAKTION trial investigated whether the addition of capivasertib to fulvestrant improved progression-free survival in patients with aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32035020'}]\n\n\n 'Which drugs were tested in the FAKTION trial?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The FAKTION trial investigated whether the addition of capivasertib to fulvestrant improved progression-free survival in patients with aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': 'Gene knock-down technology using antisense molecules has many applications for studying gene function, disrupting undesirable genetic traits, as well as providing effective therapy for a number of viral diseases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14961259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'The largest gene knock-down experiments performed to date have used multiple short interfering/short hairpin (si/sh)RNAs per gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16025102'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 256, 'text': 'Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been gaining popularity as the gene knock-down tool of choice by many researchers because of the clean nature of their workings as well as the technical simplicity and cost efficiency in their applications. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443930'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Gene knock down by RNAi is a highly effective approach to silence gene expression in experimental as well as therapeutic settings.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 30, 'offsetInEndSection': 209, 'text': 'gene silencing, or gene expression down-regulation is the process whereby a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces the homology-dependent degradation of cognate messenger RNA (mRNA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16509424'}]\n\n\n 'Explain gene knock-down.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Gene knock-down technology using antisense molecules has many applications for studying gene function, disrupting undesirable genetic traits, as well as providing effective therapy for a number of viral diseases. Gene knock down by RNAi is a highly effective approach to silence gene expression in experimental as well as therapeutic settings"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 260, 'text': 'RNA splicing is a critical step in the maturation of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) by removing introns and exons. The combination of inclusion and exclusion of introns and exons in pre-mRNA can generate vast diversity in mature mRNA from a limited number of genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923658'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 285, 'text': \"Transport of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is an essential step of eukaryotic gene expression. In the cell nucleus, a precursor mRNA undergoes a series of processing steps, including capping at the 5' ends, splicing and cleavage/polyadenylation at the 3' ends.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25836925'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 249, 'text': \"Messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) are produced as the nascent transcripts of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes and must undergo extensive maturational processing, including 5'-end capping, splicing, and 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24617759'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'The cellular transformation of a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) into its mature or functional form proceeds by way of a splicing reaction, in which the exons are ligated to form the mature linear RNA and the introns are excised as branched or lariat RNAs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576302'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'In eukaryotes, pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) cleavage and polyadenylation is one of the necessary processing steps that produce a mature and functional mRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 120, 'offsetInEndSection': 285, 'text': \"In the cell nucleus, a precursor mRNA undergoes a series of processing steps, including capping at the 5' ends, splicing and cleavage/polyadenylation at the 3' ends.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25836925'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 156, 'offsetInEndSection': 372, 'text': \"The three most prevalent processing steps are the capping reaction at the 5'-end, the removal of intervening sequences by splicing, and the formation of poly (A)-tails at the 3'-end of the message by polyadenylation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21823231'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is a critical step in gene expression that results in the removal of intronic sequences from immature mRNA, leading to the production of mature mRNA that can be translated into protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25761502'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 103, 'text': \"Spliceosome and 3'-end processing complexes are necessary for the precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) maturation.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350684'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is a fundamental step in eukaryotic gene expression that systematically removes non-coding regions (introns) and ligates coding regions (exons) into a continuous message (mature mRNA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34016162'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 109, 'text': 'RNA splicing is a critical step in the maturation of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) by removing introns and exons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923658'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 246, 'text': 'In trypanosomatid parasites, spliced leader (SL) trans splicing is an essential nuclear mRNA maturation step which caps mRNAs posttranscriptionally and, in conjunction with polyadenylation, resolves individual mRNAs from polycistronic precursors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429779'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 289, 'offsetInEndSection': 459, 'text': 'The process of pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation, and its relationship with RNA splicing and translation, have been extensively studied due to its importance in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 157, 'offsetInEndSection': 288, 'text': 'Regulation on pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation affects other processes such as mRNA translocation, stability, and translation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 165, 'text': \"The 3' ends of most eukaryotic messenger RNAs must undergo a maturation step that includes an endonuc-leolytic cleavage followed by addition of a polyadenylate tail.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081038'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'mRNA polyadenylation and pre-mRNA splicing are two essential steps for the maturation of most human mRNAs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210931'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Pre-mRNA (precursor mRNA) splicing is a key step in cellular gene expression where introns are excised and exons are ligated together to produce mature mRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25110027'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 185, 'text': 'The process of removing intronic sequences from a precursor to messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) to yield a mature mRNA transcript via splicing is an integral step in eukaryotic gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27198613'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 257, 'text': 'Eukaryotic mRNA synthesis is a complex biochemical process requiring transcription of a DNA template into a precursor RNA by the multi-subunit enzyme RNA polymerase II and co-transcriptional capping and splicing of the precursor RNA to form the mature mRNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31132066'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 134, 'offsetInEndSection': 273, 'text': 'With this step, a pre-messenger RNA is processed and polyadenylated, giving rise to a mature mRNA bearing the characteristic poly(A) tract.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18630752'}]\n\n\n 'What are the necessary steps for the transition from a precursor mRNA to a mature\nmRNA?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Transport of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is an essential step of eukaryotic gene expression. Messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) are produced as the nascent transcripts of RNA polymerase II in the cell nucleus and must undergo extensive maturational processing, including 5'-end capping, splicing, and 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Cabotegravir Extended-Release Injectable Suspension: A Review in HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Cabotegravir extended-release (ER) injectable suspension (Apretude\u2122) is the first long-acting injectable option to be approved for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 465, 'offsetInEndSection': 694, 'text': 'Cabotegravir ER injectable suspension is indicated in the USA for PrEP to reduce the risk of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection in at-risk adults and adolescents weighing \u2265\\u200935 kg who have a negative HIV-1 test prior to initiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1086, 'offsetInEndSection': 1312, 'text': 'With its convenient, less-frequent dosing schedule and its long-acting formulation enabling intramuscular administration, cabotegravir ER injectable suspension represents a novel and efficacious alternative to daily oral PrEP.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686'}]\n\n\n 'What is Apretude used for?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Cabotegravir extended-release (ER) injectable suspension (Apretude\u2122) is the first long-acting injectable option to be approved for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 324, 'offsetInEndSection': 377, 'text': 'SMA with a clinical diagnosis of SMA types\\xa01, 2, or 3', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35284988'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 591, 'offsetInEndSection': 751, 'text': ' In phase\\xa02/3 clinical trials, risdiplam significantly improved motor function in infants with SMA type\\xa01 and in patients aged 2-25\\xa0years with SMA types 2 or 3.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35284988'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 190, 'offsetInEndSection': 265, 'text': 'Adulthood-onset SMA (SMA type 4) is rare, with few isolated cases reported.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090613'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 643, 'offsetInEndSection': 739, 'text': 'Twenty patients with SMA type 4 were identified in a Brazilian cohort of 227 patients with SMA. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090613'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1675, 'offsetInEndSection': 1823, 'text': 'This study represents the largest cohort of patients with SMA type 4 and provides functional, genetic, radiological and neurophysiological features ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090613'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 295, 'offsetInEndSection': 347, 'text': 'Adolescent and adult patients with SMA types 3 and 4', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35466947'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1632, 'offsetInEndSection': 1900, 'text': 'We found no evidence for the contribution of motor unit and capillary recruitment capacity of the upper arm muscles in adolescent and adult patients with SMA types 3 and 4 as primary limiting factors to premature fatigue during execution of a maximal arm-cycling task.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35466947'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 262, 'offsetInEndSection': 350, 'text': 'We report a long-term follow-up in adolescent and adult patients with SMA types 1 and 2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36335004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 359, 'offsetInEndSection': 463, 'text': 'Nusinersen-treated patients with SMA types 1 and 2 between 2017 and 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36335004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 922, 'offsetInEndSection': 1068, 'text': 'Seven patients with SMA (type 1, 1; type 2, 6) with a median age of 23 (range, 12-40)years were treated with nusinersen for 3.55 (1.78-4.53)years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36335004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 778, 'offsetInEndSection': 1010, 'text': 'On October 1st, 666 patients have been enrolled (357 children and 309 adults) by 44 out of 51 open centers of the national network (FILNEMUS) with: 150 type 1 (22%); 278 type 2 (42%), 232 type\\xa03 (35%) and 4 type 4 (1%) respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34878390'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 122, 'offsetInEndSection': 396, 'text': 'The identification of the underlying gene defects for familial ALS, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (SMARD) has pointed to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for the various forms of the disease. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704958'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1046, 'offsetInEndSection': 1149, 'text': 'Interestingly, UBA1 mutations can also cause infantile-onset X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (XL-SMA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1150, 'offsetInEndSection': 1333, 'text': \"The mutation identified here and the XL-SMA causative mutations were shown to affect amino acids positioned in the vicinity of UBA1's ATP binding site and to cause structural changes.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1515, 'offsetInEndSection': 1589, 'text': 'The contribution of this same gene to the etiology of XL-SMA is discussed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 525, 'offsetInEndSection': 791, 'text': 'Type I spinal muscular atrophy has been subdivided into 3 groups: - type IA, the clinical signs of which set in between birth and 15 days of life with sudden severe motor impairment, sucking-swallowing disorders attesting to bulbar involvement, respiratory distress.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33357591'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 310, 'text': 'The childhood form of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is classically subdivided into three groups on the basis of a combination of age of onset, milestones of development and age of survival: acute Werdning-Hoffmann (type I), intermediate Werdnig-Hoffmann (type II) and Kugelberg-Welander disease (type III).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389561'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy type 3 (SMA3), also called Kugelberg-Welander SMA, typically presents with muscle fatigue, slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of lower limbs once they have already acquired independent ambulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33357593'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 229, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked 2 (SMAX2) is a rare type of spinal muscular atrophy characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia, areflexia, myopathic face, tongue fibrillations, contractures, bone fractures, and cryptorchidism.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35707597'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 185, 'offsetInEndSection': 315, 'text': 'SMA is classified in three clinical types, SMA I, SMA II, and SMA III, based on the severity of the symptoms and the age of onset.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16865356'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 68, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'ring seated upper limb tasks in patients with spinal muscular atrophy types 2 and 3.DESIGN: Seventeen persons with spinal muscular atrophy and 15 heal', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31274514'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 133, 'offsetInEndSection': 283, 'text': 'tional ability in children with non-ambulant spinal muscular atrophy types 2 and 3 in a longitudinal multi-center clinical trial. This study assessed ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750368'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 208, 'text': 'BACKGROUND & AIMS: Different neuromuscular functional domains in types I and II Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMAI and SMAII) could lead to differences in body composition (BC) and resting energy expenditure (REE)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27890489'}]\n\n\n 'What are the types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy are: SMA type 1, SMA type 2, SMA type 3, SMA type 4, X-linked SMA and SMA with respiratory distress."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Outcomes of Ublituximab compared to Teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35779372'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Ublituximab is an anti-CD20 antibody that immunomodulates B-cells for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35779372'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 826, 'offsetInEndSection': 1348, 'text': \" In the second part of the review, we summarize medications that have targeted B cells in patients with MS and their current position in the therapeutic armamentarium based on clinical trials and real-world data. Covered therapeutic strategies include the targeting of surface molecules such as CD20 (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab) and CD19 (inebilizumab), and molecules necessary for B-cell activation such as B cell activating factor (BAFF) (belimumab) and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) (evobrutinib).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35570581'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 65, 'text': 'Ublituximab versus Teriflunomide in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 126, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'Ublituximab is being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1973, 'offsetInEndSection': 2248, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Among participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis, ublituximab resulted in lower annualized relapse rates and fewer brain lesions on MRI than teriflunomide over a period of 96 weeks but did not result in a significantly lower risk of worsening of disability. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001711'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 815, 'offsetInEndSection': 908, 'text': 'The glycoengineered antibody ublituximab is the next anti-CD20 therapy about to be approved. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35869335'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 707, 'offsetInEndSection': 923, 'text': 'On the other hand, the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab work via eliminating selected pathogenic cell populations. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35378683'}]\n\n\n 'What disease is treated with Ublituximab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Ublituximab is being tested for multiple sclerosis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Palmar erythema (\"liver palms\") was seen in 32/100 consecutive patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis and in 10/100 patients with various other internal diseases (p less than 0.001', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3830522'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 193, 'offsetInEndSection': 373, 'text': 'Palmar erythema commonly presents as symmetric, blanchable, slightly warm, nonscaling erythema, most frequently involving the thenar and hypothenar eminences of the palmar surface.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474732'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'Palmar erythema (\"liver palms\") was seen in 32/100 consecutive patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis and in 10/100 patients with various other internal diseases (p less than 0.001).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3830522'}]\n\n\n 'What is Palmar Erythema?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Palmar Erythema also known as liver palms is redness of the palms"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 272, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that are, unlike mutations, not attributable to alterations in the sequence of DNA. The predominant epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, modifications to chromatin, loss of imprinting and non-coding RNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21734376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 665, 'text': 'Genome-wide association studies of complex physiological traits and diseases consistently found that associated genetic factors, such as allelic polymorphisms or DNA mutations, only explained a minority of the expected heritable fraction. This discrepancy is known as \"missing heritability\", and its underlying factors and molecular mechanisms are not established. Epigenetic programs may account for a significant fraction of the \"missing heritability.\" Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and chromatin assembly states, reflect the high plasticity of the genome and contribute to stably alter gene expression without modifying genomic DNA sequences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26216216'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1385, 'offsetInEndSection': 1493, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413852'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413852'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes refer to heritable changes that may modulate gene expression without affecting DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 706, 'offsetInEndSection': 954, 'text': 'Epigenetic alterations, which, by definition, comprise mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in the primary DNA sequence, are increasingly being recognized for their roles in carcinogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042143'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 378, 'offsetInEndSection': 597, 'text': 'Unlike heritable genetic changes, which are always associated with mutations in gene sequence, heritable epigenetic changes can be associated with physical or chemical changes in molecules or only changes in the system.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32319122'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'Epigenetic alterations are defined as heritable changes in gene expression mediated through mechanisms other than alterations in the DNA sequence itself, including DNA promoter methylation and various histone covalent modifications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416204'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 172, 'text': 'Epigenetics refers to heritable phenotypic alterations in the absence of DNA sequence changes, and DNA methylation is one of the extensively studied epigenetic alterations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18331347'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25191382'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in patterns of gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104823'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 146, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications are classified as heritable and reversible chemical modifications of chromatin that do not cause changes in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27591071'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity that can be transmitted through cell divisions but cannot be explained by changes in the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33866814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 624, 'offsetInEndSection': 728, 'text': 'First, some epigenetic states are transmitted intergenerationally and affect the phenotype of offspring.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33866814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 230, 'offsetInEndSection': 379, 'text': 'One possible but largely unexplored explanation is that exposure to sublethal doses of insecticides may alter epigenetic patterns that are heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33767749'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 112, 'offsetInEndSection': 270, 'text': 'DNA methylation is one such heritable epigenetic change, which is causally associated with the transcription regulation of many genes in the mammalian genome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 837, 'offsetInEndSection': 982, 'text': 'As a result, heritable epigenetic changes can include any that can alter a wave such as changes in form, midline, frequency, amplitude, or phase.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32319122'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 230, 'text': \"Epigenetics has been defined as 'a stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence' and several epigenetic regulators are recurrently mutated in hematological malignancies.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31431820'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 282, 'offsetInEndSection': 461, 'text': 'Epigenetic alterations (epimutations) could thus contribute to heritable variation within populations and be subject to evolutionary processes such as natural selection and drift.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868918'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 431, 'offsetInEndSection': 487, 'text': 'Some of these epigenetic changes appear to be heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17684399'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 623, 'offsetInEndSection': 728, 'text': ' First, some epigenetic states are transmitted intergenerationally and affect the phenotype of offspring.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33866814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1301, 'offsetInEndSection': 1380, 'text': ' First, stress-induced methylation changes are common and are mostly heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003072'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 115, 'text': 'Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479537'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 166, 'offsetInEndSection': 274, 'text': ' Epigenetic changes enforced by various environmental and lifestyle factors lead to heritable modifications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33612870'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 293, 'offsetInEndSection': 417, 'text': ' Transient epigenetic changes across the entire genome can influence metabolic outcomes and might or might not be heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27312865'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 175, 'offsetInEndSection': 279, 'text': ' More interestingly, epigenetic changes are reversible heritable changes which pass through generations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233676'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 208, 'offsetInEndSection': 330, 'text': ' However, it is unclear whether the active changes mediated by variations in DNA methyltransferase activity are heritable.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 81, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'Epigenetic modification refers to heritable changes in the genetic material without any changes in the nucleic acid sequence and results in heritable phenotypic changes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35484099'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 210, 'text': 'Epigenetics refers to the heritable, but reversible, regulation of various biological functions mediated principally through changes in DNA methylation and chromatin structure derived from histone modification.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18550486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 760, 'offsetInEndSection': 958, 'text': 'Although epigenetic modifications may contribute substantially to average risk, they will not contribute much to recurrence risk and heritability unless they persist on average for many generations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416939'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Epigenetic processes, defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes to the DNA sequence, have emerged as a promising area of cardiovascular disease research.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24768945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 279, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes can be defined as stable molecular alterations of a cellular phenotype such as the gene expression profile of a cell that are heritable during somatic cell divisions (and sometimes germ line transmissions) but do not involve changes of the DNA sequence itself.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627830'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 98, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression not encoded by the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941617'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as the study of changes in gene function that are mitotically or meiotically heritable and do not lead to a change in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34058565'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable traits that are mediated by changes in a genetic locus that do not involve a modification at the nucleotide level.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11597505'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 88, 'offsetInEndSection': 238, 'text': 'ssion, notably during embryonic development. New research indicates that epigenetic factors are heritable, which is why paternal lifestyle may affect ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27649584'}]\n\n\n 'Are epigenetic changes heritable?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that are, unlike mutations, not attributable to alterations in the sequence of DNA. The predominant epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, modifications to chromatin, loss of imprinting, and non-coding RNA. These epigenetic programs may account for a significant fraction of the \"missing heritability\" problem that is observed in genome-wide association studies."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 581, 'offsetInEndSection': 670, 'text': 'Trichotillomania requires a comprehensive treatment plan and interdisciplinary approach. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35118122'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 769, 'offsetInEndSection': 1270, 'text': 'Behavioral therapy has been used with success in the treatment of trichotillomania, but not all patients are willing or able to comply with this treatment strategy. Pharmacotherapy can be necessary, especially in adolescents and adult patients. Options include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glutamate-modulating agents. Glutamate-modulating agents such as N-acetylcysteine are a good first-line option due to significant benefits and low risk of side effects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35118122'}]\n\n\n 'What is the treatment for trichotillomania?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Trichotillomania requires a comprehensive treatment plan and interdisciplinary approach. Behavioral therapy has been used with success in the treatment of trichotillomania, but not all patients are willing or able to comply with this treatment strategy. Pharmacotherapy can be necessary, especially in adolescents and adult patients. Options include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glutamate-modulating agents. Glutamate-modulating agents such as N-acetylcysteine are a good first-line option due to significant benefits and low risk of side effects."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 387, 'text': 'Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset intractable myopathy, characterized by slowly progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and proximal limb weakness. It is caused by the abnormal expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene (11-18 repeats in OPMD instead of the normal 10 repeats).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33805441'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 179, 'offsetInEndSection': 277, 'text': 'A common cause of OPMD is the short expansion of a GCG or GCA trinucleotide repeat in PABPN1 gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34225694'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is caused by the abnormal expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene (PABPN1)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 77, 'text': 'EDP-938, a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibitor, in a Human Virus Challenge.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35172056'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 158, 'offsetInEndSection': 252, 'text': 'EDP-938, a nonfusion replication inhibitor of RSV, acts by modulating the viral nucleoprotein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35172056'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'EDP-938, a new antiviral with inhibitory activity against the nucleoprotein of the respiratory syncytial virus.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401806'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 541, 'offsetInEndSection': 586, 'text': 'EDP-938 has shown high efficacy against RSV. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401806'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 156, 'text': 'EDP-938, a novel nucleoprotein inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus, demonstrates potent antiviral activities in vitro and in a non-human primate model.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720995'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'EDP-938 is a novel non-fusion replication inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720995'}]\n\n\n 'Which viral disease can be treated with EDP-938?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Respiratory Syncytial Virus can be treated with EDP-938."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'durvalumab (Imfinzi\u2122; AstraZeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks programmed cell death ligand-1 binding to its receptors (PD-1 and CD80),', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643244'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 369, 'offsetInEndSection': 403, 'text': 'durvalumab (IMFINZI\u00ae, Astra-Zeneca', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29571563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 375, 'offsetInEndSection': 396, 'text': 'durvalumab (Imfinzi\u00ae)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30917623'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 229, 'text': 'Intravenous durvalumab (Imfinzi\u2122; AstraZeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks programmed cell death ligand-1 binding to its receptors (PD-1 and CD80), resulting in enhanced T-cell responses against cancer cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643244'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'Durvalumab (IMFINZI\u00ae), a fully human monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), is approved for use in combination with etoposide and either carboplatin or cisplatin for the first-line treatment of patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34731446'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 211, 'offsetInEndSection': 608, 'text': 'Since 2011, the FDA-approved antibody drugs ipilimumab (Yervoy\u00ae), nivolumab (Opdivo\u00ae), pembrolizumab (Keytruda\u00ae), cemiplimab (Libtayo\u00ae), atezolizumab (Tecentriq\u00ae), durvalumab (Imfinzi\u00ae), and avelumab (Bavencio\u00ae), which block the immune checkpoint proteins, have brought about a significant breakthrough in the treatment of a wide range of cancers, as they can induce durable therapeutic responses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30917623'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 113, 'offsetInEndSection': 443, 'text': 'Nevertheless, new therapies have emerged recently, among which PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as nivolumab (OPDIVO\u00ae, Bristol-Myers Squibb) and pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA\u00ae, Merck & Co), or PD-L1 ICI, such as atezolizumab (TECENTRIQ\u00ae, Genentech), durvalumab (IMFINZI\u00ae, Astra-Zeneca), and avelumab (BAVENCIO\u00ae, EMD Serono).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29571563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2406, 'offsetInEndSection': 2741, 'text': 'titumor immunity. This unique mechanism of action in CD103+ DCs may contribute to clinical responses as AZD4635 is being evaluated in clinical trials with IMFINZI (durvalumab, \u03b1PD-L1) in patients with solid malignancies.CONCLUSION: We provide evidence implicating suppression of adaptive and innate immunity by adenosine as a mechanism', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32727810'}]\n\n\n 'What is the generic name for Imfinzi?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is used to treat locally advanced or metastatic cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 474, 'text': 'The cell cycle (or cell-division cycle) is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication. Cell division requires cell cycle checkpoints (CPs) that are used by the cell to both monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle. Tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) or antioncogenes are genes that protect the cell from a single event or multiple events leading to cancer. When these genes mutate, the cell can progress to a cancerous state.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110128'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 378, 'text': 'Deregulation of the cell cycle underlies the aberrant cell proliferation that characterizes cancer and loss of cell cycle checkpoint control promotes genetic instability. During the past two decades, cancer genetics has shown that hyperactivating mutations in growth signalling networks, coupled to loss of function of tumour suppressor proteins, drives oncogenic proliferation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21990031'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 439, 'offsetInEndSection': 737, 'text': ' We now recognize that tumor suppressor genes regulate diverse cellular activities, including cell cycle checkpoint responses, detection and repair of DNA damage, protein ubiquitination and degradation, mitogenic signaling, cell specification, differentiation and migration, and tumor angiogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744434'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 133, 'text': 'p53 is a critical tumor-suppressor protein that guards the human genome against mutations by inducing cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359398'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1238, 'offsetInEndSection': 1405, 'text': 'Tumor-suppressor gene p16 is an important negative cell-cycle regulator whose functional loss may significantly contribute to malignant transformation and progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10854145'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 62, 'text': 'Tumor suppressor genes are negative regulators of cell growth.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399577'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 340, 'offsetInEndSection': 599, 'text': 'Aberrant proteolysis with oncogenic potential is elicited by two major mechanisms: defective degradation of positive cell cycle regulators (i.e., proto-oncoproteins) and enhanced degradation of negative cell cycle regulators (i.e., tumor suppressor proteins).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665054'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 542, 'offsetInEndSection': 738, 'text': ' Genes positively controlling cell cycle checkpoints can be targets for oncogenic activation in cancer, whereas negative regulators, such as tumour suppressor genes, are targeted for inactivation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327114'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 345, 'text': 'The p27(Kip1) protein belongs to a family of cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitory proteins that are negative regulators of cell cycle progression and have been proposed as candidate tumor suppressor genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9815577'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 463, 'text': 'Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) is the first discovered tumor suppressor gene and recognized as the simple model system whose encoded defective protein can cause a pediatric cancer retinoblastoma. It functions as a negative regulator of the cell cycle through the interactions with members of the E2F transcription factors family. The protein of the RB1 gene (pRB) is engaged in various cell cycle processes including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and chromatin remodeling.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33682629'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'The cell cycle is composed of a series of steps which can be negatively or positively regulated by various factors. Chief among the negative regulators is the p53 protein.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2046748'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'p27Kip1 (p27) is an important negative regulator of the cell cycle and a putative tumor suppressor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492666'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 438, 'text': 'It is now evident that the cell cycle machinery has a variety of elements negatively regulating cell cycle progression. However, among these negative regulators in cell cycle control, only 4 have been shown to be consistently involved in the development of human cancers as tumor suppressors: Rb (Retinoblastoma susceptibility protein), p53, and two recently identified cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16INK4A/MTS1 and p15INK4B/MTS2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8652807'}]\n\n\n 'What are negative cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication. Cell division requires cell cycle checkpoints that are used by the cell to both monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle. Deregulation of the cell cycle underlies the aberrant cell proliferation that characterizes cancer and loss of cell cycle checkpoint control promotes genetic instability.\n\nTumor suppressor genes are genes that protect the cell from a single event or multiple events leading to cancer. When these genes mutate, the cell can progress to a cancerous state. We now recognize that tumor suppressor genes regulate diverse cellular activities, including cell cycle checkpoint responses, detection and repair of DNA damage, protein ubiquitination and degradation, mitogenic signaling, cell specification, differentiation and migration, and tumor angiogenesis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 346, 'text': 'On September 4, 2014, the FDA approved pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.) with a recommended dose of 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks by intravenous infusion for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who have progressed following treatment with ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235882'}]\n\n\n 'When was Keytruda approved for the treatment of melanoma?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "On September 4, 2014, the FDA approved pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who have progressed following treatment with ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': 'Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset rare muscle disease affecting approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide. However, it can affect as much as 1:600 individuals in some populations due to a strong founder effect. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401050'}]\n\n\n 'What is the incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is 1:600 to 1:80,000."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 175, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': 'Most commonly affecting males between 50 and 70 years of age, Clinically, the Mackler triad is vomiting, severe chest pain, and subcutaneous cervical emphysema.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34932533'}]\n\n\n 'What are features of the Mackler\u2019s Triad?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The Mackler triad is vomiting, severe chest pain, and subcutaneous cervical emphysema."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Human tastin, a proline-rich cytoplasmic protein, associates with the microtubular cytoskeleton.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049630'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 194, 'text': 'Tastin was originally identified as an accessory protein for trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule that potentially mediates the initial attachment of the human embryo to the uterine epithelium. H', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049630'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'Trophinin, tastin, and bystin have been identified as molecules potentially involved in human embryo implantation', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14633596'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Tastin was previously characterized as an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 126, 'offsetInEndSection': 298, 'text': 'Here, we report that tastin is also required for spindle assembly during mitosis. Tastin protein levels peaked in the G(2)/M phase and abruptly declined after cell division', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 192, 'text': 'Tastin was originally identified as an accessory protein for trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule that potentially mediates the initial attachment of the human embryo to the uterine epithelium.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049630'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 430, 'offsetInEndSection': 549, 'text': 'Another, named tastin, is a cytoplasmic protein and is necessary for trophinin to function as a cell adhesion molecule.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7758945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': 'Tastin was previously characterized as an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 366, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Bystin, Trophinin, and Tastin are component proteins of an adhesion molecule complex that plays a crucial role in the initial attachment of the embryo to the uterus.METHODS: Profiling of genes differentially expressed in the perineural invasion (PNI) in vitro model by gene microarray analysis showed overexpression of bystin in prostate cancer cells co-', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245277'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 619, 'offsetInEndSection': 743, 'text': 'Bystin and tastin are cytoplasmic proteins that associate with trophinin by presumably forming an active adhesion machinery.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11299965'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7758945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 550, 'offsetInEndSection': 641, 'text': 'Trophinin and tastin appear to be associated with the cytoskeleton in HT-H and SNG-M cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7758945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 337, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': 'One, named trophinin, is an intrinsic membrane protein and mediates homophilic self-binding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7758945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 791, 'offsetInEndSection': 891, 'text': 'Tastin and bystin are cytoplasmic proteins required for trophinin to exhibit cell adhesion activity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797941'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Trophinin is an intrinsic membrane protein that forms a complex in the cytoplasm with bystin and tastin, linking it microtubule-associated motor dynein (ATPase) in some cell types', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23194061'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'Trophinin and tastin form a cell adhesion molecule complex that potentially mediates an initial attachment of the blastocyst to uterine epithelial cells at the time of implantation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9560222'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 176, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Bystin, Trophinin, and Tastin are component proteins of an adhesion molecule complex that plays a crucial role in the initial attachment of the embryo to the uterus', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245277'}]\n\n\n 'What is Tastin?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Tastin was previously characterized as an accessory protein for cell adhesion that participates in early embryo implantation and is also required for spindle assembly during mitosis."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 455, 'offsetInEndSection': 665, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and chromatin assembly states, reflect the high plasticity of the genome and contribute to stably alter gene expression without modifying genomic DNA sequences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26216216'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 146, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that are, unlike mutations, not attributable to alterations in the sequence of DNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21734376'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 338, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes are inheritable modifications that can modify the gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. The most common epigenetic alternations consist of DNA methylation and histone modifications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33781317'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 111, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes refer to heritable changes that may modulate gene expression without affecting DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620207'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 117, 'offsetInEndSection': 238, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes are reversible and do not affect the DNA sequence itself but rather control levels of gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35735917'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': 'Epigenetic changes, or heritable alterations in gene function that do not affect DNA sequence, are rapidly gaining acceptance as co-conspirators in carcinogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183791'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Environmentally caused changes in chromosomes that do not alter the DNA sequence but cause phenotypic changes by altering gene transcription are summarized as epigenetics.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273101'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 98, 'text': 'Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression not encoded by the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941617'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 356, 'text': 'Epigenetic regulation is referred to as changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence, it is usually accomplished by DNA methylation, histone modifications (repressive marks such as H3K9me, H3K27me, H2Aub, or active marks such as H3K4me, H3K36me, H3Ac), and chromatin remodeling (nucleosome composition, occupancy, and location).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30079076'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 113, 'text': 'Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not change the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23895656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 258, 'offsetInEndSection': 467, 'text': 'Epigenetic change, which does not involve alteration to the nucleotide sequence, can also cause changes in gene activity by changing the structure of chromatin through DNA methylation or histone modifications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22949838'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 140, 'text': 'Epigenetics is defined as mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413852'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 598, 'offsetInEndSection': 730, 'text': 'These modifications, also known as epigenetic code, do not change the DNA sequence but alter the expression level of specific genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34728591'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 321, 'offsetInEndSection': 441, 'text': ' Epigenetic regulation refers to heritable factors of genomic modifications that do not involve changes in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26579435'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Epigenetics refers to structural modifications to genes that do not change the nucleotide sequence itself but instead control and regulate gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20309920'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Epigenetics are the heritable changes in gene expression patterns which occur without altering DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35664328'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 202, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': ' Epigenetic changes appear briefly and do not involve permanent changes to the primary DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29541423'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 284, 'offsetInEndSection': 429, 'text': ' Epigenetic changes responding to the environmental and intercellular signals can turn on/off specific genes, but do not modify the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512705'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 116, 'offsetInEndSection': 238, 'text': ' Epigenetic changes are reversible and do not affect the DNA sequence itself but rather control levels of gene expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35735917'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Epigenetic regulation refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve any alteration of the DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27730435'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 172, 'text': 'Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA), can produce heritable phenotypic changes without a change in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32445090'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': \"Epigenetic changes to the genome are biochemical alterations to the DNA that do not change an individual's genome but do change and influence gene expression.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295192'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 101, 'offsetInEndSection': 251, 'text': 'e next, which may alter gene expression but which do not involve changes in the primary DNA sequence. These marks include DNA methylation (methylation', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18847515'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'Epigenetics, the study of functionally relevant chemical modifications to DNA that do not involve a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence, is at the interface between research and clinical medicine.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24298130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 395, 'offsetInEndSection': 564, 'text': 'The accessibility of DNA is regulated by epigenetic processes, including methylation of cytosine. In these circumstances the nucleic sequence of the DNA does not change.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31609563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'Epigenetics is comprised of the stable and heritable (or potentially heritable) changes in gene expression that do not entail a change in DNA sequence.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15485357'}]\n\n\n 'Do epigenetic changes change the DNA sequence?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Epigenetic changes are inheritable modifications that can modify gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. The most common epigenetic alternations consist of DNA methylation and histone modifications."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'hC1INH: a new drug for the treatment of attacks in hereditary angioedema caused by C1-inhibitor deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 194, 'text': 'Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor (rhC1INH) (Ruconest(\u00ae), Pharming) is a new drug developed for the relief of symptoms occurring in patients with angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 306, 'offsetInEndSection': 545, 'text': 'Similar to the purified C1-inhibitor derived from human plasma, the therapeutic efficacy of rhC1INH results from its ability to block the actions of enzymes belonging to the overactivated bradykinin-forming pathway, at multiple locations. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 715, 'offsetInEndSection': 893, 'text': 'Dose-ranging efficacy studies established 50 U/kg as the recommended dose, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this agent in all localizations of hereditary angioedema attacks.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252'}]\n\n\n 'What is Ruconest?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor (rhC1INH) (Ruconest(\u00ae), Pharming) is a new drug developed for the relief of symptoms occurring in patients with angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency. the therapeutic efficacy of rhC1INH results from its ability to block the actions of enzymes belonging to the overactivated bradykinin-forming pathway, at multiple locations. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this agent in all localizations of hereditary angioedema attacks."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 264, 'text': 'Motor neurons (MNs) are specialized neurons responsible for muscle contraction that specifically degenerate in motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34603008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 449, 'offsetInEndSection': 612, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are all MNDs', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35511862'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 229, 'text': 'Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are motor neuron diseases (MNDs) characterised by progressive motor neuron degeneration, weakness and muscular atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36143200'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 136, 'offsetInEndSection': 356, 'text': 'The most common MND are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and various forms of hereditary and sporadic lower motor neuron syndromes including hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626001'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Two motor neuron diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), are caused by distinct genes involved in RNA metabolism, TDP-43 and FUS/TLS, and SMN, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23255347'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 147, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'Similarly other motor neuron diseases such as the spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) and the motor neuropathies (MN) were grouped following clinical criteria.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12710507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 499, 'offsetInEndSection': 685, 'text': 'There are several types of motor neuron disease: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32671738'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 200, 'offsetInEndSection': 431, 'text': 'The umbrella term MND refers to diseases which cause the progressive loss of upper and/or lower motor neurons and a subsequent decrease in motor ability such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31031583'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 391, 'text': 'Degeneration of motor neurons results in progressive muscle weakness, which underlies several debilitating neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34204831'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 258, 'text': 'Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders with involvement of upper and/or lower motor neurons, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), progressive bulbar palsy, and primary lateral sclerosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15372378'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 401, 'text': \"Motor neuron diseases may be divided into three categories: those with lower motor neuron involvement--spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA or Kennedy's disease); those with upper motor neuron involvement--primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and the spastic paraplegias; and those with combined upper and lower motor neuron involvement--amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14753656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 220, 'text': 'Among the motor neuron diseases, three share the clinical features of prominent upper motor neuron signs--amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and the hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16036421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': 'Motor neuron diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), share several clinical similarities while differing substantially in etiology, disease onset and progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33374658'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'Motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are neurodegenerative diseases, which cause progressive paralysis and premature death in affected adults and children.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384941'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the motor neuron diseases?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA), Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are motor neuron diseases."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable swellings that are disabling and potentially fatal. Selective inhibition of plasma prekallikrein production by antisense oligonucleotide treatment (donidalorsen) may reduce the frequency of attacks and the burden of disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35294812'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1698, 'offsetInEndSection': 1880, 'text': 'CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with hereditary angioedema, donidalorsen treatment resulted in a significantly lower rate of angioedema attacks than placebo in this small, phase 2 trial.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35294812'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 2231, 'offsetInEndSection': 2610, 'text': 'Investigational therapies, including the activated factor XII inhibitor garadacimab and an antisense oligonucleotide targeting plasma prekallikrein messenger RNA (donidalorsen), have shown promise as long-term prophylaxis. Given the requirement of lifelong management for HAE, further research is needed to determine how best to individualize optimal treatments for each patient.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36172291'}]\n\n\n 'Donidalorsen was tested for which disease?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Donidalorsen is tested for hereditary angioedema."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 122, 'offsetInEndSection': 310, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is the most common modality employed with the rationale of rapid reduction of a pathogenic substance distributed primarily in the intravascular compartmen', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33991255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 766, 'offsetInEndSection': 1056, 'text': 'Though therapeutic apheresis modalities are employed frequently in children with kidney disease, most experiences are extrapolated from adult studies. International and national registries need to be established to elucidate the role of apheresis modalities in children with kidney disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33991255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 78, 'text': 'Rescuing Cancer Immunity by Plasma Exchange in Metastatic Melanoma (ReCIPE-M1)', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551087'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': 'Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Dengue Fever Without Plasma Leakage: A Case Report', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35547461'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Clinical and biochemical endpoints and predictors of response to plasma exchange in septic shock', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551628'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Recently, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated rapid but individually variable hemodynamic improvement with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in patients with septic shock.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35551628'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 145, 'text': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is becoming a curable disease with the introduction of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35689538'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 85, 'text': 'Role of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome: A', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35585996'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 233, 'text': 'Background: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) significantly contributes to the pathophysiology and progression of COVID-19. It is speculated that therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) can dampen CRS via elimination of pathogenic cytokines.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35585996'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Successful therapeutic plasma exchange in a case with extremely severe hypertriglyceridemia secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis concomitant with type IX glycogen storage diseas', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34690074'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 9, 'offsetInEndSection': 91, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a treatment option to reduce thyroid hormones', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35963982'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1, 'offsetInEndSection': 63, 'text': 'herapeutic plasma exchange in hyperthyroidism prior to surgery', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35963982'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 112, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange for optic neuritis attacks in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35353437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 116, 'text': 'Optic neuritis (ON) causes several sequela. Aggressive treatment with plasma exchange (TPE) is an option', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35353437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 188, 'offsetInEndSection': 295, 'text': ' We recruited adults with ON in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) patients treated with TPE. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35353437'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 58, 'text': 'Total Plasma Exchange in Neuromuscular Junction Disorders-', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35955999'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 246, 'offsetInEndSection': 300, 'text': 'Total plasma exchange (TPE) has proven efficacy in NJD', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35955999'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Immunoadsorption and plasma exchange-Efficient treatment options for neurological autoimmune diseases.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34904748'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 406, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and immunoadsorption (IA) are first or second line treatment options in patients with neurological autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMSOD), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome), and autoimmune encephalitis', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34904748'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been used for the treatment of neurologic diseases in which autoimmunity plays a major role.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been used extensively for over 2 decades to treat a variety of autoimmune and congenital diseases and is now widely accepted.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619926'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 106, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'TPE is commonly used in neurological disorders where autoimmunity plays a major role.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28194064'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is commonly used in many neurological disorders where an immune etiology was known or suspected.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18331814'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1730, 'offsetInEndSection': 1837, 'text': 'In conclusion; Therapeutic plasma exchange is an effective treatment option in several neurologic diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619327'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is commonly used as treatment of certain autoimmune neurological diseases (ANDs), and its main objective is the removal of pathogenic a', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32802495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 165, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used in the treatment of neurological, hematological, renal and autoimmune diseases with known or suspected immune pathogenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882008'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 132, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': 'TPE has an increasing list of indications in recent years such as neurological, connective tissue, hematological, nephrological, endocrinological and metabolic disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619327'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 303, 'offsetInEndSection': 407, 'text': 'We report our multicenter data about therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with neurological diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619327'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 103, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with neurological diseases: multicenter retrospective analysis.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619327'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1337, 'offsetInEndSection': 1506, 'text': 'TPE is an effective treatment in neurologic diseases in which autoimmunity plays an important role in pathogenesis, and it is safe when performed in experienced centers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange in the treatment of neuroimmunologic disorders: review of 50 cases.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been mainly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30924130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 341, 'offsetInEndSection': 576, 'text': 'TPE is useful in autoimmune haematological, renal, rheumatic and neurological diseases, and is recommended for acute disorders, together with relapsed or worsened chronic diseases that are often unresponsive to conventional treatments.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30924130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 211, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a treatment administered with the aim of removing a pathogenic material or compound causing morbidity in a variety of neurologic, hematologic, renal, and autoimmune diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33884210'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 253, 'offsetInEndSection': 427, 'text': 'Diseases that can be treated with TPE are classified into the following categories: (1) endocrinological, (2) neurological, (3) renal/rheumatological, and (4) haematological.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382247'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 571, 'offsetInEndSection': 1166, 'text': \"Moreover, TPE in kidney diseases, for instance: desensitization in renal transplantation(ABO compatible) (living donor)and desensitization in deceased donor, desensitization in renal transplantation(ABO incompatible) (living donor), thrombotic microangiopathy complement Mediated (Factor H autoantibodies), Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(recurrent in transplanted kidney), ANCA-associated rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis(Dialysis dependence, DAH), Anti-Glomerular basement membrane disease Goodpasture's syndrome)(DAH,Dialysis-independence,) has been utilized as an initial treatment.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029610'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 157, 'offsetInEndSection': 265, 'text': ' For decades, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed for the management of immune-mediated diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34261138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Therapeutic plasma-exchange (TPE) is used as primary and adjunctive therapy in treatment of several hematologic diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619323'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 222, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': ' Successful treatment of aHUS with plasma infusions and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is well reported.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24277990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 86, 'text': 'Several neurologic disorders have been treated with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 127, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is the first-line treatment for acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1093, 'offsetInEndSection': 1173, 'text': 'TPE is effectively and safely carried out in our center in hematologic diseases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619323'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 192, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a conventional second-line treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or clinically isolated syndrome with steroid-refractory relapses', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35302053'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 674, 'offsetInEndSection': 986, 'text': 'As a supportive therapy, the plasma exchange was effective in the hyperviscosity syndrome, myasthenia gravis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hypercholesterolaemia, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, haemolytic crisis of a homozygous sickle-cell anaemia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1703815'}]\n\n\n 'Treatment with plasma exchange (TPE) is used for what diseases'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is the most common modality employed with the rationale of rapid reduction of a pathogenic substance distributed primarily in the intravascular compartment This includes cancer, infectious diseases like Dengue fever and Covid-19, septic shock and cytokine storm, and others such as Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), diabetic ketoacidosis concomitant with type IX glycogen storage disease (GSD) and autoimmune disease of the CNS."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': 'The lac operon is one of the best known gene regulatory circuits and constitutes a landmark example of how bacteria tune their metabolism to nutritional conditions. It is nearly ubiquitous in Escherichia coli strains justifying the use of its phenotype, the ability to consume lactose, for species identification.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367115'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 489, 'text': 'Transcription of bacterial genes is controlled by the coordinated action of cis- and trans-acting regulators. The activity and mode of action of these regulators can reflect different requirements for gene products in different environments. A well-studied example is the regulatory function that integrates the environmental availability of glucose and lactose to control the Escherichia colilac operon. Most studies of lac operon regulation have focused on a few closely related strains.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719176'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 111, 'offsetInEndSection': 278, 'text': 'In the induced state of the lac pathway, the genes comprising the lac operon are transcribed, leading to the production of proteins that import and metabolize lactose.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34953812'}]\n\n\n 'What are the proteins that are necessary for the use of lactose in E. coli collectively called?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Transcription of bacterial genes is controlled by the coordinated action of cis- and trans-acting regulators. The activity and mode of action of these regulators can reflect different requirements for gene products in different environments. The lac operon is one of the best-known gene regulatory circuits and constitutes a landmark example of how bacteria tune their metabolism to nutritional conditions. It is nearly ubiquitous in Escherichia coli strains justifying the use of its phenotype, the ability to consume lactose, for species identification."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 102, 'text': 'Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1073, 'offsetInEndSection': 1320, 'text': 'Finally, we found that changes in the pattern of microexon splicing were associated with CRC metastasis. Our data thus suggest that altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 might influence CRC metastasis through the regulation of microexon splicing.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508'}]\n\n\n 'Alternative microexon splicing is associated with metastasis in which cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 254, 'offsetInEndSection': 376, 'text': 'LS is a rare progressive multisystem fatal disorder inherited by autosomal recessive, X-linked and maternal transmission. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 587, 'offsetInEndSection': 1031, 'text': 'LS is due to a deficit of various respiratory chain and Krebs cycle enzymes resulting in insufficient production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in particular cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX), pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and complex I of the respiratory chain, which share an autosomal recessive and X-linked mode of transmission. Cases with maternal inheritance (MILS) are due to a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589'}]\n\n\n 'How is Leigh syndrome inherited?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Leigh syndrome is inherited by autosomal recessive, X-linked and maternal transmission."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 132, 'offsetInEndSection': 261, 'text': 'Zinner syndrome comprises triad of seminal vesicle cyst, unilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34584848'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 272, 'text': 'We present the case of a 51-year-old male with Zinner syndrome, which is a rare disease, resulting from an abnormal evolution of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct. It consists in cystic dilations of one seminal vesicle and/or ejaculatory duct and ipsilateral renal agenesis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34527910'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'A rare triad of Wolffian duct anomaly known as Zinner syndrome includes unilateral renal agenesis with ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst and ejaculatory duct obstruction.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34504629'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 149, 'offsetInEndSection': 340, 'text': 'Zinner syndrome, first described in 1914, refers to a triad of features consisting of seminal vesicle cysts, ejaculatory duct obstruction, and unilateral (mostly ipsilateral) renal agenesis. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32991910'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 220, 'offsetInEndSection': 335, 'text': 'The triad of SV cysts, ipsilateral renal agenesis and ejaculatory duct obstruction is known as the Zinner syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33462046'}]\n\n\n 'List features of the Zinner syndrome.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Zinner syndrome comprises triad of seminal vesicle cyst, unilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 131, 'text': 'Regulons, as groups of transcriptionally co-regulated operons, are the basic units of cellular response systems in bacterial cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235300'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 110, 'text': 'A group of genes controlled as a unit, usually by the same repressor or activator gene, is known as a regulon.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32421805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Regulons are the basic units of the response system in a bacterial cell, and each consists of a set of transcriptionally co-regulated operons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26975728'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 279, 'offsetInEndSection': 545, 'text': 'A regulon is conceptually defined as a set of target genes regulated by a transcription factor by physically binding to regulatory motifs to accomplish a specific biological function, such as the CO-FT regulon for flowering timing and fall growth cessation in trees.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32854400'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 133, 'offsetInEndSection': 310, 'text': 'Most bacteria contain dozens of TCSs, each of them responsible for sensing a different range of signals and controlling the expression of a repertoire of target genes (regulon).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32817385'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 237, 'text': 'A transcriptional regulatory network encompasses sets of genes (regulons) whose expression states are directly altered in response to an activating signal, mediated by trans-acting regulatory proteins and cis-acting regulatory sequences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231752'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 122, 'text': 'Eukaryotic regulons are regulatory units formed by a set of genes under the control of the same transcription factor (TF).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31825805'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Identification of groups of co-regulated genes (regulons) is an important part of studying transcriptional regulation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16813171'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'During cancer stage transition, a master regulator (MR) refers to the key gene controlling cancer initiation and progression by orchestrating the associated target genes (termed as its regulon).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30052770'}]\n\n\n 'What is a regulon?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Regulons are the basic units of the cellular response system in bacterial cells, and each consists of a set of transcriptionally co-regulated operons. While the term \"regulon\" is not used in eukaryotes, a group of genes controlled as a unit - usually by the same repressor or activator gene - can be referred to as a regulon."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 126, 'text': 'Newly Developed Skin Picking After Methylphenidate Treatment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Possible Mechanisms.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29298167'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 820, 'offsetInEndSection': 905, 'text': 'We describe a case of skin picking developing after methylphenidate therapy for ADHD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29298167'}]\n\n\n 'Can skin picking phenotype present following methylphenidate treatment?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Newly Developed Skin Picking After Methylphenidate Treatment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 109, 'offsetInEndSection': 213, 'text': \"Kennedy's disease is nearly exclusively caused by mutations in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, and mutant AR is presumed to act in motoneurons to cause SBMA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 286, 'text': 'spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32773451'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by mutations, i.e., a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion, in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR)."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 449, 'offsetInEndSection': 630, 'text': 'SUMMARY: Clinical trials demonstrated that tezepelumab, an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, is a promising alternative treatment for asthma that is effective also in nontype 2 asthma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34608100'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 60, 'offsetInEndSection': 132, 'text': 'Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34606305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 101, 'text': 'In severe, uncontrolled asthma, tezepelumab reduced exacerbations and improved asthma control at 1 y.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34606305'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 970, 'offsetInEndSection': 1141, 'text': 'Tezepelumab and other anti-alarmins are thus likely to become, in the near future, valuable therapeutic options for the biological treatment of uncontrolled severe asthma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572294'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1010, 'offsetInEndSection': 1221, 'text': 'Omalizumab, dupilumab, and tezepelumab can directly modulate the ASM in asthma, by specifically blocking the interaction between IgE, IL-4, and TSLP, and their receptors are located on the surface of ASM cells. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572466'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1409, 'offsetInEndSection': 1761, 'text': 'AHR has been suggested as the main treatable trait towards precision medicine in patients suffering from eosinophilic asthma, therefore, well-designed head-to-head trials are needed to compare the efficacy of those mAbs that directly target ASM contractility specifically against the AHR in severe asthma, namely omalizumab, dupilumab, and tezepelumab.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34572466'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 309, 'text': 'Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin, an epithelial cytokine involved in asthma pathogenesis. In the phase 2b PATHWAY study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced exacerbations in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33368307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tezepelumab to Guide Phase 3 Dose Selection for Patients With Severe Asthma.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33368307'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1496, 'offsetInEndSection': 1663, 'text': 'These results support the selection of 210 mg every 4 weeks subcutaneously as the dose for phase 3 studies of tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe asthma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33368307'}]\n\n\n 'Which disease can be treated using Tezepelumab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Tezepelumab can be used to treat severe asthma."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 313, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements in the genome that cooperate with promoters to control target gene transcription. Unlike promoters, enhancers are not necessarily adjacent to target genes and can exert their functions regardless of enhancer orientations, positions and spatial segregations from target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993419'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 153, 'text': 'Enhancers are often located many tens of kilobases away from the promoter they regulate, sometimes residing closer to the promoter of a neighboring gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675130'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 127, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': 'Many enhancers map quite far from their target genes, on the order of tens or even hundreds of kilobases.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31285341'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': 'Enhancers are intergenic DNA elements that regulate the transcription of target genes in response to signaling pathways by interacting with promoters over large genomic distances.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27932455'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 274, 'text': 'Enhancers have been identified at up to megabase distances from their regulated genes, and/or proximal to or within the introns of unregulated genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32038719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 164, 'text': 'In metazoans transcriptional enhancers and their more complex relatives, locus control regions, are often located at great linear distances from their target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22183586'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 248, 'offsetInEndSection': 417, 'text': ' Given their distance from the target gene, lack of common motifs, and tissue/cell specificity, enhancer regions are thought to be difficult to predict in DNA sequences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36071071'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 132, 'offsetInEndSection': 339, 'text': ' Computational identification of enhancers is difficult because they do not exhibit clear location preference relative to their target gene and also because they lack clearly distinguishing genomic features.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424115'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 68, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': ' Enhancers function independently of their distance and orientation to the promoters of target genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26373455'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 360, 'offsetInEndSection': 516, 'text': \" Until recently, identifying each gene's enhancers had been challenging because enhancers do not occupy prescribed locations relative to their target genes.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26100358'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 133, 'offsetInEndSection': 339, 'text': 'Computational identification of enhancers is difficult because they do not exhibit clear location preference relative to their target gene and also because they lack clearly distinguishing genomic features.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424115'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 125, 'offsetInEndSection': 275, 'text': 'cis-regulatory sequences called enhancers. Enhancers can stimulate gene activity at great genomic distances from their targets, raising questions abou', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32197056'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 269, 'text': 'Enhancer elements are essential for tissue-specific gene regulation during mammalian development. Although these regulatory elements are often distant from their target genes, they affect gene expression by recruiting transcription factors to specific promoter regions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525463'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 280, 'offsetInEndSection': 473, 'text': \"Epigenetic profiling of different tissues and cell-types has identified a large number of non-coding epigenetic regulatory elements ('enhancers') that can be located far away from coding genes.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30704404'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'In metazoans, enhancers of gene transcription must often exert their effects over tens of kilobases of DNA. Over the past decade it has become clear that to do this, enhancers come into close proximity with target promoters with the looping away of intervening sequences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22169023'}]\n\n\n 'Do enhancers have to be close to their gene targets?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements in the genome that cooperate with promoters to control target gene transcription. Unlike promoters, enhancers are not necessarily adjacent to target genes and can exert their functions regardless of enhancer orientations, positions, and spatial segregations from target genes."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 109, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is an exceptionally rare type of SMA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34794294'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 902, 'offsetInEndSection': 960, 'text': 'There are no convincing reports of X-linked SMA hitherto. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283989'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 146, 'offsetInEndSection': 294, 'text': 'The total AChE activity was either normal or decreased in the childhood SMA (Type 1), the other SMA groups and disease controls (ALS, X-linked SMA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2801018'}]\n\n\n 'Are there any other types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy except for types 1-4?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Yes, there are other types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy, except for types 1-4."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 164, 'offsetInEndSection': 369, 'text': 'Zanidatamab and tislelizumab are novel monoclonal antibodies targeting HER2 and PD-1, respectively, and have shown encouraging antitumor activity in early phase studies in multiple cancers, including GEA. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36000541'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 126, 'text': 'Population pharmacokinetics of zanidatamab, an anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody, in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36102999'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': 'Zanidatamab, a novel bispecific antibody, for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic HER2-expressing or HER2-amplified cancers: a phase 1, dose-escalation and expansion study.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36400106'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 302, 'offsetInEndSection': 415, 'text': 'Zanidatamab is a humanised, bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against two non-overlapping domains of HER2. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36400106'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 100, 'text': 'Zanidatamab is safe with preliminary efficacy in multiple HER2-expressing and HER2-amplified tumors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36459075'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1029, 'offsetInEndSection': 1189, 'text': 'Early phase trials of dabrafenib plus trametinib (BRAF and MEK inhibition) and zanidatamab (a bispecific HER2-antibody) have yielded encouraging response rates.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34626563'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1365, 'offsetInEndSection': 1649, 'text': 'Of those in late-stage development, marketing application submissions for at least 23 may occur by the end of 2023, of which 5 are bispecific (odronextamab, erfonrilimab, linvoseltamab, zanidatamab, and talquetamab) and 2 are ADCs (datopotamab deruxtecan, and tusamitamab ravtansine).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36472472'}]\n\n\n 'What is the mechanism of action of Zanidatamab?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Zanidatamab is a humanised, bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against two non-overlapping domains of HER2."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 271, 'text': 'The transcription factor SOX10 plays an important role in vertebrate neural crest development, including the establishment and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage. SOX10 is also highly expressed in melanoma tumors, and SOX10 expression increases with tumor progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29315345'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': 'Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences to regulate gene transcription. The transcription factor binding sites are short DNA sequences (5-20\\u2009bp long) specifically bound by one or more transcription factors.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26425553'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 216, 'offsetInEndSection': 518, 'text': 'Transcription factors serve as integration centres of the different signal-transduction pathways affecting a given gene. It is obvious that the regulation of these regulators themselves is of crucial importance for differential gene expression during development and in terminally differentiated cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8713055'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1179, 'offsetInEndSection': 1315, 'text': 'We propose a role for Sox10 in conferring cell specificity to the function of other transcription factors in developing and mature glia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9412504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'SOX10 is a high-mobility-group transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543611'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'The high mobility group-domain containing transcription factor Sox10 is an essential regulator of developmental processes and homeostasis in the neural crest, several neural crest-derived lineages and myelinating glia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082503'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 153, 'text': 'Sox10 is a member of the group E Sox transcription factor family and plays key roles in neural crest development and subsequent cellular differentiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19304657'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 252, 'offsetInEndSection': 397, 'text': 'In most cases, Sox10 exerts its transcriptional effects in concert with other DNA-binding factors, adaptor proteins, and nuclear import proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19304657'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'The SOX10 transcription factor is a characteristic marker for migratory multipotent neural crest (NC) progenitors as well as several of their differentiated derivatives.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23644063'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 235, 'text': 'The transcription factor Sox10 is an essential regulator of genes that code for structural components of the myelin sheath and for lipid metabolic enzymes in both types of myelinating glia in the central and peripheral nervous systems.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33566433'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of vertebrate neural crest development and serves crucial functions in the differentiation of multiple neural crest lineages.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28012818'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'SOX10 is a well-conserved and widely expressed transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of cell fate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22173870'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 151, 'offsetInEndSection': 319, 'text': 'The transcription factor SOX10 is critical for Schwann cell development and maintenance, and many SOX10 target genes encode proteins required for Schwann cell function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27466180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 76, 'text': 'SOX10 protein is a key transcription factor during neural crest development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130826'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1178, 'offsetInEndSection': 1315, 'text': ' We propose a role for Sox10 in conferring cell specificity to the function of other transcription factors in developing and mature glia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9412504'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'SOX10 is a transcription factor with well-known functions in neural crest and oligodendrocyte development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26060192'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'During embryogenesis, the transcription factor, Sox10, drives the survival and differentiation of the melanocyte lineage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935512'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 143, 'text': 'The transcription factor Sox10 functions during multiple consecutive stages of Schwann-cell development in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491499'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 137, 'text': 'The high-mobility group transcription factor Sox10 exerts many different roles during development of the neural crest and nervous system.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214168'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 239, 'text': 'Sox10, a member of the Sry-related HMG-Box gene family, is a critical transcription factor for several important cell lineages, most notably the neural crest stem cells and the derivative peripheral glial cells and melanocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18786246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 311, 'text': 'The transcription factor SOX10 is essential for all stages of Schwann cell development including myelination. SOX10 cooperates with other transcription factors to activate the expression of key myelin genes in Schwann cells and is therefore a context-dependent, pro-myelination transcription factor.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27821050'}]\n\n\n 'Describe the function of a transcription factor such as SOX10.'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences to regulate gene transcription. They serve as integration centers of the different signal-transduction pathways affecting a given gene. It is obvious that the regulation of these regulators themselves is of crucial importance for differential gene expression during development and in terminally differentiated cells. In particular, the transcription factor SOX10 plays an important role in vertebrate neural crest development, including the establishment and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 232, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a rare, progressive, and degenerative hereditary disorder caused by a deficiency of frataxin protein. This disease is characterised by severe neurological dysfunction and life-threatening cardiomyopathy. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35546709'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 256, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene frataxin, encoding for a mitochondrial protein involved in iron handling and in the biogenesis of iron-sulphur clusters, and leading to progressive nervous system damage.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35682973'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 274, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive ataxia with onset usually before puberty whose characteristic clinical features include progressive ataxia of gait and limbs, dysarthria, loss of joint position and vibratory sense, absent knee and ankle jerks, and Babinski signs.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7614092'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive degenerative disease that primarily affects the nervous system and the heart.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852343'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 294, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia, the most frequent progressive autosomal recessive disorder involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, is mostly associated with unstable expansion of GAA trinucleotide repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene, which encodes the mitochondrial frataxin protein.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985033'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia, the most common hereditary ataxia, is caused by expansion of a GAA triplet located within the first intron of the frataxin gene on chromosome 9q13.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12878293'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the frataxin (FXN) gene.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30159187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 230, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive hereditary spinocerebellar disorder, characterized by progressive limb and gait ataxia due to proprioceptive loss, often complicated by cardiomyopathy, diabetes and skeletal ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26338206'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 125, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413654'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 199, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by a triplet repeat expansion in the frataxin gene (FXN), exhibiting cerebellar sensory ataxia, diabetes and car\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34920960'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is the most common inherited autosomal recessive ataxia and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems and cardiomyopathy.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansions of an unstable GAA trinucleotide repeat in the STM7/X25 gene on chromosome 9q.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448568'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is a rare hereditary disease and although the gene defect has already been identified as a deficiency of the mitochondrial protein frataxin, the pathophysiology is still unknown.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848865'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurogenetic disease that is mainly associated with atrophy of the spinal cord and progressive neurodegeneration in the cerebellum.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33670433'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 235, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by progressive gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, areflexia, loss of vibratory and position sense, and a progressive motor weakness of central origin.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21550666'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a recessive, predominantly neurodegenerative disorder caused in most cases by mutations in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554687'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by recessive mutations in the frataxin gene that lead to a deficiency of the mitochondrial frataxin (FXN) protein.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33158039'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': \"Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia which in the majority of cases is associated with a GAA-trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of Frataxin gene located on chromosome 9.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28282710'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia is considered a neurodegenerative disorder involving both the peripheral and central nervous systems.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24860428'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a common form of ataxia caused by decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21782979'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease where impaired mitochondrial function and excessive production of free radicals play a central pathogenetic role\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710357'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': \"BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is the most common hereditary ataxia and its clinical spectrum includes cardiac disease, mainly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20073435'}]\n\n\n 'What is Friedreich's Ataxia?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is a rare, genetic, progressive, and degenerative disorder caused by mutations in the gene frataxin leading in a deficiency of frataxin protein. It is characterised by severe neurological dysfunction and life-threatening cardiomyopathy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 2991, 'offsetInEndSection': 3363, 'text': 'INTERPRETATION: A similar safety profile was seen in all treatment groups. No beneficial treatment effects were recorded. Although this study did not provide evidence of efficacy in progressive supranuclear palsy, the findings provide potentially useful information for future investigations of passive immunisation using tau antibodies for progressive supranuclear palsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33609476'}]\n\n\n 'Is Tilavonemab effective for progressive supranuclear palsy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No. Tilavonemab is not effective for progressive supranuclear palsy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'Homeosis is classically defined as the transformation of one body part into something that resembles another body part.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26596501'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'Homeotic transformation is defined as transformation of one body part into the likeness of something else.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227708'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'In Drosophila, the misexpression or altered activity of genes from the bithorax complex results in homeotic transformations.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909957'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 924, 'text': 'The discovery of the broad conservation of embryonic regulatory genes across animal phyla, launched by the cloning of homeotic genes in the 1980s, was a founding event in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). While it had long been known that fundamental cellular processes, commonly referred to as housekeeping functions, are shared by animals and plants across the planet-processes such as the storage of information in genomic DNA, transcription, translation and the machinery for these processes, universal codon usage, and metabolic enzymes-Hox genes were different: mutations in these genes caused \"bizarre\" homeotic transformations of insect body parts that were certainly interesting but were expected to be idiosyncratic. The isolation of the genes responsible for these bizarre phenotypes turned out to be highly conserved Hox genes that play roles in embryonic patterning throughout Metazoa.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26596987'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': 'The study of homeotic-transformation mutants in model organisms such as Drosophila revolutionized the field of developmental biology, but how these mutants relate to human developmental defects remains to be elucidated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022097'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 173, 'offsetInEndSection': 402, 'text': 'Homebox (Hox) genes are involved in this evolutionary mammalian conservation, and homeotic transformation of cervical into thoracic vertebrae (cervical ribs) is a common phenotypic abnormality when Hox gene expression is altered.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29761492'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 109, 'text': 'A human homeotic transformation resulting from mutations in PLCB4 and GNAI3 causes auriculocondylar syndrome.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560091'}]\n\n\n 'What does the term \"homeotic transformation\" mean?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Homeotic transformation (homeosis) is defined as the transformation of one body part into something that resembles another body part. The discovery of the broad conservation of embryonic regulatory genes across animal phyla, launched by the cloning of homeotic genes in the 1980s, was a founding event in the field of evolutionary developmental biology. While it had long been known that fundamental cellular processes, commonly referred to as housekeeping functions, are shared by animals and plants, Hox genes were different: mutations in these genes caused \"bizarre\" homeotic transformations of insect body parts that were certainly interesting but were expected to be idiosyncratic. The isolation of the genes responsible for these bizarre phenotypes turned out to be highly conserved Hox genes that play roles in embryonic patterning throughout Metazoa."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 14, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease which is characterised by muscle atrophy and early death in most patients. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35316106'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 13, 'offsetInEndSection': 245, 'text': ' Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder of alpha motor neurons of spinal cord associated with progressive muscle weakness and hypotonia, is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34032944'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 84, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive, lower motor neuron disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24124019'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 203, 'offsetInEndSection': 522, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant, is characterized by lower limb muscle weakness and wasting, associated with reduced numbers of lumbar motor neurons and is caused by mutations in DYNC1H1, which encodes a microtubule motor protein in the dynein-dynactin complex and one of its cargo adaptors, BICD2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25497877'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterised by degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons, atrophy of skeletal muscles, and generalised weakness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18572081'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy, a hereditary degenerative disorder of lower motor neurons associated with progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196485'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle atrophy combined with motor neuron degeneration.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13129800'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 123, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by motor neurone loss, muscle atrophy and weakness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226744'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is a group of allelic autosomal recessive disorders characterized by progressive motoneuron loss, symmetric weakness, and skeletal muscle atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15794183'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a life-threatening autosomal recessive disease that leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, respiratory insufficiency and scoliosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34560767'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron loss and subsequent atrophy of skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34445199'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic disorder of the motor neurons that causes profound hypotonia, severe weakness, and often fatal restrictive lung disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695894'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons and muscular atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990310'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal-recessive neuromuscular disorder, causing progressive proximal weakness and atrophy of the voluntary muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334346'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1); it affects 1 in 11\\xa0000 newborn infants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30221755'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 165, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disease that results from survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene mutation or deletion.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31371124'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 136, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a debilitating neurological disorder marked by degeneration of spinal motor neurons and muscle atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33979606'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 gene, SMN1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26515624'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 155, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by loss of lower motor neurons, which leads to proximal muscle weakness and atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33353564'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord leading to muscle atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651653'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord, resulting in progressive proximal muscle weakness and paralysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047105'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness resulting from motor neuron degeneration in the spinal cord and brainstem.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28229309'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 118, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is the leading genetic cause of infantile death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876144'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'Introduction: Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, which results in muscle atrophy and weakness.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35866733'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 226, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is a human motoneuron disease that is genetically linked to the survival motor neuron gene (SMN).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761655'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy is a recessively inherited autosomal neuromuscular disorder, with characteristic progressive muscle weakness', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376972'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'Spinal muscular atrophy is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN), which exists in 2 nearly identical copies (SMN1 and SMN2).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761649'}]\n\n\n 'What is Spinal Muscular Atrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder of alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord associated with progressive muscle weakness and hypotonia. It is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality and is characterized by muscle atrophy and early death in most patients."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 988, 'offsetInEndSection': 1755, 'text': ' There was low or moderate certainty evidence for a large (\u22652-fold) magnitude of association between hospitalisation in people with COVID-19, and: obesity class III, heart failure, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dementia, age >45 years, male gender, black race/ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic white), homelessness and low income. Age >60\\u2009and >70 years may be associated with large increases in mechanical ventilation and severe disease, respectively. For mortality, a large magnitude of association may exist with liver disease, Bangladeshi ethnicity (vs British white), age >45 years, age >80 years (vs 65-69 years) and male gender among 20-64 years (but not older). Associations with hospitalisation and mortality may be very large (\u22655-fold) for those aged \u226560 years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33986052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1768, 'offsetInEndSection': 1864, 'text': 'Increasing age (especially >60 years) may be the most important risk factor for severe outcomes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33986052'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1108, 'offsetInEndSection': 1682, 'text': 'In multivariable logistic regression analyses, increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.2, p<0.001), male gender (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7, p = 0.002), Hispanic ethnicity (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1, p = 0.01), obesity (3.1, 95% CI 1.9-5.1, p<0.001), asthma history (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.0, p = 0.003), congestive heart failure (aOR 6.0, 95% CI 1.5-25.1, p = 0.01), cerebrovascular disease (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.7-14.7, p = 0.004), and diabetes (aOR 3.4, 95% CI 1.9-6.2, p<0.001) were predictive of severe disease diagnoses within 30 days.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34329347'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1417, 'offsetInEndSection': 2299, 'text': 'The strongest association with risk of severe disease after vaccination was age, which increased among patients aged 50 years or older with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.42 (CI, 1.40-1.44) per 5-year increase in age, such that patients aged 80 years or older had an aOR of 16.58 (CI, 13.49-20.37) relative to patients aged 45 to 50 years. Immunocompromising conditions, including receipt of different classes of immunosuppressive medications (eg, leukocyte inhibitor: aOR, 2.80; 95% CI, 2.39-3.28) or cytotoxic chemotherapy (aOR, 2.71; CI, 2.27-3.24) prior to breakthrough infection, or leukemias or lymphomas (aOR, 1.87; CI, 1.61-2.17) and chronic conditions associated with end-organ disease, such as heart failure (aOR, 1.74; CI, 1.61-1.88), dementia (aOR, 2.01; CI, 1.83-2.20), and chronic kidney disease (aOR, 1.59; CI, 1.49-1.69), were also associated with increased risk.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36264571'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 879, 'offsetInEndSection': 1332, 'text': 'Factors associated with severe COVID-19 were older age [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-1.97; P < 0.0001], diabetes (aRR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20-3.32; P = 0.007), cardiovascular disease (aRR 2.53, 95% CI 1.53-4.17; P < 0.0001), malignancy (aRR 4.57, 95% CI 1.62-12.87; P = 0.004), surgery/trauma (aRR 23.98, 95% CI 10.35-55.57; P < 0.0001) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (aRR 4.24, 95% CI 1.55-11.61; P = 005).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741488'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1302, 'offsetInEndSection': 1424, 'text': 'Cirrhosis was an independent predictor of severe COVID-19 in patients with AIH (P\\xa0<\\xa00.001; OR, 17.46; 95% CI, 4.22-72.13).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33713486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 21, 'offsetInEndSection': 112, 'text': 'Data regarding outcome of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33713486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1701, 'offsetInEndSection': 1780, 'text': 'Cirrhosis was the strongest predictor for severe COVID-19 in patients with AIH.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33713486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 925, 'offsetInEndSection': 1090, 'text': ' Older age, male sex, non-White race, Hispanic ethnicity, obesity, and a higher number of chronic conditions were associated with increased risk of severe infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34538426'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1261, 'offsetInEndSection': 1549, 'text': 'In particular, persons 0 to 44 years of age with cancer, chronic neurologic disorders, hematologic disorders, ischemic heart disease, and other endocrine disorders had a greater than 3-fold increased risk of severe infection compared with persons of the same age without those conditions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34538426'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 50, 'text': 'Sleep apnoea is a risk factor for severe COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33436406'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 148, 'offsetInEndSection': 259, 'text': 'Various risk factors for a severe course, such as higher age, male gender and pre-existing illnesses are known.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431276'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1433, 'offsetInEndSection': 1515, 'text': 'Males could at higher risk of developing severe symptoms of COVID-19 than females.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33050972'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1028, 'offsetInEndSection': 1129, 'text': 'COVID-19 severity was associated only with older age and cardiac disease, in a multivariate analysis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34165257'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 110, 'offsetInEndSection': 353, 'text': 'Age, gender, and comorbidities are known to be risk factors for severe COVID-19 but are generally considered independently without accurate knowledge of the magnitude of their effect on risk, potentially resulting in incorrect risk estimation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33592063'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 81, 'text': 'Immune deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 in people living with HIV.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33368966'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 173, 'offsetInEndSection': 302, 'text': ' This study aimed to clarify the association between nervous system diseases and severity or mortality in patients with COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33583450'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'Health factors such as diabetes, severe obesity and chronic kidney disease are all associated with a more severe outcome following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878679'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors including obesity and smoking are suggested to be correlated with increased risk of COVID-19 severe illness or related death', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33536004'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1633, 'offsetInEndSection': 1851, 'text': 'There is no evidence supporting that NAFLD is a causal risk factor for severe COVID-19. Previous observational associations between NAFLD and COVID-19 are likely attributed to the correlation between NAFLD and obesity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35124268'}]\n\n\n 'What factors are associated with severe COVID-19?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Severe illness can occur in otherwise healthy individuals of any age, but it predominantly occurs in adults with increased age (especially older than 60 years) and/or certain underlying medical comorbidities. These include obesity, diabetes, asthma, cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic neurologic disorders (e.g., dementia), cirrhosis, immunocompromising conditions, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Certain demographic features have also been associated with more severe illness, such as African-American origin or Hispanic ethnicity."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 77, 'text': 'No infectious SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from a cohort of 110 lactating women.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042956'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1169, 'offsetInEndSection': 1410, 'text': 'SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk after recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains an infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042956'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1418, 'offsetInEndSection': 1616, 'text': 'This article goes beyond prior small studies to provide evidence that infectious SARS-CoV-2 is not present in the milk of lactating women with recent infection, even when SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042956'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1617, 'offsetInEndSection': 1726, 'text': 'Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection or detection of its RNA in human milk is not a contraindication to breastfeeding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35042956'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1065, 'offsetInEndSection': 1426, 'text': 'Based on the currently available limited evidence and recognizing the benefits of breastfeeding, it may be concluded that if the health of the mother and her newborn allows, direct breastfeeding or extracted breastmilk should be encouraged by the healthcare providers after a careful discussion of the risks of vertical transmission to the mother and her family', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33394459'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1428, 'offsetInEndSection': 1564, 'text': 'Preventive measures should be taken by COVID-19 mothers to prevent droplet transmission of infection to the infants while breastfeeding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33394459'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1147, 'offsetInEndSection': 1226, 'text': 'Currently, there is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 722, 'offsetInEndSection': 855, 'text': 'The authors could not find evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to child through breastmilk in the population studied.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33555566'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 174, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': 'At present, there is limited information on potential transmission of the infection from mother to child, particularly through breast milk and breastfeeding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 683, 'offsetInEndSection': 849, 'text': 'However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32472745'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 656, 'offsetInEndSection': 820, 'text': 'However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronavirus (including SARS-CoV-2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511431'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1589, 'offsetInEndSection': 2340, 'text': 'and had a benign clinical course. There was no evidence of significant clinical infection during the hospital stay or from outpatient neonatal follow-up data for all the infants included in this study.CONCLUSION: In a small cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive lactating mothers giving birth at our institution, most of their breast milk samples (95%) contained no detectable virus, and there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection in their breast milk-fed neonates.KEY POINTS: \u00b7 Breast milk may rarely contain detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA and was not detected in asymptomatic mothers.. \u00b7 Breast milk with detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA from a symptomatic mother had no clinical significance for her infant.. \u00b7 Breast feeding with appropriate infection control instru', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34182576'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 793, 'offsetInEndSection': 886, 'text': 'Taken together, our data do not support mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via milk.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33563823'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1132, 'offsetInEndSection': 1387, 'text': 'th SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Strong correlations between levels of IgA and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses were noted.CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support maternal-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via milk; however, risk of transmission v', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32995804'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1146, 'offsetInEndSection': 1226, 'text': ' Currently, there is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860259'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 42, 'offsetInEndSection': 109, 'text': ' Whether SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted through breast milk is unknown.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33344466'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 774, 'offsetInEndSection': 938, 'text': 'No breast milk samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and, to date, there is no evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk of pregnant women with COVID-19.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32454808'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1409, 'offsetInEndSection': 1559, 'text': 'from 11 women tested negative.INTERPRETATION: Considering the lack of evidence for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk, breastfeeding counsell', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013217'}]\n\n\n 'Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through breast milk?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Based on current evidence, SARS-Cov-2 is not transmitted through breast milk."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 345, 'text': 'Our genetic information is tightly packaged into a rather ingenious nucleoprotein complex called chromatin in a manner that enables it to be rapidly accessed during genomic processes. Formation of the nucleosome, which is the fundamental unit of chromatin, occurs via a stepwise process that is reversed to enable the disassembly of nucleosomes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444609'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'DNA in eukaryotes is packed into chromatin. The basic component of chromatin is the nucleosome consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer. Inside the cell nucleus, chromatin is folded into higher-order structures through various mechanisms, including repositioning of nucleosomes along the DNA, packing of nucleosomes into more condensed 3-dimensional configurations, looping of chromatin fibres, and tethering of chromosomal regions to nuclear structures.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868422'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 147, 'offsetInEndSection': 464, 'text': 'Inside the cell nucleus, chromatin is folded into higher-order structures through various mechanisms, including repositioning of nucleosomes along the DNA, packing of nucleosomes into more condensed 3-dimensional configurations, looping of chromatin fibres, and tethering of chromosomal regions to nuclear structures.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868422'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'Chromatin is a tightly packaged structure of DNA and protein within the nucleus of a cell.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34255854'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 138, 'offsetInEndSection': 272, 'text': 'The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which consists of a short piece of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28058066'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 273, 'offsetInEndSection': 469, 'text': 'In addition to their role in packaging DNA, nucleosomes impact the regulation of essential nuclear processes such as replication, transcription, and repair by controlling the accessibility of DNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28058066'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': 'DNA repair in eukaryotic cells takes place in the context of chromatin, where DNA, including damaged DNA, is tightly packed into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109894'}]\n\n\n 'Chromatin is tightly packed into what structure inside the nucleus?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "DNA in eukaryotes is packed into a nucleoprotein complex called chromatin in a manner that enables it to be rapidly accessed during genomic processes. The basic component of chromatin is the nucleosome consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer. Inside the cell nucleus, chromatin is folded into higher-order structures through various mechanisms, including repositioning of nucleosomes along the DNA, packing of nucleosomes into more condensed 3-dimensional configurations, looping of chromatin fibers, and tethering of chromosomal regions to nuclear structures."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 1218, 'offsetInEndSection': 1269, 'text': 'The treatment of FSHD is currently supportive only.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31794465'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 19, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a slowly progressive muscular dystrophy without approved therapies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35428982'}]\n\n\n 'Is there any treatment for the Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "No, currently there are no approved therapies for the Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy, only supportive treatment."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 355, 'offsetInEndSection': 1017, 'text': 'Recent advances in genome-wide analyses have revealed that the deregulation of distal gene regulatory elements, such as enhancers, appears in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Beyond the conventional function of enhancers in recruiting transcription factors to gene promoters, enhancer elements are also transcribed into noncoding RNAs known as enhancer RNAs (eRNA). Accumulating evidence suggests that uncontrolled enhancer activity with aberrant eRNA expression promotes oncogenesis. Interestingly, tissue-specific, transcribed eRNAs from active enhancers can serve as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers in several cancer types.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34016622'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 772, 'text': 'Enhancers are cis-regulatory sequences that fine-tune expression of their target genes in a spatiotemporal manner. They are recognized by sequence-specific transcription factors, which in turn recruit transcriptional coactivators that facilitate transcription by promoting assembly and activation of the basal transcriptional machinery. Their functional importance is underscored by the fact that they are often the target of genetic and nongenetic events in human disease that disrupt their sequence, interactome, activation potential, and/or chromatin environment. Dysregulation of transcription and addiction to transcriptional effectors that interact with and modulate enhancer activity are common features of cancer cells and are amenable to therapeutic intervention.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33934105'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 319, 'text': 'Enhancer is one kind of cis-elements regulating gene transcription, whose activity is tightly controlled by epigenetic enzymes and histone modifications. Active enhancers are classified into typical enhancers, super-enhancers and over-active enhancers, according to the enrichment and location of histone modifications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35750313'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 662, 'offsetInEndSection': 1000, 'text': 'Recent studies have revealed enhancer dysregulation as one of the important features for cancer. Variations in enhancer regions and mutations of enhancer regulatory genes are frequently observed in cancer cells, and altering the activity of onco-enhancers is able to repress oncogene expression, and suppress tumorigenesis and metastasis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35750313'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 540, 'offsetInEndSection': 984, 'text': \"The disruption of enhancer activity, through genetic or epigenetic alterations, can impact cell-type-specific functions, resulting in a wide range of pathologies. In cancer, these alterations can promote a 'cell identity crisis', in which enhancers associated with oncogenes and multipotentiality are activated, while those promoting cell fate commitment are inactivated. Overall, these alterations favor an undifferentiated cellular phenotype.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'Enhancers are selectively utilized to orchestrate gene expression programs that first govern pluripotency and then proceed to highly specialized programs required for the process of cellular differentiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': \"Enhancer elements function as the logic gates of the genetic regulatory circuitry. One of their most important functions is the integration of extracellular signals with intracellular cell fate information to generate cell type-specific transcriptional responses. Mutations occurring in cancer often misregulate enhancers that normally control the signal-dependent expression of growth-related genes. This misregulation can result from trans-acting mechanisms, such as activation of the transcription factors or epigenetic regulators that control enhancer activity, or can be caused in cis by direct mutations that alter the activity of the enhancer or its target gene specificity. These processes can generate tumour type-specific super-enhancers and establish a 'locked' gene regulatory state that drives the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27364481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 679, 'text': 'Transcription factors, cofactors, chromatin regulators, and transcription apparatuses interact with transcriptional regulatory elements, including promoters, enhancers, and super-enhancers (SEs), to coordinately regulate the transcription of target genes and thereby control cell behaviors. Among these transcriptional regulatory components and related elements, SEs often play a central role in determining cell identity and tumor initiation and progression. Therefore, oncogenic SEs, which are generated within cancer cells in oncogenes and other genes important in tumor pathogenesis, have emerged as attractive targets for novel cancer therapeutic strategies in recent years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35277481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 120, 'offsetInEndSection': 937, 'text': 'Transcriptional dysregulation of these pathways is commonly associated with tumorigenesis and the development of cancer. Genetic and epigenetic alterations may mediate dysregulated transcriptional activity. One of the most important epigenetic alternations is the non-coding regulatory element, which includes both enhancers and super-enhancers (SEs). SEs, characterized as large clusters of enhancers with aberrant high levels of transcription factor binding, have been considered as key drivers of gene expression in controlling and maintaining cancer cell identity. In cancer cells, oncogenes acquire SEs and the cancer phenotype relies on these abnormal transcription programs driven by SEs, which leads to cancer cells often becoming addicted to the SEs-related transcription programs, including prostate cancer.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33299103'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 116, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'In fact, many human cancers and diseases are associated with the malfunction of enhancers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35170113'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 820, 'offsetInEndSection': 1073, 'text': 'We discuss how enhancer dysregulation is a common theme in SWI/SNF mutant cancers and describe how resultant alterations in enhancer and super-enhancer activity conspire to block development and differentiation while promoting stemness and self-renewal.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35911061'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 264, 'offsetInEndSection': 400, 'text': 'Mutations occurring in cancer often misregulate enhancers that normally control the signal-dependent expression of growth-related genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27364481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 126, 'offsetInEndSection': 288, 'text': 'Many human cancers were found to associate with enhancer malfunction, due to genetic and epigenetic alterations, which in some cases directly drive tumour growth.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31916476'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 682, 'offsetInEndSection': 854, 'text': \"These processes can generate tumour type-specific super-enhancers and establish a 'locked' gene regulatory state that drives the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27364481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 681, 'offsetInEndSection': 863, 'text': 'In cancer, super-enhancers have multifaceted roles by activating various oncogenes and other cancer-related genes and shaping characteristic gene expression patterns in cancer cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967935'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 661, 'offsetInEndSection': 951, 'text': 'In this review we discuss different mechanisms through which enhancers are exploited in malignant B cells, from the well-studied translocations juxtaposing oncogenes to immunoglobulin loci, through enhancer dysregulation by sequence variants and mutations, to enhancer hijacking by viruses.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34210001'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 703, 'offsetInEndSection': 911, 'text': \"In cancer, these alterations can promote a 'cell identity crisis', in which enhancers associated with oncogenes and multipotentiality are activated, while those promoting cell fate commitment are inactivated.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473436'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 403, 'offsetInEndSection': 590, 'text': 'Super-enhancers, characterized as large clusters of enhancers in close proximity, have been identified as essential oncogenic drivers required for the maintenance of cancer cell identity.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30885876'}]\n\n\n 'What is the role of enhancers in cancer?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Recent studies have revealed that the deregulation of distal gene regulatory elements, such as enhancers, appears in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. In cancer, mutations often misregulate enhancers that normally control the signal-dependent expression of growth-related genes. This misregulation can result from trans-acting mechanisms, such as activation of the transcription factors or epigenetic regulators that control enhancer activity or can be caused in cis by direct mutations that alter the activity of the enhancer or its target gene specificity. These processes can generate tumor-type-specific super-enhancers and establish a 'locked' gene regulatory state that drives the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 358, 'offsetInEndSection': 582, 'text': ' Non-pharmacological comfort measures such as breastfeeding, swaddling and sweet solutions are inconsistently implemented and are not always practical or effective in reducing the transmission of noxious input to the brain. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36250332'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 137, 'offsetInEndSection': 400, 'text': \"In this comparative effectiveness research 195 neonates >36 weeks' gestation were randomised to three groups, receiving during heel stick: (i) breastfeeding, (ii) sucrose 24% liquid with non-nutritive sucking and (iii) sucrose 24% gel with non-nutritive sucking. \", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664472'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 470, 'offsetInEndSection': 537, 'text': 'All the methods analysed has shown to be effective in reducing pain', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664472'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 539, 'offsetInEndSection': 668, 'text': 'There was an increase in odds of pain following liquid sucrose compared to breastfeeding (OR\\u2009=\\u20091.60; 95% CI: 0.82-3.3; p\\u2009=\\u20090.17).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664472'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 861, 'offsetInEndSection': 999, 'text': 'Sucrose 24% gel with non-nutritive sucking seems to be a valid alternative when breastfeeding is not possible. Further research is needed.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664472'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 195, 'offsetInEndSection': 264, 'text': 'Oral sucrose is commonly given to children to reduce procedural pain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31317627'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1508, 'offsetInEndSection': 1849, 'text': 'he present systematic review and meta-analyses demonstrate that glucose reduces pain scores and crying during single heel lances and venipunctures. Results indicate that 20% to 30% glucose solutions have analgesic effects and can be recommended as an alternative to sucrose for procedural pain reduction in healthy term and preterm neonates.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23748256'}]\n\n\n 'What are the currently used non-pharmacological measures for the management of procedural pain in neonates?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The currently used measures for the management of procedural pain in neonates are the following: breastfeeding, swaddling and sweet solutions such as sucrose and glucose."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 501, 'text': 'The use of several translation initiation codons in a single mRNA, by expressing several proteins from a single gene, contributes to the generation of protein diversity. A small, yet growing, number of mammalian mRNAs initiate translation from a non-AUG codon, in addition to initiating at a downstream in-frame AUG codon. Translation initiation on such mRNAs results in the synthesis of proteins harbouring different amino terminal domains potentially conferring on these isoforms distinct functions.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12867081'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 531, 'text': \"In eukaryotes, it is generally assumed that translation initiation occurs at the AUG codon closest to the messenger RNA 5' cap. However, in certain cases, initiation can occur at codons differing from AUG by a single nucleotide, especially the codons CUG, UUG, GUG, ACG, AUA and AUU. While non-AUG initiation has been experimentally verified for a handful of human genes, the full extent to which this phenomenon is utilized--both for increased coding capacity and potentially also for novel regulatory mechanisms--remains unclear.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266472'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 149, 'text': 'The removal of N-terminal translation initiator Met by methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) is often crucial for the function and stability of proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215523'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 201, 'text': 'Protein synthesis is initiated by methionine in eukaryotes and by formylmethionine in prokaryotes. N-terminal methionine can be co-translationally cleaved by the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase (MAP).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28369664'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 235, 'text': \"Our understanding of translation underpins our capacity to engineer living systems. The canonical start codon (AUG) and a few near-cognates (GUG, UUG) are considered as the 'start codons' for translation initiation in Escherichia coli.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28334756'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 571, 'offsetInEndSection': 672, 'text': 'Translation from non-canonical start codons ranged from 0.007 to 3% relative to translation from AUG.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28334756'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 403, 'text': 'Protein synthesis is initiated universally with the amino acid methionine. In Escherichia coli, studies with anticodon sequence mutants of the initiator methionine tRNA have shown that protein synthesis can be initiated with several other amino acids. In eukaryotic systems, however, a yeast initiator tRNA aminoacylated with isoleucine was found to be inactive in initiation in mammalian cell extracts.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9710598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 881, 'offsetInEndSection': 1207, 'text': 'Our results show that in the presence of the corresponding mutant initiator tRNAs, AGG and GUC can initiate protein synthesis in COS1 cells with methionine and valine, respectively. CAG initiates protein synthesis with glutamine but extremely poorly, whereas UAG could not be used to initiate protein synthesis with glutamine.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9710598'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 108, 'text': 'Methionine is the universal translation start but the first methionine is removed from most mature proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8199241'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'Protein synthesis generally starts with a methionine that is removed during translation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36173861'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 141, 'text': 'Most mature proteins do not retain their initial N-terminal amino acid (methionine in the cytosol and N-formyl methionine in the organelles).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11738381'}]\n\n\n 'Do all proteins start with methionine?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "In eukaryotes, it is generally assumed that translation initiation occurs at the AUG codon closest to the messenger RNA 5' cap, which codes for methionine; hence, an initial assumption would be that all proteins should contain a methionine at their N-terminus (i.e., start site). However, this is not the case mostly for two reasons. First, in certain cases, initiation can occur at codons differing from AUG, which may still code for methionine (e.g., AGG) or less commonly another amino acid (e.g., GUC coding for valine). Moreover, N-terminal methionine can be cleaved after translation by the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase and this removal can be crucial for the function and stability of the final protein. For these reasons, not all proteins start with methionine at their N-terminus."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 447, 'offsetInEndSection': 727, 'text': ' The molecular genetics of FSHD are complex, with current understanding focusing on epigenetic effects related to contraction-dependent (FSHD1) and contraction-independent (FSHD2) effects of a hypomethylated repeat sequence (D4Z4), in the presence of a specific 4qA161 phenotype. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496633'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the types of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The types of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) are FSHD1 and FSHD2."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 568, 'offsetInEndSection': 940, 'text': 'MITF and SOX10 actively recruit BRG1 to a set of MITF-associated regulatory elements (MAREs) at active enhancers. Combinations of MITF, SOX10, TFAP2A, and YY1 bind between two BRG1-occupied nucleosomes thus defining both a signature of transcription factors essential for the melanocyte lineage and a specific chromatin organisation of the regulatory elements they occupy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 153, 'text': 'MITF governs multiple steps in the development of melanocytes, including specification from neural crest, growth, survival, and terminal differentiation.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 298, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': 'However, MITF does not act alone.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 427, 'offsetInEndSection': 982, 'text': 'ChIP-seq studies have indicated that the transcription factors SOX10, YY1, and TFAP2A co-occupy subsets of regulatory elements bound by MITF in melanocytes. Analyses at single loci also support roles for LEF1, RB1, IRF4, and PAX3 acting in combination with MITF, while sequence motif analyses suggest that additional transcription factors colocalize with MITF at many melanocyte-specific regulatory elements. However, the precise biochemical functions of each of these MITF collaborators and their contributions to gene expression remain to be elucidated.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 682, 'offsetInEndSection': 940, 'text': 'Combinations of MITF, SOX10, TFAP2A, and YY1 bind between two BRG1-occupied nucleosomes thus defining both a signature of transcription factors essential for the melanocyte lineage and a specific chromatin organisation of the regulatory elements they occupy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 169, 'text': 'The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is essential for melanocytic lineage development and for expression of melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830592'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 190, 'text': 'Mitf encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays an essential role in the differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and neural crest-derived melanocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277526'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 142, 'text': 'Commitment to the melanocyte lineage is characterized by the onset of expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000761'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 163, 'text': 'The microphthalamia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an integral transcriptional regulator in melanocyte, the lineage from which melanoma cells originate.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789278'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 135, 'text': 'Commitment to the melanocyte lineage is characterized by the onset of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770922'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 462, 'offsetInEndSection': 567, 'text': 'BRG1 is essential for melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and for normal melanocyte development in vivo.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 117, 'text': 'Transcription factor MITF and remodeller BRG1 define chromatin organisation at regulatory elements in melanoma cells.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1001, 'offsetInEndSection': 1090, 'text': 'MITF-BRG1 interplay thus plays an essential role in transcription regulation in melanoma.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803486'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 372, 'text': \"The basic helix-loop-helix microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator determining the identity and properties of the melanocyte lineage, and is regarded as a lineage-specific 'oncogene' that has a critical role in the pathogenesis of melanoma.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258399'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 273, 'offsetInEndSection': 529, 'text': 'MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes to promote melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis, including genes encoding proteins involved in apoptosis (eg, BCL2) and the cell cycle (eg, CDK2).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28263292'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'During embryogenesis, the transcription factor, Sox10, drives the survival and differentiation of the melanocyte lineage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935512'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 199, 'offsetInEndSection': 352, 'text': 'MITF encodes a transcription factor that is essential for normal melanocyte development and appears to regulate expression of several pigmentation genes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12819038'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 324, 'offsetInEndSection': 547, 'text': 'Mitf is a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor whose M isoform is restricted to neural crest derived melanocytes and is essential for the development of these cells in vertebrates from mammals to fish.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14660543'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 826, 'offsetInEndSection': 990, 'text': ' In melanocytes, studies have so far focused on the Sox10 protein which functions both during melanocyte specification and at later times in the melanocyte lineage.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15760336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 121, 'offsetInEndSection': 288, 'text': ' However, the molecular mechanisms by which SOX10 guides the appropriate gene expression programs necessary to promote the melanocyte lineage are not fully understood.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206884'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 475, 'offsetInEndSection': 630, 'text': ' SMARCA4 is also required for development of multipotent neural crest precursors into melanoblasts, which differentiate into pigment-producing melanocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36112085'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 990, 'offsetInEndSection': 1090, 'text': ' During specification, Sox10 activates the Mitf gene as the key regulator of melanocyte development.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15760336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 953, 'offsetInEndSection': 1084, 'text': ' MITF directs the terminal differentiation of melanocytes, and PAX3 helps to establish the properties of the melanocyte stem cells.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999738'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 473, 'offsetInEndSection': 616, 'text': ' Functionally, Tfap2b is required for only a few late-stage embryonic melanocytes, and is essential for McSC-dependent melanocyte regeneration.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35021087'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 314, 'text': 'Here, by screening a pool of candidate transcription factors, we identify that a combination of the three factors, MITF, SOX10 and PAX3, directly converts mouse and human fibroblasts to functional melanocytes.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25510211'}]\n\n\n 'Which transcription factors are essential for the melanocyte lineage?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage. It governs multiple steps in the development of melanocytes, including specification from the neural crest, growth, survival, and terminal differentiation. However, MITF does not act alone. ChIP-seq studies have indicated that the transcription factors SOX10, YY1, and TFAP2A co-occupy subsets of regulatory elements bound by MITF in melanocytes. Analyses at single loci also support roles for LEF1, RB1, IRF4, and PAX3 acting in combination with MITF, while sequence motif analyses suggest that additional transcription factors co-localize with MITF at many melanocyte-specific regulatory elements. Nonetheless, the precise biochemical functions of each of these MITF collaborators and their contributions to gene expression remain to be elucidated."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': 'Facial-scapular-humeral myodystrophy Landouzy-Dejerine (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disease, the basis of its pathogenesis is ectopic expression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 480, 'offsetInEndSection': 584, 'text': 'FSHD2 is caused by the mutations in the protein regulating the methylation status of chromatin - SMCHD1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1116, 'offsetInEndSection': 1325, 'text': 'Given the previous report of SMCHD1 mutations in FSHD2 and the clinical presentations consistent with the FSHD phenotype, we conclude that the SMCHD1 mutation is the likely cause of the disease in this family.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128691'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Exome sequencing identifies a novel SMCHD1 mutation in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 2.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128691'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 275, 'offsetInEndSection': 373, 'text': 'Recently, mutations in SMCHD1 combined with a permissive 4q35 allele were reported to cause FSHD2.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128691'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 140, 'offsetInEndSection': 318, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2 (FSHD2) accounts for approximately 5% of all cases of FSHD and describes patients without a D4Z4 repeat contraction on chromosome 4.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34711481'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 256, 'offsetInEndSection': 491, 'text': 'Type 1 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by contraction of D4Z4 repeats on 4q35, whereas type 2 FSHD is associated with mutations of the SMCHD1 or DNMT3B gene in the presence of a disease-permissive 4qA haplotype.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30923442'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 215, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) 2 is caused by a combination of heterozygous structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1) mutation plus DNA hypomethylation on D4Z4.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30327220'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 808, 'offsetInEndSection': 1037, 'text': 'The less common form of the disease, FSHD2, results from haploinsufficiency of the SMCHD1 gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele, also leading to the derepression of DUX4, further supporting a central role for DUX4.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28915324'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 463, 'offsetInEndSection': 613, 'text': 'iduals and 1-10 repeats in patients), and FSHD2 is caused by mutations in SMCHD1 or DNMT3B. Here, we present clinical features and results of genetic ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402602'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 367, 'text': 'OBJECTIVE: To determine whether congenital arhinia/Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (BAMS) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2 (FSHD2), 2 seemingly unrelated disorders both caused by heterozygous pathogenic missense variants in the SMCHD1 gene, might represent different ends of a broad single phenotypic spectrum associated with SMCHD1 dysfunction', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29980640'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy type 2 (FSHD2)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy type 2 (FSHD2) is an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by the mutations in the protein regulating the methylation status of chromatin - SMCHD1tha leads in the ectopic expression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 154, 'offsetInEndSection': 395, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine repeats, which encodes a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35052449'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 228, 'text': \"Kennedy's disease (KD), also known as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease caused by CAG expansions in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene (AR).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32276665'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 177, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked adult motor neuron disorder caused by an abnormal CAG-repeat expansion in the first exon of the androgen receptor gene. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 182, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a late-onset motor neuron disease characterized by proximal muscle atrophy, weakness, contraction fasciculations, and bulbar involvement.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15133611'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset degenerative disorder of the neuromuscular system resulting in slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of the proximal limb and bulbar muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29478604'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, adult-onset motor neuronopathy that is caused by expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat in the androgen-receptor gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8545913'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 219, 'text': \"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease, is an adult-onset, X-linked motor neuron disease characterized by muscle atrophy, weakness, contraction fasciculations, and bulbar involvement.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476656'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 218, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder of lower motor neurons characterized by proximal limb muscular atrophy, bulbar involvement, marked fasciculation, hand tremor and gynaecomastia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24785145'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset motor neuron disease, caused by the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (TNR) in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189162'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687495'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 172, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), or Kennedy disease, is an adult-onset lower motor neuron disease characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158719'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 184, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of bulbar, facial, and limb muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513111'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a rare, X-linked neuromuscular disease characterised by lower motor neurons degeneration, slowly progressive myopathy and multisystem involvement.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631678'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a trinucleotide-repeat expansion neurodegenerative disease.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8545913'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 269, 'text': \"X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA; Kennedy's disease) is a polyglutamine (polyQ) disease in which the affected males suffer progressive motor neuron degeneration accompanied by signs of androgen insensitivity, such as gynecomastia and reduced fertility.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772330'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 221, 'text': 'SBMA (spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy), also called Kennedy disease, is an X-chromosomal recessive adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by death of the spinal and bulbar motor neurones and dorsal root ganglia.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11436124'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 170, 'text': \"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's Disease, is a late-onset X-linked progressive neuromuscular disease, which predominantly affects males.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32152060'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 173, 'text': 'Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked adult-onset progressive neuromuscular disease that affects the spinal and bulbar motor neurons and skeletal muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35726299'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 182, 'offsetInEndSection': 375, 'text': \"SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of a repeat of the trinucleotide CAG encoding glutamine in the gene encoding androgen receptor (AR).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26875173'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 88, 'text': 'Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a classic CAG-repeat neurodegenerative disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111251'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 182, 'text': \"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease, is a rare, X-linked hereditary lower motor neuron disease, characterized by progressive muscular weakness.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30006721'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset, X-linked motor neuron disease characterized by muscle atrophy, weakness, and bulbar involvement.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952871'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 183, 'text': \"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) or Kennedy's disease is a motor neurone disease characterized by muscle atrophy, weakness, contraction fasciculations and bulbar involvement.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17359355'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': \"Kennedy's disease, or spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), is a rare X-linked motoneuron disorder with variable signs of androgen insensitivity.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8749704'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 549, 'offsetInEndSection': 674, 'text': \" Moderate meiotic instability has been demonstrated in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, Kennedy's disease).\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8807333'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 187, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary neuromuscular disease affecting only males characterized by progressive muscular atrophy and weakness in bulbar and limb muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31669728'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 193, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult form of X-linked motor neuron disease caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat sequence in the first exon of the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854832'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 167, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, late-onset neuroendocrine disorder resulting from an expansion of a CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851746'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 176, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked adult motor neuron disorder caused by an abnormal CAG-repeat expansion in the first exon of the androgen receptor gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 120, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a rare X-linked motor neuron disease with significant phenotypic viability.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27807335'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 172, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansions of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35821212'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 181, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, late-onset neuro-endocrine disorder resulting from an expansion of a CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15924079'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 158, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399234'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 182, 'text': 'Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked recessive motor neuron disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of proximal limbs and bulbar muscles.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25811990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 231, 'text': \"Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, or Kennedy's disease) is an X-linked, late-onset neuro-endocrine disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem and partial androgen insensitivity.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19078709'}]\n\n\n 'What is Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease (KD), is a recessive X-linked and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in exon 1, which encodes a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR) gene."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 121, 'offsetInEndSection': 188, 'text': '8% of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32022138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 820, 'offsetInEndSection': 982, 'text': 'Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, muscular weakness, compensatory movements and longer timed performance on functional tasks were observed in most of the cases. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32022138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 1465, 'offsetInEndSection': 1686, 'text': 'Clinical manifestation of asymmetrical muscle weakness and compensatory movements, or both can be found in female carriers of DMD mutations, which can adversely affect posture and functional performance of these patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32022138'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), although usually asymptomatic, develop muscle weakness up to 17% of the time, and a third present cardiac abnormalities or cognitive', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 672, 'offsetInEndSection': 789, 'text': 'The symptomatic females shared mild but progressive muscular weakness and increased serum creatin kinase (CK) levels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24135430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 105, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'Approximately 8% of female Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carriers are manifesting carriers and have muscle weakness to some extent.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21155054'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 499, 'offsetInEndSection': 688, 'text': 'Two to 20% of female heterozygotes with a P/LP variant develop symptoms of dystrophinopathy ranging from mild muscle weakness to significant disability similar to Becker muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36152336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 198, 'text': 'Female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) presenting with DMD symptomology similar to males with DMD, such as skeletal muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy, are termed manifesting carriers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33788896'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 166, 'offsetInEndSection': 289, 'text': 'ales. Female DMD/BMD carriers (DMDc/BMDc) are mostly free of skeletal muscle symptoms, but they are also prone to cardiomyo', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113120'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'Female carriers of mutations in the dystrophin gene (DMD-carriers) may manifest clinically in the skeletal muscle, the heart, or both.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862154'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 520, 'offsetInEndSection': 600, 'text': 'Cardiomyopathy is sometimes the only clinical symptom in female carriers of DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10674846'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 137, 'offsetInEndSection': 289, 'text': ' Cardiomyopathy is common and often prevalent at similar frequency in female DMD carriers irrespective of whether they manifest skeletal muscle disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32762558'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'Female carriers of DMD gene mutations may be symptomatic and show variable skeletal as well as cardiac muscle symptoms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31326192'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 519, 'offsetInEndSection': 600, 'text': ' Cardiomyopathy is sometimes the only clinical symptom in female carriers of DMD.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10674846'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 553, 'offsetInEndSection': 633, 'text': ' Our findings show abnormal muscle energy metabolism in DMD/BMD female carriers.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1557082'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 220, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': ' DMD/BMD female carriers are usually asymptomatic, although about 8\\xa0% may exhibit muscle or cardiac symptoms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098336'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 973, 'offsetInEndSection': 1123, 'text': ' mutations were found. 28 (22%) women had symptoms. 22 (17%) had muscle weakness, varying from mild to moderately severe. Muscle weakness was found in', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382696'}]\n\n\n 'What are common symptoms in female carriers of DMD?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Some common symptoms in female carriers of DMD are the following: asymmetrical muscle weakness, compensatory movements, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, longer timed performance on functional tasks and cardiomyopathy."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 467, 'offsetInEndSection': 699, 'text': 'There are four types: CMT1, CMT2, CMT3 and CMT4, depending upon the involvement of specific gene deficit, inheritance pattern, age of onset and whether the primary defect results in an abnormality of the myelin or axon of the nerve.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34540429'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 141, 'offsetInEndSection': 268, 'text': 'Clinically, CMT can be divided into two main types: a demyelinating type (CMT1, CMT3, CMT4 and CMTX1) and an axonal type (CMT2)', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24846915'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 467, 'offsetInEndSection': 740, 'text': ' CMT1, or hypertrophic form in which mutations or a duplication were found on chromosome 17 is the most frequent (CMT1A), CMT2 is the neuronal form, CMT3 is termed the Dejerine-Sottas disease, CMT4 recessive forms, CMT5 a form with associated pyramidal features, and CMTX. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9686263'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 375, 'text': 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is a group of inherited diseases clinically and genetically heterogenous, characterised by length dependent degeneration of axons of the peripheral nervous system. A missense mutation (p.R158H) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 gene (PDK3) has been identified as the genetic cause for an X-linked form of CMT (CMTX6) in two unrelated families. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32504000'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 571, 'offsetInEndSection': 697, 'text': 'The subdivision into demyelinating CMT1 and axonal CMT2 types was a milestone and is still valid for the majority of patients.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775364'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 752, 'offsetInEndSection': 895, 'text': 'Intermediate conduction velocities are often found in males with X-linked CMT (CMTX), and different intermediate CMT types have been identified', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775364'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 246, 'offsetInEndSection': 408, 'text': 'The association of neuropathy and optic atrophy (also known as CMT type 6) has been described with autosomaldominant, recessive and X-linked modes of inheritance.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198383'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 409, 'offsetInEndSection': 482, 'text': 'Mutations in Mitofusin 2 have been found to cause dominant forms of CMT6.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198383'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 189, 'offsetInEndSection': 439, 'text': 'Mutations of the gene encoding mitofusin 2 (MFN2) have recently been identified as the cause of approximately one-third of dominantly inherited cases of the axonal degenerative forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT type 2A) and of rarer variants.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 440, 'offsetInEndSection': 641, 'text': 'The latter include a severe, early-onset axonal neuropathy, which may occur in autosomal dominant or recessive forms, as well as some instances associated with pyramidal tract involvement (CMT type 5),', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 642, 'offsetInEndSection': 674, 'text': 'with optic atrophy (CMT type 6),', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163430'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 310, 'offsetInEndSection': 481, 'text': 'Two principal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease have been distinguished: CMT 1, corresponding to a demyelinating type, and CMT 2, corresponding to an axonal type.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901697'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 214, 'text': 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, is a progressive sensorimotor neuropathy divided into types 1 and 2 based upon electrophysiologic and neuropathologic differences.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549221'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 435, 'offsetInEndSection': 583, 'text': 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common form, exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and linkage to chromosome 17p11.2p12.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 517, 'offsetInEndSection': 674, 'text': 'Recent work has identified the gene products corresponding to CMT1A, CMT1B and CMTX as peripheral myelin protein-22(PMP22), Po and connexin 32, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8810804'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 581, 'offsetInEndSection': 822, 'text': 'A systematic computer-based literature search was conducted on PubMed, using the following MeSH: (1) intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth; (2) X-linked intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth; and (3) X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth and electrophysiology.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28364294'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 130, 'text': 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) has been classified into two types, CMT1 and CMT2, demyelinating and axonal forms, respectively.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15549395'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 114, 'offsetInEndSection': 434, 'text': 'Two major types can be distinguished based on electrophysiologic phenotypes: CMT type 1 (CMT1) displays uniformly decreased nerve conduction velocity associated with a demyelinating hypertrophic neuropathy, and CMT type 2 (CMT2) displays normal or near-normal nerve conduction velocity associated with a neuronal defect.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128981'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 141, 'offsetInEndSection': 269, 'text': 'Clinically, CMT can be divided into two main types: a demyelinating type (CMT1, CMT3, CMT4 and CMTX1) and an axonal type (CMT2).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24846915'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 142, 'offsetInEndSection': 341, 'text': 'Common clinical manifestations of CMTX, as in other forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), are distal muscle wasting and weakness, hyporeflexia, distal sensory disturbance, and foot deformities.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12185164'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 121, 'text': 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) has been classified into two types: demyelinating forms (CMT1) and axonal forms (CMT2).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437620'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 426, 'offsetInEndSection': 576, 'text': 'y known to affect 1 in 2500 individuals. There are four types: CMT1, CMT2, CMT3 and CMT4, depending upon the involvement of specific gene deficit, inh', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34540429'}]\n\n\n 'Which are the types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) are the following: CMT1, CMT2, CMT3, CMT4, CMT5, CMT6 and CMTX."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 213, 'offsetInEndSection': 470, 'text': 'There are two types of the disease: FSHD1 (MIM:158900) and FSHD2 (MIM: 158901), which have different genetic causes but are phenotypically indistinguishable. In FSHD1, partial deletion of the D4Z4 repeats on the 4th chromosome affects the expression of DUX4', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 212, 'text': 'Facial-scapular-humeral myodystrophy Landouzy-Dejerine (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disease, the basis of its pathogenesis is ectopic expression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30871534'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'FSHD2 is a rare form of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) characterized by the absence of a contraction in the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat region on chromosome 4q35 that is the hallmark of FSHD1.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128691'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 152, 'text': 'The myopathy facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by copy number variation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27822859'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 151, 'text': 'The autosomal dominant myopathy facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1, OMIM 158900) is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array on 4qter.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634647'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 144, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4 to a size of 1-10 units.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075187'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 225, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1 (FSHD1) is caused by a contraction in the number of D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4, resulting in relaxation of D4Z4 chromatin causing inappropriate expression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755953'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 207, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q resulting in sporadic misexpression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle tissue.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31518905'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 287, 'offsetInEndSection': 526, 'text': 'Autosomal dominant FSHD1 (95% of patients) is characterized by chromatin relaxation induced by pathogenic contraction of a macrosatellite repeat called D4Z4 located on the 4q subtelomere (FSHD1 patients harbor 1 to 10 D4Z4 repeated units).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24882751'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 258, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscular dystrophy caused by decreased epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats and ectopic expression of DUX4, a retrogene encoding a germline transcription factor encoded in each repeat.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 137, 'offsetInEndSection': 331, 'text': 'tal muscle. The genetic cause of FSHD1 is contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array on chromosome 4 alleles associated with a permissive haplotype causing infrequent sporadic expression of th', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30122154'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 162, 'text': 'Sporadic DUX4 expression in FSHD myocytes is associated with incomplete repression by the PRC2 complex and gain of H3K9 acetylation on the contracted D4Z4 allele.', 'beginSection': 'title', 'endSection': 'title', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30122154'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 104, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29436205'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 41, 'offsetInEndSection': 191, 'text': ' dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by copy number variation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4. In unaffected individuals the number o', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27822859'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 175, 'text': 'Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by the loss of repression at the D4Z4 locus leading to aberrant double homeobox 4 (DUX4) expression in skeletal muscle.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32576599'}]\n\n\n 'What is the cause of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "FSHD1 is an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by partial deletion of the D4Z4 repeats on the 4th chromosome, affecting the expression of DUX4."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 139, 'text': 'Kearns Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial disease characterized by a primary dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35795638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 196, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a rare mitochondrial disorder. It had a triad of features, including progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and an alteration of cardiac conduction.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35721635'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 95, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare, multisystem mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35073857'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 204, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), first described in 1958, is a multisystem disease defined by a characteristic triad of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy and atrioventricular block.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22981519'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 487, 'offsetInEndSection': 571, 'text': 'KSS is a mitochondrial disorder that occurs rarely; the actual incidence is unknown.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1638160'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 252, 'text': 'The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a distinctive type of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, characterized by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, heart block, elevated concentration of cerebrospinal fluid protein, and abnormal muscle mitochondria.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/572507'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 216, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a form of mitochondrial myopathy in which specific clinical features, namely progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinal degeneration and cardiac conduction defects, occur.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1424198'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 294, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial DNA deletion syndrome defined as the presence of ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, onset less than age 20 years, and one of the following: cardiac conduction defects, cerebellar syndrome, or cerebrospinal fluid protein abov', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875312'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 306, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is form of rare mitochondrial cytopathy, first described by Thomas P. Kearns and George Pomeroy Sayre in 1958 and is characterized by progressive external opthalmoplegia, cardiac conduction block, pigmentary retinal degeneration, variable number of red ragged fibers on muscle biopsy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22231766'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 186, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), pigmentary retinopathy and onset before the age of 20 years.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16735000'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 305, 'text': 'Kearns Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by the emergence before age 20 of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, together with other heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including cardiac conduction defects, muscle abnormalities and endocrinopathies.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16735969'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 56, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disorder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9677732'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 248, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a sporadic multisystem disorder due to a defect of oxidative phosphorylation and associated with clonally-expanded rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions (Delta-mtDNAs) and/or duplications (dup-mtDNAs).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 197, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, onset before 20 years, and ragged-red fibers on ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16977556'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 216, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease characterized by ophthalmoplegia, cardiac conduction block, and pigmentary retinopathy associated with abnormal mitochondrial structure and function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832255'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 291, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare syndrome characterized by the triad of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy and cardiac conduction system disturbances; it is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with which usually presents before the patient reaches the age of 20.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102393'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 96, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a subtype of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35477912'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 235, 'text': \"Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) was first described in 1958 as 'a rare neuromuscular disorder defined by a characteristic triad of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, atrioventricular block and cerebellar ataxia'.\", 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26949540'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 66, 'offsetInEndSection': 203, 'text': 'scribed. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by retinitis pigmentosa, external ophthalmoplegia, and hea', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27442316'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 318, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a multisystem mitochondrial disorder characterized by the invariant triad: onset before 20, progressive external ophthalmoplegia and pigmentary retinal degeneration, plus at least one of the following: complete (or not) heart block, cereberal dysfunction and CSF protein above 100 mg/dl.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12007693'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 367, 'offsetInEndSection': 503, 'text': ' This has lead to increasing interest in the contribution which mtDNA deletions make to Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) and other disorders.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17342029'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 128, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial myopathy and it produces severe neuromuscular symptoms.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9509412'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 134, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a disease with severe clinical symptoms that often arises from a mitochondrial DNA deletion of 4977 bp.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946321'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 83, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a disorder caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27709644'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 58, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare genetic abnormality.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869681'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 106, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy that usually develops before 20 years of age.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368789'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 339, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion syndrome that typically presents before 20\\xa0years of age and is characterized by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and a combination of cardiac conduction defects, cerebellar ataxia, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31158487'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 199, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), a rare form of mitochondrial myopathy, is a triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, bilateral pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction abnormalities.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29416473'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 114, 'text': 'Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a sporadic multisystem disorder due to rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465502'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 138, 'text': 'Kearns Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial disease characterized by a primary dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35795638'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 194, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Kearns Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a multisystem disorder with a confounding variety of clinical manifestations, including ocular myopathy, pigmentary retinopathy, heart block and ataxia', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727847'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 305, 'text': 'UNLABELLED: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial DNA deletion syndrome defined as the presence of ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, onset less than age 20 years, and one of the following: cardiac conduction defects, cerebellar syndrome, or cerebrospinal fluid protein above 100 mg/dl', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875312'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 254, 'text': 'BACKGROUND: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder characterized by onset before 20\\u2009years of age and a typical clinical triad: progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy and cardiac conduction anomalies', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36181358'}]\n\n\n 'What is Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Kearns Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial encephalomyopathy characterized by a primary dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It has a triad of features, including progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and an alteration of cardiac conduction."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 150, 'text': 'Golodirsen (Vyondys 53\u2122), an antisense oligonucleotide of the phophorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) subclass designed to induce exon 53 skipping', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32026421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 452, 'offsetInEndSection': 782, 'text': 'Antisense oligonucleotides, e.g., phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), can induce therapeutic exon skipping during pre-mRNA processing to restore the reading frame of the primary transcript of DMD. As a result, truncated but partially functional dystrophin is produced, potentially slowing down the disease progression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 783, 'offsetInEndSection': 901, 'text': 'Golodirsen is a provisionally approved PMO-based drug for approx. 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025945'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 250, 'text': 'Golodirsen (Vyondys 53\u2122), an antisense oligonucleotide of the phophorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) subclass designed to induce exon 53 skipping, has been developed by Sarepta Therapeutics for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32026421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 251, 'offsetInEndSection': 514, 'text': 'In December 2019, intravenous golodirsen received its first global approval in the USA for the treatment of DMD in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping, based on positive results from a phase I/II clinical trial.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32026421'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 247, 'text': 'Several exon skipping antisense oligonucleotides (eteplirsen, golodirsen, viltolarsen, and casimersen) have been approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but many more are in development targeting an array of different DMD exons.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35213020'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 332, 'offsetInEndSection': 506, 'text': 'Two exon 53 skipping PMOs, golodirsen and viltolarsen, have received conditional approval for treating patients due to their ability to restore dystrophin protein expression.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401027'}]\n\n\n 'What is golodirsen's mechanism of action?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Golodirsen (Vyondys 53\u2122) is an antisense oligonucleotide of the phophorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) subclass that induces exon 53 skipping during pre-mRNA processing to restore the reading frame of the primary transcript of DMD, resulting in a truncated but partially functional dystrophin and slowing down the disease progression."}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": " [{'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 179, 'text': '\\xa0Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is an early-onset, slowly-progressive group of myopathies, presenting with joint contractures, muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36031908'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 12, 'offsetInEndSection': 157, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an uncommon, gradually progressive X-linked myopathy, and it could result in rigid spinal deformity. ', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36250567'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'X-Linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the gene encoding emerin.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274837'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a progressive muscle-wasting disorder defined by early contractures of the Achilles tendon, spine, and elbows.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496632'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 259, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited muscular disorder characterized by the triad of progressive weakness in humero-peroneal muscles, early onset contractures and cardiomyopathy with conduction block that shows a high risk of sudden death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9436433'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by slowly progressing contractures, wasting of skeletal muscle and cardiomyopathy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7894480'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 168, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare muscular dystrophy, but is particularly important to diagnose due to frequent life-threatening cardiac complications.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31840275'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 94, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is the third most common X-linked muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10711990'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 195, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an X-linked humeroperoneal dystrophy associated with cardiomyopathy that is distinct from the Duchenne and Becker forms of X-linked muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1998333'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited muscular disorder clinically characterized by slowly progressive weakness affecting humero-peroneal muscles, early joint contractures and cardiomyopathy with conduction defects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16550925'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 230, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterized by early contractures of elbows and Achilles tendons, slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness, and a cardiomyopathy with conduction blocks which is life-threatening.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10080180'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 241, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterised by early contractures, slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness with a distinctive humero-peroneal distribution and cardiac conduction defects leading to dilated cardiomyopathy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11973618'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 234, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), a rare inherited disease, is characterized clinically by humero-peroneal muscle atrophy and weakness, multijoint contractures, spine rigidity and cardiac insufficiency with conduction defects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27179216'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 244, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) was delineated as a separate form of muscular dystrophy nearly 40 years ago, based on the distinctive clinical features of early contractures and humero-peroneal weakness, and cardiac conduction defects.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10838246'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 329, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an X-linked inherited disease characterized by early contracture of the elbows, Achilles tendons and post-cervical muscles, slow progressive muscle wasting and weakness and cardiomyopathy presenting with arrhythmia and atrial paralysis: heart block can eventually lead to sudden death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9361031'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 240, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by the clinical triad of early childhood joint contractures, progressive weakness in muscles and cardiac involvement and can result in sudden death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31645980'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 278, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant progressive muscular dystrophy characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness with scapulo-humero-peroneal distribution, early contracture and cardiomyopathy with conduction block.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10689937'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 200, 'offsetInEndSection': 391, 'text': 'The most frequent and best known form is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), a skeletal myopathy characterized by progressive muscular weakness, joint contractures, and cardiac disease.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622360'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 318, 'text': 'X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited muscle disorder characterized by the clinical triad of progressive wasting of humero-peroneal muscles, early contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons and postcervical muscles, and cardiac conduction block with a high risk of sudden death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10732816'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 154, 'text': 'INTRODUCTION: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a disease characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, major tendon contractures, and cardiac condu', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32304242'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 281, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the clinical triad of life-threatening progressive cardiomyopathy with conduction defect, early onset joint contractures and slow progressive muscle weakness in scapulo-humero-peroneal distribution.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10220866'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 206, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EMD or EDMD) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder, characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness, contractures, and cardiomyopathy, manifesting as heart block.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11385714'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 138, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a distinctive form of muscular dystrophy which is often associated with cardiac abnormalities.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372459'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 119, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an X-linked muscular dystrophy in which cardiac involvement can be serious.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20139205'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 124, 'text': 'Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited disorder which leads to progressive worsening of muscular function.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33409349'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 79, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare X-linked muscular dystrophy.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2311208'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 90, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare and genetically heterogeneous disorder.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16804269'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 171, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a rare form of muscular dystrophy associated with cardiac implications such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias leading to sudden death.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12075650'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 160, 'text': 'Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a hereditary muscular disorder, characterized by contractures, progressive muscular wasting and cardiac involvement.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500067'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 205, 'text': 'Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an uncommon hereditary myopathy characterized by 3 symptoms: slow progressive muscular atrophy, muscular contractures and cardiac disease which affect prognosis.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042210'}, {'offsetInBeginSection': 0, 'offsetInEndSection': 372, 'text': 'Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), clinically characterized by scapulo-humero-peroneal muscle atrophy and weakness, multi-joint contractures with spine rigidity and cardiomyopathy with conduction defects, is associated with structural/functional defect of genes that encode the proteins of nuclear envelope, including lamin A and several lamin-interacting proteins.', 'beginSection': 'abstract', 'endSection': 'abstract', 'document': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29633897'}]\n\n\n 'What is Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD)?'.\n You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question.\n It is very important that the answer is correct.\n The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is an early-onset, slowly-progressive X-linked myopathy. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding emerin. It presents with joint contractures, muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities and could result in rigid spinal deformity."}]} diff --git a/app/2024-03-26_19-24-27_claude-3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv b/app/2024-03-26_19-24-27_claude-3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9345f53 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/2024-03-26_19-24-27_claude-3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv @@ -0,0 +1,1277 @@ +question_id,question_body,question_type,wiki_context,completion,query,improved_query,relevant_articles,filtered_articles,documents,snippets,precision,recall,f1_score +6402c910201352f04a00000c,Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?"": + +## +(losartan AND (""brain atrophy"" OR ""cerebral atrophy"" OR ""brain volume loss"" OR ""brain shrinkage"") AND (""alzheimer's disease"" OR ""alzheimer disease"" OR ""alzheimer's"" OR ""alzheimers"" OR AD)) AND (reduce OR reduces OR reduction OR decrease OR decreases OR prevent OR prevents OR prevention OR slow OR slows) +## + +The key components are: +1. Losartan: the main drug mentioned in the question +2. Brain atrophy and its synonyms: ""cerebral atrophy"", ""brain volume loss"", ""brain shrinkage"" +3. Alzheimer's disease and its variants: ""alzheimer disease"", ""alzheimer's"", ""alzheimers"", AD +4. Terms related to reduction: reduce, reduces, reduction, decrease, decreases, prevent, prevents, prevention, slow, slows + +The query requires all three main concepts (losartan, brain atrophy, Alzheimer's) to be present, while allowing for variations in terminology. It also includes terms related to the potential effect of reduction or slowing of atrophy. + +The query aims to balance precision by focusing on the key entities, while improving recall through the use of synonyms and related terms. The parentheses and AND operators help to enforce the required relationships between the concepts.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(losartan AND (""brain atrophy"" OR ""cerebral atrophy"" OR ""brain volume loss"" OR ""brain shrinkage"") AND (""alzheimer\'s disease"" OR ""alzheimer disease"" OR ""alzheimer\'s"" OR ""alzheimers"" OR AD)) AND (reduce OR reduces OR reduction OR decrease OR decreases OR prevent OR prevents OR prevention OR slow OR slows)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34687634', '29226862']",[],[],[],0.5,1.0,0.6666666666666666 +640f857d201352f04a00002b,What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?"": + +## +(""CHARMS"" OR ""CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies"") AND (""medical review"" OR ""critical appraisal"" OR ""systematic review"" OR ""evaluation"") AND (""predictive modeling"" OR ""prediction modeling"" OR ""prediction model"" OR ""predictive model"" OR ""risk prediction"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. CHARMS: This is the main entity in the question. I included the full name ""CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies"" in case it is spelled out in some documents. + +2. Medical review, critical appraisal, systematic review, evaluation: These terms relate to the concept of reviewing or evaluating something in a medical context. + +3. Predictive modeling, prediction modeling, prediction model, predictive model, risk prediction: These are synonyms and related terms for the concept of predictive modeling. + +The query uses the AND operator to require all three main concepts - CHARMS, medical review, and predictive modeling. Within each concept, synonyms are connected with OR to capture variations in terminology. + +The query aims to find documents that specifically discuss what CHARMS is in the context of reviewing predictive models in medicine. It balances precision by focusing on the key concepts, while improving recall through the use of synonyms and related terms.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""CHARMS"" OR ""CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies"") AND (""medical review"" OR ""critical appraisal"" OR ""systematic review"" OR ""evaluation"") AND (""predictive modeling"" OR ""prediction modeling"" OR ""prediction model"" OR ""predictive model"" OR ""risk prediction"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['31762119', '34663532', '37084958', '38096619', '32684355', '33364802', '31093535', '35633976', '35642331', '29942125', '36805926', '36964445', '31402266', '33257987', '37536503', '36934895', '34011595', '35067242', '34413828', '33354672', '36381375', '31439598', '34886852', '36780568', '35321760', '34853112', '32978532', '32327446', '34528893', '37423201', '37770261', '35395724', '30663837', '36623780', '37085296', '31090660', '30017559', '37898606', '27768612', '35908226', '31441567', '31036306', '36877519', '32583899', '35398812', '35292503', '33077558', '34548347', '37590196', '37429690']",[],[],[],0.3,0.15789473684210525,0.20689655172413793 +6410eb95201352f04a00002e,Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?"": + +## +(""splicing factors"" OR ""spliceosome proteins"" OR ""splicing regulatory proteins"") AND +(""alternative splicing"" OR ""differential splicing"" OR ""aberrant splicing"") AND +(""PLN R14del"" OR ""phospholamban R14del"" OR ""PLN Arg14del"" OR ""PLN-R14del"" OR ""phospholamban Arg14del mutation"") AND +(heart OR hearts OR cardiac OR myocardial OR cardiomyocytes) +## + +The key components are: +1. Splicing factors and related terms like spliceosome proteins and splicing regulatory proteins +2. Alternative splicing and synonyms like differential or aberrant splicing +3. The specific PLN R14del mutation, including various ways it may be written +4. Terms related to the heart/cardiac tissue context + +The query aims to find documents that mention splicing factors in connection with alternative splicing events specifically in the context of hearts with the PLN R14del mutation. The synonyms and related terms help capture variations in terminology while still keeping the query focused on the key entities and concepts. + +The AND operators ensure all the main components are present, which is important for the precision of the results given the specificity of the question. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""splicing factors"" OR ""spliceosome proteins"" OR ""splicing regulatory proteins"") AND (""alternative splicing"" OR ""differential splicing"" OR ""aberrant splicing"") AND(""PLN R14del"" OR ""phospholamban R14del"" OR ""PLN Arg14del"" OR ""PLN-R14del"" OR ""phospholamban Arg14del mutation"") AND(heart OR hearts OR cardiac OR myocardial OR cardiomyocytes)'}}, 'size': 50}",,[],[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64162fb0690f196b5100001a,What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?"": + +## +(""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (""mutation types"" OR ""mutation patterns"" OR ""genetic mutations"" OR variants OR ""genetic variants"") AND (common OR ""most common"" OR frequent OR ""most frequent"" OR prevalent OR ""most prevalent"") AND (""dystrophin gene"" OR DMD) +## + +The key components are: +1. ""Duchenne muscular dystrophy"" and its abbreviation DMD +2. Phrases related to types of mutations like ""mutation types"", ""mutation patterns"", ""genetic mutations"", variants +3. Terms emphasizing commonality like common, ""most common"", frequent, prevalent +4. ""dystrophin gene"" and its symbol DMD, since mutations in this gene cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the most common or frequent types of mutations in the dystrophin gene that lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It includes synonyms and related terms to capture variations in phrasing while still maintaining a focus on the key concepts of DMD, mutation types, and commonality. + +The AND operators ensure all the main concepts are present, while the OR operators allow for flexibility in terminology. The query is relatively targeted, but the inclusion of related terms should help improve recall without sacrificing too much precision.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (""mutation types"" OR ""mutation patterns"" OR ""genetic mutations"" OR variants OR ""genetic variants"") AND (common OR ""most common"" OR frequent OR ""most frequent"" OR prevalent OR ""most prevalent"") AND (""dystrophin gene"" OR DMD)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['35064276', '29578119', '23620649', '32436198', '36845278', '33540285', '17141273', '33741226', '29973226', '36152336', '32358784', '37289342', '31139960', '35218518', '18957722', '28116794', '22650324', '37766830', '34629887', '35501714', '28332368', '34628793', '30938079', '31379145', '37861890', '30225627', '33777091', '36721834', '33599058', '17314512', '30254196', '32543101', '33843695', '11426463', '31381525', '35289675', '27745838', '16716778', '26284620', '32686699', '37254189', '15643612', '32791185', '30014611', '9524268', '31412794', '24225992', '33610829', '12622396', '36419457']",[],[],[],0.3,0.5,0.37499999999999994 +63eef3ebf36125a42600000a,What is the target of Litifilimab?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the target of Litifilimab?"": + +## +(Litifilimab OR BIIB059 OR ""anti-BDCA2"") AND (target OR targets OR targeting OR binds OR binding) AND (""BDCA-2"" OR ""BDCA2"" OR ""CD303"" OR ""CLEC4C"" OR ""C-type lectin domain family 4 member C"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Litifilimab and its synonyms/alternate names (BIIB059, anti-BDCA2). This ensures we find documents specifically about this drug. + +2. General terms related to drug targets (target, targets, targeting, binds, binding). This captures the concept of what the drug acts upon. + +3. The specific known target of Litifilimab, BDCA-2, and its various synonyms (CD303, CLEC4C, C-type lectin domain family 4 member C). Including these synonyms improves recall by accounting for different ways the target may be referred to. + +The query aims to find documents that mention Litifilimab along with language indicating its biological target, specifically honing in on BDCA-2 and its synonyms. The AND operators ensure all key concepts are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to focus on the most relevant terms while still allowing for some variability in how the drug and target may be mentioned.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(Litifilimab OR BIIB059 OR ""anti-BDCA2"") AND (target OR targets OR targeting OR binds OR binding) AND (""BDCA-2"" OR ""BDCA2"" OR ""CD303"" OR ""CLEC4C"" OR ""C-type lectin domain family 4 member C"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['36069871', '32335844', '37148249', '30645203', '30377889', '37184875', '37877249', '25762615', '24829416', '30776023']",[],[],[],0.1,0.5,0.16666666666666669 +64136fbf201352f04a00003d,What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?"": + +## +(""AUROC"" OR ""area under the receiver operating characteristic curve""~5 OR ""AUC-ROC"" OR ""area under the ROC curve""~5) AND (""predictive modeling"" OR ""predictive model"" OR ""prediction model"" OR ""machine learning model"" OR ""statistical model"") AND (definition OR meaning OR interpretation OR metric OR measure OR ""performance evaluation"" OR ""model evaluation"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. AUROC and its synonyms/related terms: + - Exact match for ""AUROC"" + - Proximity match for ""area under the receiver operating characteristic curve"" allowing for some word variation + - Exact match for ""AUC-ROC"" acronym + - Proximity match for ""area under the ROC curve"" allowing for some word variation + +2. Predictive modeling context: + - ""predictive modeling"" and its variants like ""predictive model"", ""prediction model"" + - Related terms like ""machine learning model"" and ""statistical model"" + +3. Terms related to defining or explaining a concept: + - definition, meaning, interpretation + - metric, measure, ""performance evaluation"", ""model evaluation"" + +The query aims to find documents that mention AUROC or its synonyms specifically in the context of predictive modeling, and that provide a definition, interpretation, or explanation of the term. The proximity matches allow for some flexibility in phrasing while still maintaining relevance.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""AUROC"" OR ""area under the receiver operating characteristic curve""~5 OR ""AUC-ROC"" OR ""area under the ROC curve""~5) AND (""predictive modeling"" OR ""predictive model"" OR ""prediction model"" OR ""machine learning model"" OR ""statistical model"") AND (definition OR meaning OR interpretation OR metric OR measure OR ""performance evaluation"" OR ""model evaluation"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['31967640', '37259715', '37410777', '37478157', '33107830', '33019212', '37419761', '35834893', '36719788', '36276886', '36385607', '34526544', '37710210', '37408729', '36805232', '32838752', '17238378', '36153409', '34916699', '34145862', '35959132', '24608868', '35177692', '37576311', '37259173', '37657148', '37261539', '21814106', '17569110', '36544119', '32638010', '34932043', '35671743', '35578254', '29792141', '37981529', '36824494', '25891755', '37522430', '33016491', '32488759', '32894241', '29153662', '31420617', '32298292', '31323204', '17876750', '36581881', '36263637', '29023230']",[],[],[],0.1,0.03333333333333333,0.05 +63fa13da201352f04a000001,Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?"": + +## +(""PRP-40"" OR ""PRP 40"" OR ""pre-mRNA processing factor 40"") AND (regulat* OR control* OR modulat*) AND (microexon OR ""micro-exon"" OR ""micro exon"") AND (conserved OR preservation OR ""evolutionary conservation""~2 OR ""evolutionarily conserved"" OR ""cross-species"" OR ""across species"") +## + +The key components are: +1. PRP-40 and its synonyms +2. Regulation and related terms like control and modulate, using wildcards to capture variations +3. Microexon and its variant forms +4. Conservation and related concepts like preservation, evolutionary conservation, cross-species + +The query aims to find documents that mention PRP-40's regulation of microexons along with language about conservation or preservation across species/evolution. The fuzzy operator ~2 allows for some variability in the phrase ""evolutionary conservation"". + +By focusing on the key entities and concepts while allowing for some terminology variation, the query tries to balance precision and recall. The AND operators ensure all main components are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further based on your specific needs or domain knowledge.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""PRP-40"" OR ""PRP 40"" OR ""pre-mRNA processing factor 40"") AND (regulat* OR control* OR modulat*) AND (microexon OR ""micro-exon"" OR ""micro exon"") AND (conserved OR preservation OR ""evolutionary conservation""~2 OR ""evolutionarily conserved"" OR ""cross-species"" OR ""across species"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,[],[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64178e15690f196b51000020,Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(casimersen OR kynmobi) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"") AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Casimersen and its brand name Kynmobi, connected by OR to capture either term. + +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its abbreviation DMD, in quotes and connected by OR. + +3. Terms related to effectiveness like effective, effectiveness, efficacy, ""treatment outcome"", ""clinical benefit"", ""therapeutic benefit"", connected by OR to capture various ways effectiveness may be discussed. + +4. General treatment terms like treatment, therapy, management, connected by OR. + +The main clauses are connected with AND to require all the key concepts - the drug, the disease, effectiveness, and treatment. + +The query aims to find documents discussing the effectiveness of casimersen for treating DMD specifically. It includes key synonyms to improve recall while still focusing on the core concepts to maintain precision and relevance to the original question. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(casimersen OR kynmobi) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"") AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33861387', '36401026', '34097287', '35213020', '30171533']",[],[],[],0.2,1.0,0.33333333333333337 +63f02ceaf36125a426000015,Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?"": + +## +(tirzepatide OR ""ly3298176"" OR ""ly 3298176"") AND (target OR targets OR receptor OR receptors) AND (""glp-1"" OR ""glp 1"" OR ""glucagon-like peptide-1"" OR ""glucagon like peptide 1"" OR ""glucagon-like peptide 1"" OR ""glp-1 receptor"" OR ""glp 1 receptor"" OR ""glp-1r"") AND (""gip"" OR ""glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide"" OR ""glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide"" OR ""gastric inhibitory polypeptide"" OR ""gip receptor"" OR ""gipr"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Tirzepatide and its alternate name/identifier LY3298176 +2. Terms related to molecular targets like ""target"", ""receptor"" +3. The two main known targets of tirzepatide: + - GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and its receptor (GLP-1R) + - GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide) and its receptor (GIPR) + +I included various synonyms and alternate spellings for GLP-1 and GIP to maximize recall of relevant documents. The AND operators ensure that the results mention tirzepatide along with its targets. The query is fairly specific since it focuses on the known molecular targets rather than broader physiological effects. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I aimed to balance precision and recall based on the specificity of the question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(tirzepatide OR ""ly3298176"" OR ""ly 3298176"") AND (target OR targets OR receptor OR receptors) AND (""glp-1"" OR ""glp 1"" OR ""glucagon-like peptide-1"" OR ""glucagon like peptide 1"" OR ""glucagon-like peptide 1"" OR ""glp-1 receptor"" OR ""glp 1 receptor"" OR ""glp-1r"") AND (""gip"" OR ""glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide"" OR ""glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide"" OR ""gastric inhibitory polypeptide"" OR ""gip receptor"" OR ""gipr"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37551549', '36462999', '36289848', '36751934', '36634066', '36157450', '37800107', '37279858', '35065096', '35872608', '37824027', '34446852', '34819089', '35217653', '35333651', '30293770', '36313764', '36004653', '37086147', '37070418', '32360365', '35745639', '33778934', '37792556', '37331253', '36620987', '37092144', '35651477', '37897727', '33325008', '36639119', '36927378', '36849212', '35830001', '37498367', '37456095', '37591245', '32291277', '37430117', '36909312', '36700380', '35593668', '36598526', '37308724', '35674880', '32519795', '35767712', '37526853', '37947489', '37940101']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +640e2616201352f04a00002a,Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?"": + +## +(""medical hydrology"" OR ""health resort medicine"" OR balneology OR balneotherapy OR hydrotherapy) AND (""spa therapy"" OR ""spa treatment"" OR ""spa medicine"") AND (same OR equivalent OR synonymous OR ""synonymous with"" OR ""equivalent to"" OR ""same as"" OR ""identical to"" OR ""no difference"" OR ""no different"") +## + +The key components are: +1. ""medical hydrology"" and its synonyms/related terms like ""health resort medicine"", balneology, balneotherapy, hydrotherapy +2. ""spa therapy"" and related terms like ""spa treatment"", ""spa medicine"" +3. Terms related to the concept of being the same or equivalent, like same, equivalent, synonymous, ""identical to"", ""no difference"", etc. + +The query aims to find documents that mention both medical hydrology (or its synonyms) and spa therapy (or related terms), along with language indicating whether they are considered the same or equivalent. The AND operator ensures all three main concepts are present. + +I included a range of synonyms and related terms to improve recall, but tried not to stray too far from the core concepts to maintain precision. The double quotes around phrases ensure they are searched as a unit. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""medical hydrology"" OR ""health resort medicine"" OR balneology OR balneotherapy OR hydrotherapy) AND (""spa therapy"" OR ""spa treatment"" OR ""spa medicine"") AND (same OR equivalent OR synonymous OR ""synonymous with"" OR ""equivalent to"" OR ""same as"" OR ""identical to"" OR ""no difference"" OR ""no different"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['15004446', '7644874', '37438576', '19771135', '18829219', '29947999', '21563003', '26158921', '29455296', '25862243', '28471579', '17943920', '9828878', '24135621', '31649376', '16011060', '16449365', '30046586', '11209546', '25534519', '36380257', '12110784', '28011998', '27225736', '37735793', '18313346', '36538403', '15689050', '31209599', '26607275', '2011839', '35606192', '6157259', '15115681', '24373369', '25605408', '17431728', '6672531', '28936572', '33740137', '34035862', '3374829', '23007254']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64178e73690f196b51000023,Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(eteplirsen OR ""exondys 51"") AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"") AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Eteplirsen and its brand name Exondys 51 +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its acronym DMD +3. Terms related to effectiveness like efficacy, treatment outcome, clinical benefit +4. General treatment terms like therapy and management + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the effectiveness of eteplirsen as a treatment for DMD. It includes the drug name and its synonym, the full disease name and acronym, and a variety of terms related to treatment effectiveness. + +The AND operators ensure all the main concepts are present, while the OR operators allow for variations in terminology. The query is relatively focused since it includes the specific drug and disease, but the effectiveness and treatment terms are broad enough to capture potentially relevant information. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to strike a balance between precision and recall based on the specificity of the question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(eteplirsen OR ""exondys 51"") AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"") AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34797383', '30171533', '29771317', '36644004', '32691988', '37603868', '23907995', '30171536', '33075081', '32483212', '30556126', '35715998', '29752304', '33325654', '32112218', '33393390', '34120909', '30856119', '37036788', '30171538', '29907124', '32691346', '24282529', '36401026', '34097287', '29771942', '30195785', '36995605', '35213020', '29254734', '28990648', '35333888', '23075107', '31834673', '32865783', '37862859', '34420980', '28944732', '37610303', '30372655', '31576784', '27854228', '32417793']",[],[],[],0.1,0.3333333333333333,0.15384615384615383 +6410fa66201352f04a000034,How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and apetite?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and appetite?"": + +## +(""CYP1A2"" OR ""cytochrome P450 1A2"") AND +(""coffee consumption"" OR ""coffee intake"" OR ""coffee drinking"" OR ""caffeine consumption"" OR ""caffeine intake"") AND +(appetite OR hunger OR ""food intake"" OR ""calorie intake"" OR ""energy intake"") AND +(relation OR relationship OR association OR correlation OR link OR effect OR impact OR influence) +## + +The key components are: +1. CYP1A2 and its full name ""cytochrome P450 1A2"" +2. Coffee consumption and related terms like coffee intake, coffee drinking, caffeine consumption +3. Appetite and related concepts like hunger, food intake, calorie intake +4. Terms describing a relationship like relation, association, correlation, link, effect, impact, influence + +The query aims to find documents that discuss how CYP1A2 is related to both coffee consumption and appetite. The AND operators ensure all three main concepts are present. The synonyms and related terms help capture different ways the concepts may be expressed, improving recall. At the same time, the query maintains a focus on the key entities of CYP1A2, coffee, and appetite, to keep the results precise and relevant to the original question. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""CYP1A2"" OR ""cytochrome P450 1A2"") AND (""coffee consumption"" OR ""coffee intake"" OR ""coffee drinking"" OR ""caffeine consumption"" OR ""caffeine intake"") AND(appetite OR hunger OR ""food intake"" OR ""calorie intake"" OR ""energy intake"") AND(relation OR relationship OR association OR correlation OR link OR effect OR impact OR influence)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['34564706'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +63f03939f36125a42600001b,What is the use of darolutamide?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the use of darolutamide?"": + +## +(darolutamide OR ""ODM-201"" OR ""Nubeqa"") AND (use OR purpose OR function OR role OR utility OR application OR ""used for"" OR ""used to"" OR treats OR treatment OR ""treatment of"") AND (""prostate cancer"" OR ""castration-resistant prostate cancer"" OR CRPC OR ""non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer"" OR ""nmCRPC"" OR ""metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer"" OR ""mHSPC"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Darolutamide and its synonyms/alternate names +2. Terms related to the use, purpose, or function of a drug +3. The specific conditions darolutamide is used to treat, namely prostate cancer and its subtypes + +The query aims to find documents that mention darolutamide along with language about its use or purpose, specifically in the context of treating prostate cancer. Including the various synonyms and subtypes of prostate cancer helps improve recall while still keeping the query focused on the most relevant information. + +The AND operators ensure that all three main concepts (darolutamide, use/purpose, prostate cancer) are present, which helps maintain precision. The query is relatively targeted since darolutamide has a specific indication, but the synonyms and related terms allow for some variability in how the concepts might be expressed. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(darolutamide OR ""ODM-201"" OR ""Nubeqa"") AND (use OR purpose OR function OR role OR utility OR application OR ""used for"" OR ""used to"" OR treats OR treatment OR ""treatment of"") AND (""prostate cancer"" OR ""castration-resistant prostate cancer"" OR CRPC OR ""non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer"" OR ""nmCRPC"" OR ""metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer"" OR ""mHSPC"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33237495', '30197098', '33351306', '35552309', '34002069', '31605368', '35648671', '30872920', '35305957', '36797129', '32673844', '31695432', '35553247', '36630046', '36297536', '33559101', '34207755', '37458966', '36192243', '32073798', '36266221', '28490267', '34273811', '34102978', '36028656', '37812679', '33049187', '36111393', '33735902', '32924096', '31953000', '35141248', '34572748', '34722276', '32958445', '33554636', '36087070', '34308608', '34797506', '28851578', '32605736', '36823372', '32822968', '32278840', '37660438', '30115959', '34920959', '32282865', '33552935', '26313416']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64136664201352f04a00003b,What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?"": + +## +(""small-fiber neuropathy"" OR ""small fiber neuropathy"" OR ""small fibre neuropathy"" OR SFN) AND +(""clinical features"" OR ""clinical manifestations"" OR ""clinical presentation"" OR ""clinical characteristics"" OR ""signs and symptoms"" OR ""symptoms"") AND +(pain OR burning OR tingling OR numbness OR paresthesia OR dysesthesia OR allodynia OR hyperalgesia OR ""autonomic dysfunction"" OR ""autonomic symptoms"" OR sweating OR ""blood pressure"" OR ""heart rate"" OR ""gastrointestinal symptoms"" OR ""bladder symptoms"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Small-fiber neuropathy and its synonyms/abbreviations to ensure we retrieve documents specifically about this condition. + +2. Terms related to clinical features, manifestations, presentation, signs and symptoms, to find information on how the condition presents clinically. + +3. Specific symptoms and signs associated with small-fiber neuropathy, including: + - Sensory symptoms like pain, burning, tingling, numbness, paresthesia, dysesthesia, allodynia, hyperalgesia + - Autonomic symptoms related to sweating, blood pressure, heart rate, gastrointestinal function, bladder function + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the characteristic clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy by requiring the condition name along with general terms related to clinical presentation, as well as specific common symptoms. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still keeping the query focused on the most relevant information. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""small-fiber neuropathy"" OR ""small fiber neuropathy"" OR ""small fibre neuropathy"" OR SFN) AND (""clinical features"" OR ""clinical manifestations"" OR ""clinical presentation"" OR ""clinical characteristics"" OR ""signs and symptoms"" OR ""symptoms"") AND(pain OR burning OR tingling OR numbness OR paresthesia OR dysesthesia OR allodynia OR hyperalgesia OR ""autonomic dysfunction"" OR ""autonomic symptoms"" OR sweating OR ""blood pressure"" OR ""heart rate"" OR ""gastrointestinal symptoms"" OR ""bladder symptoms"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['29542204', '28221302', '23304492', '25484269', '28827489', '31639840', '33830702', '9198925', '34766365', '26872938', '21435945', '35130356', '22570215', '27552388', '29706768', '8610490', '23716362', '20035332', '30247738', '28339448', '31348533', '29154979', '23982054', '31773305', '27660061', '20926271', '22774572', '20433606', '15546602', '25597261', '26780379', '20644950', '27315103', '31325646', '12803683', '33337383', '36714112', '36437696', '35830153', '21286866', '36168866', '30753241', '34402516', '30636091', '32012301', '26578039', '26114213', '12210380', '33527744', '35950732']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6415c53e690f196b51000012,When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?"": + +## +(Keytruda OR pembrolizumab) AND (""non-small cell lung cancer"" OR NSCLC OR ""lung cancer"") AND (metastatic OR advanced) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"") AND (date OR year OR time) +## + +The key components are: +- Keytruda and its generic name pembrolizumab +- Non-small cell lung cancer and its abbreviation NSCLC, plus the more general term ""lung cancer"" +- Metastatic and the related term advanced, to specify the stage of cancer +- Approved, approval, ""FDA approval"" to capture the regulatory approval aspect +- Date, year, time to find mentions of when the approval occurred + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the FDA approval of Keytruda specifically for metastatic NSCLC, and that mention a date or time of approval. The synonyms and related terms help capture variations in phrasing while still keeping the query focused on the key entities and concepts. The parentheses and AND operators ensure all main components are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to balance specificity and comprehensiveness for the given question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(Keytruda OR pembrolizumab) AND (""non-small cell lung cancer"" OR NSCLC OR ""lung cancer"") AND (metastatic OR advanced) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"") AND (date OR year OR time)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34398032', '27713639', '28761384', '27026676', '28293123', '31988934', '34292540', '32843385', '28228226', '34363829', '33569208', '36046437', '33966436', '33040674', '27252413', '28408617', '37364568', '33469803', '28276698', '35994596', '30670923', '27623999', '33842144', '29662547', '34221986', '29317551', '26389763', '31616186', '27716999', '30304963', '34795901', '29992894', '36797806', '32601742', '35399230', '27574451', '25685857', '30646794', '29862232', '28624922', '36323057', '27234522', '35729418', '35167399', '31645893', '27310708', '27557830', '27563655', '36647072', '31043955']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6417949d690f196b51000035,Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(""gene therapy"" OR ""gene therapies"" OR ""gene transfer"" OR ""gene replacement"" OR ""gene editing"" OR ""genome editing"" OR ""exon skipping"" OR ""micro-dystrophin"" OR ""AAV vector""~2) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (investigat* OR research* OR stud* OR trial OR trials OR pipeline OR ""clinical development"" OR ""preclinical development"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Gene therapy related terms: This includes the exact phrase ""gene therapy"" and its plural, as well as related concepts like gene transfer, gene replacement, gene/genome editing, exon skipping, micro-dystrophin, and AAV vectors (a common delivery method for gene therapies). The fuzzy operator ~2 allows for some variability in the AAV vector phrase. + +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its abbreviation DMD. + +3. Terms related to research and investigation: This includes words like investigate, research, study, trial(s), pipeline, and phrases like ""clinical development"" and ""preclinical development"". The wildcard * allows for variations in word endings. + +The query aims to find documents that mention gene therapy approaches in the context of research or clinical investigation for DMD. It includes a variety of synonyms and related terms to capture the key concepts, while still maintaining a focus on the specific disease and type of treatment asked about in the question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""gene therapy"" OR ""gene therapies"" OR ""gene transfer"" OR ""gene replacement"" OR ""gene editing"" OR ""genome editing"" OR ""exon skipping"" OR ""micro-dystrophin"" OR ""AAV vector""~2) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (investigat* OR research* OR stud* OR trial OR trials OR pipeline OR ""clinical development"" OR ""preclinical development"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['24308293', '20580709', '36401038', '30093306', '28398005', '15651329', '15031985', '26263476', '36874243', '36864908', '30734120', '27542949', '36401035', '37652974', '17981565', '22692496', '34175043', '19527108', '29351004', '29463117', '33651713', '36401039', '11898504', '37425427', '22892952', '30718090', '30621068', '37032509', '29936551', '26159373', '36515166', '36911945', '21274260', '23075107', '22609847', '33074029', '21436158', '35143959', '22068425', '29366352', '34180420', '31147635', '8836495', '22454057', '21691429', '30111482', '20434401', '29781327', '21967249', '37175881']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63f02a82f36125a426000013,Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?"": + +## +(""CIDEB"" OR ""cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector B"") AND (mutation OR variant OR polymorphism) AND (protect OR protection OR protective OR prevent OR prevention OR preventive) AND (""liver disease"" OR ""hepatic disease"" OR cirrhosis OR ""fatty liver"" OR NAFLD OR NASH OR ""liver failure"" OR ""liver damage"" OR hepatotoxicity OR hepatitis) +## + +The key components are: +1. CIDEB gene and its full name +2. Mutation and related terms like variant and polymorphism +3. Protect and related terms like prevention +4. Liver disease and specific types/synonyms like NAFLD, cirrhosis, hepatitis, etc. + +The query aims to find documents that mention CIDEB mutations along with language about protection and liver diseases. The synonyms help capture different ways the concepts could be phrased. + +The AND operators ensure all the main concepts are present, which is important for the specific question being asked. I included a range of liver disease terms for better recall, but still kept the query focused on CIDEB, mutation, and protection to maintain precision. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""CIDEB"" OR ""cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector B"") AND (mutation OR variant OR polymorphism) AND (protect OR protection OR protective OR prevent OR prevention OR preventive) AND (""liver disease"" OR ""hepatic disease"" OR cirrhosis OR ""fatty liver"" OR NAFLD OR NASH OR ""liver failure"" OR ""liver damage"" OR hepatotoxicity OR hepatitis)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37144531', '37128635', '35970900']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64089b21201352f04a000021,Can you summarize the function of CDK9?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Can you summarize the function of CDK9?"": + +## +(""CDK9"" OR ""cyclin-dependent kinase 9"" OR ""cyclin dependent kinase 9"") AND (function OR role OR activity OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""transcription elongation"" OR ""RNA polymerase II"" OR ""RNA Pol II"" OR ""RNAPII"" OR ""P-TEFb"" OR ""positive transcription elongation factor"" OR ""transcription regulation"" OR ""gene expression regulation"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. CDK9 and its full name ""cyclin-dependent kinase 9"" as the main entity of interest. + +2. General terms related to the function or role of a protein, such as ""function"", ""role"", ""activity"", ""mechanism of action"". + +3. Specific terms related to CDK9's known functions in transcription elongation and regulation, such as ""transcription elongation"", ""RNA polymerase II"" (and synonyms), ""P-TEFb"", ""transcription regulation"", ""gene expression regulation"". + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the function or role of CDK9, with a focus on its involvement in transcription elongation and regulation. The specific terms help hone in on CDK9's main known functions, while the general terms allow for potentially novel or less common functional descriptions to also be captured. + +The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still maintaining relevance to the original question. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""CDK9"" OR ""cyclin-dependent kinase 9"" OR ""cyclin dependent kinase 9"") AND (function OR role OR activity OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""transcription elongation"" OR ""RNA polymerase II"" OR ""RNA Pol II"" OR ""RNAPII"" OR ""P-TEFb"" OR ""positive transcription elongation factor"" OR ""transcription regulation"" OR ""gene expression regulation"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34146121', '23744076', '32366382', '18250157', '12651893', '12622719', '34811514', '26659056', '12944920', '18218627', '19029809', '27398404', '27417125', '17169370', '10377393', '16103164', '33730585', '25524031', '17671421', '19844166', '28722178', '37163588', '31594641', '15941832', '23977357', '18780834', '15514168', '22592529', '15713662', '15564463', '18971272', '15276198', '23840966', '16720337', '22458775', '20930849', '10574912', '11145967', '18662700', '25233930', '16428435', '10974544', '24385927', '15713661', '17341462', '21127351', '34062779', '17289077', '23977272', '11739744']",[],[],[],0.1,0.1,0.10000000000000002 +6410eead201352f04a000030,How does RBM24 control QT interval?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""How does RBM24 control QT interval?"": + +## +(""RBM24"" OR ""RNA binding motif protein 24"") AND (""QT interval"" OR ""QT prolongation"" OR ""long QT syndrome"" OR LQTS) AND (control OR regulate OR modulate OR affect OR influence OR mechanism OR pathway) +## + +The key components are: +1. RBM24 and its full name ""RNA binding motif protein 24"" +2. QT interval and related terms like QT prolongation and long QT syndrome (LQTS) +3. Terms related to control or regulation, like modulate, affect, influence, mechanism, pathway + +The query requires both the gene RBM24 and the concept of QT interval to be present, along with some term related to control or regulation. This helps focus on the specific relationship asked about in the question. + +I included a few synonyms and related terms for QT interval and for the concept of control/regulation, to improve recall without sacrificing too much precision. The query aims to find documents discussing how RBM24 influences or regulates QT interval duration or long QT syndrome. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to strike a balance between specificity and inclusiveness based on the question asked.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""RBM24"" OR ""RNA binding motif protein 24"") AND (""QT interval"" OR ""QT prolongation"" OR ""long QT syndrome"" OR LQTS) AND (control OR regulate OR modulate OR affect OR influence OR mechanism OR pathway)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['36454480'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +64105502201352f04a00002d,Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the given biomedical question: + +## +(""North Star Ambulatory Assessment"" OR NSAA OR ""NSAA score"") AND +(""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND +(reliable OR validity OR ""clinically meaningful"" OR ""clinical relevance"" OR ""clinically relevant"") AND +(""clinical outcome"" OR ""clinical endpoint"" OR ""outcome measure"") AND +(""disease progression"" OR ""disease course"" OR ""progression assessment"" OR ""monitoring progression"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. North Star Ambulatory Assessment and its acronym NSAA, which is the main assessment tool in question. + +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its acronym DMD, specifying the disease context. + +3. Terms related to reliability and clinical relevance like ""reliable"", ""validity"", ""clinically meaningful"", etc. This captures the concept of the NSAA being a reliable measure. + +4. Terms related to clinical outcomes and endpoints, capturing the NSAA's potential role as an outcome measure. + +5. Terms related to disease progression and monitoring progression, specifying the aspect of DMD that the NSAA is being evaluated for. + +The AND operators ensure that all key aspects of the question are addressed in the search results. The query aims to balance precision by focusing on the specific assessment (NSAA) and disease (DMD), while improving recall through the inclusion of synonyms and related terms for the concepts of reliability, clinical outcomes, and disease progression assessment.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""North Star Ambulatory Assessment"" OR NSAA OR ""NSAA score"") AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND(reliable OR validity OR ""clinically meaningful"" OR ""clinical relevance"" OR ""clinically relevant"") AND(""clinical outcome"" OR ""clinical endpoint"" OR ""outcome measure"") AND(""disease progression"" OR ""disease course"" OR ""progression assessment"" OR ""monitoring progression"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['29167533', '36679627']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63f032caf36125a42600001a,What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?"": + +## +(""rilzabrutinib"" OR ""PRN1008"" OR ""PRN-1008"" OR ""PRN 1008"") AND +(""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""pharmacology"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"" OR ""effect"" OR ""inhibits"" OR ""inhibitor"") AND +(""Bruton's tyrosine kinase"" OR BTK OR ""BTK inhibitor"" OR ""tyrosine kinase inhibitor"" OR ""TKI"" OR ""B-cell receptor signaling"" OR ""B cell receptor signaling"" OR ""BCR signaling"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Rilzabrutinib and its alternate names/codes like PRN1008. This ensures we find documents specifically about this drug. + +2. General terms related to mechanism of action like pharmacodynamics, activity, function, inhibits, etc. This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. Specific terms related to rilzabrutinib's known mechanism of action as a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that affects B-cell receptor signaling. This helps hone in on the precise MOA while allowing for some variability in terminology. + +The query aims to balance finding as much relevant information as possible about rilzabrutinib's MOA while not being too broad or introducing irrelevant terms. The use of parentheses and the AND operator ensures that all three key concept areas are present in the retrieved documents. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further based on your specific needs or additional background knowledge about rilzabrutinib.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""rilzabrutinib"" OR ""PRN1008"" OR ""PRN-1008"" OR ""PRN 1008"") AND (""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""pharmacology"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"" OR ""effect"" OR ""inhibits"" OR ""inhibitor"") AND(""Bruton\'s tyrosine kinase"" OR BTK OR ""BTK inhibitor"" OR ""tyrosine kinase inhibitor"" OR ""TKI"" OR ""B-cell receptor signaling"" OR ""B cell receptor signaling"" OR ""BCR signaling"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['35302767', '33674445', '34447768', '33806595', '32803903', '35417637', '35175630', '33942286', '28636208', '34443496', '35301810', '37060187', '37869360', '34351020', '34631841', '36182620', '37735554', '36622549', '35166638']",[],[],[],0.1,0.3333333333333333,0.15384615384615383 +641368ee201352f04a00003c,What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas."": + +## +(""adult diffuse gliomas"" OR ""diffuse gliomas in adults"") AND +(types OR categories OR classification OR subtypes OR variants OR ""WHO classification""~5) AND +(""astrocytoma"" OR ""oligodendroglioma"" OR ""oligoastrocytoma"" OR ""glioblastoma"" OR ""IDH-mutant"" OR ""IDH-wildtype"" OR ""IDH mutant"" OR ""IDH wildtype"" OR ""1p/19q codeletion"" OR ""1p/19q co-deletion"") +## + +The key components are: +1. The main entity ""adult diffuse gliomas"" and a variant phrase +2. Terms related to types/categories like classification, subtypes, variants. I also included ""WHO classification"" with a proximity operator, as the World Health Organization's classification system is commonly used for gliomas. +3. Specific types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas like astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma, as well as molecular subtypes based on IDH mutation status and 1p/19q codeletion. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the types or categories of adult diffuse gliomas, including both histological types and molecular subtypes. The specific type terms help improve precision, while still allowing for some variability in terminology. The query is relatively broad to maximize recall of potentially relevant categories. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""adult diffuse gliomas"" OR ""diffuse gliomas in adults"") AND (types OR categories OR classification OR subtypes OR variants OR ""WHO classification""~5) AND(""astrocytoma"" OR ""oligodendroglioma"" OR ""oligoastrocytoma"" OR ""glioblastoma"" OR ""IDH-mutant"" OR ""IDH-wildtype"" OR ""IDH mutant"" OR ""IDH wildtype"" OR ""1p/19q codeletion"" OR ""1p/19q co-deletion"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37239289', '30148717', '33223023', '31175262', '34504304', '37278280', '28801347', '28549927', '37562166', '32640746', '26968173', '26824661', '26741321', '36853347', '30624711', '37883975', '34863298', '32386320', '31706351', '37737691', '25744348', '26236800', '31678207', '32954439', '23109653', '34055608', '21889777', '36788155', '33228806', '26068765', '32284464', '38085892', '9861648', '34729052', '30937703', '33606385', '27799281', '28339700', '34782727', '35876874', '37741941', '35558510', '35957904', '30175510', '34498062', '34352809', '28064387', '32153349', '35859544', '32557428']",[],[],[],0.3,0.21428571428571427,0.25 +6415ca99690f196b51000019,Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?"": + +## +((""chimeric antigen receptor"" OR ""CAR"") AND (""T cell"" OR ""T-cell"") AND (therapy OR therapies OR therapeutic OR treatment)) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"" OR ""regulatory approval"") AND (""B cell malignancy"" OR ""B-cell malignancy"" OR ""B-cell lymphoma"" OR ""B-cell leukemia"" OR ""B cell lymphoma"" OR ""B cell leukemia"" OR ""acute lymphoblastic leukemia"" OR ALL OR ""chronic lymphocytic leukemia"" OR CLL OR ""diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"" OR DLBCL OR ""mantle cell lymphoma"" OR MCL) +## + +The key components are: +1. CAR-T cell therapy and its synonyms/variants +2. Approval-related terms +3. B cell malignancies and specific types + +The query uses AND to require all three main concepts. It includes synonyms and related terms for each concept to improve recall, such as: +- Both ""chimeric antigen receptor"" and ""CAR"", ""T cell"" and ""T-cell"", therapy/therapies/therapeutic/treatment +- Approved, approval, ""FDA approval"", ""regulatory approval"" +- ""B cell malignancy"", ""B-cell malignancy"", and specific types like lymphomas and leukemias + +The parentheses and double quotes ensure the multi-word terms are treated as phrases. The query aims to find documents discussing CAR-T therapies that have been approved specifically for B cell malignancies. It is relatively precise while still capturing variations in terminology. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '((""chimeric antigen receptor"" OR ""CAR"") AND (""T cell"" OR ""T-cell"") AND (therapy OR therapies OR therapeutic OR treatment)) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"" OR ""regulatory approval"") AND (""B cell malignancy"" OR ""B-cell malignancy"" OR ""B-cell lymphoma"" OR ""B-cell leukemia"" OR ""B cell lymphoma"" OR ""B cell leukemia"" OR ""acute lymphoblastic leukemia"" OR ALL OR ""chronic lymphocytic leukemia"" OR CLL OR ""diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"" OR DLBCL OR ""mantle cell lymphoma"" OR MCL)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34277836', '32925186', '34503084', '33212810', '35011583', '34777381', '34152469', '29771253', '36633964', '30680780', '33448873', '33275669', '37899200', '35672571', '33361513', '29024301', '33872091', '37358555', '30120708', '33630232', '34830003', '37935098', '38072433', '31723825', '35723942', '30713539', '30880819', '30652353', '33820908', '34922844', '34950390', '34277304', '38090582', '33789222', '32014447', '37394970', '38068428', '35560330', '35420395', '34768218', '31754328', '38027932', '32043764', '36686821', '32055645', '34466048', '33619641', '35012754', '35634281', '32347759']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64178e4b690f196b51000022,Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(golodirsen AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD OR ""duchenne's muscular dystrophy"")) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"" OR ""clinical efficacy"" OR ""therapeutic efficacy"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Golodirsen, the specific drug mentioned in the question. + +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its common acronym DMD, as well as a synonym ""duchenne's muscular dystrophy"". These cover the main ways of referring to the disease. + +3. Terms related to treatment effectiveness such as effective, effectiveness, efficacy, ""treatment outcome"", ""clinical benefit"", ""therapeutic benefit"", ""clinical efficacy"", ""therapeutic efficacy"". These capture various ways of discussing how well a treatment works. + +The AND operators ensure that the results contain both the specific drug and disease, as well as some discussion of treatment effectiveness. The query is relatively focused since it includes a specific drug and disease, but the synonyms for effectiveness help improve recall by capturing different terminology. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. The goal is to balance finding relevant information to answer the question while maintaining precision.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(golodirsen AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD OR ""duchenne\'s muscular dystrophy"")) AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""therapeutic benefit"" OR ""clinical efficacy"" OR ""therapeutic efficacy"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33025945', '32112218', '32483212', '34788571', '36401027', '32691346', '36401026', '35213020', '36995605', '34092651', '34097287', '30171533']",[],[],[],0.3,0.75,0.4285714285714285 +63f043e4f36125a426000023,Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?"": + +## +(baricitinib OR ""LY3009104"" OR ""INCB028050"") AND (""alopecia areata"" OR ""autoimmune alopecia"" OR ""spot baldness"") AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""clinical efficacy"" OR ""therapeutic effect"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Baricitinib and its alternate names/codes (LY3009104, INCB028050) +2. Alopecia areata and its synonyms (autoimmune alopecia, spot baldness) +3. Terms related to effectiveness (effective, effectiveness, efficacy, treatment outcome, clinical outcome, clinical efficacy, therapeutic effect) + +The query requires all three main concepts to be present using the AND operator. It includes synonyms and related terms for the drug, the condition, and the concept of effectiveness to improve recall. At the same time, it avoids overly broad terms to maintain precision. + +The double quotes around multi-word terms ensure they are searched as phrases. The query aims to find documents that specifically discuss the effectiveness of baricitinib for treating alopecia areata. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(baricitinib OR ""LY3009104"" OR ""INCB028050"") AND (""alopecia areata"" OR ""autoimmune alopecia"" OR ""spot baldness"") AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""clinical efficacy"" OR ""therapeutic effect"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37042112', '37717224', '35330989', '31930807', '36695751', '37683061', '35334197', '37436019', '37339501', '34090959', '36763827', '26137574', '36855020', '33870531', '37833617', '36239359', '32015973', '37089829', '37606849', '37195491', '37556146', '37138134', '37556530', '37138884', '30433838', '38018739', '37781168', '37740856', '30100707', '36070222', '36124361', '37467740', '38084867', '36408593', '36478475', '37991697', '37752637', '36045780', '37870096', '34962052', '36933614', '37877023', '36848919', '37452455', '37900778', '30688081', '36848918', '31606872', '30762909', '37708254']",[],[],[],0.2,1.0,0.33333333333333337 +64137616201352f04a000041,Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the statement ""Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure"": + +## +(anemia OR ""low hemoglobin"" OR ""low hematocrit"" OR ""low red blood cell count"") AND +(""chronic kidney failure"" OR ""chronic renal failure"" OR ""end-stage renal disease"" OR ESRD OR ""chronic kidney disease"" OR CKD OR ""chronic kidney insufficiency"" OR ""chronic renal insufficiency"") AND +(NOT (""associated with"" OR ""related to"" OR ""linked to"" OR ""correlated with"" OR ""caused by"")) +## + +The key components are: +1. Anemia and its related terms/synonyms +2. Chronic kidney failure and its related terms/synonyms +3. The negation of association terms like ""associated with"", ""related to"", etc. + +The query uses the AND operator to require the presence of both anemia and chronic kidney failure concepts, while the NOT operator excludes documents that mention an association between the two. + +However, it's important to note that negation in search queries can be challenging. This query may exclude documents that discuss the lack of association between anemia and chronic kidney failure, as the negation terms would still be present. The ideal results would be documents that discuss anemia and chronic kidney failure but do not mention an association between them. + +Depending on the specific use case, it may be better to search for the two concepts separately and then filter out or down-rank results that mention an association. Let me know if you would like me to modify the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(anemia OR ""low hemoglobin"" OR ""low hematocrit"" OR ""low red blood cell count"") AND (""chronic kidney failure"" OR ""chronic renal failure"" OR ""end-stage renal disease"" OR ESRD OR ""chronic kidney disease"" OR CKD OR ""chronic kidney insufficiency"" OR ""chronic renal insufficiency"") AND (NOT (""associated with"" OR ""related to"" OR ""linked to"" OR ""correlated with"" OR ""caused by""))'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['32499002', '24402094', '18434712', '16893404', '1564606', '22034760', '9762381', '20980739', '15875275', '22199043', '25864164', '32769931', '18788410', '21290916', '21116711', '34812298', '20349416', '12481145', '28744467', '1185335', '21541213', '16336582', '33025407', '24589911', '28386819', '33911845', '7259844', '19809999', '9925157', '29624739', '2010480', '9277860', '3900528', '3392887', '24743961', '26903696', '28869934', '9925152', '2718284', '24344917', '24564605', '2051730', '1306073', '25518581', '19141655', '7342514', '22122666', '1563119', '15976508', '16538930']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6415bc8d690f196b5100000f,What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?"": + +## +(""online genetic counseling"" OR ""virtual genetic counseling"" OR ""telemedicine genetic counseling"" OR ""telegenetic counseling"") AND (""time reduction"" OR ""time savings"" OR ""reduced time"" OR ""shorter time"" OR ""faster"" OR ""quicker"") AND (estimated OR estimate OR estimation OR approximated OR approximate OR approximation) +## + +The key components are: +1. ""Online genetic counseling"" and synonyms like ""virtual genetic counseling"", ""telemedicine genetic counseling"", ""telegenetic counseling"" +2. Terms related to reduction in time like ""time reduction"", ""time savings"", ""reduced time"", ""shorter time"", ""faster"", ""quicker"" +3. Terms related to estimation like estimated, estimate, approximated, approximate + +The query aims to find documents that mention online/virtual genetic counseling along with language about reduction in time or duration, as well as some estimation or approximation of that time savings. The synonyms help capture various ways these concepts could be expressed. + +However, the query is relatively broad since the question is asking for a specific quantitative estimate that may not be consistently reported in the literature. The results may need to be manually reviewed to find a precise numerical estimate of time reduction. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to balance capturing the key concepts while not overly limiting the results, given the specificity of the information requested.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""online genetic counseling"" OR ""virtual genetic counseling"" OR ""telemedicine genetic counseling"" OR ""telegenetic counseling"") AND (""time reduction"" OR ""time savings"" OR ""reduced time"" OR ""shorter time"" OR ""faster"" OR ""quicker"") AND (estimated OR estimate OR estimation OR approximated OR approximate OR approximation)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['26785833'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +64163660690f196b5100001d,Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(deflazacort AND (prednisone OR prednisolone)) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"") AND (efficacy OR effectiveness OR efficiency OR ""comparative effectiveness"" OR ""head-to-head"" OR ""clinical outcomes"" OR ""patient outcomes"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. The drugs being compared: deflazacort, prednisone, prednisolone +2. The disease: Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its acronym DMD +3. Treatment-related terms: treatment, therapy, management +4. Comparison and efficacy terms: efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency, comparative effectiveness, head-to-head, clinical outcomes, patient outcomes + +The query aims to find documents that mention both deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone in the context of DMD treatment, and that discuss their comparative efficacy or efficiency. The synonyms and related terms help capture different ways these concepts may be expressed. + +The AND operators ensure all the key concepts are present, while the OR operators allow for variations in terminology. The query is relatively targeted since it focuses on a specific comparison for a particular disease. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(deflazacort AND (prednisone OR prednisolone)) AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD) AND (treatment OR therapy OR ""management"") AND (efficacy OR effectiveness OR efficiency OR ""comparative effectiveness"" OR ""head-to-head"" OR ""clinical outcomes"" OR ""patient outcomes"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['22655511', '34440496', '19488064', '37927274', '18334131', '37819629', '27149418', '23137739', '36168943', '31508685', '36565131', '35381069', '1822804', '35713895', '33075081', '22115006', '25959722', '12026233', '30167630', '31830002', '16244521', '28450193', '18254031', '33053810', '17541998', '27566742', '23483575', '20581335', '8882570', '24010700', '10951436', '27039228', '33910603', '15106215', '26833937', '26311750', '33204350', '11929208', '23622373', '11038071', '15990951', '26358775', '22967789', '32956407', '14996877', '27500011', '29174484', '31046703', '27746500']",[],[],[],0.1,0.2,0.13333333333333333 +6402bc2d201352f04a000005,What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?"": + +## +(mosunetuzumab OR ""BTCT4465A"" OR ""RG7828"") AND (target OR targets OR targeting OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""CD20"" OR ""MS4A1"" OR ""membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1"") AND (""CD3"" OR ""T-cell co-receptor"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Mosunetuzumab and its alternate names/codes BTCT4465A and RG7828. This ensures we find documents specifically about this drug. + +2. General terms related to drug targets and mechanism of action. This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. Specific known targets of mosunetuzumab: + - CD20 (also known as MS4A1 or membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1) + - CD3 (also referred to as T-cell co-receptor) + + Including these specific targets helps hone in on the most relevant information while allowing for some variability in terminology. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the targets or mechanism of action of mosunetuzumab, with an emphasis on its known targets CD20 and CD3. The AND operators ensure all key concepts are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(mosunetuzumab OR ""BTCT4465A"" OR ""RG7828"") AND (target OR targets OR targeting OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""CD20"" OR ""MS4A1"" OR ""membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1"") AND (""CD3"" OR ""T-cell co-receptor"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37645778', '29351372', '38050329', '38031804', '37501154', '34922844', '34914545', '35182296', '37488074']",[],[],[],0.1111111111111111,0.25,0.15384615384615383 +64144200201352f04a000043,Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is anaphylaxis a result of mast cell activation?"": + +## +(anaphylaxis OR ""anaphylactic reaction"" OR ""anaphylactic shock"") AND (""mast cell"" OR ""mast cells"") AND (activation OR degranulation OR ""release of mediators"") +## + +The query focuses on the key concepts: +1. Anaphylaxis and its synonyms ""anaphylactic reaction"" and ""anaphylactic shock"" +2. Mast cells, both singular and plural forms +3. Activation of mast cells, including the specific term ""degranulation"" and the phrase ""release of mediators"" which describes the result of mast cell activation + +The AND operators ensure that all three main concepts are present in the search results. The query is relatively focused, as the question is asking about a specific relationship between two entities (anaphylaxis and mast cell activation). The synonyms and related terms aim to capture different ways the concepts might be expressed, without introducing tangential terms that could reduce precision. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. The goal is to find documents that discuss whether anaphylaxis is caused by the activation of mast cells.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(anaphylaxis OR ""anaphylactic reaction"" OR ""anaphylactic shock"") AND (""mast cell"" OR ""mast cells"") AND (activation OR degranulation OR ""release of mediators"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['22145857', '9324065', '10333112', '16204934', '19506243', '30566890', '30856392', '22022171', '31011586', '16204936', '89807', '29434182', '2099348', '20194630', '9805235', '7691234', '22261360', '33990023', '17546203', '25780280', '33097573', '8732049', '18468822', '14996419', '15025392', '28282470', '12419650', '20620227', '9728749', '18596587', '11457897', '69052', '16804320', '21134573', '22110295', '10794118', '30776022', '26936360', '10726327', '33524790', '7061153', '7295137', '33275825', '30909706', '2479221', '7154669', '28987593', '32712042', '10088645', '4046903']",[],[],[],0.1,0.03571428571428571,0.05263157894736841 +6415c6b6690f196b51000015,On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?"": + +## +(""Keytruda"" OR pembrolizumab) AND (approval OR approved OR ""FDA approval"") AND (""clinical trials"" OR ""clinical studies"") AND (KEYNOTE-158 OR KEYNOTE-164 OR KEYNOTE-028 OR KEYNOTE-012 OR KEYNOTE-087 OR KEYNOTE-013 OR KEYNOTE-024 OR KEYNOTE-010 OR KEYNOTE-001) +## + +The key components are: +- Keytruda and its generic name pembrolizumab +- Terms related to drug approval like ""approval"", ""approved"", ""FDA approval"" +- ""clinical trials"" and the synonym ""clinical studies"" +- The names of several specific Keytruda clinical trials, such as KEYNOTE-158, KEYNOTE-164, etc. These are some of the most well-known Keytruda trials that may have been pivotal for its approval. + +The query aims to find documents that mention Keytruda's approval in connection with specific clinical trials. Including the names of several major trials improves the chances of finding the two that the approval was based on, while still keeping the query focused. + +I chose not to include more general terms related to cancer or Keytruda's mechanism of action, as the question is specifically about the clinical trials leading to approval. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Keytruda"" OR pembrolizumab) AND (approval OR approved OR ""FDA approval"") AND (""clinical trials"" OR ""clinical studies"") AND (KEYNOTE-158 OR KEYNOTE-164 OR KEYNOTE-028 OR KEYNOTE-012 OR KEYNOTE-087 OR KEYNOTE-013 OR KEYNOTE-024 OR KEYNOTE-010 OR KEYNOTE-001)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33469803', '33673374', '35323331', '30839322', '30774597', '32190777', '31549317', '36601913', '36010854', '31412001', '32642293', '31940998', '33239737', '35721387', '28585617', '36226060', '37504344', '36724413', '32489505', '33222057', '29556919', '33804850', '34974985', '35762248', '35143542', '32801888', '26831889', '29079131', '32190776', '28688973', '33103788', '31869751', '33199494', '35371084', '32740092', '33839603', '36047845', '35641205', '35413489', '36369389', '36741713', '33956130', '32854979', '33012593', '37637511', '35515356', '31683169', '28125365', '28493171', '35205802']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64178e34690f196b51000021,Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?"": + +## +(viltolarsen OR ""NS-065/NCNP-01"") AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD OR ""duchenne's muscular dystrophy"") AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""therapeutic effect"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Viltolarsen and its research code name NS-065/NCNP-01 +2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its common acronym DMD +3. Terms related to treatment effectiveness like effective, efficacy, ""treatment outcome"", ""therapeutic effect"" + +The query aims to find documents that mention viltolarsen along with DMD and discuss the drug's effectiveness or treatment outcomes. Including the research code name expands recall, while focusing on effectiveness-related terms helps keep the results relevant to the question of whether viltolarsen is an effective treatment. + +The query is relatively targeted since it includes a specific drug and disease, but the synonyms and related terms allow for some variability in how the concepts might be expressed. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(viltolarsen OR ""NS-065/NCNP-01"") AND (""duchenne muscular dystrophy"" OR DMD OR ""duchenne\'s muscular dystrophy"") AND (effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""therapeutic effect"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['32955503', '30388618', '31992520', '37194523', '35634851', '32483212', '33285037', '37572081', '37005891', '32453377', '36401026', '35213020', '36995605', '34092651', '34097287', '37955093', '37955094']",[],[],[],0.2,0.6666666666666666,0.30769230769230765 +640410d1201352f04a000012,What is Wilkie's syndrome?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is Wilkie's syndrome?"": + +## +(""wilkie's syndrome"" OR ""wilkies syndrome"" OR ""wilkie syndrome"" OR ""superior mesenteric artery syndrome"" OR ""smas"" OR ""cast syndrome"" OR ""arteriomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome"" OR ""aortomesenteric duodenal compression"") AND (definition OR description OR characteristics OR ""clinical features"" OR symptoms OR pathophysiology OR causes OR etiology) +## + +The key components are: +1. Wilkie's syndrome and its various synonyms, including ""superior mesenteric artery syndrome"", ""SMAS"", ""cast syndrome"", ""arteriomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome"", and ""aortomesenteric duodenal compression"". This ensures the query captures the main entity regardless of the specific term used. + +2. Terms related to defining or describing a medical condition, such as ""definition"", ""description"", ""characteristics"", ""clinical features"", ""symptoms"", ""pathophysiology"", ""causes"", and ""etiology"". This helps retrieve documents that explain what Wilkie's syndrome is. + +The query aims to find documents that mention Wilkie's syndrome or one of its synonyms along with language related to defining or explaining a medical condition. The synonyms help improve recall by accounting for variations in terminology, while the definition-related terms help keep the results focused on documents that actually explain what the syndrome is. The AND operator ensures both the entity and the explanatory terms are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""wilkie\'s syndrome"" OR ""wilkies syndrome"" OR ""wilkie syndrome"" OR ""superior mesenteric artery syndrome"" OR ""smas"" OR ""cast syndrome"" OR ""arteriomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome"" OR ""aortomesenteric duodenal compression"") AND (definition OR description OR characteristics OR ""clinical features"" OR symptoms OR pathophysiology OR causes OR etiology)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['35496747', '19388563', '12574933', '19028659', '10210938', '35304355', '21365426', '19833010', '37383896', '32399444', '32116320', '28031660', '33083170', '16968185', '29204239', '29673098', '26120301', '28433048', '18828443', '16707974', '26969279', '26769525', '35475250', '19660228', '28100055', '34401041', '29479421', '28481073', '31886059', '32821627', '33631645', '8857992', '23959808', '28688313', '27385294', '19107311', '18419824', '37568225', '35967155', '12066430', '37180628', '18687762', '31763105', '24240069', '36107595', '21892587', '37250817', '30674275', '17575776', '35211606']",[],[],[],0.1,0.16666666666666666,0.125 +641461bb201352f04a000046,What is a PROTAC?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is a PROTAC?"": + +## +(""PROTAC"" OR ""PROTACs"" OR ""proteolysis targeting chimera""~2 OR ""proteolysis-targeting chimera""~2) AND +(definition OR ""defined as"" OR ""refer to"" OR ""known as"" OR ""described as"" OR ""called"") AND +(""protein degradation"" OR ""targeted protein degradation"" OR ""induce protein degradation""~3 OR ""inducing degradation""~2 OR ""ubiquitin-proteasome system"" OR ""E3 ubiquitin ligase"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. PROTAC and its plural form, along with the full term ""proteolysis targeting chimera"" (allowing for minor variations using fuzzy matching ~2). This ensures we find documents specifically about PROTACs. + +2. Definition-related terms like ""defined as"", ""known as"", ""described as"", etc. This helps find sentences or passages that explicitly define or explain what a PROTAC is. + +3. Terms related to PROTACs' function and mechanism, such as inducing targeted protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system and E3 ubiquitin ligases. This helps find explanations of what PROTACs are and how they work. + +The query aims to find the most relevant definitions or descriptions of PROTACs by focusing on the key term and its mechanism of action, while allowing for some variability in phrasing. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""PROTAC"" OR ""PROTACs"" OR ""proteolysis targeting chimera""~2 OR ""proteolysis-targeting chimera""~2) AND (definition OR ""defined as"" OR ""refer to"" OR ""known as"" OR ""described as"" OR ""called"") AND(""protein degradation"" OR ""targeted protein degradation"" OR ""induce protein degradation""~3 OR ""inducing degradation""~2 OR ""ubiquitin-proteasome system"" OR ""E3 ubiquitin ligase"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['31004963', '31873151', '33783207', '37805842', '37422908', '29018234', '37119667', '38015747', '34494353', '18752944', '33334221', '29129716', '33488967', '28263557', '31200864', '31955850', '34432240', '36557960', '32338867', '37920397', '36255625', '37261210', '28378579', '36733714', '36750097', '35792307', '37670499', '37898394', '32718354', '35649410', '36542856', '37866632', '33143537', '36764755', '37817340', '37845222', '33532735', '35954440', '38071084', '33339292', '37577590', '34432244', '35978859', '34838332', '36170674', '36692137', '36410083', '37745578', '37696366', '36942064']",[],[],[],0.2,0.06666666666666667,0.1 +6410f839201352f04a000032,Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?"": + +## +(""digital twin"" OR ""digital twins"" OR ""virtual model"" OR ""virtual representation"" OR ""in silico model"") AND (""precision nutrition"" OR ""personalized nutrition"" OR ""individualized nutrition"" OR ""tailored nutrition"") AND (applied OR application OR applications OR ""use case"" OR ""use cases"" OR implement*) +## + +The key components are: + +1. ""digital twin"" and related terms like ""virtual model"", ""virtual representation"", ""in silico model"". This captures the core concept and allows for variations in terminology. + +2. ""precision nutrition"" and synonyms like ""personalized nutrition"", ""individualized nutrition"", ""tailored nutrition"". This focuses on the specific domain of application. + +3. Terms related to applying or implementing a concept, like applied, application(s), ""use case(s)"", and implement*. The wildcard * allows for variations like ""implementation"" or ""implementing"". + +The AND operators ensure all three main concepts (digital twins, precision nutrition, application) are present, while the OR operators within each concept allow for flexibility in terminology. + +The query aims to find documents discussing the application or potential use cases of digital twins specifically in the context of precision nutrition. It balances precision by focusing on the key concepts, while improving recall through the use of synonyms and related terms.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""digital twin"" OR ""digital twins"" OR ""virtual model"" OR ""virtual representation"" OR ""in silico model"") AND (""precision nutrition"" OR ""personalized nutrition"" OR ""individualized nutrition"" OR ""tailored nutrition"") AND (applied OR application OR applications OR ""use case"" OR ""use cases"" OR implement*)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['35776947'],[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63eef6edf36125a42600000d,What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?"": + +## +(""teclistamab"" OR ""JNJ-64007957"" OR ""JNJ 64007957"" OR ""JNJ64007957"") AND +(""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""mechanism"" OR ""action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"") AND +(""bispecific antibody"" OR ""dual-specific antibody"" OR ""anti-BCMA/CD3"" OR ""BCMA x CD3"" OR ""B-cell maturation antigen"" OR ""BCMA"" OR ""CD3"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Teclistamab and its synonyms/alternate names. This ensures we find documents specifically about this drug. + +2. General terms related to mechanism of action like ""mode of action"", pharmacodynamics, activity, function, etc. This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. Specific terms related to teclistamab's known mechanism of action as a bispecific antibody targeting BCMA and CD3. This helps hone in on the precise MOA while allowing for some variability in terminology. + +The query aims to balance finding as much relevant information as possible about teclistamab's MOA while not being too broad or introducing irrelevant terms. The AND operators ensure all the main concepts (drug, MOA, specific targets) are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""teclistamab"" OR ""JNJ-64007957"" OR ""JNJ 64007957"" OR ""JNJ64007957"") AND (""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""mechanism"" OR ""action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"") AND(""bispecific antibody"" OR ""dual-specific antibody"" OR ""anti-BCMA/CD3"" OR ""BCMA x CD3"" OR ""B-cell maturation antigen"" OR ""BCMA"" OR ""CD3"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['32956453', '33227097', '36775940', '37878808', '36875718', '37848191', '38052042', '37509726', '34388396', '37009408', '34417227', '37328635', '37960969', '37913909', '37501154', '38052709', '37111346', '36980705', '36472472', '37852928']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +640c8309201352f04a000024,The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?"": + +## +(cholestasis OR ""bile stasis"" OR ""biliary stasis"" OR ""biliary obstruction"") AND (diagnos* OR detect*) AND (""liver function tests"" OR LFTs OR ""hepatic function tests"") AND (elevat* OR increas* OR high OR abnormal*) AND (bilirubin OR ""bile acids"" OR ""alkaline phosphatase"" OR ALP OR ""gamma-glutamyl transferase"" OR GGT OR ""5'-nucleotidase"" OR ""liver enzymes"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Cholestasis and related terms +2. Diagnosis-related terms +3. ""Liver function tests"" and synonyms +4. Terms related to elevation or abnormality +5. Specific liver function tests that are commonly elevated in cholestasis, such as bilirubin, bile acids, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), 5'-nucleotidase + +The query uses the AND operator to require all the main concepts, while the OR operator allows for variations in terminology within each concept. Wildcards (*) are used to capture different word endings. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the diagnosis of cholestasis based on elevations in specific liver function tests. It includes the most relevant tests while avoiding overly broad terms. The focus is on precision for the specific question asked, but the synonyms and related terms help improve recall. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(cholestasis OR ""bile stasis"" OR ""biliary stasis"" OR ""biliary obstruction"") AND (diagnos* OR detect*) AND (""liver function tests"" OR LFTs OR ""hepatic function tests"") AND (elevat* OR increas* OR high OR abnormal*) AND (bilirubin OR ""bile acids"" OR ""alkaline phosphatase"" OR ALP OR ""gamma-glutamyl transferase"" OR GGT OR ""5\'-nucleotidase"" OR ""liver enzymes"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['24966712', '14535985', '36426309', '2372276', '896101', '531242', '27688573', '23342903', '33722595', '36185921', '33826952', '9758256', '36132201', '34479513', '28233754', '36958409', '33657042', '26109799', '35844336', '15977553', '1067029', '33896963', '2050326', '12854371', '34178548', '30688121', '38028400', '20203641', '24901263', '33489574', '34992033', '35778702', '16613706', '31106388', '20181214', '37763154', '15841422', '10385057', '28733732', '33603498', '29480924', '34817951', '27080614', '2152666', '25205698', '1537519', '9213259', '2841850', '26191344', '25153210']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6415c599690f196b51000013,Which company produces Keytruda?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which company produces Keytruda?"": + +## +(Keytruda OR pembrolizumab) AND (""produced by"" OR ""manufactured by"" OR ""made by"" OR ""developed by"" OR ""product of"" OR ""sold by"" OR ""marketed by"") AND (company OR manufacturer OR ""pharmaceutical company"" OR pharma OR ""drug company"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Keytruda and its generic name pembrolizumab, connected by OR +2. Various phrases related to a company producing or selling a drug, connected by OR +3. Terms for the concept of a company or drug manufacturer, connected by OR + +The query requires the drug name and at least one term each related to production and company, while allowing for variations in phrasing. This should help find relevant results about which company makes Keytruda, without introducing too many irrelevant terms. + +I focused on the core concepts of the drug name, the idea of production/manufacturing, and terms for a company, rather than including many synonyms, since the question is quite specific. The drug name is the most important term, so it is not wrapped in quotes, to allow for the best fuzzy matching. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(Keytruda OR pembrolizumab) AND (""produced by"" OR ""manufactured by"" OR ""made by"" OR ""developed by"" OR ""product of"" OR ""sold by"" OR ""marketed by"") AND (company OR manufacturer OR ""pharmaceutical company"" OR pharma OR ""drug company"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['28121547', '30547369', '30895564', '35378209', '31815178', '35900732', '30030817', '36097345', '31877721', '32272210', '34073680', '31528768', '28125365', '33517226', '30520000', '28293123', '35478498', '29848279', '29901568', '26068883', '30305940', '31121194', '29239195', '35890409', '31267201', '32209183', '34769970', '31610315', '31025831', '31301962']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6414638c201352f04a000047,Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?"": + +## +(""cereblon"" OR CRBN) AND (target OR binding OR ""mechanism of action"") AND (""type of drug"" OR ""class of drug"" OR ""drug class"" OR immunomodulatory OR IMiD OR ""immunomodulatory imide drug"" OR thalidomide OR lenalidomide OR pomalidomide) +## + +The key components are: + +1. Cereblon and its abbreviation CRBN as the main protein target +2. Terms related to drug targeting like ""target"", ""binding"", ""mechanism of action"" +3. Phrases related to drug categorization like ""type of drug"", ""class of drug"", ""drug class"" +4. Specific drug classes and examples known to target cereblon, including: + - Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) + - Thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and pomalidomide + +The query aims to find documents that mention cereblon/CRBN as a drug target, along with language about the type or class of drug involved. It includes both general terms and specific examples to strike a balance between recall and precision. + +The AND operators ensure all the main concepts (cereblon, drug targeting, drug type/class) are present, while the OR operators allow for variations in terminology. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""cereblon"" OR CRBN) AND (target OR binding OR ""mechanism of action"") AND (""type of drug"" OR ""class of drug"" OR ""drug class"" OR immunomodulatory OR IMiD OR ""immunomodulatory imide drug"" OR thalidomide OR lenalidomide OR pomalidomide)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['27478739', '21860026', '30373817', '37902300', '34572892', '22966948', '22552008', '25626321', '31187860', '27263779', '31597822', '28978850', '30118587', '25016816', '26231201', '32071327', '37238617', '30026574', '29870139', '29718735', '35045330', '31157769', '33938033', '30458989', '34834536', '25043012', '28205024', '25108355', '34764413', '34704527', '32955182', '26657848', '27294876', '29788898', '27460676', '24328678', '29130642', '30760870', '35831190', '29348877', '25978432', '34207079', '34583995', '30064974', '33310190', '30741931', '34553266', '36311747', '24914135', '36749666']",[],[],[],0.4,0.18181818181818182,0.25000000000000006 +64040edf201352f04a000011,"Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?",yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?"": + +## +(pioglitazone AND (""clinical trial"" OR ""clinical study"" OR ""randomized controlled trial"" OR RCT) AND (""cognitive impairment"" OR ""cognitive decline"" OR ""cognitive dysfunction"") AND (""delay"" OR prevent OR postpone OR defer) AND (""Alzheimer's disease"" OR ""Alzheimer disease"" OR AD OR ""dementia risk"" OR ""at risk for Alzheimer's""~5)) +## + +The key components are: +1. Pioglitazone - the main intervention +2. Clinical trial, clinical study, RCT - looking for evidence from clinical trials +3. Cognitive impairment, decline, dysfunction - the outcome of interest +4. Delay, prevent, postpone, defer - the effect on the outcome +5. Alzheimer's disease and related terms - the population at risk + +The query aims to find documents that discuss clinical trial evidence for whether pioglitazone can delay cognitive impairment in people at risk for Alzheimer's. The proximity search ""at risk for Alzheimer's""~5 allows for some variability in how that concept is expressed. + +The AND operators ensure all the key concepts are present, while the synonyms and related terms help capture variations in terminology. The query is fairly targeted while still allowing for some flexibility. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(pioglitazone AND (""clinical trial"" OR ""clinical study"" OR ""randomized controlled trial"" OR RCT) AND (""cognitive impairment"" OR ""cognitive decline"" OR ""cognitive dysfunction"") AND (""delay"" OR prevent OR postpone OR defer) AND (""Alzheimer\'s disease"" OR ""Alzheimer disease"" OR AD OR ""dementia risk"" OR ""at risk for Alzheimer\'s""~5))'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34220427', '31720367', '37927258', '23249780', '36281666', '37874111']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63f9cdb033942b094c000012,Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?"": + +## +(""SRRM4"" OR ""Serine/Arginine Repetitive Matrix 4"") AND (silencing OR knockdown OR ""knock-down"" OR ""knock down"" OR inhibition OR suppression) AND (microexon OR ""micro-exon"" OR ""micro exon"") AND (inclusion OR splicing OR ""exon inclusion"" OR ""inclusion of microexons"") +## + +The key components are: +1. SRRM4 gene and its full name +2. Silencing and related terms like knockdown, inhibition, suppression +3. Microexon and variations of the term +4. Inclusion and related terms like splicing, ""exon inclusion"", ""inclusion of microexons"" + +The query aims to find documents that mention the silencing of SRRM4 in relation to microexon inclusion. It includes synonyms and related terms to capture different ways the concepts might be expressed, but avoids overly broad terms that could reduce precision. + +The AND operators ensure that all the key concepts are present, which is important for this specific question. The double quotes around multi-word terms enforce exact phrase matching. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. The current query prioritizes precision while still allowing for some variability in terminology.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""SRRM4"" OR ""Serine/Arginine Repetitive Matrix 4"") AND (silencing OR knockdown OR ""knock-down"" OR ""knock down"" OR inhibition OR suppression) AND (microexon OR ""micro-exon"" OR ""micro exon"") AND (inclusion OR splicing OR ""exon inclusion"" OR ""inclusion of microexons"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33621242', '28106138']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63f03a20f36125a42600001c,Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?"": + +## +(""AZD7442"" OR ""AZD 7442"" OR ""Evusheld"" OR ""tixagevimab"" OR ""cilgavimab"") AND (""includes"" OR ""consists of"" OR ""contains"" OR ""comprised of"" OR ""composed of"") AND (""drugs"" OR ""antibodies"" OR ""monoclonal antibodies"" OR ""components"" OR ""ingredients"") +## + +The key components are: +1. AZD7442 and its synonyms/related terms like the brand name Evusheld and the individual monoclonal antibodies tixagevimab and cilgavimab that make up the combination. This ensures we find documents specifically about AZD7442. + +2. Terms related to the concept of inclusion or composition, like ""includes"", ""consists of"", ""contains"", etc. This helps find information about what drugs or components are part of AZD7442. + +3. Terms for the included components like ""drugs"", ""antibodies"", ""monoclonal antibodies"", ""components"", ""ingredients"". This casts a wide net for the types of things that could be included in the combination. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the specific drugs or antibodies that are included in or make up the AZD7442 combination. It includes both the high-level AZD7442 term and the specific component antibodies. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still keeping the query focused on the key entities and concepts. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""AZD7442"" OR ""AZD 7442"" OR ""Evusheld"" OR ""tixagevimab"" OR ""cilgavimab"") AND (""includes"" OR ""consists of"" OR ""contains"" OR ""comprised of"" OR ""composed of"") AND (""drugs"" OR ""antibodies"" OR ""monoclonal antibodies"" OR ""components"" OR ""ingredients"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['35797235', '37524201', '36683419', '37914983', '36851227', '35926762', '35443106', '36617704', '36450283', '36730033', '37167146', '37954618', '36649625', '36680160', '37664578', '36632574', '37718610', '37661468', '36464214', '37006158', '37167118', '35817072', '36403203', '37099295', '35661563', '36126256', '37996072', '36731147', '36472472', '37359781', '36298832', '36788246', '37318043', '35713300', '35215983', '36415455', '35876174', '37839812', '36354253', '36202799', '37632774', '37534815', '37498399', '35906963', '37129306', '36362912', '35811461', '35718306', '36660525', '37550690']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +640ddd9d201352f04a000028,What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?"": + +## +(""PD-1 inhibitors"" OR ""PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors"" OR ""programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors"" OR ""anti-PD-1 antibodies"" OR ""anti-PD-1 agents"" OR ""anti-PD-1 drugs"") AND (first OR 1st OR ""first two"" OR ""first 2"" OR initial OR pioneering) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"" OR ""approved by the FDA"" OR ""approved by FDA"") AND (2014) +## + +The key components are: +1. PD-1 inhibitors and related terms/synonyms +2. Concept of ""first"" or ""initial"" +3. FDA approval +4. The specific year 2014 + +The query aims to find documents that mention the first or initial PD-1 inhibitors that received FDA approval, specifically in the year 2014. The synonyms for PD-1 inhibitors help capture various ways the drugs may be referred to. Including the approval concept and the specific year helps narrow down to the most relevant results. + +I avoided including the names of specific PD-1 inhibitors, as the question is asking what those first two approved agents were, so we likely don't want to assume the answer in the query itself. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. The current query aims for a balance of recall and precision for the specific question asked.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""PD-1 inhibitors"" OR ""PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors"" OR ""programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors"" OR ""anti-PD-1 antibodies"" OR ""anti-PD-1 agents"" OR ""anti-PD-1 drugs"") AND (first OR 1st OR ""first two"" OR ""first 2"" OR initial OR pioneering) AND (approved OR approval OR ""FDA approval"" OR ""approved by the FDA"" OR ""approved by FDA"") AND (2014)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['30196908', '29357948', '33804850', '26426764', '27023060', '30231333', '25549844', '28639409', '25965361', '28883282', '27716999', '32404731', '35851153', '32414861']",[],[],[],0.1,0.1,0.10000000000000002 +6414c4cf690f196b51000006,What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?"": + +## +(""dermatillomania"" OR ""excoriation disorder"" OR ""skin-picking disorder"" OR ""skin picking disorder"" OR SPD) AND (difference OR differences OR comparison OR distinguish OR ""distinguished from"" OR ""compared to"" OR ""in contrast to"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Dermatillomania and its synonyms like ""excoriation disorder"", ""skin-picking disorder"", ""skin picking disorder"", and the abbreviation SPD. This covers the main terms for the condition. + +2. Terms related to differences and comparisons like ""difference"", ""comparison"", ""distinguish"", ""in contrast to"", etc. This captures the concept of comparing or contrasting the two terms. + +I did not include many additional synonyms because dermatillomania and skin picking disorder are the main terms used for this condition, and adding more general terms could reduce the precision of the results. The query aims to find documents that discuss the difference or relationship between the terms dermatillomania and skin picking disorder specifically. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. The goal is to balance finding relevant information while still focusing on the specific comparison asked about in the question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""dermatillomania"" OR ""excoriation disorder"" OR ""skin-picking disorder"" OR ""skin picking disorder"" OR SPD) AND (difference OR differences OR comparison OR distinguish OR ""distinguished from"" OR ""compared to"" OR ""in contrast to"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['32781374', '37074974', '36716064', '28063396', '35166660', '29934941', '34730081', '35183617', '31777356', '23123103', '37023597', '34613556', '26070103', '30654305', '29685064', '29305750', '28360794', '35634801', '26872117', '25435313', '34410609', '23303052', '27285390', '29727807', '28918268', '29781449', '25682319', '31232909', '29730999', '36451359', '33860536', '29218753', '35803169', '34392506', '33172654', '33395591', '33937998', '35682303', '23145386', '30892151', '36398062', '26159604', '27007062', '33882867', '36842397', '37206477', '36683012', '27639125', '27490833', '32401873']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +640dde93201352f04a000029,What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?"": + +## +(""PD-1"" OR ""programmed cell death protein 1"" OR ""programmed death-1"" OR ""CD279"") AND +(""PD-L1"" OR ""programmed death-ligand 1"" OR ""CD274"" OR ""B7-H1"") AND +(difference OR differences OR comparison OR distinguish OR ""in contrast"" OR ""as opposed to"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. PD-1 and its synonyms: ""programmed cell death protein 1"", ""programmed death-1"", ""CD279"" +2. PD-L1 and its synonyms: ""programmed death-ligand 1"", ""CD274"", ""B7-H1"" +3. Terms related to comparing or contrasting: difference, comparison, distinguish, ""in contrast"", ""as opposed to"" + +The query requires both PD-1 and PD-L1 to be present along with some language about differences or comparisons. The synonyms help capture various ways these proteins may be referred to in the literature. + +I focused on the key entities and the concept of comparing them, without introducing too many tangential terms that could dilute the results. The query aims to find documents that specifically discuss the differences between PD-1 and PD-L1. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""PD-1"" OR ""programmed cell death protein 1"" OR ""programmed death-1"" OR ""CD279"") AND (""PD-L1"" OR ""programmed death-ligand 1"" OR ""CD274"" OR ""B7-H1"") AND(difference OR differences OR comparison OR distinguish OR ""in contrast"" OR ""as opposed to"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['31681606', '24175978', '34081342', '29337305', '36289665', '26501438', '25428504', '16517716', '34065396', '34675601', '12893276', '30400941', '37496925', '28122590', '31882544', '26101718', '35955729', '30687086', '30387047', '23924497', '36775813', '18825752', '34419685', '34656305', '33842618', '12421930', '28058043', '29910803', '29394125', '18759926', '27120796', '27213372', '37290119', '26004934', '33680705', '37716115', '27721577', '36268880', '33079077', '26798583', '25098287', '34367478', '36150452', '19759858', '18790673', '31200951', '27837027', '35665369', '32595775', '33058325']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63eefa3bf36125a426000012,What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?"": + +## +(""Japanese spotted fever"" OR ""Rickettsia japonica infection"") AND (cause OR causes OR causative OR etiology OR etiologic OR pathogen OR ""transmitted by"") AND (""Rickettsia japonica"" OR ""R. japonica"" OR ""Haemaphysalis longicornis"" OR ""H. longicornis"" OR ""Haemaphysalis flava"" OR ""H. flava"" OR ""Dermacentor taiwanensis"" OR ""D. taiwanensis"") +## + +The key components are: +1. The disease name ""Japanese spotted fever"" and its synonym ""Rickettsia japonica infection"" +2. Terms related to causation like cause, etiology, pathogen, ""transmitted by"" +3. The specific causative pathogen ""Rickettsia japonica"" and its abbreviation, as well as the tick vectors ""Haemaphysalis longicornis"", ""Haemaphysalis flava"", ""Dermacentor taiwanensis"" and their abbreviations + +The query aims to find documents that mention Japanese spotted fever along with language about what causes it, specifically the R. japonica pathogen and the ticks that transmit it to humans. Including the full species names as well as the abbreviated genus-species format helps capture variations in how they may be written. + +The query is relatively specific since it focuses on a particular disease and its known causes. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still maintaining relevance to the original question.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Japanese spotted fever"" OR ""Rickettsia japonica infection"") AND (cause OR causes OR causative OR etiology OR etiologic OR pathogen OR ""transmitted by"") AND (""Rickettsia japonica"" OR ""R. japonica"" OR ""Haemaphysalis longicornis"" OR ""H. longicornis"" OR ""Haemaphysalis flava"" OR ""H. flava"" OR ""Dermacentor taiwanensis"" OR ""D. taiwanensis"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33510192', '12037083', '26551325', '35507925', '8189407', '25298315', '31186196', '11376087', '32863353', '28057731', '23702338', '9204291', '12354906', '17314430', '24039725', '36716740', '33950539', '12373493', '29709963', '38043152', '36579736', '36386421', '33012734', '21668575', '34953052', '30728409', '22250454']",[],[],[],0.2,0.6666666666666666,0.30769230769230765 +6410f8b2201352f04a000033,What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?"": + +## +(""virtual digital twin"" OR ""digital twin"" OR ""virtual twin"" OR ""in silico model"" OR ""computer model"" OR ""computational model"") AND (nutrition OR diet OR ""dietary intake"" OR ""food intake"" OR ""nutrient intake"") AND (benefits OR advantages OR ""positive effects"" OR ""favorable outcomes"" OR ""potential applications"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Virtual digital twin and related terms like ""digital twin"", ""virtual twin"", ""in silico model"", ""computer model"", ""computational model"". This captures the main technology concept. + +2. Nutrition and related terms like diet, dietary intake, food intake, nutrient intake. This focuses on the domain of application. + +3. Benefits and synonyms like advantages, positive effects, favorable outcomes, potential applications. This gets at the crux of what the question is asking about - the beneficial aspects or outcomes. + +The query uses the AND operator to require all three main concepts, while the OR operator within each concept allows for variations in terminology. The parentheses ensure the proper logical grouping. + +The query aims to strike a balance between finding potentially relevant information about the benefits of virtual twins in nutrition applications, while not being too broad or introducing irrelevant terms. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""virtual digital twin"" OR ""digital twin"" OR ""virtual twin"" OR ""in silico model"" OR ""computer model"" OR ""computational model"") AND (nutrition OR diet OR ""dietary intake"" OR ""food intake"" OR ""nutrient intake"") AND (benefits OR advantages OR ""positive effects"" OR ""favorable outcomes"" OR ""potential applications"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['8484455', '32975712', '32984662', '27130534', '1732653', '26858671', '11286419', '28725472', '33171760', '31218485', '30999841', '35604562', '34776010', '8042886', '32378341', '14503522', '28730384', '31366360', '36476869', '28448498', '34383741', '26123537', '37997794', '36645233', '17116722', '36591238', '21705144', '21929821', '26114575', '22401328', '33415115', '30646152']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64040af9201352f04a00000d,Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?"": + +## +(levosimendan OR ""OR-1259"" OR ""OR 1259"" OR simdax) AND +(""amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"" OR ALS OR ""Lou Gehrig's disease"" OR ""motor neuron disease"" OR MND) AND +(effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""therapeutic effect"" OR benefit OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""clinical efficacy"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Levosimendan and its synonyms/alternative names like the research code name OR-1259 and the brand name Simdax. + +2. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and its synonyms like Lou Gehrig's disease and motor neuron disease (MND). This covers the main ways ALS is referred to. + +3. Terms related to effectiveness and treatment outcomes, such as efficacy, benefit, therapeutic effect, etc. This captures the concept of whether the drug is effective for treating the disease. + +The AND operators ensure all three main concepts (the drug, the disease, and effectiveness) are present in the search results. The query aims to balance finding potentially relevant information about levosimendan's effectiveness for ALS, while still being focused on the specific drug and disease combination. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(levosimendan OR ""OR-1259"" OR ""OR 1259"" OR simdax) AND (""amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"" OR ALS OR ""Lou Gehrig\'s disease"" OR ""motor neuron disease"" OR MND) AND(effective OR effectiveness OR efficacy OR ""treatment outcome"" OR ""clinical outcome"" OR ""therapeutic effect"" OR benefit OR ""clinical benefit"" OR ""clinical efficacy"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['32714567', '32639325', '31730560', '31315908', '34536404', '34376973', '17360979', '14527528', '12488124', '21107279', '227596', '20881769', '28923310', '22074274', '24387588', '30224017', '21047672', '17846338', '22067565']",[],[],[],0.2,1.0,0.33333333333333337 +63fa197c201352f04a000003,How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?"": + +## +(""SRSF11"" OR ""Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11"") AND +(""colorectal cancer"" OR ""colon cancer"" OR ""rectal cancer"" OR ""bowel cancer"" OR CRC) AND +(metasta* OR ""metastatic potential"" OR ""metastatic ability"" OR ""metastasis potential"" OR ""metastatic capability"" OR ""metastatic capacity"") AND +(contribut* OR caus* OR lead* OR induc* OR promot* OR enhanc* OR increas* OR affect* OR influenc* OR regulat* OR ""play* a role"" OR ""is involved"") +## + +The key components are: +1. SRSF11 gene and its full name +2. Colorectal cancer and its synonyms +3. Metastasis potential and related terms, using wildcards to capture variations +4. Contribution/causation terms, using wildcards to capture variations + +The query aims to find documents that discuss how SRSF11 contributes to or affects the metastatic potential specifically in the context of colorectal cancer. The synonyms and related terms help capture different ways these concepts may be expressed, while the wildcards allow for flexibility in word endings. + +The query is relatively targeted due to the specific gene and cancer type mentioned, but still allows for some variability in terminology. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""SRSF11"" OR ""Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11"") AND (""colorectal cancer"" OR ""colon cancer"" OR ""rectal cancer"" OR ""bowel cancer"" OR CRC) AND(metasta* OR ""metastatic potential"" OR ""metastatic ability"" OR ""metastasis potential"" OR ""metastatic capability"" OR ""metastatic capacity"") AND (contribut* OR caus* OR lead* OR induc* OR promot* OR enhanc* OR increas* OR affect* OR influenc* OR regulat* OR ""play* a role"" OR ""is involved"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,['36394206'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +6414c0f7690f196b51000001,What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?"": + +## +(""ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency"" OR ""OTC deficiency"" OR ""OTCD"") AND +(""clinical symptoms"" OR ""clinical signs"" OR ""clinical manifestations"" OR ""clinical features"" OR ""clinical presentation"" OR phenotype OR ""signs and symptoms"") AND +(hyperammonemia OR ""high ammonia"" OR ""elevated ammonia"" OR ""ammonia accumulation"" OR encephalopathy OR ""neurological symptoms"" OR ""intellectual disability"" OR ""developmental delay"" OR seizures OR lethargy OR vomiting OR ""respiratory alkalosis"" OR ""increased risk of infection"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. The condition name ""ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency"" and its abbreviations ""OTC deficiency"" and ""OTCD"". This ensures the query is focused on the specific condition. + +2. Synonyms for ""clinical symptoms"" like ""clinical signs"", ""clinical manifestations"", ""clinical features"", ""clinical presentation"", phenotype, and ""signs and symptoms"". This captures various ways the symptoms may be referred to. + +3. Specific symptoms of OTC deficiency such as hyperammonemia, encephalopathy, neurological symptoms, intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, lethargy, vomiting, respiratory alkalosis, and increased risk of infection. Including these known symptoms should help retrieve highly relevant results. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the clinical symptoms of OTC deficiency specifically. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while the AND operators and specific symptoms help maintain precision. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency"" OR ""OTC deficiency"" OR ""OTCD"") AND (""clinical symptoms"" OR ""clinical signs"" OR ""clinical manifestations"" OR ""clinical features"" OR ""clinical presentation"" OR phenotype OR ""signs and symptoms"") AND(hyperammonemia OR ""high ammonia"" OR ""elevated ammonia"" OR ""ammonia accumulation"" OR encephalopathy OR ""neurological symptoms"" OR ""intellectual disability"" OR ""developmental delay"" OR seizures OR lethargy OR vomiting OR ""respiratory alkalosis"" OR ""increased risk of infection"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['8857803', '23776342', '20570026', '3508674', '25994866', '12514690', '15280615', '2246687', '25573644', '25227973', '18651132', '25511598', '34670952', '37628367', '23430866', '20497355', '17210820', '30671162', '17209350', '36129623', '32934962', '18044746', '11902270', '8282523', '25026867', '37042609', '11216899', '12647200', '15289781', '36620389', '23640148', '14976564', '36362876', '23829977', '25011434', '23769969', '30223008', '37401903', '20406775', '28266016', '20004862', '21070677', '36128655', '24850570', '980551', '31415401', '3162766', '11773558', '16703326', '36620388']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63eef60ef36125a42600000c,Olokizumab is tested for which disease?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Olokizumab is tested for which disease?"": + +## +(olokizumab OR ""CDP6038"") AND (""tested for"" OR ""clinical trials"" OR ""clinical study"" OR ""investigated for"" OR ""evaluated for"") AND (disease OR condition OR disorder OR illness OR ""rheumatoid arthritis"" OR RA) +## + +The key components are: +1. Olokizumab and its alternate name CDP6038 +2. Terms related to clinical testing and investigation +3. General terms for diseases and conditions, as well as the specific condition rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which olokizumab is known to be tested for + +The query aims to find documents that mention olokizumab along with language indicating it is being tested or investigated, and names of diseases it is being tested for. Including both general disease terms and the specific RA helps balance recall and precision. + +The AND operators ensure all three main concepts (drug, testing, disease) are present. I kept the query focused on the key elements without adding too many synonyms, to maintain relevance to the original question. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(olokizumab OR ""CDP6038"") AND (""tested for"" OR ""clinical trials"" OR ""clinical study"" OR ""investigated for"" OR ""evaluated for"") AND (disease OR condition OR disorder OR illness OR ""rheumatoid arthritis"" OR RA)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33142700', '36001712', '25648633', '36535857', '36368906', '26982101', '32033937', '36792848', '31523783', '37989892', '34101570', '24641941', '34344706', '26358841', '36995131', '33720587', '35957736', '37260086', '37042600', '33734435']",[],[],[],0.1,0.5,0.16666666666666669 +6413730e201352f04a00003f,Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP),summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)"": + +## +(""trophinin-associated protein"" OR TROAP OR tastin) AND (function OR role OR activity OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""biological process"" OR ""cellular function"") AND (""cell adhesion"" OR ""cell migration"" OR ""cell division"" OR ""mitotic spindle"" OR ""microtubule"" OR ""centrosome"" OR ""cytoskeleton"" OR ""proliferation"" OR ""cancer"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Trophinin-associated protein and its synonyms TROAP and tastin. This ensures we find documents specifically about this protein. + +2. General terms related to protein function like role, activity, mechanism of action, biological process, cellular function. This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. Specific terms related to known functions of TROAP, such as cell adhesion, cell migration, cell division, mitotic spindle, microtubule, centrosome, cytoskeleton, proliferation, and cancer. These help focus on the most relevant aspects of TROAP's function based on current knowledge. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the function of TROAP specifically, by requiring the protein name and general function-related terms, while also prioritizing results that mention its known roles in cell adhesion, migration, division, and the cytoskeleton. The inclusion of ""cancer"" helps surface information on its potential role in disease. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to balance finding comprehensive information on TROAP's function while still maintaining relevance to the protein itself.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""trophinin-associated protein"" OR TROAP OR tastin) AND (function OR role OR activity OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""biological process"" OR ""cellular function"") AND (""cell adhesion"" OR ""cell migration"" OR ""cell division"" OR ""mitotic spindle"" OR ""microtubule"" OR ""centrosome"" OR ""cytoskeleton"" OR ""proliferation"" OR ""cancer"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['18218922', '36419876', '35722431', '31198787', '29956806', '30431120', '22201876', '31285897', '29117881', '37298609', '22717627', '35708862', '12049630', '30284652', '37731946', '34077623', '33500384', '30021381', '37608033', '7758945', '24071868', '10797941', '34287099', '36691332', '30887286', '10873705', '22997493', '14633596', '37127623', '34139453', '32796815', '16245277', '27295129', '37004005', '24151232', '32541515']",[],[],[],0.5,0.4166666666666667,0.45454545454545453 +6410ed73201352f04a00002f,How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?"": + +## +(SRSF11 OR ""serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11"") AND +(""colon cancer"" OR ""colorectal cancer"" OR ""bowel cancer"") AND +(metastasis OR metastatic OR ""tumor spread"" OR ""cancer spread"") AND +(promotes OR facilitates OR enhances OR increases OR accelerates OR ""plays a role in"" OR ""is involved in"" OR mediates OR causes) +## + +The key components are: +1. SRSF11 and its full name as synonyms +2. Colon cancer and its synonyms colorectal cancer and bowel cancer +3. Metastasis and related terms like metastatic, tumor/cancer spread +4. Verbs and phrases indicating promotion or causation, like promotes, facilitates, enhances, increases, ""plays a role in"", ""is involved in"", etc. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss how SRSF11 specifically promotes or causes metastasis in the context of colon cancer. The synonyms help capture variations in terminology. The query is relatively targeted since it focuses on a specific gene and cancer type, while still allowing for some variability in how the promotion of metastasis might be described. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(SRSF11 OR ""serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11"") AND (""colon cancer"" OR ""colorectal cancer"" OR ""bowel cancer"") AND(metastasis OR metastatic OR ""tumor spread"" OR ""cancer spread"") AND(promotes OR facilitates OR enhances OR increases OR accelerates OR ""plays a role in"" OR ""is involved in"" OR mediates OR causes)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['36394206'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +63f03fc8f36125a426000021,What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?"": + +## +(Lenacapavir OR GS-6207) AND (treat* OR therap* OR ""used for"" OR ""indicated for"") AND (""HIV"" OR ""HIV-1"" OR ""human immunodeficiency virus"" OR ""human immunodeficiency virus type 1"" OR ""acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"" OR AIDS) +## + +The key components are: +- Lenacapavir and its alternate name GS-6207 +- Treatment-related terms like treat*, therap*, ""used for"", ""indicated for"" (the asterisk allows for variations like treats, treated, therapy, therapeutic, etc.) +- HIV and related terms like HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS + +The query focuses on the drug Lenacapavir and aims to find documents that discuss what disease it is a treatment for. Based on my knowledge, Lenacapavir is an investigational drug for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, so I included HIV and AIDS-related terms. + +The query is relatively precise since it focuses on a specific drug, but the treatment terms and HIV synonyms allow for some variability in how the information might be expressed. The AND operators ensure all key concepts are present. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(Lenacapavir OR GS-6207) AND (treat* OR therap* OR ""used for"" OR ""indicated for"") AND (""HIV"" OR ""HIV-1"" OR ""human immunodeficiency virus"" OR ""human immunodeficiency virus type 1"" OR ""acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"" OR AIDS)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33807824', '37767713', '36961237', '34742581', '35544387', '19104010', '37138515', '37067160', '36411257', '36082606', '29750364', '29244143', '33060363', '38085652', '11920820', '25110880', '32154864', '18056282', '10388657', '21907239', '37866010', '38063404', '37844807', '37125442', '21288824', '34871187', '37094124', '36753704', '37917742', '37451297', '18715920', '38060982', '32180205', '31671622', '30045869', '37374245', '1328500', '35495642', '31312185', '37112972', '37384413', '21175585', '38037430', '38079092', '30283138', '32152082', '35762376', '35028668', '36566886', '17472411']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +641365f6201352f04a00003a,Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?"": + +## +(""iron deficiency anemia"" OR ""iron-deficiency anemia"" OR IDA) AND +(""chronic kidney disease"" OR CKD OR ""chronic renal disease"" OR ""chronic renal failure"" OR ""chronic kidney failure"") AND +(complication OR complications OR ""co-morbidity"" OR ""co-morbidities"" OR ""co-occurring"" OR cooccurring OR associated OR related) AND +(common OR frequent OR prevalent OR ""high prevalence"" OR ""highly prevalent"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Iron deficiency anemia and its abbreviation IDA +2. Chronic kidney disease and its synonyms/related terms +3. Terms related to complications or associated conditions +4. Terms indicating high frequency or prevalence + +The query aims to find documents that mention iron deficiency anemia in the context of being a common complication associated with chronic kidney disease. The synonyms and related terms help capture variations in phrasing while still maintaining relevance to the core concepts. + +The AND operators ensure all the main concepts are present, which is important for the specific nature of this question. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""iron deficiency anemia"" OR ""iron-deficiency anemia"" OR IDA) AND (""chronic kidney disease"" OR CKD OR ""chronic renal disease"" OR ""chronic renal failure"" OR ""chronic kidney failure"") AND(complication OR complications OR ""co-morbidity"" OR ""co-morbidities"" OR ""co-occurring"" OR cooccurring OR associated OR related) AND(common OR frequent OR prevalent OR ""high prevalence"" OR ""highly prevalent"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37415621', '31477258', '18390780', '30970355', '35058395', '27236129', '31641775', '29961562', '35644772', '28885736', '37793864', '30636618', '30858723', '37408484', '25364361', '27462400', '28082519', '29804918', '28403561', '34640466', '38059456', '31668632', '35631257', '23919216', '37701608', '19325171', '25351027', '20030475', '28389813', '20618092', '24466209', '17353176', '9070203', '34029682', '28110585', '36771321', '18824288', '36998753', '25038614', '28135334', '36990212', '28963827', '25468387', '21340038', '34254256', '23911105', '30588939', '24315802', '36779522', '36233688']",[],[],[],0.4,0.12121212121212122,0.186046511627907 +6410ef9b201352f04a000031,Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?"": + +## +(KCNQ1 AND (splicing OR ""alternative splicing"" OR ""RNA splicing"") AND (modulation OR modulating OR modification OR altering OR regulating OR regulation)) AND (prevent OR prevents OR prevention OR ""protective against"" OR ""protective effect"" OR reduce OR reduces OR reduction) AND (arrhythmia OR arrhythmias OR ""cardiac arrhythmia"" OR ""heart arrhythmia"") +## + +The key components are: +1. KCNQ1 gene +2. Splicing and related terms +3. Modulation and synonyms +4. Prevention and related concepts +5. Arrhythmia and its variants + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing in relation to preventing arrhythmias. It includes synonyms and related terms for the key concepts to improve recall, while still maintaining a focus on the specific gene, biological process, and disease mentioned in the question. + +The AND operators ensure that all main concepts are present, which helps precision. The query is relatively targeted given the specificity of the question, but the synonyms allow for some variability in terminology. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(KCNQ1 AND (splicing OR ""alternative splicing"" OR ""RNA splicing"") AND (modulation OR modulating OR modification OR altering OR regulating OR regulation)) AND (prevent OR prevents OR prevention OR ""protective against"" OR ""protective effect"" OR reduce OR reduces OR reduction) AND (arrhythmia OR arrhythmias OR ""cardiac arrhythmia"" OR ""heart arrhythmia"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['23608591', '27162025']",[],[],[],0.5,1.0,0.6666666666666666 +63f57f7f33942b094c000006,What is Catamenial pneumothorax?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is Catamenial pneumothorax?"": + +## +(""catamenial pneumothorax"" OR ""catamenial pneumothoraces"") AND +(definition OR description OR characteristics OR features OR pathophysiology OR causes OR etiology) AND +(""collapsed lung"" OR pneumothorax OR ""air leak"" OR ""pleural space"" OR ""thoracic endometriosis syndrome"" OR ""thoracic endometriosis"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. The exact phrase ""catamenial pneumothorax"" and its plural form, as this is the main entity in question. + +2. Terms related to defining or describing a medical condition, such as definition, description, characteristics, features, pathophysiology, causes, etiology. This helps find documents that explain what catamenial pneumothorax is. + +3. Related medical terms and concepts such as ""collapsed lung"", pneumothorax, ""air leak"", ""pleural space"", ""thoracic endometriosis syndrome"", ""thoracic endometriosis"". These provide additional context and capture documents that discuss catamenial pneumothorax using different terminology. + +The query aims to find documents that directly mention catamenial pneumothorax along with language related to defining or explaining the condition and its key features. The additional medical terms provide context without diluting the results too much, since the question is specifically about catamenial pneumothorax. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""catamenial pneumothorax"" OR ""catamenial pneumothoraces"") AND (definition OR description OR characteristics OR features OR pathophysiology OR causes OR etiology) AND(""collapsed lung"" OR pneumothorax OR ""air leak"" OR ""pleural space"" OR ""thoracic endometriosis syndrome"" OR ""thoracic endometriosis"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['25102519', '29552245', '28069481', '34825583', '23084679', '28315819', '31427853', '25981153', '24331768', '16427904', '37685644', '32816934', '25742837', '30020575', '18704865', '23698374', '29038042', '32064421', '22786988', '19670769', '27507105', '15457149', '37961963', '29865779', '29704815', '19682826', '18775256', '26023672', '8694636', '24200154', '33731157', '31542450', '26306694', '19033519', '12097775', '28762057', '18976993', '19777977', '16113003', '26640936', '15756086', '23180431', '9599089', '36853850', '12842566', '32687200', '29846876', '31709140', '32448976', '24091546']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64144419201352f04a000045,Please summarize haptenization.,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the request ""Please summarize haptenization."": + +## +(haptenization OR haptinization OR ""hapten formation"" OR ""hapten synthesis"") AND (summary OR overview OR review OR ""key points"" OR definition OR description OR process OR mechanism) +## + +The query focuses on two main concepts: +1. Haptenization and its alternate spellings/phrasings +2. Terms related to summarizing or providing an overview, like summary, review, ""key points"", definition, description, process, mechanism + +By combining these concepts with an AND operator, the query aims to find documents that provide a summary or overview specifically of haptenization. The synonyms and related terms help capture different ways the concept of haptenization and the idea of summarizing may be expressed. + +However, since the request is quite broad (asking for a general summary rather than a specific aspect of haptenization), the query is also kept relatively broad to maintain high recall. The terms are not restricted to a particular field to allow for the relevant information to be found in either the title or abstract. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(haptenization OR haptinization OR ""hapten formation"" OR ""hapten synthesis"") AND (summary OR overview OR review OR ""key points"" OR definition OR description OR process OR mechanism)'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['2581734', '23510340', '21680886', '21673709', '16248836', '30251847', '19358516', '10726725', '9769108', '29222255', '22729028', '1958023', '362512', '24783247', '24998485', '17584015', '15094213', '1086240', '37184291', '9066938', '19568734', '24936850', '9491234', '7511567', '1235253', '22151305', '12270198', '6770030', '6602202', '24949488', '19839974', '12653709', '18596584', '25041614', '16191014', '30798944', '7041144', '9691434', '6220933', '11964707', '11144658', '3766527', '4120095', '16837912', '7613139', '21738956', '7524836', '58456', '31119346', '17008874']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6414c124690f196b51000002,Is trichotillomania encountered with equali frequency in males and females?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is trichotillomania encountered with equal frequency in males and females?"": + +## +(trichotillomania OR ""hair-pulling disorder"" OR ""compulsive hair pulling"") AND (frequency OR prevalence OR incidence OR occurrence OR epidemiology) AND (gender OR sex) AND ((""equal frequency"" OR ""equally frequent"") OR (""males and females"" OR ""men and women"") OR (""gender differences"" OR ""sex differences"")) +## + +The key components are: +1. Trichotillomania and its synonyms/related terms +2. Terms related to frequency or prevalence +3. Terms related to gender or sex +4. Specific phrases related to equal frequency between genders or potential gender differences + +The query aims to find documents that discuss the frequency or prevalence of trichotillomania in the context of gender or sex. It includes synonyms for the disorder and related epidemiological terms. The final clause includes specific phrases around equal frequency as well as potential gender differences, to capture a range of relevant information. + +The query balances including key concepts and specific phrases while avoiding overly broad terms. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(trichotillomania OR ""hair-pulling disorder"" OR ""compulsive hair pulling"") AND (frequency OR prevalence OR incidence OR occurrence OR epidemiology) AND (gender OR sex) AND ((""equal frequency"" OR ""equally frequent"") OR (""males and females"" OR ""men and women"") OR (""gender differences"" OR ""sex differences""))'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33420536', '33008538', '33291280', '35166660', '33654522', '33623263', '26861522', '25770354', '20694115', '27477178']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64041701201352f04a000017,What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?,list,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?"": + +## +(""Eagle-Barrett Syndrome"" OR ""Eagle Barrett Syndrome"" OR ""Prune Belly Syndrome"" OR ""Prune-Belly Syndrome"" OR ""Abdominal Muscle Deficiency Syndrome"") AND (triad OR ""three features"" OR ""three characteristics"" OR ""three abnormalities"" OR ""three malformations"") AND (""abdominal wall defect"" OR ""abdominal muscle deficiency"" OR ""cryptorchidism"" OR ""undescended testes"" OR ""urinary tract anomalies"" OR ""dilated urinary tract"" OR ""urinary tract dilation"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Eagle-Barrett Syndrome and its synonyms like Prune Belly Syndrome and Abdominal Muscle Deficiency Syndrome +2. Terms related to a triad or set of three features/characteristics/abnormalities +3. The specific features that make up the triad in Eagle-Barrett Syndrome: abdominal wall defect, cryptorchidism (undescended testes), and urinary tract anomalies. I included some variations in terminology for each feature. + +The query aims to find documents that mention Eagle-Barrett Syndrome along with language about a triad of features, and specifically the three abnormalities that characterize this syndrome. The synonyms help improve recall by capturing different ways the syndrome and its features may be referred to, while still maintaining precision by focusing on the key concepts in the question. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Eagle-Barrett Syndrome"" OR ""Eagle Barrett Syndrome"" OR ""Prune Belly Syndrome"" OR ""Prune-Belly Syndrome"" OR ""Abdominal Muscle Deficiency Syndrome"") AND (triad OR ""three features"" OR ""three characteristics"" OR ""three abnormalities"" OR ""three malformations"") AND (""abdominal wall defect"" OR ""abdominal muscle deficiency"" OR ""cryptorchidism"" OR ""undescended testes"" OR ""urinary tract anomalies"" OR ""dilated urinary tract"" OR ""urinary tract dilation"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['15868169', '10949420', '9138716', '6231520', '30560020', '7057514', '2080794', '28424', '30310713', '31496864', '20800888', '20684', '23249412', '6139876', '29213170', '7557534', '4283493', '32821313', '34308216', '31193917', '8249197', '24086893', '33342845', '38073712', '26729223', '20690523', '2969853', '29198187', '10979181', '2014185', '12579407', '3544992', '21597971', '35429431', '34016542', '25548711', '22802998', '34631626', '22732818', '2602227', '3537997', '30632118', '34045']",[],[],[],0.1,0.25,0.14285714285714288 +640c85e9201352f04a000026,What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma"": + +##(""mantle cell lymphoma"" OR MCL) AND (proliferate OR proliferation OR ""cell division"" OR ""cell growth"" OR ""cell expansion"") AND (""B cells"" OR ""B lymphocytes"" OR ""B-cells"" OR ""B-lymphocytes"" OR ""CD5-positive B cells"" OR ""CD5+ B cells"" OR ""cyclin D1 positive cells"" OR ""cyclin D1+ cells"")## + +The key components are: +1. ""Mantle cell lymphoma"" and its acronym MCL +2. Proliferation and related terms like ""cell division"", ""cell growth"", ""cell expansion"" +3. Specific cell types known to be involved in MCL pathogenesis, namely B cells/B lymphocytes, especially those positive for CD5 and/or cyclin D1 + +The query requires both the disease name and the proliferation concept, while allowing for variations in terminology. It then focuses on the specific cell types most relevant to MCL. + +The double quotes around phrases ensure they are searched together. The OR operator allows for different synonyms and related terms. + +The query aims to balance precision by focusing on MCL and B cells, while still capturing potentially relevant results through the proliferation synonyms and B cell subtypes. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""mantle cell lymphoma"" OR MCL) AND (proliferate OR proliferation OR ""cell division"" OR ""cell growth"" OR ""cell expansion"") AND (""B cells"" OR ""B lymphocytes"" OR ""B-cells"" OR ""B-lymphocytes"" OR ""CD5-positive B cells"" OR ""CD5+ B cells"" OR ""cyclin D1 positive cells"" OR ""cyclin D1+ cells"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['19279536', '10468854', '29658927', '10673747', '27123851', '23330001', '18337555', '11002221', '22024769', '16497967', '31234647', '31764119', '19846810', '22374828', '15161013', '36882482', '33747637', '11420468', '31031018', '17627275', '29861875', '22915070', '31840115', '10942246', '29045844', '9576009', '35865405', '23762653', '17267661', '11242796', '33215253', '27894215', '37225761', '30964854', '34722279', '17942753', '7742549', '18410453', '21330319', '10319380', '20490333', '23999128', '27697772', '29872501', '19243299', '20530581', '38034984', '22213803', '21603610', '9665478']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6415bb3c690f196b5100000e,What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?"": + +## +(telegenetics OR ""tele-genetics"" OR ""remote genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetics"" OR ""telehealth genetics"") AND (""cost reduction"" OR ""cost savings"" OR ""reduced cost"" OR ""lower cost"" OR ""decreased cost"" OR ""cost-effective"" OR ""cost-effectiveness"" OR ""cost benefit"" OR ""economic benefit"" OR ""financial benefit"") AND (estimated OR estimate OR estimation OR approximated OR approximate OR calculated OR calculation) +## + +The key components are: +1. Telegenetics and related terms like tele-genetics, remote genetics, telemedicine/telehealth genetics +2. Cost reduction and related concepts like cost savings, reduced/lower/decreased cost, cost-effectiveness, economic/financial benefit +3. Terms related to estimation like estimated, estimate, approximated, calculated + +The query aims to find documents that mention telegenetics along with language about cost reduction and estimated amounts. The synonyms and related terms help capture various ways these concepts could be expressed. + +I focused on the key concepts without introducing too many tangentially related terms, to maintain a balance between recall and precision. The question is fairly specific so the query can be more targeted. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(telegenetics OR ""tele-genetics"" OR ""remote genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetics"" OR ""telehealth genetics"") AND (""cost reduction"" OR ""cost savings"" OR ""reduced cost"" OR ""lower cost"" OR ""decreased cost"" OR ""cost-effective"" OR ""cost-effectiveness"" OR ""cost benefit"" OR ""economic benefit"" OR ""financial benefit"") AND (estimated OR estimate OR estimation OR approximated OR approximate OR calculated OR calculation)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['26785833'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +63f03ae6f36125a42600001d,What is the target of BI 1015550?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the target of BI 1015550?"": + +## +(""BI 1015550"" OR ""BI-1015550"" OR ""BI1015550"") AND (target OR targets OR inhibits OR inhibitor OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""Bruton's tyrosine kinase"" OR BTK OR ""Bruton tyrosine kinase"" OR ""Bruton kinase"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. BI 1015550 and variations of its name, to ensure we find documents specifically about this compound. + +2. General terms related to drug targets and mechanisms of action, like ""target"", ""inhibits"", ""inhibitor"", ""mechanism of action"", ""mode of action"". This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. The specific known target of BI 1015550, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), along with synonyms and the abbreviation. This helps hone in on the precise target while allowing for some variability in terminology. + +The query aims to find documents that mention BI 1015550 along with language indicating its biological target or mechanism of action, with a particular emphasis on BTK. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still maintaining a focus on the key entities and concepts in the original question. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""BI 1015550"" OR ""BI-1015550"" OR ""BI1015550"") AND (target OR targets OR inhibits OR inhibitor OR ""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"") AND (""Bruton\'s tyrosine kinase"" OR BTK OR ""Bruton tyrosine kinase"" OR ""Bruton kinase"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,[],[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +64089be7201352f04a000022,Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs"": + +## +(""REMS"" OR ""Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy"") AND +(""RMPs"" OR ""Risk Management Plans"") AND +(difference OR differences OR comparison OR compared OR versus OR vs OR ""in contrast to"" OR ""as opposed to"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. REMS and its full form ""Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy"" +2. RMPs and its full form ""Risk Management Plans"" +3. Terms related to comparing or contrasting two things, like difference, comparison, versus, ""in contrast to"", etc. + +The query aims to find documents that mention both REMS and RMPs along with language comparing or differentiating them. By focusing on the two key acronyms and their full forms, plus comparison-related terms, the query tries to hone in on the core question of summarizing the difference between these two concepts. + +I kept the query relatively focused since the question is quite specific. Adding too many tangentially related terms could reduce the precision of the results. However, let me know if you would like me to expand the query further to potentially capture a broader set of relevant documents.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""REMS"" OR ""Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy"") AND (""RMPs"" OR ""Risk Management Plans"") AND(difference OR differences OR comparison OR compared OR versus OR vs OR ""in contrast to"" OR ""as opposed to"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['23244814', '24357107', '25114783']",[],[],[],0.3333333333333333,1.0,0.5 +63f9cd2f33942b094c000011,Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?"": + +## +(""microexon alternative splicing"" OR ""microexon splicing"" OR ""alternative splicing of microexons"") AND +(""small GTPase regulators"" OR ""small G protein regulators"" OR ""small GTP-binding protein regulators"") AND +(""central nervous system diseases"" OR ""CNS diseases"" OR ""neurological diseases"" OR ""neurological disorders"" OR ""brain diseases"") AND +(implication OR implications OR role OR involvement OR association OR link OR linked) +## + +The key components are: +1. Microexon alternative splicing and related terms +2. Small GTPase regulators and synonyms +3. Central nervous system diseases and related terms like neurological diseases/disorders +4. Terms suggesting an implication or association like role, involvement, link + +The query aims to find documents that mention all three key concepts (microexon splicing, small GTPase regulators, CNS diseases) along with language suggesting an implication or association between them. The synonyms and related terms help capture variations in terminology. + +I focused on the core entities and concepts while avoiding overly broad terms that could reduce precision. The query aims to balance finding potentially relevant documents with maintaining specificity to the question asked. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""microexon alternative splicing"" OR ""microexon splicing"" OR ""alternative splicing of microexons"") AND (""small GTPase regulators"" OR ""small G protein regulators"" OR ""small GTP-binding protein regulators"") AND(""central nervous system diseases"" OR ""CNS diseases"" OR ""neurological diseases"" OR ""neurological disorders"" OR ""brain diseases"") AND(implication OR implications OR role OR involvement OR association OR link OR linked)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['34155820'],[],[],[],1.0,1.0,1.0 +63eeeaaaf36125a426000004,Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?"": + +## +(""Beremagene Geperpavec"" OR ""Beremagene"" OR ""Geperpavec"" OR ""KB103"") AND +(tested OR testing OR trial OR trials OR studied OR evaluating OR investigated OR investigating) AND +(""dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa"" OR DEB OR ""epidermolysis bullosa"" OR EB OR ""skin fragility disorder"" OR ""skin blistering disorder"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Beremagene Geperpavec and its alternative names/codes like KB103 +2. Terms related to clinical testing and investigation +3. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) and related terms like skin fragility/blistering disorder + +The query focuses on finding documents that mention the specific drug Beremagene Geperpavec along with language indicating it is being tested or studied, and terms related to the disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. + +I included some synonyms and related terms for DEB to improve recall, but tried not to make it too broad since the question is asking about a specific disease. The drug name is fairly unique so I only included a couple variations. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I aimed to balance precision and recall for the specific question asked.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Beremagene Geperpavec"" OR ""Beremagene"" OR ""Geperpavec"" OR ""KB103"") AND (tested OR testing OR trial OR trials OR studied OR evaluating OR investigated OR investigating) AND(""dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa"" OR DEB OR ""epidermolysis bullosa"" OR EB OR ""skin fragility disorder"" OR ""skin blistering disorder"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['36516090', '35347281']",[],[],[],0.5,1.0,0.6666666666666666 +64138ce8201352f04a000042,Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?"": + +## +(""hairpatches"" OR ""hair patches"") AND (""single gene"" OR ""single-gene"" OR monogenic) AND (mutation OR variant) AND (""associated with"" OR ""linked to"" OR causes OR ""risk factor for"") AND (disease OR disorder OR condition OR syndrome) +## + +The key components are: +1. ""Hairpatches"" - the specific gene mutation mentioned, also including ""hair patches"" as a variant. +2. ""single gene"", ""single-gene"", monogenic - terms describing the type of mutation. +3. mutation, variant - synonyms for genetic changes. +4. ""associated with"", ""linked to"", causes, ""risk factor for"" - terms connecting the mutation to a disease. +5. disease, disorder, condition, syndrome - terms for the health issue the mutation is associated with. + +The query aims to find documents that mention the ""hairpatches"" mutation along with terms indicating it is a single gene mutation, and language connecting it to some disease or disorder. The query is relatively broad in the disease terms since the question does not specify a particular condition, but still focuses on the key concepts of the hairpatches mutation and its disease association. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to balance including relevant synonyms and related terms while not introducing irrelevant concepts.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""hairpatches"" OR ""hair patches"") AND (""single gene"" OR ""single-gene"" OR monogenic) AND (mutation OR variant) AND (""associated with"" OR ""linked to"" OR causes OR ""risk factor for"") AND (disease OR disorder OR condition OR syndrome)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['1836514'],[],[],[],1.0,0.5,0.6666666666666666 +63f9cd0b33942b094c000010,What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?"": + +## +(""RBFOX2"" OR ""RNA binding fox-1 homolog 2"" OR ""RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2"") AND +(""PTBP1"" OR ""polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1"") AND +(""alternative splicing"" OR ""differential splicing"" OR ""alternative microexon splicing"" OR ""microexon splicing"") AND +(associated OR linked OR related OR correlation OR connection) AND +(""disease"" OR ""disorder"" OR ""condition"" OR ""syndrome"" OR ""cancer"" OR ""tumor"" OR ""development"" OR ""differentiation"") +## + +The key components are: +1. RBFOX2 and its synonyms +2. PTBP1 and its synonyms +3. Terms related to alternative/microexon splicing +4. Words indicating an association or relationship +5. General terms for what the splicing could be associated with, like diseases, development, etc. + +The query requires all the main entities (RBFOX2, PTBP1, alternative splicing) and the concept of an association. It then includes broad terms for what the association could be with, since the question does not specify a particular disease or biological process. + +The synonyms help capture variations in how the proteins and splicing may be referred to, improving recall. At the same time, requiring all the key entities and the association concept helps maintain precision. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I aimed to strike a balance between finding potentially relevant information and not making the query too broad.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""RBFOX2"" OR ""RNA binding fox-1 homolog 2"" OR ""RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2"") AND (""PTBP1"" OR ""polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1"") AND(""alternative splicing"" OR ""differential splicing"" OR ""alternative microexon splicing"" OR ""microexon splicing"") AND(associated OR linked OR related OR correlation OR connection) AND(""disease"" OR ""disorder"" OR ""condition"" OR ""syndrome"" OR ""cancer"" OR ""tumor"" OR ""development"" OR ""differentiation"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['34346508', '34302435']",[],[],[],0.5,1.0,0.6666666666666666 +63f56f7533942b094c000002,Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?"": + +## +(""Canavan disease"" OR ""Canavan's disease"" OR ""Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease"" OR ""aspartoacylase deficiency"" OR ""ASPA deficiency"") AND (gene OR genes OR genetic OR genetics OR genotype OR mutation OR mutations OR variant OR variants) AND (implicated OR associated OR related OR linked OR caused OR ""due to"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Canavan disease and its synonyms, including the alternative name ""Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease"" and terms related to the enzyme deficiency that causes it (aspartoacylase deficiency, ASPA deficiency). This ensures we find documents specifically about Canavan disease. + +2. Gene-related terms like gene, genetic, genotype, mutation, variant. This captures the concept of genetic factors. + +3. Terms connecting the disease to the gene like implicated, associated, related, linked, caused. This helps find documents discussing the causal relationship. + +The query aims to find documents that mention Canavan disease along with genes or genetic factors that are implicated in causing the disease. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall by capturing different ways the concepts may be expressed, while still maintaining a focus on the key entities of Canavan disease and causative genes. The AND operators ensure all the main concepts are present, which helps precision. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Canavan disease"" OR ""Canavan\'s disease"" OR ""Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease"" OR ""aspartoacylase deficiency"" OR ""ASPA deficiency"") AND (gene OR genes OR genetic OR genetics OR genotype OR mutation OR mutations OR variant OR variants) AND (implicated OR associated OR related OR linked OR caused OR ""due to"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['16138249', '28077719', '21907889', '12162821', '16217711', '7668285', '8335152', '15851013', '26797702', '14572138', '26613958', '16437572', '10704428', '34498299', '22878930', '7562269', '22468686', '26586007', '16113575', '17999961', '29456021', '24826990', '24682784', '14567959', '20393311', '33547378', '27039844', '7774116', '11589315', '28101991', '22219087', '16807907', '21625469', '20464498', '33779415', '10464621', '37601414', '25177395', '25712859', '25668701', '17177147', '36968992', '27288788', '15337171', '36568275', '10407784', '28626388', '12638939', '15784740', '27717881']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6411b4a8201352f04a000035,Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?"": + +## +(prosopagnosia OR ""face blindness"" OR ""facial agnosia"") AND +(""lack of auditory recognition"" OR ""auditory agnosia"" OR ""auditory processing disorder"" OR ""auditory recognition"" OR ""sound agnosia"") AND +(""also known as"" OR ""known as"" OR ""referred to as"" OR ""called"" OR ""termed"" OR synonym OR synonymous) +## + +The key components are: +1. Prosopagnosia and its synonyms like ""face blindness"" and ""facial agnosia"" +2. ""Lack of auditory recognition"" and related terms like ""auditory agnosia"", ""auditory processing disorder"", ""sound agnosia"" +3. Phrases indicating synonymy like ""also known as"", ""referred to as"", ""called"", etc. + +The query aims to find documents that mention both prosopagnosia and lack of auditory recognition (or their synonyms) along with language suggesting they may be synonymous terms. + +However, based on my knowledge, prosopagnosia specifically refers to impaired facial recognition, while auditory agnosia or lack of auditory recognition is a distinct condition affecting sound processing. So while the query construction is sound, I would expect the results to indicate these are not actually synonymous terms. The question seems to contain a misconception.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(prosopagnosia OR ""face blindness"" OR ""facial agnosia"") AND (""lack of auditory recognition"" OR ""auditory agnosia"" OR ""auditory processing disorder"" OR ""auditory recognition"" OR ""sound agnosia"") AND(""also known as"" OR ""known as"" OR ""referred to as"" OR ""called"" OR ""termed"" OR synonym OR synonymous)'}}, 'size': 50}",,['26873235'],[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +6415babe690f196b5100000d,What is telegenetics?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is telegenetics?"": + +## +(""telegenetics"" OR ""tele-genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetic services"" OR ""remote genetic services"" OR ""remote genetics"" OR ""virtual genetic counseling"" OR ""online genetic counseling"") AND (""definition"" OR ""meaning"" OR ""concept"" OR ""term"" OR ""field"" OR ""branch"" OR ""discipline"" OR ""specialty"" OR ""subspecialty"") +## + +The query focuses on two main components: +1. Telegenetics and its synonyms/related terms. I included variations of the term like ""tele-genetics"", ""telemedicine genetics"", ""remote genetic services"", ""virtual genetic counseling"", etc. This helps capture different ways the concept may be referred to. + +2. Terms related to defining or explaining a concept, like ""definition"", ""meaning"", ""term"", ""field"", ""branch"", ""discipline"", ""specialty"". This helps find documents that provide an explanation or overview of what telegenetics is. + +The AND operator ensures that the results contain both the telegenetics concept and some type of definitional or explanatory content. + +I kept the query relatively broad since the question is asking for a general definition or explanation of telegenetics. The query aims to find relevant documents that introduce or provide an overview of the field, rather than narrowly focusing on specific aspects. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""telegenetics"" OR ""tele-genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetics"" OR ""telemedicine genetic services"" OR ""remote genetic services"" OR ""remote genetics"" OR ""virtual genetic counseling"" OR ""online genetic counseling"") AND (""definition"" OR ""meaning"" OR ""concept"" OR ""term"" OR ""field"" OR ""branch"" OR ""discipline"" OR ""specialty"" OR ""subspecialty"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['26785833', '16679961', '34355459', '35464100', '30825358', '30559758', '33824502', '33027215', '25833335', '21799430', '23393646', '22498847', '34223277', '26831751', '24014153', '21787118', '30617812', '32314856', '24503778', '35456422', '15625165', '22566244', '27242960', '34096134', '37102207', '25591016', '9719913', '34617357', '28126544', '35452249']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +63f04546f36125a426000024,What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?"": + +## +(""Mitapivat"" OR ""AG-348"") AND (""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""pharmacology"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"" OR ""effect"" OR ""how it works"") AND (""pyruvate kinase"" OR ""PK"" OR ""PKR"" OR ""red blood cell"" OR ""erythrocyte"" OR ""RBC"") AND (activator OR agonist OR ""allosteric activator"" OR ""allosteric agonist"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Mitapivat and its alternate name AG-348. + +2. General terms related to mechanism of action like pharmacodynamics, activity, function, etc. This casts a wide net for potentially relevant information. + +3. Terms related to pyruvate kinase (PK or PKR), red blood cells (RBC or erythrocyte), as Mitapivat is known to target the red blood cell form of pyruvate kinase. + +4. Terms describing Mitapivat's specific mechanism as an allosteric activator or agonist of pyruvate kinase. + +The query aims to find documents that discuss Mitapivat's mechanism of action, specifically its activity as an allosteric activator of red blood cell pyruvate kinase. The synonyms and related terms help capture variations in terminology while still maintaining a focus on the key concepts. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""Mitapivat"" OR ""AG-348"") AND (""mechanism of action"" OR ""mode of action"" OR ""pharmacodynamics"" OR ""pharmacology"" OR ""activity"" OR ""function"" OR ""effect"" OR ""how it works"") AND (""pyruvate kinase"" OR ""PK"" OR ""PKR"" OR ""red blood cell"" OR ""erythrocyte"" OR ""RBC"") AND (activator OR agonist OR ""allosteric activator"" OR ""allosteric agonist"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['37596712', '31974203', '34987744', '38066891', '37713687', '36847623', '28760888', '37125655', '35366607', '37676741', '35988546', '38066940', '36124781', '35576529', '33822774', '30091852', '36853806', '38066911', '36935283', '37934880', '35417638', '36072510', '37943362', '35964609', '33690814', '36794508', '36698833', '35384026', '34889443']",[],[],[],0.0,0.0,0.0 +641357bc201352f04a000039,Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?,yesno,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?"": + +## +(necroptosis OR ""programmed necrosis"" OR ""caspase-independent cell death"") AND (""cell membrane"" OR ""plasma membrane"" OR ""cytoplasmic membrane"") AND (disrupt* OR damage* OR injur* OR ruptur* OR permeabiliz* OR ""loss of integrity"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Necroptosis and related terms like ""programmed necrosis"" and ""caspase-independent cell death"" +2. Cell membrane and synonyms like ""plasma membrane"" and ""cytoplasmic membrane"" +3. Terms related to disruption or damage, like disrupt, damage, injure, rupture, permeabilize, ""loss of integrity"" + +The query uses the AND operator to require all three main concepts to be present. The * wildcard allows for variations in word endings (e.g., disrupt, disrupts, disrupted, disruption). + +The query aims to find documents that specifically discuss whether necroptosis involves disruption of cell membranes. It focuses on the key entities and concepts while allowing for some variability in terminology. The double quotes around multi-word phrases ensure they are searched together. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I tried to strike a balance between specificity and inclusiveness based on the question asked.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(necroptosis OR ""programmed necrosis"" OR ""caspase-independent cell death"") AND (""cell membrane"" OR ""plasma membrane"" OR ""cytoplasmic membrane"") AND (disrupt* OR damage* OR injur* OR ruptur* OR permeabiliz* OR ""loss of integrity"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['27999433', '30140326', '27444869', '25493335', '29076500', '32125731', '23125016', '28388403', '31138766', '20823910', '34539677', '31678492', '28380356', '24719454', '27573174', '11388913', '29382757', '30148498', '27034377', '32430176', '35086466', '24366341', '32687661', '11573949', '32641397', '33848465', '32561730', '32826875', '28388412', '34594225', '35293986', '37373257', '23438821', '31410978', '26024392', '26853145', '20010783', '36446770', '34322024', '31097456', '36411714', '37365800', '34698396', '37431828', '31490656', '29393427', '34500630', '37356350', '31766571', '32457484']",[],[],[],0.3,0.23076923076923078,0.2608695652173913 +6414c3f3690f196b51000005,What is the definition of dermatillomania?,summary,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What is the definition of dermatillomania?"": + +## +(""dermatillomania"" OR ""excoriation disorder"" OR ""skin-picking disorder"" OR ""psychogenic excoriation"" OR ""neurotic excoriation"" OR ""acne excoriee"" OR ""skin picking syndrome"") AND (definition OR defined OR meaning OR ""refers to"" OR ""is a"" OR ""is an"" OR ""is the"") +## + +The key components are: +1. Dermatillomania and its various synonyms, including the medical terms ""excoriation disorder"", ""psychogenic excoriation"", ""neurotic excoriation"", ""acne excoriee"", and the more colloquial ""skin-picking disorder"" and ""skin picking syndrome"". This helps capture the concept regardless of the specific terminology used. + +2. Definition-related terms like ""definition"", ""defined"", ""meaning"", ""refers to"", ""is a"", ""is an"", ""is the"". These help hone in on sentences or passages that are likely to provide a definition or explanation of what dermatillomania is. + +The query aims to find documents that mention dermatillomania or a synonym in close proximity to language related to providing a definition. The OR operator allows for flexibility in terminology while the AND operator ensures both the disorder and definition concepts are present, promoting relevance and precision. + +Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further. I'm happy to refine it based on your feedback.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(""dermatillomania"" OR ""excoriation disorder"" OR ""skin-picking disorder"" OR ""psychogenic excoriation"" OR ""neurotic excoriation"" OR ""acne excoriee"" OR ""skin picking syndrome"") AND (definition OR defined OR meaning OR ""refers to"" OR ""is a"" OR ""is an"" OR ""is the"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['25974792', '22377838', '36483749', '22468175', '35843137', '31232909', '37023597', '23303467', '31779877', '33654612', '28128164', '3679664', '9818631', '6583987', '21323095', '30895799', '20531220', '32825621', '27007062', '30627622', '16112441', '26798982', '34397774', '34613556', '28129492', '34560370', '32386041', '23123103', '36133915', '20533371', '29727807', '10030563', '36856701', '35723689', '29218753', '34721107', '20618498', '27283953', '25150776', '25696776', '24740235', '29052453', '36970962', '33008538', '36683012', '24643827', '33393216', '35350511', '28511823', '26585600']",[],[],[],0.1,0.5,0.16666666666666669 +63eeeb70f36125a426000005,What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?,factoid,,"Here is my attempt at an Elasticsearch query string for the question ""What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?"": + +## +(glofitamab OR ""RO7082859"" OR ""RG6026"") AND +(""treats"" OR ""treatment"" OR ""therapy"" OR ""used for"" OR ""indicated for"") AND +(""non-hodgkin lymphoma"" OR ""non hodgkin lymphoma"" OR NHL OR ""b-cell lymphoma"" OR ""b cell lymphoma"" OR ""diffuse large b-cell lymphoma"" OR DLBCL OR ""aggressive lymphoma"") +## + +The key components are: + +1. Glofitamab and its alternate names/codes. This ensures we find documents specifically about this drug. + +2. Treatment-related terms like ""treats"", ""used for"", ""indicated for"", etc. This helps find information about what diseases glofitamab is a treatment for. + +3. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and related terms. Based on my knowledge, glofitamab is being developed as a treatment for certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Including these disease terms and abbreviations should help retrieve relevant results. + +The query aims to find documents that mention glofitamab along with language indicating the diseases it treats, focusing on non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The synonyms and related terms help improve recall while still maintaining precision by not introducing unrelated diseases. Let me know if you would like me to modify or expand the query further.","{'query': {'query_string': {'query': '(glofitamab OR ""RO7082859"" OR ""RG6026"") AND (""treats"" OR ""treatment"" OR ""therapy"" OR ""used for"" OR ""indicated for"") AND(""non-hodgkin lymphoma"" OR ""non hodgkin lymphoma"" OR NHL OR ""b-cell lymphoma"" OR ""b cell lymphoma"" OR ""diffuse large b-cell lymphoma"" OR DLBCL OR ""aggressive lymphoma"")'}}, 'size': 50}",,"['33739857', '36507690', '33406104', '36198538', '37211991', '37551951', '36895020', '38044486', '35626120', '36726938', '35182296', '34941996', '36078155', '34263696', '37488074', '37690811', '37672954']",[],[],[],0.2,0.6666666666666666,0.30769230769230765 diff --git a/app/Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl b/app/Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b11aaf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,946 @@ +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cardio-renal-anemia syndrome: a link between erythropoietin, dimethylarginine and homocysteine. Cardio-renal-anemia syndrome is a combination of heart failure, kidney failure, and anemia. Many advanced chronic kidney disease patients have both anemia and chronic heart failure. They have often hyperhomocysteinemia, high dimethylarginine values and low erythropoietin levels. Nephrologists treat advanced chronic kidney disease patients with erythropoiesis stimulating agents to improve anemia, renal and heart disease. Erythropoiesis stimulating agents, though considered essential to improve anemia in chronic kidney disease patients, have shown no significant protective effect on cardiovascular disease when used in large clinical trials targeting normal hemoglobin levels. It is possible that the high amounts of these drugs, given to reach normal hemoglobin values, may have counterbalanced the positive effect on endothelium obtained with low doses. Many studies have shown that erythropoietin improves endothelial function in animals with high dimethylarginine levels, lowering asymmetric dimethylarginine and increasing nitric oxide synthesis. Advanced chronic kidney disease patients have also high homocysteine levels which further reduce endothelial function by increasing asymmetric dimethylarginine. Homocysteine-lowering vitamin B treatment has been associated to a significant reduction of cardiovascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease patients. Low doses of epoetin and B vitamins may improve cardiovascular morbidity by reducing asymmetric dimethylarginine and by increasing nitric oxide synthase activity. This review analyses the interaction between erythropoietin, dimethylarginine and homocysteine, and their role in cardio-renal-anemia syndrome.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Many advanced chronic kidney disease patients have both anemia and chronic heart failure.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTAC: A Novel Drug Delivery Technology for Targeting Proteins in Cancer Cells. The treatment measures of malignant carcinomas are most important for human health. In recent years the use of targeted therapy based on small molecule compounds and identical immunoglobulin has been the most frequently used tool to combat cancerous cells. But there are still several limitations in their clinical development and applications, including their ability to bind multiple molecular target sites, both cell surface receptors and intracellular proteins, promoting a greater risk of toxicity. PROTAC is a novel technology that maintains a balance between protein synthesis and degradation and uses molecules instead of conventional enzyme inhibitors, containing two active domains and a linker to destroy unwanted selective protein (like kinase, skeleton protein and regulatory protein). PROTACs are heterobifunctional nano molecules with a size range of about 10 nanometres that eliminate the protein complexes formed by protein-protein interaction through large and flat surfaces generally defined as \"undruggable\" in conventional drug delivery systems, which include around 85% of proteins present in humans, suggesting their wide application in the field of drug development. Such peptide-based PROTACs have successfully shown targets' destruction in cultured cells (e.g., MetAP-2, and FKBP12```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PROTACs are the heterobifunctional nano molecules with size range of about 10 nanometres find application to eliminate the protein complexes formed by protein-protein interaction through large and flat surface generally defined as \\\"undruggable\\\" in conventional drug delivery system, which include around 85 % of proteins present in humans, suggesting their wide application in the field of drug development.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```TROAP regulates prostate cancer progression via the WNT3/survivin signalling pathways. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies, and 90% of advanced prostate cancer patients relapse after therapy. Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is essential for centrosome integrity and proper bipolar organisation of spindle assembly during mitosis and plays an essential role in proliferation. We found that TROAP expression correlates with patient survival and speculated that it may be involved in PCa progression. The Oncomine database tool (http://www.oncomine.org) was used to analyse TROAP mRNA expression from microarray data, and patient survival analysis for target genes was performed using the PROGgeneV2 Database (http://watson.compbio.iupui.edu). Gene interference with lentivirus was used to silence TROAP expression in PCa cells and knockdown efficiency was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis were then assessed to determine the function of TROAP in PCa cells. Markers of cell cycle and apoptosis were tested by western blotting. The correlation between WNT3 or survivin expression and TROAP transcripts in prostate cancer tissues was analysed using GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn) and validated by western blotting. The in\u00a0vivo role of TROAP was investigated using xenografts. This protein was overexpressed in PCa, and exhibited relatively higher expression in PCa cell lines, DU145 and 22Rv1. Importantly, analysing human cancer databases available from PROGgeneV2 showed that higher expression of TROAP is associated with shorter overall survival in prostate cancer patients. TROAP knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and led to cell cycle arrest at S phase in 22Rv1 and DU145 cells. Cell cycle arrest resulted in apoptosis in both cell lines via the cyclin A2-cyclin B1-caspase pathway. WNT3 and survivin expression levels were found to correlate with TROAP in PCa, and in\u00a0vivo xenograft assays revealed that silencing of TROAP inhibited PCa tumour growth. Therefore, TROAP might represent a novel predictive marker to guide therapeutic intervention.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is essential for centrosome integrity and proper bipolar organisation of spindle assembly during mitosis and plays an essential role in proliferation.\", \"TROAP regulates prostate cancer progression via the WNT3/survivin signalling pathways.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-1 blockage delays murine squamous cell carcinoma development. Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its two ligands [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2] has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells; however, the underlying mechanism for this T-cell dysfunction is not clear. We hypothesized that PD-1 and PD-L1 signals are, in part, responsible for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) escape from immune antitumor regulation by modulation of the tumor environment. In the present study, we used a multistage model of SCC to examine the role of PD-1/PD-L1 activation during tumor development. Tumor sites presented an increased percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing PD-1 when compared with non-tumorigenic control mice, whereas the expression of PD-L1 was particularly increased in F4/80(+) macrophages in tumor sites. Further, the systemic immune neutralization of PD-1 resulted in a decreased number and delayed incidence rate of papillomas followed by a differential expression of cytokeratins, suggesting that the PD-1-PD-L1 interaction contributes to the progression of SCC by downregulation of antitumor responses. In fact, blocking PD-1 increased the percentage of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, and the levels of interferon-\u03b3 in the tumor sites. Our results indicated involvement of PD-1(+) T cells in SCC development and in the modulation of the inflammatory immune response. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its two ligands [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2] has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells; however, the underlying mechanism for this T-cell dysfunction is not clear.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Use of Immunotherapy With Programmed Cell Death 1 vs Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Understanding the clinical efficacy and safety profile of these drugs is necessary for treatment strategy in clinical practice. To assess the differences between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 regarding efficacy and safety shown in randomized clinical trials across various tumor types. Systematic searches of PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase were conducted from January 1, 2000, to March 1, 2019. In addition, abstracts and presentations from all major conference proceedings were reviewed. All randomized clinical trials that compared anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 with standard treatment in patients with cancer were selected as candidates. Retrospective studies, single-arm phase 1/2 studies, and trials comparing anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 with other immunotherapies were excluded. Studies of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapy were screened and paired by the matching of clinical characteristics as mirror groups. Three investigators independently extracted data from each study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guideline. Trial names, first author, year of publication, study design, National Clinical Trial identifier number, blinding status, study phase, pathologic characteristics, number of patients, patients' age and sex distribution, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, lines of treatment, study drugs, biomarker status, follow-up time, incidence of adverse events, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for overall survival and progression-free survival were extracted. A random-effects model was applied for data analysis. Differences in OS between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 across different cancer types were assessed. An effect size was derived from each mirror group and then pooled across all groups using a random-effects model. Nineteen randomized clinical trials involving 11\u202f379 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, anti-PD-1 exhibited superior overall survival (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86; P\u2009<\u2009.001) and progression-free survival (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96; P\u2009=\u2009.02) compared with anti-PD-L1. No significant difference was observed in their safety profiles. Sensitivity analysis presented consistency in the overall estimates across these analyses. Consistent results were observed through frequentist and bayesian approaches with the same studies. Comprehensive analysis suggests that anti-PD-1 exhibited favorable survival outcomes and a safety profile comparable to that of anti-PD-L1, which may provide a useful guide for clinicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have led to a paradigm shift in cance\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Dermatillomania: Strategies for Developing Protective Biomaterials/Cloth. Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. The current treatment strategies focus on behavioral and pharmacological therapies that are not very effective. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to provide an introduction to SPD and discuss its current treatment strategies as well as to propose biomaterial-based physical barrier strategies as a supporting or alternative treatment. To this end, searches were conducted within the PubMed database and Google Scholar, and the results obtained were organized and presented as per the following categories: prevalence, etiology, consequences, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies. Furthermore, special attention was provided to alternative treatment strategies and biomaterial-based physical treatment strategies. A total of six products with the potential to be applied as physical barrier strategies in supporting SPD treatment were shortlisted and discussed. The results indicated that SPD is a complex, underestimated, and underemphasized neuropsychiatric disorder that needs heightened attention, especially with regard to its treatment and care. Moreover, the high synergistic potential of biomaterials and nanosystems in this area remains to be explored. Certain strategies that are already being utilized for wound healing can also be further exploited, particularly as far as the prevention of infections is concerned.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Teratogenic effects of thalidomide: molecular mechanisms. Fifty years ago, prescription of the sedative thalidomide caused a worldwide epidemic of multiple birth defects. The drug is now used in the treatment of leprosy and multiple myeloma. However, its use is limited due to its potent teratogenic activity. The mechanism by which thalidomide causes limb malformations and other developmental defects is a long-standing question. Multiple hypotheses exist to explain the molecular mechanism of thalidomide action. Among them, theories involving oxidative stress and anti-angiogenesis have been widely supported. Nevertheless, until recently, the direct target of thalidomide remained elusive. We identified a thalidomide-binding protein, cereblon (CRBN), as a primary target for thalidomide teratogenicity. Our data suggest that thalidomide initiates its teratogenic effects by binding to CRBN and inhibiting its ubiquitin ligase activity. In this review, we summarize the biology of thalidomide, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of its teratogenic effects. In addition, we discuss the questions still to be addressed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" We identified a thalidomide-binding protein, cereblon (CRBN), as a primary target for thalidomide teratogenicity.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Casein kinase 1\u03b1 agonist pyrvinium attenuates Wnt-mediated CK1\u03b1 degradation via interaction with the E3\u00a0ubiquitin ligase component Cereblon. The Cullin-RING ligase 4 E3 ubiquitin ligase component Cereblon (CRBN) is a well-established target for a class of small molecules termed immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). These drugs drive CRBN to modulate the degradation of a number of neosubstrates required for the growth of multiple cancers. Whereas the mechanism underlying the activation of CRBN by IMiDs is well described, the normal physiological regulation of CRBN is poorly understood. We recently showed that CRBN is activated following exposure to Wnt ligands and subsequently mediates the degradation of a subset of physiological substrates. Among the Wnt-dependent substrates of CRBN is Casein kinase 1\u03b1 (CK1\u03b1), a known negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Wnt-mediated degradation of CK1\u03b1 occurs via its association with CRBN at a known IMiD binding pocket. Herein, we demonstrate that a small-molecule CK1\u03b1 agonist, pyrvinium, directly prevents the Wnt-dependent interaction of CRBN with CK1\u03b1, attenuating the consequent CK1\u03b1 degradation. We further show that pyrvinium disrupts the ability of CRBN to interact with CK1\u03b1 at the IMiD binding pocket within the CRBN-CK1\u03b1 complex. Of note, this function of pyrvinium is independent of its previously reported ability to enhance CK1\u03b1 kinase activity. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that pyrvinium attenuates CRBN-induced Wnt pathway activation in\u00a0vivo. Collectively, these results reveal a novel dual mechanism through which pyrvinium inhibits Wnt signaling by both attenuating the CRBN-mediated destabilization of CK1\u03b1 and activating CK1\u03b1 kinase activity.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The Cullin-RING ligase 4 E3 ubiquitin ligase component Cereblon (CRBN) is a well-established target for a class of small molecules termed immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety and efficacy of mosunetuzumab, a bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Mosunetuzumab is a CD20\u2009\u00d7\u2009CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody that redirects T cells to eliminate malignant B cells. In a phase 1 study, mosunetuzumab was well tolerated and active in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the safety and anti-tumour activity of fixed-duration mosunetuzumab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma who had received two or more previous therapies. We conducted a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study at 49 centres in seven countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, South Korea, Spain, UK, and USA). All patients were aged 18 years or older with histologically confirmed follicular lymphoma (grade 1-3a) and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1. Patients had disease that was relapsed or refractory to two or more previous lines of treatment, including an anti-CD20 therapy and an alkylating agent. Intravenous mosunetuzumab was administered in 21-day cycles with cycle 1 step-up dosing: 1 mg on cycle 1 day 1, 2 mg on cycle 1 day 8, 60 mg on cycle 1 day 15 and cycle 2 day 1, and 30 mg on day 1 of cycle 3 and onwards. Patients with a complete response by investigator assessment using the International Harmonisation Project criteria completed treatment after cycle 8, whereas patients with a partial response or stable disease continued treatment for up to 17 cycles. The primary endpoint was independent review committee-assessed complete response rate (as best response) in all enrolled patients; the primary efficacy analysis compared the observed IRC-assessed complete response rate with a 14% historical control complete response rate in a similar patient population receiving the pan class I PI3K inhibitor copanlisib. Safety was assessed in all enrolled patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02500407, and is ongoing. Between May 2, 2019, and Sept 25, 2020, we enrolled 90 patients. As of the data cutoff date (Aug 27, 2021), the median follow-up was 18\u00b73 months (IQR 13\u00b78-23\u00b73). According to independent review committee assessment, a complete response was recorded in 54 patients (60\u00b70% [95% CI 49\u00b71-70\u00b72]). The observed complete response rate was significantly higher than the historical control complete response rate with copanlisib of 14% (p<0\u00b70001), thereby meeting the primary study endpoint. Cytokine release syndrome was the most common adverse event (40 [44%] of 90 patients) and was predominantly grade 1 (23 [26%] of 90) and grade 2 (15 [17%]), and primarily confined to cycle 1. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia or neutrophil count decreased (24 [27%] of 90 patients), hypophosphataemia (15 [17%]), hyperglycaemia (seven [8%]), and anaemia (seven [8%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 42 (47%) of 90 patients. No treatment-related grade 5 (ie, fatal) adverse event occurred. Fixed-duration mosunetuzumab has a favourable safety profile and induces high rates of complete remissions, allowing potential administration as an outpatient regimen, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma and two or more previous therapies. F Hoffmann-La Roche and Genentech.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Mosunetuzumab is a CD20\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030\\u00c3\\u2014\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody that redirects T cells to eliminate malignant B cells. I\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reflection on modern methods: Revisiting the area under the ROC Curve. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is commonly used for assessing the discriminative ability of prediction models even though the measure is criticized for being clinically irrelevant and lacking an intuitive interpretation. Every tutorial explains how the coordinates of the ROC curve are obtained from the risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals, but it has not become common sense that therewith the ROC plot is just another way of presenting these risk distributions. We show how the ROC curve is an alternative way to present risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals and how the shape of the ROC curve informs about the overlap of the risk distributions. For example, ROC curves are rounded when the prediction model included variables with similar effect on disease risk and have an angle when, for example, one binary risk factor has a stronger effect; and ROC curves are stepped rather than smooth when the sample size or incidence is low, when the prediction model is based on a relatively small set of categorical predictors. This alternative perspective on the ROC plot invalidates most purported limitations of the AUC and attributes others to the underlying risk distributions. AUC is a measure of the discriminative ability of prediction models. The assessment of prediction models should be supplemented with other metrics to assess their clinical utility.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is commonly used for assessing the discriminative ability of prediction models even though the measure is criticized for being clinically irrelevant and lacking an intuitive interpretation. Every tutorial explains how the coordinates of the ROC curve are obtained from the risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals, but it has not become common sense that therewith the ROC plot is just another way of presenting these risk distributions. We show how the ROC curve is an alternative way to present risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals and how the shape of the ROC curve informs about the overlap of the risk distributions.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Frequent discordance in PD-1 and PD-L1 expression between primary breast tumors and their matched distant metastases. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint that is able to inhibit the immune system by binding to its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). In many cancer types, among which breast cancer, prognostic and/or predictive values have been suggested for both PD-1 and PD-L1. Previous research has demonstrated discrepancies in PD-L1 expression between primary breast tumors and distant metastases, however data so far have been scarce. We therefore evaluated immunohistochemical expression levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 in primary breast tumors and their paired distant metastases, and evaluated prognostic values. Tissue microarrays from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded resection specimens of primary breast cancers and their matched distant metastases were immunohistochemically stained for PD-1 and PD-L1. PD-1 was available in both primary tumor and metastasis in 82 patients, and PD-L1 in 49 patients. PD-1 was discrepant between primary tumor and metastasis in half of the patients (50%), PD-L1 on tumor cells was discrepant in 28.5%, and PD-L1 on immune cells in 40.8% of the patients. In primary tumors there was a correlation between PD-1 positivity and a higher tumor grade, and between immune PD-L1 and ER negativity. In survival analyses, a significantly better overall survival was observed for patients with PD-L1 negative primary breast tumors that developed PD-L1 positive distant metastases (HR 3.013, CI 1.201-7.561, p\u2009=\u20090.019). To conclude, PD-1 and tumor and immune PD-L1 seem to be discordantly expressed between primary tumors and their matched distant metastases in about one-third to a half of the breast cancer patients. Further, gained expression of PD-L1 in metastases seems to indicate better survival. This illustrates the need of reassessing PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on biopsies of distant metastases to optimize the usefulness of these biomarkers.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint that is able to inhibit the immune system by binding to its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in chronic kidney disease: new advances. Anemia resulting from iron and erythropoietin deficiencies is a common complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). This article covers major advances in our understanding of anemia in patients with CKD, including newly discovered regulatory molecules, such as hepcidin, to innovative intravenous iron therapies. The use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in the treatment of anemia has undergone seismic shift in the past 3 years as a result of adverse outcomes associated with targeting higher hemoglobin levels with these agents. Potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes, such as higher mortality, are discussed. Despite the disappointing experience with ESAs, there is a tremendous interest in other novel agents to treat anemia in CKD. Lastly, while awaiting updated guidelines, the authors outline their recommendations on how to best manage patients who are anemic and have CKD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia resulting from iron and erythropoietin deficiencies is a common complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).\", \"nemia in chronic kidney disease\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide co-stimulate T cells by inducing degradation of T cell repressors Ikaros and Aiolos via modulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4(CRBN.). Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(CRBN) . T cell co-stimulation by lenalidomide or pomalidomide is cereblon dependent: however, the CRL4(CRBN) substrates responsible for T cell co-stimulation have yet to be identified. Here we demonstrate that interaction of the transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1, encoded by the IKZF1 gene) and Aiolos (IKZF3, encoded by the IKZF3 gene) with CRL4(CRBN) is induced by lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Each agent promotes Aiolos and Ikaros binding to CRL4(CRBN) with enhanced ubiquitination leading to cereblon-dependent proteosomal degradation in T lymphocytes. We confirm that Aiolos and Ikaros are transcriptional repressors of interleukin-2 expression. The findings link lenalidomide- or pomalidomide-induced degradation of these transcriptional suppressors to well documented T cell activation. Importantly, Aiolos could serve as a proximal pharmacodynamic marker for lenalidomide and pomalidomide, as healthy human subjects administered lenalidomide demonstrated Aiolos degradation in their peripheral T cells. In conclusion, we present a molecular model in which drug binding to cereblon results in the interaction of Ikaros and Aiolos to CRL4(CRBN) , leading to their ubiquitination, subsequent proteasomal degradation and T cell activation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(C\", \"Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(CRBN) .\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mantle Cell Lymphoma Presenting as a Subcutaneous Mass of the Right Leg. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a relatively rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, typically presenting with extensive lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, and splenomegaly. Extranodal sites can also be involved. We discuss a 73-year-old man whose MCL presented with a 6-month history of a subdermal mass of the right upper thigh and no systemic symptoms.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a relatively rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, typically presenting with extensive lymphadenopathy,\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Eryptosis - the Neglected Cause of Anemia in End Stage Renal Disease. End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis. However, erythropoietin replacement only partially reverses anemia pointing to the involvement of additional mechanisms. As shown more recently, anemia of ESRD is indeed in large part a result of accelerated erythrocyte loss due to suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are bound to and engulfed by macrophages and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. If the loss of erythrocytes cannot be fully compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis, stimulation of eryptosis leads to anemia. Eryptotic erythrocytes may further adhere to the vascular wall and thus impair microcirculation. Stimulators of eryptosis include complement, hyperosmotic shock, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and a wide variety of xenobiotics. Signaling involved in the stimulation of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity, ceramide, caspases, calpain, p38 kinase, protein kinase C, Janus-activated kinase 3, casein kinase 1\u03b1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Eryptosis is inhibited by AMP-activated kinase, p21-activated kinase 2, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2, and some illdefined tyrosine kinases. In ESRD eryptosis is stimulated at least in part by a plasma component, as it is triggered by exposure of erythrocytes from healthy individuals to plasma from ESRD patients. Several eryptosis-stimulating uremic toxins have been identified, such as vanadate, acrolein, methylglyoxal, indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid and phosphate. Attempts to fully reverse anemia in ESRD with excessive stimulation of erythropoiesis enhances the number of circulating suicidal erythrocytes and bears the risk of interference with micocirculation, At least in theory, anemia in ESRD could preferably be treated with replacement of erythropoietin and additional inhibition of eryptosis thus avoiding eryptosis-induced impairment of microcirculation. A variety of eryptosis inhibitors have been identified, their efficacy in ESRD remains, however, to be shown.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Spa therapy and burn scar treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Spa therapy is an integral part of the treatment of burn scars. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the spa therapy used in the treatment of burn scars and analyze its effects reported in clinical studies. We used the PRISMA checklist and queried 8 scientific databases from August 2019 to July 2020 for articles referenced with the specific key words: (burn) AND ((spa) OR (crenotherap*) OR (sulfur bath) OR (balneo*) OR (hydrotherap*) OR (mineral water) OR (thermal water) OR (spring water) OR (health resort medicine)). We used the EPHPP-QAT to assess the quality of the studies. Out of 10,050 publications identified in our database searches, 3 studies were selected: 2 clinical trials and 1 descriptive multicenter study that polled surgeons for their opinion on spa therapy for burn patients. All of the articles concluded that spa therapy is positive in burn scar recovery. No strong study on the effectiveness of spa therapy for burn scars care according to the EPHPP-QAT was identified. Spa therapy in the Saint Gervais spa center appears to be the only spa technique to have been evaluated for burn scar care. This review underscores the need to perform clinical studies to evaluate the effects and benefits of spa therapy for burn scars on patient's quality of life, and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of action of physiotherapy. Care programs should be harmonized in order to conduct multicenter studies.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Spa therapy is an integral part of the treatment of burn scars. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the spa therapy used in the treatment of burn scars and analyze its effects reported in clinical studies. We used the PRISMA checklist and queried 8 scientific databases from August 2019 to July 2020 for articles referenced with the specific key words: (burn) AND ((spa) OR (crenotherap*) OR (sulfur bath) OR (balneo*) OR (hydrotherap*) OR (mineral water) OR (thermal water) OR (spring water) OR (health resort medicine))\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Corticosteroid effects on blood gene expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Though Deflazacort and prednisone improve clinical endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, Deflazacort produces fewer side effects. As mechanisms of improvement and side effect differences remain unknown, we evaluated effects of corticosteroid administration on gene expression in blood of DMD patients. Whole blood was obtained from 14 children and adolescents with DMD treated with corticosteroids (DMD-STEROID) and 20 DMD children and adolescents na\u00efve to corticosteroids (DMD). The DMD-STEROID group was further subdivided into Deflazacort and prednisone groups. Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 expression microarrays were used to evaluate mRNA expression. Expression of 524 probes changed with corticosteroids, including genes in iron trafficking and the chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis pathway. Deflazacort compared with prednisone yielded 508 regulated probes, including many involved in adipose metabolism. These genes and pathways help explain mechanisms of efficacy and side effects of corticosteroids, and could provide new treatment targets for DMD and other neuromuscular disorders.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Though Deflazacort and prednisone improve clinical endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, Deflazacort produces fewer side effects.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Bispecific Antibodies for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment. While there have been numerous advances in the field of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) over the last decade, relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) NHL remains a challenge and an area with unmet needs. T-cell redirecting immunotherapeutic approaches including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have the potential to revolutionize NHL therapy. BsAbs target CD3 on T-cells and CD19 or CD20 on malignant B-cells and have shown promises as a novel immunotherapy for NHL. The development of CD19 \u00d7 CD3 BsAbs such as blinatumomab was met with significant challenges due to dose-limiting neurologic side effects. However, several CD20 \u00d7 CD3 BsAbs including odronextamab, mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, and epcoritamab emerged recently. They have favorable toxicity profiles, with reduced cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. In addition, all these BsAbs have demonstrated very promising efficacy in R/R NHL. With expansion and registrational studies actively ongoing, approvals of these agents for R/R NHL are anticipated in the near future. Some important questions pertinent to future clinical development of BsAbs include when and how to best utilize BsAbs in the management of R/R NHL, whether there is a role of BsAbs in treatment-na\u00efve NHL, and how to combine BsAbs with other therapies. For example, whether BsAbs can be combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy effectively remains to be seen. A plethora of clinical studies will be needed to help address these questions, some of which are already ongoing. In addition, how do BsAbs compare to CAR T-cell therapy and how to choose and sequence between BsAbs and CAR T-cell therapy need to be addressed. While many of these critical questions remain to be answered in clinical studies, we believe the future of BsAbs in the NHL is very bright.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"However, several CD20 \\u00c3\\u2014 CD3 BsAbs including odronextamab, mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, and epcoritamab emerged recently. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pruritus of chronic cholestasis. Pruritus is a challenging clinical problem which often complicates chronic cholestatic liver disease. For practical purposes, cholestasis may be defined as impaired hepatocellular secretion of bile and is a feature of a wide variety of liver diseases. Cholestasis is usually suspected clinically when a patient presenting with jaundice or pruritus is found to have an elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity disproportionate to increases in serum aminotransferase levels. Early imaging by ultrasonography, computerized tomography, or cholangiography is important to address the possibility of remediable biliary tract obstruction. The majority of patients who develop problematic pruritus due to chronic cholestasis will have one of several diseases: primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, drug-induced cholestasis, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, or alcoholic liver disease. Specific aetiological diagnosis is usually possible when history and physical examination are complemented, as appropriate, by serological testing, hepatobiliary imaging, and liver biopsy. This review does not address issues in diagnosis, but concentrates upon the management of pruritus, a potentially disabling complication of prolonged cholestasis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cholestasis is usually suspected clinically when a patient presenting with jaundice or pruritus is found to have an elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity disproportionate to increases in serum aminotransferase levels.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeting mRNA splicing as a potential treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Several clinical trials have recently demonstrated that oligonucleotide-based drugs induced targeted exon skipping in dystrophin pre-mRNA in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, resulting in novel expression of a truncated but functional isoform of the dystrophin protein. Such exon skipping therapy has the potential to convert the lethal Duchenne phenotype into the less severe Becker phenotype. This splice switching technology has been shown to be very well tolerated and may become the first gene-specific therapy, if approved, for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Several clinical trials have recently demonstrated that oligonucleotide-based drugs induced targeted exon skipping in dystrophin pre-mRNA in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, resulting in novel expression of a truncated but functional isoform of the dystrophin protein.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Machine learning prediction models for postpartum depression: A multicenter study in Japan. Postpartum depression (PPD) and perinatal mental health care are of growing importance worldwide. Here we aimed to develop and validate machine learning models for the prediction of PPD, and to evaluate the usefulness of the recently adopted 2-week postpartum checkup in some parts of Japan for the identification of women at high risk of PPD. A multicenter retrospective study was conducted using the clinical data of 10\u2009013 women who delivered at \u226535\u2009weeks of gestation at 12 maternity care hospitals in Japan. PPD was defined as an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of \u22659 points at 4\u2009weeks postpartum. We developed prediction models using conventional logistic regression and four machine learning algorithms based on the information that can be routinely collected in daily clinical practice. The model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). In the machine learning models developed using clinical data before discharge, the AUROCs were similar to those in the conventional logistic regression models (AUROC, 0.569-0.630 vs. 0.626). The incorporation of additional 2-week postpartum checkup data into the model significantly improved the predictive performance for PPD compared to that without in the Ridge regression and Elastic net (AUROC, 0.702 vs. 0.630 [p\u2009<\u20090.01] and 0.701 vs. 0.628 [p\u2009<\u20090.01], respectively). Our machine learning models did not achieve better predictive performance for PPD than conventional logistic regression models. However, we demonstrated the usefulness of the 2-week postpartum checkup for the identification of women at high risk of PPD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Golodirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a life-shortening X-linked genetic disorder characterized by progressive wasting and weakening of muscles in boys. Loss-of-function mutations in the DMD gene, which codes for dystrophin, lead to this disease. The majority of mutations in this gene result in the exclusion of one or more exons from the transcript, eventually causing the remaining exons not to fit together correctly (i.e., out-of-frame mutations). Antisense oligonucleotides, e.g., phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), can induce therapeutic exon skipping during pre-mRNA processing to restore the reading frame of the primary transcript of DMD. As a result, truncated but partially functional dystrophin is produced, potentially slowing down the disease progression. Golodirsen is a provisionally approved PMO-based drug for approx. 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping. This article summarizes golodirsen's pharmacology, efficacy and safety information. It also discusses some controversies that golodirsen met after the approval.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Golodirsen is a provisionally approved PMO-based drug for approx. 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```CC-122, a pleiotropic pathway modifier, mimics an interferon response and has antitumor activity in DLBCL. Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the target of the immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Recently, it was demonstrated that binding of these drugs to CRBN promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of 2 common substrates, transcription factors Aiolos and Ikaros. Here we report that CC-122, a new chemical entity termed pleiotropic pathway modifier, binds CRBN and promotes degradation of Aiolos and Ikaros in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and T cells in vitro, in vivo, and in patients, resulting in both cell autonomous as well as immunostimulatory effects. In DLBCL cell lines, CC-122-induced degradation or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Aiolos and Ikaros correlates with increased transcription of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes independent of IFN-\u03b1, -\u03b2, and -\u03b3 production and/or secretion and results in apoptosis in both activated B-cell (ABC) and germinal center B-cell DLBCL cell lines. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the cell-of-origin independent antilymphoma activity of CC-122, in contrast to the ABC subtype selective activity of lenalidomide. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the target of the immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein MLKL Breaks Down Myelin following Nerve Injury. Successful regeneration of severed peripheral nerves requires the breakdown and subsequent clearance of\u00a0myelin, tightly packed membrane sheaths of Schwann cells that protect nerve fibers and harbor nerve growth-inhibitory proteins. How Schwann cells initiate myelin breakdown in response to injury is still largely unknown. Here we report that, following sciatic nerve injury, MLKL, a pseudokinase known to rupture cell membranes during necroptotic cell death, is induced and targets the myelin sheath membrane of Schwann cells to promote myelin breakdown. The function of MLKL in disrupting myelin sheaths requires injury-induced phosphorylation of serine 441, an activation signal distinct from the necroptosis-inducing phosphorylation by RIP3 kinase. Mice with Mlkl specifically knocked out in Schwann cells showed delayed myelin sheath breakdown. Lack of MLKL reduced nerve regeneration following injury, whereas overexpression of MLKL accelerated myelin breakdown and promoted the regeneration of axons.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Here we report that, following sciatic nerve injury, MLKL, a pseudokinase known to rupture cell membranes during necroptotic cell death, is induced and targets the myelin sheath membrane of Schwann cells to promote myelin breakdown.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Clinical diagnosis and management of small fiber neuropathy: an update on best practice. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thin myelinated A\u03b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. Common symptoms include neuropathic pain and autonomic disturbances, and the typical clinical presentation is that of a length-dependent polyneuropathy, although other distributions could be present. This review focuses on several aspects of SFN including etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and tests, management, and future perspectives. Diagnostic challenges are discussed, encompassing the role of accurate and standardized assessment of symptoms and signs and providing clues for the clinical practice. The authors discuss the evidence in support of skin biopsy and quantitative sensory testing as diagnostic tests and present an overview of other diagnostic techniques to assess sensory and autonomic fibers dysfunction. The authors also suggest a systematic approach to the etiology including a set of laboratory tests and genetic examinations of sodium channelopathies and other rare conditions that might drive the therapeutic approach based on underlying cause or symptoms treatment. SFN provides a useful model for neuropathic pain whose known mechanisms and cause could pave the way toward personalized treatments.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTRODUCTION: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thin myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. Common symptoms include neuropathic pain and autonomic disturbances, and the typical clinical presentation is that of a length-dependent polyneuropathy, although other distributions could be present.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and antifungal activity of 1,2,3-triazole containing fluconazole analogues. Fluconazole based novel mimics containing 1,2,3-triazole were designed and synthesized as antifungal agents. Their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Compounds 12, 15, and 16 were found to be more potent against Candida fungal pathogens than control drugs fluconazole and amphotericin B. The studies presented here provide structural modification of fluconazole to give 1,2,3-trazole containing molecules. Furthermore, these molecules were evaluated in vivo against Candida albicans intravenous challenge in Swiss mice and antiproliferative activities were tested against human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B and human epithelial carcinoma A431. It was found that compound 12 resulted in 97.4% reduction in fungal load in mice and did not show any profound proliferative effect at lower dose (0.001 mg/ml).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Kidney function and anemia as risk factors for coronary heart disease and mortality: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Kidney failure causes anemia and is associated with a very high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mildly to moderately decreased kidney function is far more common and also is associated with an elevated prevalence of anemia and CHD risk. Recent data suggest an even higher risk of CHD when both conditions are present. We investigated the association of kidney dysfunction and anemia with CHD events (fatal or nonfatal CHD or coronary revascularization procedures) and CHD and all-cause mortality over 12 years of follow-up in 14971 adults aged 45 to 64 years in the ARIC Study. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from calibrated serum creatinine using the MDRD Study equation (< 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 excluded, n = 32). Anemia was defined as hemoglobin level < 13.5 g/dL in men (648/6746, 9.6%) and < 12 g/dL in women (1049/8225, 12.8%). The prevalence of anemia was progressively higher at lower estimated GFR < 75 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (both P < .001) for both men and women. A total of 1635 (10.9%) participants had a CHD event, 360 (2.4%) died of CHD, and 1722 (11.5%) died of any cause during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors, including diabetes, lipid levels, blood pressure, and use of antihypertensive medication, decreased kidney function was associated with a higher risk of recurrent CHD events and mortality from CHD and all causes. These associations were significantly stronger among participants with anemia. The adjusted relative hazards of all-cause mortality associated with moderately decreased versus normal kidney function (GFR 30-59 vs > or = 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2) were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3-2.2) in the absence of anemia and 3.5 (95% CI 2.4-5.1) in the presence of anemia (P interaction = .001). The combination of moderately decreased kidney function and anemia is associated with an increased risk of CHD events and mortality, emphasizing the need to identify individuals with these conditions and evaluate interventions to treat anemia and slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Kidney failure causes anemia and is associated with a very high risk of coronary heart di\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Ubiquitination-Dependent and -Independent Functions of Cereblon in Cancer and Neurological Diseases. Cereblon (CRBN) mediates the teratogenic effect of thalidomide in zebrafish, chickens, and humans. It additionally modulates the anti-myeloma effect of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, which significantly expands the application of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for targeted drug discovery. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CRBN mediates the teratogenicity and anti-myeloma effect of IMiDs have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, the normal physiological functions of endogenous CRBN have not been extensively studied, which prevents the thorough assessment of side effects of the CRBN ligand-based PROTACs in the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases. To advance our understanding of the diverse functions of CRBN, in this review, we will survey the ubiquitination-dependent and -independent functions of CRBN, summarize recent advances in the discovery of constitutive substrates and neo-substrates of CRBN, and explore the molecular functions of CRBN in cancer treatment and in the development of neurological diseases. We will also discuss the potential future directions toward the identification of CRBN substrates/interacting proteins and CRBN ligand-based drug discovery in the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" It additionally modulates the anti-myeloma effect of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is trichotillomania encountered with equali frequency in males and females?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The pathogenesis of, and pharmacological treatment for, Canavan disease. Canavan disease (CD) is an inherited leukodystrophy resulting from mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA). ASPA is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) to produce aspartate and acetate. In this review, we examine the pathologies and clinical presentation in CD, the metabolism and transportation of NAA in the brain, and the hypothetical mechanisms whereby ASPA deficiency results in dysmyelination and a failure of normal brain development. We also discuss therapeutic options that could be used for the treatment of CD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Canavan disease (CD) is an inherited leukodystrophy resulting from mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA). \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Representation of EHR data for predictive modeling: a comparison between UMLS and other terminologies. Predictive disease modeling using electronic health record data is a growing field. Although clinical data in their raw form can be used directly for predictive modeling, it is a common practice to map data to standard terminologies to facilitate data aggregation and reuse. There is, however, a lack of systematic investigation of how different representations could affect the performance of predictive models, especially in the context of machine learning and deep learning. We projected the input diagnoses data in the Cerner HealthFacts database to Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and 5 other terminologies, including CCS, CCSR, ICD-9, ICD-10, and PheWAS, and evaluated the prediction performances of these terminologies on 2 different tasks: the risk prediction of heart failure in diabetes patients and the risk prediction of pancreatic cancer. Two popular models were evaluated: logistic regression and a recurrent neural network. For logistic regression, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) and pancreatic cancer (80.53%) tasks. For recurrent neural network, UMLS worked best for pancreatic cancer prediction (AUROC 82.24%), second only (AUROC 85.55%) to PheWAS (AUROC 85.87%) for dengue hemorrhagic fever prediction. In our experiments, terminologies with larger vocabularies and finer-grained representations were associated with better prediction performances. In particular, UMLS is consistently 1 of the best-performing ones. We believe that our work may help to inform better designs of predictive models, although further investigation is warranted.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" prediction of pancreatic cancer. Two popular models were evaluated: logistic regression and a recurrent neural network.RESULTS: For logistic regression, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81\", \"ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) an\", \"ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) and pancreatic cancer (80.53%) tasks. For recurrent neural netw\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Developing next generation immunomodulatory drugs and their combinations in multiple myeloma. Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy with current treatment choices primarily comprising combination regimens implemented with a risk-adapted approach. Cereblon (CRBN)-targeting immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\". Cereblon (CRBN)-targeting immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs\\u00c2\\u00ae) lenalidomide (LEN) and pomalidomide (POM) play a central role in combination regimens due to their pleiotropic antitumor/immunomodulatory mechanisms that synergize with many anti-myeloma approved or developmental agents.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trial of a Preferential Phosphodiesterase 4B Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition is associated with antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effects that may be beneficial in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550, an oral preferential inhibitor of the PDE4B subtype, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive BI 1015550 at a dose of 18 mg twice daily or placebo. The primary end point was the change from baseline in the forced vital capacity (FVC) at 12 weeks, which we analyzed with a Bayesian approach separately according to background nonuse or use of an antifibrotic agent. A total of 147 patients were randomly assigned to receive BI 1015550 or placebo. Among patients without background antifibrotic use, the median change in the FVC was 5.7 ml (95% credible interval, -39.1 to 50.5) in the BI 1015550 group and -81.7 ml (95% credible interval, -133.5 to -44.8) in the placebo group (median difference, 88.4 ml; 95% credible interval, 29.5 to 154.2; probability that BI 1015550 was superior to placebo, 0.998). Among patients with background antifibrotic use, the median change in the FVC was 2.7 ml (95% credible interval, -32.8 to 38.2) in the BI 1015550 group and -59.2 ml (95% credible interval, -111.8 to -17.9) in the placebo group (median difference, 62.4 ml; 95% credible interval, 6.3 to 125.5; probability that BI 1015550 was superior to placebo, 0.986). A mixed model with repeated measures analysis provided results that were consistent with those of the Bayesian analysis. The most frequent adverse event was diarrhea. A total of 13 patients discontinued BI 1015550 treatment owing to adverse events. The percentages of patients with serious adverse events or severe adverse events were similar in the two trial groups. In this placebo-controlled trial, treatment with BI 1015550, either alone or with background use of an antifibrotic agent, prevented a decrease in lung function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; 1305-0013 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04419506.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"METHODS: In this phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550, an oral preferential inhibitor of the PDE4B subtype, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does RBM24 control QT interval?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```RBM24 controls cardiac QT interval through CaMKII\u03b4 splicing. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II delta (CaMKII\u03b4) is the predominant cardiac isoform and it is alternatively spliced to generate multiple variants. Variable variants allow for distinct localization and potentially different functions in the heart. Dysregulation of CaMKII\u03b4 splicing has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia, and diastolic dysfunction. However, the mechanisms that regulate CaMKII\u03b4 are incompletely understood. Here, we show that RNA binding motif protein 24 (RBM24) is a key splicing regulator of CaMKII\u03b4. RBM24 ablation leads to the aberrant shift of CaMKII\u03b4 towards the \u03b4-C isoform, which is known to activate the L-type Ca current. In line with this, we found marked alteration in Ca```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thus, our data suggest that RBM24 is a critical regulator of CaMKII\\u00ce\\u00b4 to control the cardiac QT interval, highlighting the key role of splicing regulation in cardiac rhythm.\", \"RBM24 controls cardiac QT interval through CaMKII\\u00ce\\u00b4 splicing.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```ERK1/2 antagonize AMPK-dependent regulation of Fc\u03b5RI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) make important contributions to allergic responses via their regulation of degranulation, eicosanoid production, and cytokine expression by mast cells, yet the mechanisms underlying their positive effects on Fc\u03b5RI-dependent signaling are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that mast cell activation and anaphylaxis are negatively regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, little is known about the relationship between ERK1/2-mediated positive and the AMPK-mediated negative regulation of Fc\u03b5RI signaling in mast cells. We investigated possible interactions between ERK1/2 and AMPK in the modulation of mast cell signaling and anaphylaxis. Wild-type or AMPK\u03b12(-/-) mice, or bone marrow-derived mast cells obtained from these mice, were treated with either chemical agents or small interfering RNAs that modulated the activity or expression of ERK1/2 or AMPK to evaluate the functional interplay between ERK1/2 and AMPK in Fc\u03b5RI-dependent signaling. The ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor U0126 and the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-\u03b2-4-ribofuranoside similarly inhibited Fc\u03b5RI-mediated mast cell signals in vitro and anaphylaxis in vivo. ERK1/2-specific small interfering RNA also mimicked this effect on Fc\u03b5RI signals. Moreover, AMPK\u03b12 knockdown or deficiency led to increased Fc\u03b5RI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis that were insensitive to U0126 or activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-\u03b2-4-ribofuranoside, suggesting that the suppression of Fc\u03b5RI signals by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway relies largely on AMPK activation. ERK1/2 controlled AMPK activity by regulating its subcellular translocation. ERK1/2 ablated the AMPK-dependent negative regulatory axis, thereby activating Fc\u03b5RI signals in mast cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ted that mast cell activation and anaphylaxis are negatively regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, little is known about the rela\", \"\\u00ce\\u00b5RI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis that were insensitive to U0126 or activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-\\u00ce\\u00b2-4-ribofuranoside, suggesting that the suppression of Fc\\u00ce\\u00b5RI signals by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway relies largely on AMPK activation. ERK1/2 controlled AMPK activity by regulating its subcellul\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Necrosis and necroptosis in germ cell depletion from mammalian ovary. The maximum number of germ cells is present during the fetal life in mammals. Follicular atresia results in rapid depletion of germ cells from the cohort of the ovary. At the time of puberty, only a few hundred (<1%) germ cells are either culminated into oocytes or further get eliminated during the reproductive life. Although apoptosis plays a major role, necrosis as well as necroptosis, might also be involved in germ cell elimination from the mammalian ovary. Both necrosis and necroptosis show similar morphological features and are characterized by an increase in cell volume, cell membrane permeabilization, and rupture that lead to cellular demise. Necroptosis is initiated by tumor necrosis factor and operated through receptor interacting protein kinase as well as mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. The acetylcholinesterase, cytokines, starvation, and oxidative stress play important roles in necroptosis-mediated granulosa cell death. The granulosa cell necroptosis directly or indirectly induces susceptibility toward necroptotic or apoptotic cell death in oocytes. Indeed, prevention of necrosis and necroptosis pathways using their specific inhibitors could enhance growth/differentiation factor-9 expression, improve survivability as well as the meiotic competency of oocytes, and prevent decline of reproductive potential in several mammalian species and early onset of menopause in women. This study updates the information and focuses on the possible involvement of necrosis and necroptosis in germ cell depletion from the mammalian ovary.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Both necrosis and necroptosis show similar morphological features and are characterized by an increase in cell volume, cell membrane permeabilization, and rupture that lead to cellular demise.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Glofitamab Treatment in Relapsed or Refractory DLBCL after CAR T-Cell Therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR T) treatment has become a standard option for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), which are refractory or relapse after two prior lines of therapy. However, little evidence exists for treatment recommendations in patients who relapse after CAR T-cell treatment and the outcome for such patients is poor. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a monotherapy with the bispecific CD20xCD3 antibody glofitamab in patients who progressed after CAR T treatment. We report nine consecutive patients with progressive DLBCL after preceding CAR T-cell therapy. The patients received a maximum of 12 cycles of glofitamab after a single obinutuzumab pre-treatment at an academic institution. CRS was observed in two patients (grade 2 in both patients). We observed an overall response rate of 67%, with four patients achieving a complete response and a partial remission in two patients. Interestingly, we identified increased persistence of circulating CAR T-cells in peripheral blood in three of the five patients with measurable CAR T-cells. Our data suggest that glofitamab treatment is well tolerated and effective in patients with DLBCL relapsing after CAR T-cell therapy and can enhance residual CAR T-cell activity.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Glofitamab Treatment in Relapsed or Refractory DLBCL after CAR T-Cell Therapy.\", \"In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a monotherapy with the bispecific CD20xCD3 antibody glofitamab in patients who progressed after CAR T treatment. We report nine consecutive patients with progressive DLBCL after preceding CAR T-cell therapy. \", \"Our data suggest that glofitamab treatment is well tolerated and effective in patients with DLBCL relapsing after CAR T-cell therapy and can enhance residual CAR T-cell activity.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mechanism and potential predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC. Lung cancer is currently the highest morbidity and mortality malignancy all over the world. In the past, the treatment options available for patients with lung cancer were mainly chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but after a period of treatment, cancer cells inevitably developed resistance. With the elucidation of the immune escape mechanism of tumor cells recently, immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has shown unparalleled advantages in cancer treatment, becoming a new hope for cancer patients after multi-line treatment failure. Immune checkpoint inhibitors usually belong to monoclonal PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody. Pembrolizumab is one of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors approved by the FDA to treat NSCLC and is currently the only immunotherapy drug approved for first-line treatment of NSCLC in immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, there are still some problems to be solved in the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as the lack of effective biomarkers to predict efficacy. Therefore, in this review, we systematically summarize the possible biomarkers that can affect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-L1 expression and tumor mutation burden.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Pembrolizumab is one of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors approved by the FDA to treat NSCLC and is currently the only immunotherapy drug approved for first-line treatment of NSCLC in immune checkpoint inhibitors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```N.O.T.E.S.: the progression of a novel and emerging technique. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is the latest and perhaps most significant innovation in surgery since Phillipe Mouret of France performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. This new \"minimum-invasive\" concept that promises scar-free surgery is steadily gathering momentum. It is another milestone in our quest to eliminate surgical trauma, speed patient recovery time and decrease surgical wound-related complications. On 22 July 2005, the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR) published a white paper highlighting the barriers to NOTES development, which included the need for appropriate selection of access points, effective closure of the enterotomy site, innovative tools, stable platforms and improved endoscopic orientation. These are just some of the many issues that need to be resolved before the NOTES concept and technique could become a common feature of modern surgery. The publication of the white paper ushered in the beginning of multiple research projects using animal models to test the application of NOTES and its newly developed instruments. The success in animal models was followed by several highly selected successful human trials. National and international surgical innovation departments should now be created where medical industry personnel including inventors, designers and engineers can work together with the medical and surgical providers to address all the limitations affecting NOTES progress.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis, trypanocidal activity and docking studies of novel quinoxaline-N-acylhydrazones, designed as cruzain inhibitors candidates. In this paper, we report the structural design, synthesis, trypanocidal activity and docking studies of novel quinoxaline-N-acylhydrazone (NAH) derivatives, planned as cruzain inhibitors candidates, a cysteine protease essential for the survival of Trypanosoma cruzi within the host cell. The salicylaldehyde N-acylhydrazones 7a and 8a presented IC(50) values of the same magnitude order than the standard drug nifurtimox (Nfx), when tested in vitro against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen 2 strain) and were non-toxic at the highest assayed doses rendering selectivity indexes (IC(50) (macrophages)/IC(50) (Trypanosoma cruzi)) of >25 for 7a and >20 for 8a, with IC(50) values in macrophages >400 microM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Moving towards meaningful measurement: Rasch analysis of the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Reliable measurement of disease progression and the effect of therapeutic interventions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) require clinically meaningful and scientifically sound rating scales. Therefore, we need robust evidence to support such tools. The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a promising, clinician-rated scale with potential uses spanning clinical practice and clinical trials. In this study, we used Rasch analysis to test its suitability in these roles as a measurement instrument. NSAA data from 191 ambulant boys (mean age at assessment 7 y 8 mo, SD 2 y 4 mo; range 3 y 6 mo-15 y 5 mo) with a confirmed diagnosis of DMD were examined for psychometric properties including clinical meaning, targeting, response categories, model fit, reliability, dependency, stability, and raw to interval-level measurement. All analyses were performed using the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model. Overall, Rasch analysis supported the NSAA as being a reliable (high Person Separation Index of 0.91) and valid (good targeting, little misfit, no reversed thresholds) measure of ambulatory function in DMD. One item displayed misfit (lifts head, fit residual 6.9) and there was evidence for some local dependency (stand on right/left leg, climb and descend box step right/left leg, and hop on right/left leg, residual correlations >0.40), which we provide potential solutions for in future use of the NSAA. Importantly, our findings supported good clinical validity in that the hierarchy of items within the scale produced by the analyses was supported by clinical opinion, thus increasing the clinical interpretability of scale scores. In general, Rasch analysis supported the NSAA as a psychometrically robust scale for use in DMD clinical research and trials. This study also demonstrates how Rasch analysis is a useful instrument to detect and understand the key measurement issues of rating scales.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"measurement. All analyses were performed using the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model.RESULTS: Overall, Rasch analysis supported the NSAA as being a reliable (high Person Separation Index of 0.91) and valid (good targeting, little misfit, no reversed thresholds) measure of ambul\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Downregulated Trophinin-Associated Protein Plays a Critical Role in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Upregulation of Tumor Cell Growth and Migration. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) was a protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation and later found to be involved in microtubule regulation. However, little is known about the role of TROAP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we reported that both TROAP mRNA and protein expressions were downregulated in human HCC samples as well as cell lines. A high level of TROAP was associated with small tumor size (p\u2009<\u20090.05), minor tumor nodules (p\u2009<\u20090.01), and mild vein invasion (p\u2009<\u20090.05). We further constructed in vitro TROAP depletion and overexpression HCC cell models. TROAP depletion significantly enhanced the proliferation and colony formation abilities, whereas TROAP overexpression had an inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC cells. The G1/S phase arrest by TROAP overexpression correlated with increased cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, and declined cell cycle promoting kinase complex CDK6/cyclin D1. Depressed TROAP expression enhanced the migration ability, while the opposite influence was observed in TROAP-overexpressed HCC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC. This discovery will further our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of human HCC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) was a protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation and later found to be involved in microtubule regulation.\", \"Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC.\", \"Downregulated Trophinin-Associated Protein Plays a Critical Role in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Upregulation of Tumor Cell Growth and Migration.\", \"TROAP depletion significantly enhanced the proliferation and colony formation abilities, whereas TROAP overexpression had an inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC cells.\", \". Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC. This discovery will further our understanding of \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A critical appraisal of the clinical applicability and risk of bias of the predictive models for mortality and recurrence in patients with oropharyngeal cancer: Systematic review. The use of predictive models is becoming widespread. However, these models should be developed appropriately (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool [PROBAST] statements). Concerning mortality/recurrence in oropharyngeal cancer, we are not aware of any systematic reviews of the predictive models. We carried out a systematic review of the MEDLINE/EMBASE databases of those predictive models. In these models, we analyzed the 11 domains of the CHARMS statement and the risk of bias and applicability, using the PROBAST tool. Six papers were finally included in the systematic review and all of them presented high risk of bias and several limitations in the statistical analysis. The applicability was satisfactory in five out of six studies. None of the models could be considered ready for use in clinical practice.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"However, these models should be developed appropriately (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool [PROBAST] statements).\", \"ist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsess\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```ESCRT-III Acts Downstream of MLKL to Regulate Necroptotic Cell Death and Its Consequences. The activation of mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) results in plasma membrane (PM) disruption and a form of\u00a0regulated necrosis, called necroptosis. Here, we show that, during necroptosis, MLKL-dependent calcium (Ca```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Here, we show that, during necroptosis, MLKL-dependent calcium (Ca2+) influx and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane preceded loss of PM integrity.\", \"The activation of mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) results in plasma membrane (PM) disruption and a form of\\u00c2\\u00a0regulated necrosis, called necroptosis.\", \"Under conditions of necroptotic cell death, ESCRT-III controls the duration of plasma membrane integrity.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Anemia and iron deficiency in the elderly. Prevalence, diagnostics and new therapeutic options]. The prevalence of anemia in geriatric patients is high. With some variation in different patient cohorts, prevalence of anemia can reach 40%. Anemia is not an age-related disease on its own, but is a symptom with multifactorial genesis and high risk potential. It directly influences mortality, morbidity, and the rate of hospitalization, particularly in older patients suffering from chronic heart failure or chronic kidney disease. The high prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease is explained by a combination of erythropoietin and iron deficiency. This review summarizes the recommendations of the iron symposium at the 2010 German Geriatric Society Meeting in Potsdam, Germany. It intends to provide current information on prevalence, diagnostic work-up, and therapeutic options for anemia in the rapidly growing group of elderly patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" The high prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease is explained by a combination of erythropoietin and iron deficiency.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated review of common available therapies. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal progressive pediatric muscle disorder and genetically inherited as an X-linked disease that caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD leads to progressive muscle weakness, degeneration, and wasting; finally, follows with the premature demise in affected individuals due to respiratory and/or cardiac failure typically by age of 30. For decades, scientists tried massively to find an effective therapy method, but there is no absolute cure currently for patients with DMD, nevertheless, recent advanced progressions on the treatment of DMD will be hopeful in the future. Several promising gene therapies are currently under investigation. These include gene replacement, exon skipping, suppression of stop codons. More recently, a promising gene editing tool referred to as CRISPR/Cas9 offers exciting perspectives for restoring dystrophin expression in patients with DMD. This review intents to briefly describe these methods and comment on their advances. Since DMD is a genetic disorder, it should be treated by replacing the deficient DMD copy with a functional one. However, there are different types of mutations in this gene, so such therapeutic approaches are highly mutation specific and thus are personalized. Therefore, DMD has arisen as a model of genetic disorder for understanding and overcoming of the challenges of developing personalized genetic medicines, consequently, the lessons learned from these approaches will be applicable to many other disorders. This review provides an update on the recent gene therapies for DMD that aim to compensate for dystrophin deficiency and the related clinical trials.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Several promising gene therapies are currently under investigation. These include gene replacement, exon skipping, suppression of stop codons.\", \"More recently, a promising gene editing tool referred to as CRISPR/Cas9 offers exciting perspectives for restoring dystrophin expression in patients with DMD.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Olokizumab, a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis inadequately controlled by methotrexate: efficacy and safety results of a randomised controlled phase III study. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olokizumab (OKZ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate (MTX). In this 24-week multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, patients were randomised 1:1:1 to receive subcutaneously administered OKZ 64\u2009mg once every 2 weeks, OKZ 64\u2009mg once every 4 weeks, or placebo plus MTX. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving an American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response at week 12. The secondary efficacy endpoints included percentage of subjects achieving Disease Activity Score 28-joint count based on C reactive protein <3.2, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index at week 12, ACR50 response and Clinical Disease Activity Index \u22642.8 at week 24. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed throughout the study. A total of 428 patients were randomised. ACR20 responses were more frequent with OKZ every 2 weeks (63.6%) and OKZ every 4 weeks (70.4%) than placebo (25.9%) (p<0.0001 for both comparisons). There were significant differences in all secondary efficacy endpoints between OKZ-treated arms and placebo. Treatment-emergent serious adverse events (TESAEs) were reported by more patients in the OKZ groups compared with placebo. Infections were the most common TESAEs. No subjects developed neutralising antidrug antibodies. Treatment with OKZ was associated with significant improvement in signs, symptoms and physical function of rheumatoid arthritis without discernible differences between the two regimens. Safety was as expected for this class of agents. Low immunogenicity was observed. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Olokizumab, a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis inadequately controlled by methotrexate: efficacy and safety results of a randomised controlled phase III study.\", \"OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olokizumab (OKZ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate (MTX).\", \"CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with OKZ was associated with significant improvement in signs, symptoms and physical function of rheumatoid arthritis without discernible differences between the two regimens. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of Litifilimab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Repair or replace? Exploiting novel gene and cell therapy strategies for muscular dystrophies. Muscular dystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Although there is no effective therapy, a number of experimental strategies have been developed over recent years and some of them are undergoing clinical investigation. In this review, we highlight recent developments and key challenges for strategies based upon gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, given the severity and the relatively advanced status of clinical studies for this disease. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"on gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparison of Long-term Ambulatory Function in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Treated with Eteplirsen and Matched Natural History Controls. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, X-linked, fatal, degenerative neuromuscular disease caused by DMD gene mutations. A relationship between exon skipping and dystrophin production in exon 51-amenable patients treated with eteplirsen (EXONDYS 51\u00ae) is established. Once-weekly eteplirsen significantly increased dystrophin, with slower decline in ambulatory function compared to baseline. Long-term treatment with eteplirsen leads to accumulation of dystrophin over time and observed functional benefits in patients with DMD. Compare long-term ambulatory function in eteplirsen-treated patients versus controls. Study 201/202 included 12 eteplirsen-treated patients assessed twice/year for ambulatory function over 4 years. Ambulatory evaluations (6-minute walk test [6MWT], loss of ambulation, and North Star Ambulatory Assessment [NSAA]) were compared with matched controls from Italian Telethon and Leuven registries. At Years 3 and 4, eteplirsen-treated patients demonstrated markedly greater mean 6MWT than controls (difference in change from baseline of 132 m [95%CI (29, 235), p\u200a=\u200a0.015] at Year 3 and 159\u200am [95%CI (66, 253), p\u200a=\u200a0.002] at Year 4). At Year 4, a significantly greater proportion of eteplirsen-treated patients were still ambulant versus controls (10/12 vs 3/11; p\u200a=\u200a0.020). At Year 3, eteplirsen-treated patients demonstrated milder NSAA decline versus controls (difference in change from baseline of 2.6, 95%CI [-6, 11]), however, the difference was not statistically significant; Year 4 control NSAA data were not available. In this retrospective matched control study, eteplirsen treatment resulted in attenuation of ambulatory decline over a 4-year observation period, supporting long-term benefit in patients with DMD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"At Years 3 and 4, eteplirsen-treated patients demonstrated markedly greater mean 6MWT than controls (difference in change from baseline of 132 m [95%CI (29, 235), p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.015] at Year 3 and 159\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160m [95%CI (66, 253), p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.002] at Year 4)\", \"At Year 4, a significantly greater proportion of eteplirsen-treated patients were still ambulant versus controls (10/12 vs 3/11; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.020)\", \" In this retrospective matched control study, eteplirsen treatment resulted in attenuation of ambulatory decline over a 4-year observation period, supporting long-term benefit in patients with DMD.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```N.O.T.E.S.: the progression of a novel and emerging technique. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is the latest and perhaps most significant innovation in surgery since Phillipe Mouret of France performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. This new \"minimum-invasive\" concept that promises scar-free surgery is steadily gathering momentum. It is another milestone in our quest to eliminate surgical trauma, speed patient recovery time and decrease surgical wound-related complications. On 22 July 2005, the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR) published a white paper highlighting the barriers to NOTES development, which included the need for appropriate selection of access points, effective closure of the enterotomy site, innovative tools, stable platforms and improved endoscopic orientation. These are just some of the many issues that need to be resolved before the NOTES concept and technique could become a common feature of modern surgery. The publication of the white paper ushered in the beginning of multiple research projects using animal models to test the application of NOTES and its newly developed instruments. The success in animal models was followed by several highly selected successful human trials. National and international surgical innovation departments should now be created where medical industry personnel including inventors, designers and engineers can work together with the medical and surgical providers to address all the limitations affecting NOTES progress.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mast Cells and Anaphylaxis. For half a century, it has been known that the mast cell is the cell responsible for the majority of anaphylactic events. Its mediators, taken as a whole, are capable of producing all of the clinical manifestations of these events. With the discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE), it was originally felt that the vast majority of anaphylactic episodes were due to antigen coupling with two cell-bound IgE molecules. More recently it has been learned that many episodes are produced by direct activation of mast cells, not involving antigen binding to IgE, and that monomeric IgE under certain conditions can also cause degranulation. Of note--in regard to antigen independent degranulation--are recent reports that the human G-protein-coupled receptor, MRGPRX2, may be the receptor for many drugs and cationic proteins capable of producing direct mast cell degranulation and anaphylactic events.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"For half a century, it has been known that the mast cell is the cell responsible for the majority of anaphylactic events. Its mediators, taken as a whole, are capable of producing all of the clinical manifestations of these events.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeted Covalent Inhibitors for Drug Design. In contrast to the traditional mechanism of drug action that relies on the reversible, noncovalent interaction of a ligand with its biological target, a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) is designed such that the initial, reversible association is followed by the formation of a covalent bond between an electrophile on the ligand and a nucleophilic center in the protein. Although this approach offers a variety of potential benefits (high potency and extended duration of action), concerns over the possible toxicological consequences of protein haptenization have hindered the development of the TCI concept. Recently, approaches to mitigate the risk of serious adverse reactions to this new class of agent have emerged, thus stimulating interest in the field and leading to authorization of the first cadre of TCIs to be marketed. The covalent inhibitor approach is rapidly gaining acceptance as a valuable tool in drug discovery, and is poised to make a major impact on the design of enzyme inhibitors and receptor modulators.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"In contrast to the traditional mechanism of drug action that relies on the reversible, noncovalent interaction of a ligand with its biological target, a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) is designed such that the initial, reversible association is followed by the formation of a covalent bond between an electrophile on the ligand and a nucleophilic center in the protein. Although this approach offers a variety of potential benefits (high potency and extended duration of action), concerns over the possible toxicological consequences of prot\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular mechanisms of cereblon-based drugs. Thalidomide, well known for its potent teratogenicity, has been re-evaluated as a clinically effective drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Although the direct target of thalidomide had been unclear until recently, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary direct target of this drug by affinity purification using ferrite glycidyl methacrylate (FG) beads in 2010. CRBN functions as a unique substrate receptor of cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4). Various ligands including thalidomide bind to CRBN and alter substrate specificity depending on compound shape, resulting in multiple beneficial effects and/or teratogenicity. Lenalidomide, a thalidomide derivative approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), induces the degradation of onco-proteins such as Ikaros and casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1\u03b1), resulting in anti-cancer effects. Recently, novel CRBN-binding compounds have been developed and their mechanisms of action have been analyzed, including identification of CRBN-related ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s). Moreover, the 3D structure of several CRBN-ligand-substrate complexes has been determined. Ligands were shown to work as a molecular glue between CRBN and its neosubstrate. In addition, investigators have been recently developing CRBN-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras to achieve degradation of proteins of interest. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of classical and new CRBN-based drugs are described, and recent advances in this field are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thalidomide, well known for its potent teratogenicity, has been re-evaluated as a clinically effective drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Although the direct target of thalidomide had been unclear until recently, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary direct target of this drug b\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeted exon skipping as a potential gene correction therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is primarily caused by frame-disrupting mutations in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene which abort dystrophin synthesis. We have explored a gene correction therapy aimed at restoration of the reading frame in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Through the binding of antisense oligoribonucleotides to exon-internal sequences in the pre-mRNA, the splicing can be manipulated in such a manner that the targeted exon is skipped and a slightly shorter, but in-frame, transcript is generated. We recently showed that antisense oligoribonucleotide-mediated skipping of exon 46 efficiently induced dystrophin synthesis in cultured muscle cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients carrying an exon 45 deletion. In this study we have identified antisense oligoribonucleotides with which the skipping of 11 other Duchenne muscular dystrophy exons could be induced in cultured human muscle cells. The targeted skipping of only one particular exon may restore the reading frame in a series of patients with different mutations. Accordingly, these antisense oligoribonucleotides would allow correction of over 50% of deletions and 22% of duplications reported in the Leiden DMD-mutation Database.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We recently showed that antisense oligoribonucleotide-mediated skipping of exon 46 efficiently induced dystrophin synthesis in cultured muscle cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients carrying an exon 45 deletion.\", \"Targeted exon skipping as a potential gene correction therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\", \"rophy gene which abort dystrophin synthesis. We have explored a gene correction therapy aimed at restoration of the reading frame in Duchenne muscular\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma. The prognosis of multiple myeloma was quite poor in the last century, but it has significantly improved with the incorporation of novel agents, immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors. Thalidomide was first developed as a sedative in 1950s, but it was withdrawn from the market because of teratogenicity. In 1990s, however, thalidomide received attention due to the discovery of its anticancer potential derived from antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities, and its therapeutic effect on myeloma. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of thalidomide under strict control for the treatment of multiple myeloma. After that, two new IMiDs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, were developed for the sake of more antitumor activity and less adverse events than thalidomide. The molecular mechanism of action of IMiDs remained unclear for a long time until 2010 when the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a primary direct target. IMiDs binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in breakdown of intrinsic downstream proteins such as IKZF1 (Ikaros) and IKZF3 (Aiolos). There are many clinical trials of multiple myeloma using IMiDs under various conditions, and most of them show the efficacy of IMiDs. Nowadays lenalidomide plays a central role in both newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory settings, mainly in combination with other novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. This review presents an overview of recent advances in immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The molecular mechanism of action of IMiDs remained unclear for a long time until 2010 when the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a primary direct target. IMiDs binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```ESCRTing Necroptosis. Necroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that results from MLKL-mediated disruption of the cell membrane. In this issue of Cell, Gong et\u00a0al. challenge the notion that MLKL activation is a point of no return by identifying mechanisms to counterbalance necroptosis, sustain plasma membrane integrity, and prolong cell viability.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Necroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that results from MLKL-mediated disruption of the cell membrane.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Risk assessment and genetic counseling in families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations). The clinically milder Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is allelic to DMD. About 33% of all patients are due to de novo mutations and germ line mosaicism is frequently observed. While in earlier studies equal mutation rates in males and females had been reported, a breakdown by mutation types can better explain the sex ratio of mutations: Point mutations and duplications arise preferentially during spermatogenesis whereas deletions mostly arise in oogenesis. With current analytical methods, the underlying mutation can be identified in the great majority of cases and be used for carrier detection. However, in families with no mutation carrier available, the genetic model to be used for counselling of relatives can be quite complex.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations). \", \"The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations).\", \"While in earlier studies equal mutation rates in males and females had been reported, a breakdown by mutation types can better explain the sex ratio of mutations: Point mutations and duplications arise preferentially during spermatogenesis whereas deletions mostly arise in oogenesis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression in Male Breast Cancer in Comparison with Female Breast Cancer. Male breast cancer is rare, as it represents less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. In addition, male breast cancer appears to have a different biology than female breast cancer. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1\u00a0(PD-L1), seem to have prognostic and predictive values in a variety of cancers, including female breast cancer. However, the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in male breast cancer has not yet been studied. To compare PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in male breast cancer to female breast cancer and to evaluate prognostic values in both groups. Tissue microarrays from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded resection material of 247 female and 164 male breast cancer patients were stained for PD-1 and PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry. PD-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was significantly less frequent in male than in female cancers (48.9 vs. 65.3%, p\u2009=\u20090.002). In contrast, PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells did not differ between the two groups. In male breast cancer, PD-1 and tumor PD-L1 were associated with grade 3 tumors. In female breast cancer, PD-1 and PD-L1 were associated with comparably worse clinicopathological variables. In a survival analysis, no prognostic value was observed for PD-1 and PD-L1 in either male and female breast cancer. In a subgroup analysis, female patients with grade 3/tumor PD-L1-negative or ER-negative/immune PD-L1-negative tumors had worse overall survival. PD-1 seems to be less often expressed in male breast cancer compared to female breast cancer. Although PD-1 and PD-L1 are not definite indicators for good or bad responses, male breast cancer patients may therefore respond differently to checkpoint immunotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors than female patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ast cancer. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1\\u00c2\\u00a0(PD-L1), seem to have prognostic and predictive values in a variety of cancers, including female br\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Thalidomide, cereblon and multiple myeloma]. Cereblon was identified as a direct target of thalidomide by Prof. H. Handa, and this pioneering work triggered active research on IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs), which include thalidomide-derivatives, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide. These small molecules have been shown to bind to cereblon (CRBN) to modulate its activity as a substrate receptor. In addition, structural analyses on CRBN have revealed unique actions of these small agents, by which degradation of transcription factors is controlled in a specific and unique way. I summarize recent progress on CRBN-CRLA ubiquitin ligase and IMiDs, focusing on the therapeutic application of these drugs for treatment of multiple myeloma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon was identified as a direct target of thalidomide by Prof. H. Handa, and this pioneering work triggered active research on IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs), which include thalidomide-derivatives, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```CDK9 keeps RNA polymerase II on track. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), the kinase component of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). By releasing promoter-proximally paused RNAPII into gene bodies, CDK9 controls the entry of RNAPII into productive elongation and is, therefore, critical for efficient synthesis of full-length messenger (m)RNAs. In recent years, new players involved in P-TEFb-dependent processes have been identified and an important function of CDK9 in coordinating elongation with transcription initiation and termination has been unveiled. As the regulatory functions of CDK9 in gene expression continue to expand, a number of human pathologies, including cancers, have been associated with aberrant CDK9 activity, underscoring the need to properly regulate CDK9. Here, I provide an overview of CDK9 function and regulation, with an emphasis on CDK9 dysregulation in human diseases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), the kinase component of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Modulation of KCNQ1 alternative splicing regulates cardiac IKs and action potential repolarization. Slow delayed-rectifier potassium current (IKs) channels, made of the pore-forming KCNQ1 and auxiliary KCNE1 subunits, play a key role in determining action potential duration (APD) in cardiac myocytes. The consequences of drug-induced KCNQ1 splice alteration remain unknown. To study the modulation of KCNQ1 alternative splicing by amiloride and the consequent changes in IKs and action potentials (APs) in ventricular myocytes. Canine endocardial, midmyocardial, and epicardial ventricular myocytes were isolated. Levels of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b as well as a series of splicing factors were quantified by using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The effect of amiloride-induced changes in the KCNQ1b/total KCNQ1 ratio on AP was measured by using whole-cell patch clamp with and without isoproterenol. With 50 \u03bcmol/L of amiloride for 6 hours, KCNQ1a at transcriptional and translational levels increased in midmyocardial myocytes but decreased in endo- and epicardial myocytes. Likewise, changes in splicing factors in midmyocardial were opposite to that in endo- and epicardial myocytes. In midmyocardial myocytes amiloride shortened APD and decreased isoproterenol-induced early afterdepolarizations significantly. The same amiloride-induced effects were demonstrated by using human ventricular myocyte model for AP simulations under beta-adrenergic stimulation. Moreover, amiloride reduced the transmural dispersion of repolarization in pseudo-electrocardiogram. Amiloride regulates IKs and APs with transmural differences and reduces arrhythmogenicity through the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing. We suggested that the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Amiloride regulates IKs and APs with transmural differences and reduces arrhythmogenicity through the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing. We suggested that the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmia.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pathologic grooming behavior: facial dermatillomania. Dermatillomania is a pathologic grooming disorder characterized by repetitive, ritualistic, impulsive skin picking without an underlying dermatologic condition. It can lead to skin damage and distress and can affect patient function. This disorder has not received much attention in the literature, with few studies reporting treatment efficacy. Patients with dermatillomania typically present to primary care physicians and frequently are referred to dermatologists; only rarely do patients receive additional psychiatric consultation that may improve treatment efficacy and decrease morbidity. We provide a case report of long-standing facial dermatillomania and our multimodal treatment approach.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Dermatillomania is a pathologic grooming disorder characterized by repetitive, ritualistic, impulsive skin picking without an underlying dermatologic condition.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Computational comparison of the conventional multislice method and the real space multislice method for simulating exit wavefunctions. The simulation of exit wavefunctions of a TEM sample is carried out by both the conventional multislice (C-MS) method and the real space multislice (RS-MS) method, with a series of different slice thicknesses. Surprisingly, the results calculated by the RS-MS method remain constant to seven significant figures when the slice thicknesses are changed within a wide range, while those calculated by the C-MS method change significantly. From the mathematical point of view, the C-MS method is only a first order approximation of the RS-MS method. Thus, the calculation precision of the RS-MS method is much higher than that of the C-MS method. Or to achieve the same precision, the slice thickness for the RS-MS method can be taken as two orders of magnitude larger than for the C-MS method in the simulation. As a result, the calculation speed for the RS-MS method may be even faster than that for the C-MS method in some cases. For the two advantages stated above, the RS-MS method may be more suitable for precise calculations.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Common genetic variations of the cytochrome P450 1A1 gene and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is a major enzyme in the bioactivation of exogenous procarcinogens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of common genetic variants in CYP1A1 to the HCC risk in Chinese populations has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the association between HCC and four selected tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1, and the risk of CYP1A1 haplotypes/diplotypes in 1006 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 1015 cancer-free controls, from a Han Chinese population. Haplotypes/diplotypes were constructed from observed genotypes using the Haplo.Stats program. Relative risk was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression method. To summarise, we detected an increased HCC risk in rs4646421 variant carriers (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61) and rs2198843 variant carriers (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69), and a reduced risk of HCC (OR 0.70. 95% CI 0.52-0.94) associated with homozygote carriers of rs4886605 variant. These association signals were also observed in non-smokers with rs4646421 (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) and rs4886605 (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.91). Compared to the most common CYP1A1 haplotype CCAG, the haplotype TTGC conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52). Similarly, the TTGC/TTGC diplotype conferred an increased risk of HCC compared with diplotype CCAG/CCAG (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45, P=0.006). Interestingly, the diplotype TTAC/CCAG also conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.22-2.54, P=0.003). Our results suggested that common genetic variants in CYP1A1 may modulate the risk of developing HCC in the study population, particularly in non-smokers. However, our findings need to be validated in at least one independent study of Han Chinese population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Industrializing engineered autologous T cells as medicines for solid tumours. Cell therapy is one of the fastest growing areas in the pharmaceutical industry, with considerable therapeutic potential. However, substantial challenges regarding the utility of these therapies will need to be addressed before they can become mainstream medicines with applicability similar to that of small molecules or monoclonal antibodies. Engineered T cells have achieved success in the treatment of blood cancers, with four chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies now approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies based on their unprecedented efficacy in clinical trials. However, similar results have not yet been achieved in the treatment of the much larger patient population with solid tumours. For cell therapies to become mainstream medicines, they may need to offer transformational clinical effects for patients and be applicable in disease settings that remain unaddressed by simpler approaches. This Perspective provides an industry perspective on the progress achieved by engineered T cell therapies to date and the opportunities and current barriers for accessing broader patient populations, and discusses the solutions and new development strategies required to fully industrialize the therapeutic potential of engineered T cells as medicines.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Engineered T cells have achieved success in the treatment of blood cancers, with four chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies now approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies based on their unprecedented efficacy in clinical trials. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immunopharmacological studies on Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Part VI: Effect on anaphylactic activation events in rat peritoneal mast cells. Mechanism of inhibition of mast cell anaphylaxis by P. kurroa-extract (PK) treatment in rats was investigated. Mast cell-IgE binding, assessed from induction of passive sensitization, was not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence of PK-treatment. Inhibition of membrane-protease release by PK-treatment was suggested by study of gastric secretion and exhibition of saturable synergism with Di-isopropyl fluoro phosphate on inhibition of anaphylactic degranulation. pH-independence of mast cell stabilizing effect negates any PK-influence on phospholipid transmethylation. The results complement findings of earlier studies on indirect effects of PK through alteration of membrane structure/function.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"s not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence of PK-treatment. Inhibition of \", \"s not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The processing of voice identity in developmental prosopagnosia. Developmental prosopagnosia is a disorder of face recognition that is believed to reflect impairments of visual mechanisms. However, voice recognition has rarely been evaluated in developmental prosopagnosia to clarify if it is modality-specific or part of a multi-modal person recognition syndrome. Our goal was to examine whether voice discrimination and/or recognition are impaired in subjects with developmental prosopagnosia. 73 healthy controls and 12 subjects with developmental prosopagnosia performed a match-to-sample test of voice discrimination and a test of short-term voice\u00a0familiarity, as well as a questionnaire about face and voice identification in daily life. Eleven subjects with developmental prosopagnosia scored within the normal range for voice discrimination and voice recognition. One was impaired on discrimination and borderline for recognition, with equivalent scores for face and voice recognition, despite being unaware of voice processing problems. Most subjects with developmental prosopagnosia are not impaired in short-term voice familiarity, providing evidence that developmental prosopagnosia is usually a modality-specific disorder of face recognition. However, there may be heterogeneity, with a minority having additional voice processing deficits. Objective tests of voice recognition should be integrated into the diagnostic evaluation of this disorder to distinguish it from a multi-modal person recognition syndrome.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Developmental prosopagnosia is a disorder of face recognition that is believed to reflect impairments of visual mechanisms. However, voice recognition has rarely been evaluated in developmental pro\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Ferumoxytol for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Iron deficiency anemia is a common occurrence in patients with chronic kidney disease and many patients do not respond well to supplementation with oral iron. There are now five intravenous iron preparations available for use in the chronic kidney disease patient, with ferumoxytol being the most recently approved agent. As opposed to previously available intravenous irons, ferumoxytol has the advantage of not needing a test dose, allowing a large dose of iron (510 mg) to be given in a short period of time by bolus injection, and no reported cases of anaphylaxis. Ferumoxytol has advantages for use in the outpatient setting to treat iron deficiency, in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis and in patients on peritoneal dialysis. The use of ferumoxytol in the hemodialysis population where thrice weekly intravenous access is the norm is less clear. Cost-effectiveness studies and post-approval studies on ferumoxytol as well as changes in the cost structure of dialysis reimbursement will likely have a large impact on the use of this new agent.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency anemia is a common occurrence in patients with chronic kidney disease and many patients do not respond well to supplementation with oral iron.\", \"e treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of AMPK gamma subunit by Cereblon inhibits AMPK activity. Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL), is a major target protein of immunomodulatory drugs. An earlier study demonstrated that CRBN directly interacts with the catalytic \u03b1 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, down-regulating the enzymatic activity of AMPK. However, it is not clear how CRBN modulates AMPK activity. To investigate the mechanism of CRBN-dependent AMPK inhibition, we measured protein levels of each AMPK subunit in brains, livers, lungs, hearts, spleens, skeletal muscles, testes, kidneys, and embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type and Crbn```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL), is a major target protein of immunomodulatory drugs.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Ill-fitting dentures as primary presentation of mantle cell lymphoma: A case report and literature review of the primary mantle cell lymphomas of the hard palate. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen predominantly in males. Common extra-nodal sites of involvement of MCL are Waldeyer's ring, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and peripheral blood. The extra-nodal palatal localization of MCL is quite uncommon. MCL is seen in predominantly older patients, therefore undiagnosed MCL patients are likely to have total prosthesis. In this study, a case of MCL, initially presenting as palatal swelling was reported with relevant literature review and the possible role of dental professionals in the diagnosis of this rare entity was discussed. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen predominantly in males. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prune belly syndrome: Approaches to its diagnosis and management. Prune Belly syndrome (PBS) or Eagle-Barrett syndrome is an anatomo-radiological syndrome consisting of a complex and rare malformation characterized by the following triad of symptoms: deficiency of the abdominal muscles, malformations of the urinary tract, and bilateral cryptorchidism. The exact etiology is unknown, though PBS predominantly occurs in males. The clinical manifestations can vary widely, from stillbirth to renal and major respiratory dysplasia to almost normal children. The current study included a total of 3 patients. The findings included clinical characteristics, diagnostics, therapy, and clinical outcomes. All patients were diagnosed with congenital aplasia of the abdominal wall and a variety of urogenital malformations. Cryptorchidism and a mega-bladder were observed in 2 patients and distinctive renal malformations, such as renal dysplasia, were observed in 1 patient. Treatment varies but usually includes surgical management of symptoms. One patient required urgent urinary surgery; a vesicotomy was urgently performed due to anuria. These aspects explain the great diversity of opinions on the approach to this syndrome, but the severity of renal dysplasia is the main prognostic factor. Two newborns died a few days later due to severe renal failure. Despite these concerns, many patients with PBS report being in physical and mental health and having a good quality of life.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prune Belly syndrome (PBS) or Eagle-Barrett syndrome is an anatomo-radiological syndrome consisting of a complex and rare malformation characterized by the following triad of symptoms: deficiency of the abdominal muscles, malformations of the urinary tract, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Post-translational control of RIPK3 and MLKL mediated necroptotic cell death. Several programmed lytic and necrotic-like cell death mechanisms have now been uncovered, including the recently described receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3)-mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-dependent necroptosis pathway. Genetic experiments have shown that programmed necrosis, including necroptosis, can play a pivotal role in regulating host-resistance against microbial infections. Alternatively, excess or unwarranted necroptosis may be pathological in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of the post-translational control of RIPK3-MLKL necroptotic signaling. We discuss the critical function of phosphorylation in the execution of necroptosis, and highlight the emerging regulatory roles for several ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. Finally, based on current evidence, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the essential, and possibly terminal, necroptotic effector, MLKL, triggers the disruption of cellular membranes to cause cell lysis. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"chanisms by which the essential, and possibly terminal, necroptotic effector, MLKL, triggers the disruption of cellular membranes to cause cell lysis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The therapeutic potential of PROTACs. PROTACs represent a novel class of heterobifunctional molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and to an E3 ligase complex, resulting in the transfer of ubiquitin and initiating a process ultimately causing the proteasomal degradation of the target protein. This mechanism of action imbues PROTACs with the ability to modulate target biology in unique ways compared to inhibitors, and the development of PROTACs as therapeutic agents is expected to result in new medicines to treat multiple diseases. This review includes published PCT (WO) patent applications covering January 2013 through June 2020. Only English-language patent applications with exemplified PROTACs reported to degrade a target protein(s) were deemed in scope, and the definition of 'PROTAC' was restricted to a bifunctional molecule which contains a discrete binding element for a specific degradation target(s), as well as a separate discrete E3 ligase-binding moiety. Delivering on the enormous potential of PROTACs will require the development of PROTAC medicines that are differentiated from traditional small-molecule inhibitors. The modular composition of PROTACs affords both opportunities and challenges in securing robust intellectual property, and we envision that requirements for novelty are likely to evolve as this area matures.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTRODUCTION: PROTACs represent a novel class of heterobifunctional molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and to an E3 ligase complex, resulting in the transfer of ubiquitin and initiating a process ultimately causing the proteasomal degradation of the t\", \"uary 2013 through June 2020. Only English-language patent applications with exemplified PROTACs reported to degrade a target protein(s) were deemed in scope, and the definition of 'PROTAC' was restricted to a bifunctional molecule which contains a discrete binding element for a specific degradation target(s), as well as a separate discrete E3 ligase-binding moiety.EXPERT OPINION: Delivering on the enormous potential of PROTACs will require the development of PROTAC medicines that are differentiate\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a sudden onset, immediate reaction that implies a risk of death. Think of a \"rule of 2s\" for anaphylaxis, which implies that reactions usually begin within 2 minutes to 2 hours after injection, infusion, ingestion, contact, or inhalation. Fatalities can be from asphyxiation from laryngeal or oropharyngeal swelling, collapse from hypotensive shock, cardiac arrest, or acute severe bronchoconstriction that causes respiratory failure and arrest. When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable. The preformed mediators from mast cells include histamine, tryptase, carboxypeptidase A, and proteoglycans (heparin, chondroitin sulfates). Newly synthesized mediators include prostaglandin D\u2082, leukotriene D\u2084, and platelet activating factor. Crucial actions of the mediators include an abrupt increase in vascular permeability, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Anaphylaxis can be classified into immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic based on the associated mechanism. For example, immunologic causes of anaphylaxis are those mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies acting through the Fc\u03b5R I (foods, insect venom, 32 \u03b2-lactam antibiotics), whereas non-IgE immunologic anaphylaxis is mediated without the presence of anti-allergen IgE antibodies or ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Idiopathic anaphylaxis involves mast cell activation (acutely elevated urine histamine or serum tryptase) and activated lymphocytes.\", \"When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-L1 blockade improves survival in experimental sepsis by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction. Lymphocyte apoptosis and monocyte dysfunction play a pivotal role in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Programmed death-1 (PD1) and its ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) exert inhibitory function by regulating the balance among T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. PD-1 deficiency or blockade has been shown to improve survival in murine sepsis. However, PD-L1 and PD-1 differ in their expression patterns and the role of PD-L1 in sepsis-induced immunosuppression is still unknown. Sepsis was induced in adult C57BL/6 male mice via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on peripheral T cells, B cells and monocytes were measured 24 hours after CLP or sham surgery. Additionally, the effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on lymphocyte number, apoptosis of spleen and thymus, activities of caspase-8 and caspase-9, cytokine production, bacterial clearance, and survival were determined. Expression of PD-1 on T cells, B cells and monocytes and PD-L1 on B cells and monocytes were up-regulated in septic animals compared to sham-operated controls. PD-L1 blockade significantly improved survival of CLP mice. Anti-PD-L1 antibody administration prevented sepsis-induced depletion of lymphocytes, increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and interleukin (IL)-6 production, decreased IL-10 production, and enhanced bacterial clearance. PD-L1 blockade exerts a protective effect on sepsis at least partly by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction. Anti-PD-L1 antibody administration may be a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis-induced immunosuppression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"osuppression. Programmed death-1 (PD1) and its ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) exert inhibitory function by regulating the balance among T cell activation, tolerance, and im\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics. Sunlight is attenuated rapidly in the ocean, resulting in little visually useful light reaching deeper than approximately 1000 m in even the clearest water. To maximize sensitivity to the relatively brighter downwelling sunlight, to view the silhouette of animals above them, and to increase the binocular overlap of their eyes, many mesopelagic animals have developed upward-pointing tubular eyes. However, these sacrifice the ability to detect bioluminescent and reflective objects in other directions. Thus, some mesopelagic fish with tubular eyes extend their visual fields laterally and/or ventrally by lensless ocular diverticula, which are thought to provide unfocused images, allowing only simple detection of objects, with little spatial resolution. Here, we show that a medial mirror within the ventrally facing ocular diverticulum of the spookfish, Dolichopteryx longipes, consisting of a multilayer stack derived from a retinal tapetum, is used to reflect light onto a lateral retina. The reflective plates are not orientated parallel to the surface of the mirror. Instead, plate angles change progressively around the mirror, and computer modeling indicates that this provides a well-focused image. This is the first report of an ocular image being formed in a vertebrate eye by a mirror.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```MiR-532-3p suppresses cell viability, migration and invasion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through targeting TROAP. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled. The differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were obtained by analyzing the related data sets of ccRCC in TCGA. The expression levels of mRNAs and miRNAs in the cell were detected by qRT-PCR, while the protein levels were characterized by western blot. The viability, migratory and invasive abilities of ccRCC cells were determined by MTT, wound healing and cell invasion assays. The combination of miRNA target site prediction and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified the binding relationship between miR-532-3p and TROAP. Research on ccRCC displayed that TROAP expression was upregulated, while miR-532-3p was down-regulated. Besides, upregulation of TROAP could accelerate viability, migratory and invasive potentials of ccRCC cells. On the contrary, miR-532-3p could downregulate TROAP level, but TROAP upregulation reversed the viability, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells. MiR-532-3p could attenuate the viability, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells by targeting TROAP. This may generate novel insights into molecular therapeutic targets for ccRCC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mantle cell lymphoma proliferates upon IL-10 in the CD40 system. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by a poor response to therapy and short survival. To assess the proliferative capacity, we cultured MCL cells, using irradiated 3T6 mouse fibroblasts transfected with human CD40L ('CD40 system') in the presence of different cytokines. Proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and by CFSE fluorescence. Thirteen out of 16 MCL cases proliferated well in the CD40 system. In 10 cases a strong response upon further addition of IL-10 was seen, whereas IL-4 had an additional effect in only four cases. CFSE staining of cells before and after culture showed an increased number of cell divisions in the IL-10/CD40L stimulated cells. The MCL cells remained CD5+CD19+. Neither plasma cell differentiation nor isotype switching was seen. The light chain expression was strictly monoclonal. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF did not stimulate MCL proliferation. IL-10 receptor expression correlated with the response to IL-10 in the culture system and the effect of added IL-10 could be blocked by antibodies directed against IL-10 and the IL-10 receptor. Autocrine IL-10 production by the MCL cells was detected in eight of 10 cases tested. IL-10 receptor blocking decreased proliferation when no exogenous IL-10 was used in four of seven cases tested. EBV assessed by EBER in situ hybridization was not detected in six cases tested. In conclusion, MCL can successfully be cultured upon CD40 stimulation if 3T6 CD40L+ cells are used. In this context IL-10 is a costimulatory factor. IL-10 receptor expression seems to correlate with response to CD40 crosslinking and IL-10. Autocrine IL-10 production might play a role in the proliferation of this lymphoma. This culture system may be useful to test new treatment strategies for this, thus far, therapy-resistant lymphoma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by a poor response to therapy and short survival.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Traceless Staudinger ligation enabled parallel synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimera linker variants. A parallel, one-pot assembly approach to proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is demonstrated utilizing activated esters generated in situ, and traceless Staudinger ligation chemistry. The method described allows for rapid structure-activity relationship studies of PROTAC linker variants. Two previously studied systems, cereblon and BRD4 degraders, are examined as test cases for the synthetic method. The two related strategies to assemble PROTAC linker variants discussed can accommodate the chromotographic separations capabilities of labs of many sizes and incorporates commercially available degrader building blocks, thereby easing synthetic entry into PROTAC chemical space.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"A parallel, one-pot assembly approach to proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is demonstrated utilizing activated esters generated in situ, and traceless Staudinger ligation chemistry.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Protein targeting chimeric molecules specific for dual bromodomain 4 (BRD4) and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) proteins in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and bromodomain 4 (BRD4) are both attractive therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we developed a small-molecule BRD4 and PLK1 degrader HBL-4 based on PROTAC technology, which leads to fast, efficient, and prolonged degradation of BRD4 and PLK1 in MV4-11\u202fcells tested in\u00a0vitro and vivo, and potent anti-proliferation and BRD4 and PLK1 degradation ability in human acute leukemia MOLM-13 and KG1 cells. Meanwhile, HBL-4 more effectively suppresses c-Myc levels than inhibitor BI2536, resulting in more effective inducing apoptosis activity in MV4-11\u202fcells. At the same time, HBL-4 induced dramatically improved efficacy in the MV4-11 tumor xenograft model as compared with BI2536. This study is, to our knowledge, the first reports about dual PLK1 and BRD4 degraders, which potentially represents an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation. Two human epithelial cell lines, trophoblastic teratocarcinoma HT-H and endometrial adenocarcinoma SNG-M cells, adhere to each other at their respective apical cell surfaces in a divalent cation-independent manner. Two novel molecules responsible for the adhesion between these two cell types were identified by expression cDNA cloning. One, named trophinin, is an intrinsic membrane protein and mediates homophilic self-binding. Another, named tastin, is a cytoplasmic protein and is necessary for trophinin to function as a cell adhesion molecule. Trophinin and tastin appear to be associated with the cytoskeleton in HT-H and SNG-M cells. These molecules are normally not expressed in various types of human cells in tissues, with the exception of macrophages. Strong expression of these molecules was detected in the trophectoderm surface of monkey blastocyst. These molecules are also expressed in human endometrial surface epithelium on day 16/17 at the early secretory phase of human endometrium, the time consistent with that expected for the \"implantation window.\"```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Common genetic variations of the cytochrome P450 1A1 gene and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is a major enzyme in the bioactivation of exogenous procarcinogens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of common genetic variants in CYP1A1 to the HCC risk in Chinese populations has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the association between HCC and four selected tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1, and the risk of CYP1A1 haplotypes/diplotypes in 1006 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 1015 cancer-free controls, from a Han Chinese population. Haplotypes/diplotypes were constructed from observed genotypes using the Haplo.Stats program. Relative risk was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression method. To summarise, we detected an increased HCC risk in rs4646421 variant carriers (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61) and rs2198843 variant carriers (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69), and a reduced risk of HCC (OR 0.70. 95% CI 0.52-0.94) associated with homozygote carriers of rs4886605 variant. These association signals were also observed in non-smokers with rs4646421 (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) and rs4886605 (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.91). Compared to the most common CYP1A1 haplotype CCAG, the haplotype TTGC conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52). Similarly, the TTGC/TTGC diplotype conferred an increased risk of HCC compared with diplotype CCAG/CCAG (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45, P=0.006). Interestingly, the diplotype TTAC/CCAG also conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.22-2.54, P=0.003). Our results suggested that common genetic variants in CYP1A1 may modulate the risk of developing HCC in the study population, particularly in non-smokers. However, our findings need to be validated in at least one independent study of Han Chinese population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mosunetuzumab: First Approval. Mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio\\u00c2\\u00ae), an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody, is being developed by Roche for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A Rapid Shift from Chronic Hyperoxia to Normoxia Induces Systemic Anaphylaxis via Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Channels on Mast Cells. Extensive activation of mast cells is the major switch that triggers systemic anaphylaxis, resulting in the subsequent release of anaphylactic mediators into circulation. We previously demonstrated that rapid changes in oxygen tension lead to mast cell degranulation, and the released tryptase triggers retinal angiogenesis in a murine oxygen-induced retinopathy model. However, whether a rapid shift from hyperoxia to normoxia (relative hypoxic stress) is a risk factor for systemic anaphylaxis remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the relative hypoxia stress induces systemic mast cell activation via transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels, which immediately leads to hypothermia and increased vascular permeability in adult mice. Although mast cell-deficient or TRPA1-deficient mice did not exhibit anaphylactic symptoms following a rapid sift to normoxia, preinjection with bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) derived from wild-type TRPA1-expressing mice restored anaphylactic responses. In addition, we found that the rapid reductions in oxygen tension in a culture atmosphere triggered the degranulation of BMCMCs derived from wild-type TRPA1-expressing mice but not that of BMCMCs derived from TRPA1-deficient mice. In human LAD2 mast cells, the relative hypoxic stress led to the degranulation, which was suppressed by the addition of a TRPA1 inhibitor. Gradual reductions from hyperoxia to normoxia led to no anaphylactic symptoms. Our results demonstrated that TRPA1-triggered mast cell degranulation is a novel pathway that induces anaphylactic shock without Ag-Ab reactions. These findings introduce a potential role for oxygen in inducing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis and highlight the need to reconsider chronic pure oxygen therapy for anoxic diseases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Extensive activation of mast cells is the major switch that triggers systemic anaphylaxis, resulting in the subsequent release of anaphylactic mediators into circulation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hydrology, rheumatology, and rehabilitation: the campaigning of Fortescue Fox. Soon after qualification, Fortescue Fox (1858-1940) began practice in a Scottish spa where he acquired a lifelong interest in chronic disorders, especially arthritis. He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology. At the start of the First World War, his interests turned to the handling of war casualties and a seminal work on physical treatment and rehabilitation was published in 1916. He set up a physical treatment clinic for damaged soldiers and co-founded a residential community where such treatment could be coupled with paid work in rural crafts. After the war Fox was a founder and president of the International League against Rheumatism and helped establish a groundbreaking outpatient clinic from which academic rheumatology in the UK developed. Yet he is not seen as a founding father of British rheumatology, having been on the losing side of an argument about the focus of the specialty. In medical rehabilitation he does have that honour.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Soon after qualification, Fortescue Fox (1858-1940) began practice in a Scottish spa where he acquired a lifelong interest in chronic disorders, especially arthritis. He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology\", \"He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.\", \" He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Selective fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp by 8-oxodeoxyguanosine in ODN. The 8-oxoG-clamp, a specific fluorescent probe for 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), was incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) within or at the 3'-end of the purine and the pyrimidine sequences. Based on the UV-melting temperature, the 8-oxoG-clamp showed slightly lower stabilizing effects on the duplexes containing 8-oxo-dG at the complementary site than that with dG. On the other hand, 8-oxo-dG in DNA was selectively detected by fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Clinical importance of molecular markers of adult diffuse glioma. In 2016, the WHO incorporated molecular markers, in addition to histology, into the diagnostic classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours. This improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostication: oligo-astrocytoma no longer exists as a clinical entity; isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is a smaller category with better prognosis; IDH wild-type 'low-grade' glioma has a much poorer prognosis; and glioblastoma is divided into IDH mutant (with an better prognosis than pre-2016 glioblastoma) and IDH wild type (with a poorer prognosis). Previous advice based on phenotype alone will change with respect to median survival, best management plan and response to treatment. There are implications for routine neuropathology reporting and future trial design. Cases that are difficult to classify may need more advanced molecular genetic classification through DNA methylation-based classification of CNS tumours (Heidelberg Classifier). We discuss the practical implications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostication: oligo-astrocytoma no longer exists as a clinical entity; isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is a smaller category with better prognosis; IDH wild-type 'low-grade' glioma has a much poorer prognosis; and glioblastoma is divided into IDH mutant (with an better prognosis than pre-2016 glioblastoma) and IDH wild type (with a poorer prognosis).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Normal recognition of famous voices in developmental prosopagnosia. Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a condition characterised by lifelong face recognition difficulties. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest that DP may be associated with aberrant structure and function in multimodal regions of cortex implicated in the processing of both facial and vocal identity. These findings suggest that both facial and vocal recognition may be impaired in DP. To test this possibility, we compared the performance of 22 DPs and a group of typical controls, on closely matched tasks that assessed famous face and famous voice recognition ability. As expected, the DPs showed severe impairment on the face recognition task, relative to typical controls. In contrast, however, the DPs and controls identified a similar number of voices. Despite evidence of interactions between facial and vocal processing, these findings suggest some degree of dissociation between the two processing pathways, whereby one can be impaired while the other develops typically. A possible explanation for this dissociation in DP could be that the deficit originates in the early perceptual encoding of face structure, rather than at later, post-perceptual stages of face identity processing, which may be more likely to involve interactions with other modalities.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a condition characterised by lifelong face recognition difficulties.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Catamenial Pneumothorax as the First Expression of Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome and Pelvic Endometriosis. The menstrual-related catamenial pneumothorax (CP) can be the first expression of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), which is the presence of endometriotic lesions in the lungs and pleura, and pelvic endometriosis (PE). This study aims to analyze our experience with this specific correlation describing our multidisciplinary approach to CP. Hospital records of 32 women, operated for CP at our Department from January 2001 to December 2021 were reviewed. Surgical treatment consisted of videothoracoscopy and laparoscopy when indicated. TES and PE were diagnosed in 13 (40.6%) and 12 (37.5%) women, respectively. The association of TES and PE was present in 11 cases (34%). Fifteen patients (46.9%) underwent laparoscopy, of which 11 concurrently with videothoracoscopy. Most of the patients affected had stage III-IV endometriosis (40.6%). All patients received hormonal therapy after surgery. Five patients with PE conceived spontaneously resulting in six live births. The mean follow-up was 117 \u00b1 71 months (range 8-244). Pneumothorax recurrence occurred in six patients (18.8%). At present, all women are asymptomatic, with no sign of pneumothorax recurrence. CP might be the first expression of TES and/or PE. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated for optimal management of the disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Catamenial Pneumothorax as the First Expression of Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome and Pelvic Endometriosis.\", \"OBJECTIVE: The menstrual-related catamenial pneumothorax (CP) can be the first expression of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), which is the presence of endometriotic lesions in the lungs and pleura, and pelvic endometriosis (PE).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel, substituted 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium P2X7 antagonists. Iminium quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPA) have been found to be novel P2X(7) antagonists. To assess their structure-activity relationships, these compounds were modified at their R(1) and R(2) groups and assayed for their ability to inhibit the 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP)-induced uptake of fluorescent ethidium by HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human P2X(7) receptor, and their ability to inhibit BzATP-induced IL-1beta release by differentiated THP-1 cells. Compounds 15a and 15d, with alkyl groups at the R(1) position, and especially compound 19h, with the 2-NO(2)-4,5-dimethoxy-benzyl group at the R(2) position, had potent inhibitory efficacy as P2X(7) antagonists.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTAC-DB: an online database of PROTACs. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel therapeutic technology with potential advantages over traditional inhibition strategies. In the past few years, this technology has achieved substantial progress and two PROTACs have been advanced into phase I clinical trials. However, this technology is still maturing and the design of PROTACs remains a great challenge. In order to promote the rational design of PROTACs, we present PROTAC-DB, a web-based open-access database that integrates structural information and experimental data of PROTACs. Currently, PROTAC-DB consists of 1662 PROTACs, 202 warheads (small molecules that target the proteins of interest), 65 E3 ligands (small molecules capable of recruiting E3 ligases) and 806 linkers, as well as their chemical structures, biological activities, and physicochemical properties. Except the biological activities of warheads and E3 ligands, PROTAC-DB also provides the degradation capacities, binding affinities and cellular activities for PROTACs. PROTAC-DB can be queried with two general searching approaches: text-based (target name, compound name or ID) and structure-based. In addition, for the convenience of users, a filtering tool for the searching results based on the physicochemical properties of compounds is also offered. PROTAC-DB is freely accessible at http://cadd.zju.edu.cn/protacdb/.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel ther\", \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel therapeutic technology with potential advantages over traditional inhibition strategies.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Categorising trajectories and individual item changes of the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Functional variability among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well recognised and complicates interpretation of clinical studies. We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score. We also explored associations with other variables such as age, functional abilities, and genotype. Using the NorthStar Clinical Network database, 395 patients with >1 NSAA assessment were identified. We utilised latent class trajectory analysis of longitudinal NSAA scores, which produced evidence for at least four clusters of boys sharing similar trajectories versus age in decreasing order of clinical severity: 25% of the boys were in cluster 1 (NSAA falling to \u2264 5 at age ~10y), 35% were in cluster 2 (NSAA \u2264 5 ~12y), 21% in were cluster 3 (NSAA\u2264 5 ~14y), and 19% in cluster 4 (NSAA > 5 up to 15y). Mean ages at diagnosis of DMD were similar across clusters (4.2, 3.9, 4.3, and 4.8y, respectively). However, at the first NSAA assessment, a significant (p<0.05) association was observed between earlier declining clusters and younger age, worse NSAA, slower rise from supine, slower 10 metre walk/run times, and younger age of steroid initiation. In order to assess the probability of observing complete loss of function for individual NSAA items, we examined the proportion of patients who shifted from a score of 1 or 2 at baseline to a score of 0. We also assessed the probability of gain of function using the inverse assessment and stratified the probability of deterioration, improvement-or static behavior-by age ranges and using baseline functional status. Using this tool, our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the NSAA in a large population of patients with DMD and, for the first time, describes discrete clusters of disease progression; this will be invaluable for future DMD clinical trial design and interpretation of findings.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.\", \"Functional variability among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well recognised and complicates interpretation of clinical studies. We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Renal anemia - an important secondary disease in renal insufficiency]. Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal disease. The main cause of renal anemia is the inadequately low production of endogenous erythropoietin. Often the patients develop an additional absolute or functional iron deficiency, which complicates the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Substitution of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) is the most effective therapy. The goal is a stable haemoglobin level >11 g/dl. An often additional existing iron deficiency should be balanced adequately according to the guidelines. With consequent and early treatment morbidity, mortality, and quality of life can be effectively improved.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal diseas\", \"Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Lenacapavir: First Approval. Lenacapavir (Sunlenca```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Lenacapavir (Sunlenca\\u00c2\\u00ae) is a long-acting capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type\\u00c2\\u00a01 (HIV-1) being developed by Gilead Sciences Inc. \", \"In August 2022, lenacapavir received its first approval in the EU for use in combination with other antiretroviral(s) in adults with multi-drug resistant HIV infection, for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive anti-viral regimen. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of lenacapavir leading to this first approval for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients]. In chronic kidney disease, anemia and malnutrition coupled with inflammation as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrom are common and considered as morbidity-mortality factors. The link between these two factors has been described at length in the literature highlighting an association of malnutrition with iron deficiency considered itself as one of the causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease (non-dialysis and hemodialysis). Our study aims to know the prevalence of these two factors in a population of chronic kidney disease (non-dialysis and hemodialysis) of Algiers and to highlight the possible associations between them. This is a multicentre, cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out over a period of 6months (August 2018 to January 2019). Anemia and malnutrition were assessed by various biological and clinical tools such as the malnutrition inflammation score and the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism criteria. Statistical tests were performed on the R studio software, considering P<0.05 as a statistically significant value. Two hundred and nine patients on chronic kidney disease were included (90\u00a0non dialysis and 119\u00a0hemodialysis). The median age was 70 (IQR=16) for non dialysis and 56 (IQR=16.5) for hemodialysis. The prevalence of anemia was 66.66% (n=60) in non dialysis and 70.58% (n=84) in hemodialysis. Absolute iron deficiency anemia was higher in non dialysis (48.33%; n=29) while functional iron deficiency anemia was higher in hemodialysis (34.52%; n=29). The prevalence of malnutrition by malnutrition inflammation score was relatively low. Only functional iron deficiency anemia was associated with malnutrition. The prevalence of anemia was higher in Algerian chronic kidney disease (non-dialysis and hemodialysis) unlike malnutrition which remains associated with functional iron deficiency anemia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients]\", \" chronic kidney disease, anemia and malnutrition coupled with inflammation as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrom are common and considered as morbidity-mortality factors\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Association Between AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Administration and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality. Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab [Evusheld; AstraZeneca]) has been found effective among immunocompromised individuals (ICIs) in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease in ICIs. We evaluated the association between AZD7442 administration and SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease (COVID-19 hospitalization and all-cause mortality) among selected ICIs, during a fifth Omicron-dominated wave of COVID-19 (December 2021-April 2022) in Israel. ICIs aged \u226512 years identified in the Maccabi HealthCare Services database were invited by SMS/e-mail to receive AZD7442. Demographic information, comorbidities, coronavirus vaccination, and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcome data (infection, severe disease) were extracted from the database. Rates of infection and severe disease were compared between those administered AZD7442 and those who did not respond to the invitation over a 3-month period. Of all 825 ICIs administered AZD7442, 29 (3.5%) became infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared with 308 (7.2%) of 4299 ICIs not administered AZD7442 (P < .001). After adjustment, the AZD7442 group was half as likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 than the nonadministered group (OR: .51; 95% CI: .30-.84). One person in the AZD7442 group (0.1%) was hospitalized for COVID-19 compared with 27 (0.6%) in the nonadministered group (P = .07). No mortality was recorded among the AZD7442 group compared with 40 deaths (0.9%) in the nonadministered group (P = .005). After adjustment, ICIs administered AZD7442 were 92% less likely to be hospitalized/die than those not administered AZD7442 (OR: .08; 95% CI: .01-.54). AZD7442 among ICIs may protect against Omicron variant infection and severe disease and should be considered for pre-exposure prophylactic AZD7442.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Association Between AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Administration and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality.\", \"BACKGROUND: Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab, (Evusheld)) has been found effective among immunocompromised individuals (ICI) in reducing Sars-Cov-2 infection and severe disease in ICIs. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mitapivat in adult patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency receiving regular transfusions (ACTIVATE-T): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial. Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mitapivat in adults with pyruvate kinase deficiency receiving regular transfusions. ACTIVATE-T was an open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial conducted in 20 centres across Europe, North America, and Asia. Eligible participants were adults (aged \u226518 years) with a clinical laboratory confirmation of pyruvate kinase deficiency receiving regular transfusions (at least six episodes in the previous year). Participants received oral mitapivat during a 16-week dose-optimisation period (5 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg twice daily) and 24-week fixed-dose period. The primary endpoint was a reduction in transfusion burden (\u226533% reduction in number of RBC units transfused during the fixed-dose period, compared with the participant's individual historical transfusion burden, standardised to 24 weeks). Efficacy and safety were assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of mitapivat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03559699, and is complete. Between June 26, 2018, and Feb 4, 2020, 27 participants (20 [74%] female and seven [26%] male; 20 [74%] White, three [11%] Asian, and four [15%] not reported) were enrolled and received at least one dose of mitapivat. Median duration of exposure to mitapivat was 40\u00b73 weeks (IQR 40\u00b70-41\u00b73). A reduction in transfusion burden by at least 33% was found in ten (37%) participants (95% CI 19-58; p=0\u00b70002). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were increase in alanine aminotransferase (ten [37%] participants), headache (ten [37%]), increase in aspartate aminotransferase (five [19%]), fatigue (five [19%]), and nausea (five [19%]). Two grade 3 treatment-emergent adverse events were related to study treatment: joint swelling (one participant [4%]) and an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (one participant [4%]). Three participants had serious treatment-emergent adverse events, none related to the study treatment: increased blood triglycerides, ovarian cyst, and renal colic (each in one participant [4%]). No treatment-related deaths were observed. Mitapivat represents a novel therapy that can reduce transfusion burden in some adults with pyruvate kinase deficiency receiving regular transfusions, and is the first disease-modifying agent approved in this disease. Agios Pharmaceuticals.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A Case of Nutcracker Syndrome Combined with Wilkie Syndrome with Unusual Clinical Presentation. BACKGROUND Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie's syndrome are rare vascular diseases due to the abnormal course of the superior mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta with reduced angle (<22\u00b0) and consequent compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker) and duodenum (Wilkie). Here, we report the case of a patient with a rare combination of these 2 syndromes and with unusual clinical manifestation of post-prandial pain. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a young male patient with rapid weight loss, coupled with post-prandial abdominal pain, with sub-acute onset, not associated with other symptoms. The ultrasound examination found an aorto-mesenteric angle of 18\u00b0 and compression of the left renal vein and left varicocele. A CT study was performed to exclude oncological diseases and/or other pathologies responsible for the pain and weight loss, which confirmed the ultrasound findings and showed compression of the third part of the duodenum. The patient underwent endovascular treatment, with stent placement in the left renal vein, which resolved the vascular compression and of the duodenum, with regression of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The ultrasound scan promptly highlighted the reduction of the aorto-mesenteric angle and the signs of venous congestion of the left renal vein. Based on this experience, in patients with weight loss and post-prandial pain, in our opinion, diagnostic investigations should also be extended to the study of the aorto-mesenteric angle to confirm or exclude any vascular and/or duodenal compression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie's syndrome are rare vascular diseases due to the abnormal course of the superior mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta with reduced angle (<22\\u00c2\\u00b0) and consequent compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker) and duodenum (Wilkie). \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```How I treat renal anemia. Anemia is a frequent complication of kidney disease. When severe, it causes symptoms that can be debilitating. The course of anemia tends to track the decline in kidney function, with prevalence increasing in more advanced disease. Although the most common cause is relative erythropoietin deficiency, other factors such as reduced iron availability contribute to the pathobiology. In this review, we use cases to explore the surprising complexity of decision-making in management of renal anemia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a frequent complication of kidney disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety of ferumoxytol in patients with anemia and CKD. Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Currently available intravenous (IV) iron replacement therapies have either inconvenient regimens of administration or adverse event profiles that limit their utility in the outpatient setting. Ferumoxytol is a novel, semisynthetic, carbohydrate-coated, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle that is administered IV as an injection. The main objective of this study was to assess the safety of ferumoxytol for the treatment of patients with CKD stages 1 to 5 and 5D. Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, multicenter study of a single 510-mg dose of ferumoxytol versus saline as placebo. 750 patients with CKD stages 1 to 5 and 5D. An IV injection of either 17 mL of ferumoxytol or saline placebo over 17 seconds on day 0 and the alternate agent on day 7. Descriptive comparison of adverse events, laboratory tests, and vital signs. Of 750 randomly assigned patients with CKD, 60% were not on dialysis therapy. 713 patients received ferumoxytol, and 711 received placebo. There were 420 adverse events reported; 242 in 152 patients (21.3%) with ferumoxytol and 178 in 119 patients (16.7%) with placebo. The incidence of related adverse events was 5.2% with ferumoxytol and 4.5% with placebo. The most common related adverse events after each treatment included symptoms related to the injection/infusion site, dizziness, pruritus, headache, fatigue, and nausea. Serious adverse events occurred in 21 patients (2.9%) after ferumoxytol and 13 patients (1.8%) after placebo. Serious related adverse events were observed in 1 patient (0.1%) after each treatment. There was no meaningful decrease in blood pressure after administration of ferumoxytol or placebo. Follow-up was 7 days after each study treatment. Ferumoxytol is well tolerated and has a safety profile similar to placebo in anemic patients with CKD stages 1 to 5 and 5D.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney di\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is trichotillomania encountered with equali frequency in males and females?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trichotillomania: What Do We Know So Far? Trichotillomania is defined as an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder in which patients recurrently pull out hair from any region of their body. The disease affects mainly female patients, who often deny the habit, and it usually presents with a bizarre pattern nonscarring patchy alopecia with short hair and a negative pull test. Trichoscopy can reveal the abnormalities resulting from the stretching and fracture of hair shafts, and biopsy can be necessary if the patient or parents have difficulties in accepting the self-inflicted nature of a trichotillomania diagnosis. Trichotillomania requires a comprehensive treatment plan and interdisciplinary approach. Physicians should always have a nonjudgmental, empathic, and inviting attitude toward the patient. Behavioral therapy has been used with success in the treatment of trichotillomania, but not all patients are willing or able to comply with this treatment strategy. Pharmacotherapy can be necessary, especially in adolescents and adult patients. Options include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glutamate-modulating agents. Glutamate-modulating agents such as N-acetylcysteine are a good first-line option due to significant benefits and low risk of side effects. Physicians must emphasize that the role of psychiatry-dermatology liaison is extremely necessary with concurrent support services for the patient and parents, in case of pediatric patients. In pediatric cases, parents should be advised and thoroughly educated that negative feedback and punishment for hair pulling are not going to produce positive results. Social support is a significant pillar to successful habit reversal training; therefore, physicians must convey the importance of familial support to achieving remission. This is a review article that aims to discuss the literature on trichotillomania, addressing etiology, historical aspects, clinical and trichoscopic features, main variants, differential diagnosis, diagnostic clues, and psychological and pharmacological management.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The disease affects mainly female patients, who often deny the habit, and it usually presents with a bizarre pattern nonscarring patchy alopecia with short hair and a negative pull test. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anaphylaxis in dogs and cats. To review and summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations associated with anaphylaxis in dogs and cats. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is discussed. Anaphylaxis is a systemic, type I hypersensitivity reaction that often has fatal consequences. Many of the principal clinical manifestations involve organs where mast cell concentrations are highest: the skin, the lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract. Histamine and other deleterious inflammatory mediators promote vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction; they are readily released from sensitized mast cells and basophils challenged with antigen. Anaphylaxis may be triggered by a variety of antigens including insect and reptile venom, a variety of drugs, vaccines, and food. Anaphylaxis is a clinical diagnosis made from a collection of signs and symptoms. It is most commonly based on pattern recognition. Differential diagnoses include severe asthma, pheocromocytoma, and mastocytosis. Epinephrine is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of anaphylaxis. It acts primarily as a vasopressor in improving hemodynamic recovery. Adjunctive treatments include fluid therapy, H1 and H2 antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators; however, these do not substitute for epinephrine. Prognosis depends on the severity of the clinical signs. The clinical signs will vary among species and route of exposure. The most severe clinical reactions are associated when the antigen is administered parenterally.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Histamine and other deleterious inflammatory mediators promote vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction; they are readily released from sensitized mast cells and basophils challenged with antigen. Anaphylaxis may be triggered by a variety of antigens including insect and reptile venom, a variety of drugs, vaccines, and food\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trophinin-associated protein expression correlates with shorter survival of patients with glioma: a study based on multiple data fusion analysis. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of various cancers. However, there is limited information on the role of TROAP in glioma. We obtained clinical information on 1948 patients with glioma from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas. Basal assays were used to measure changes in TROAP expression levels in high-grade glioma cell lines and in normal human astrocytes. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays showed that TROAP expression was higher in glioma cell lines than in normal astrocytes. The expression level of TROAP in 749 glioma was significantly higher than that in 228 normal brain tissues using Student's t test. The expression of TROAP has a positive relationship with the clinical characteristics of poor prognosis, such as WHO grade, age and has negatively correlated with the indicators of beneficial prognosis, such as IDH mutation and 1p19q co-deletion. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, single multifactor analysis were used to analyze correlations between TROAP and clinical features and prognosis of gliomas. In addition, TROAP overexpression was an independent risk factor for glioma and was associated with reduced overall survival of patients with glioma particularly in patients with WHO grade III and grade IV glioma. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that homologous recombination, cell cycle, and p53 signaling pathways were enriched in samples overexpressing TROAP. TROAP is a potential risk factor associated with poor prognosis in patients with glioma and may act as a highly specific biomarker, offering the possibility of individualized glioma treatment.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of vari\", \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior o\", \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of various cancers\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Intravenous iron in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure. Promising results were obtained in randomized clinical trials in the latter, showing symptomatic and functional capacity improvement with intravenous iron therapy. Meanwhile, confirmation of clinical benefit in hard-endpoints such as mortality and hospitalization is expected in large clinical trials that are already taking place. In chronic kidney disease, concern about iron overload is being substituted by claims of direct cardiovascular benefit of iron supplementation, as suggested by preliminary studies in heart failure. We discuss the pitfalls of present studies and gaps in knowledge, stressing the known differences between iron metabolism in heart and renal failure. Systemic and cellular iron handling and the role of hepcidin are reviewed, as well as the role of iron in atherosclerosis, especially in view of its relevance to patients undergoing dialysis. We summarize the evidence available concerning iron overload, availability and toxicity in CKD, that should be taken into account before embracing aggressive intravenous iron supplementation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, usually develops as a consequence of erythropoietin deficiency. Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) is indicated for the correction of anemia associated with this condition. However, the optimal level of hemoglobin correction is not defined. In this open-label trial, we studied 1432 patients with chronic kidney disease, 715 of whom were randomly assigned to receive a dose of epoetin alfa targeted to achieve a hemoglobin level of 13.5 g per deciliter and 717 of whom were assigned to receive a dose targeted to achieve a level of 11.3 g per deciliter. The median study duration was 16 months. The primary end point was a composite of death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for congestive heart failure (without renal replacement therapy), and stroke. A total of 222 composite events occurred: 125 events in the high-hemoglobin group, as compared with 97 events in the low-hemoglobin group (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.74; P=0.03). There were 65 deaths (29.3%), 101 hospitalizations for congestive heart failure (45.5%), 25 myocardial infarctions (11.3%), and 23 strokes (10.4%). Seven patients (3.2%) were hospitalized for congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction combined, and one patient (0.5%) died after having a stroke. Improvements in the quality of life were similar in the two groups. More patients in the high-hemoglobin group had at least one serious adverse event. The use of a target hemoglobin level of 13.5 g per deciliter (as compared with 11.3 g per deciliter) was associated with increased risk and no incremental improvement in the quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00211120 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, usually develops as a consequence of erythropoietin\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Membrane Disruption by Very Long Chain Fatty Acids during Necroptosis. Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of intracellular contents, and an associated inflammatory response. We previously found that saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which contain \u226520 carbons, accumulate during necroptosis. Here, we show that genetic knockdown of Fatty Acid (FA) Elongase 7 (ELOVL7) reduces accumulation of specific very long chain FAs during necroptosis, resulting in reduced necroptotic cell death and membrane permeabilization. Conversely, increasing the expression of ELOVL7 increases very long chain fatty acids and membrane permeabilization. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Taken together, these results confirm the active role of VLCFAs during necroptosis and point to multiple potential mechanisms of membrane disruption including direct permeabilization via bilayer disruption and permeabilization by targeting of proteins to cellular membranes by fatty acylation.\", \"Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of intracellular contents, and an associated inflammatory response.\", \"Membrane Disruption by Very Long Chain Fatty Acids during Necroptosis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immediate reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery: management of the positive surgical margins and influence on secondary reconstruction. The efficacy of breast-conserving surgery for the local control of early breast cancer has been repeatedly evidenced. Although immediate reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery has been described, little information is available regarding surgical management in reoperative settings due to positive margins. We studied the influence of intraoperatively assessed and postoperatively controlled surgical margin status on the type of breast-conserving surgery and report our results regarding complications in a reoperative breast reconstruction scenario. All patients were seen by a multidisciplinary team who recommended breast-conserving surgery. According to the breast volume, ptosis and tumor size/location, the patients were also evaluated by a plastic surgeon, who recommended reconstruction with the appropriate technique. Intraoperative assessment of surgical margins was determined by histological examination of frozen sections. The mean follow-up time was 48 months. Two hundred and eighteen patients (88.5%) underwent breast-conserving surgery and immediate reconstruction. Twelve (5.5%) patients had a positive tumor margin after review of the permanent section. All patients underwent re-exploration. In 1.3%, a second reconstructive technique was indicated and in 2.2% a skin-sparing mastectomy with total reconstruction was performed. Our findings support the important role of the intraoperative assessment of surgical margins and its interference in the selection of reconstruction techniques and negative margins; however, it will not guarantee complete excision of the tumor. Success depends on coordinated planning with the oncologic surgeon and careful intraoperative management.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Model Performance Metrics in Assessing the Value of Adding Intraoperative Data for Death Prediction: Applications to Noncardiac Surgery. We tested the value of adding data from the operating room to models predicting in-hospital death. We assessed model performance using two metrics, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC), to illustrate the differences in information they convey in the setting of class imbalance. Data was collected on 74,147 patients who underwent major noncardiac surgery and 112 unique features were extracted from electronic health records. Sets of features were incrementally added to models using logistic regression, na\u00efve Bayes, random forest, and gradient boosted machine methods. AUROC increased as more features were added, but changes were small for some modeling approaches. In contrast, AUPRC, which reflects positive predicted value, exhibited improvements across all models. Using AUPRC highlighted the added value of intraoperative data, not seen consistently with AUROC, and that with class imbalance AUPRC may serve as the more clinically relevant criterion.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We assessed model performance using two metrics, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC), to illustrate the differences in information they convey in the setting of class imbalance.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```N.O.T.E.S.: the progression of a novel and emerging technique. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is the latest and perhaps most significant innovation in surgery since Phillipe Mouret of France performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. This new \"minimum-invasive\" concept that promises scar-free surgery is steadily gathering momentum. It is another milestone in our quest to eliminate surgical trauma, speed patient recovery time and decrease surgical wound-related complications. On 22 July 2005, the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR) published a white paper highlighting the barriers to NOTES development, which included the need for appropriate selection of access points, effective closure of the enterotomy site, innovative tools, stable platforms and improved endoscopic orientation. These are just some of the many issues that need to be resolved before the NOTES concept and technique could become a common feature of modern surgery. The publication of the white paper ushered in the beginning of multiple research projects using animal models to test the application of NOTES and its newly developed instruments. The success in animal models was followed by several highly selected successful human trials. National and international surgical innovation departments should now be created where medical industry personnel including inventors, designers and engineers can work together with the medical and surgical providers to address all the limitations affecting NOTES progress.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Native mass spectrometry and gas-phase fragmentation provide rapid and in-depth topological characterization of a PROTAC ternary complex. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new direction in small-molecule therapeutics whereby a heterobifunctional linker to a protein of interest (POI) induces its ubiquitination-based proteolysis by recruiting an E3 ligase. Here, we show that charge reduction, native mass spectrometry, and gas-phase activation methods combine for an in-depth analysis of a PROTAC-linked ternary complex. Electron capture dissociation (ECD) of the intact POI-PROTAC-VCB complex (a trimeric subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase) promotes POI dissociation. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) causes elimination of the nonperipheral PROTAC, producing an intact VCB-POI complex not seen in solution but consistent with PROTAC-induced protein-protein interactions. In addition, we used ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and collisional activation to identify the source of this unexpected dissociation. Together, the evidence shows that this integrated approach can be used to screen for ternary complex formation and PROTAC-protein contacts and may report on PROTAC-induced protein-protein interactions, a characteristic correlated with PROTAC selectivity and efficacy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new direction in small-molecule therapeutics whereby a heterobifunctional linker to a protein of interest (POI) induces its ubiquitination-based proteolysis by recruiting an E3 ligase.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Decreased expression of TROAP suppresses cellular proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer. Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, by analyzing three independent datasets from the Oncomine database, it was identified that TROAP mRNA expression was upregulated in gastric cancer (GC) tissues compared with normal counterparts. Furthermore, elevated expression of TROAP was associated with poor survival in patients with GC, as predicted using Kaplan\u2011Meier analysis. TROAP was knocked down to verify its functional role in gastric cancer cell lines, SGC\u20117901 and MGC80\u20113. MTT assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. Cell cycle progression, and migration and invasion were determined using flow cytometry and Transwell assay, respectively. In\u00a0vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of TROAP significantly suppressed cell proliferation, G1 to S cell cycle transition, and the migration and invasion ability of GC cells. The results of the present study suggest that TROAP is overexpressed in GC and serves an oncogenic role in gastric cancer by affecting cell proliferation and invasion.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated\", \"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Isoform changes of action potential regulators in the ventricles of arrhythmogenic phospholamban-R14del humanized mouse hearts. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and affects hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide. The deletion of Arginine 14 (p.R14del) in the phospholamban (PLN) gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ACM. PLN is a key regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Bioinformatical analysis pointed to the tissue-specific splicing factors Srrm4 and Nova1 as likely upstream regulators of the observed splicing changes in the PLN-R14del cardiomyocytes. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Characterization of Neuropathic Pain in Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome with Respect to Neurophysiological Evidence of Small-Fiber Neuropathy. To determine whether clinical features of neuropathic pain differ with respect to the presence of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (pSS). We compared the clinical presentation of neuropathic pain between 15 patients with pSS and SFN detected by neurophysiological tests (laser-evoked potentials, cold and warm detection thresholds, sympathetic skin responses, and electrochemical skin conductance) and 15 patients with pSS but no neurophysiological evidence of SFN. The patients with SFN had more intense squeezing and pressure sensations and more frequent dynamic mechanical allodynia (pain provoked by brushing) than the patients without SFN. Restless leg syndrome was also more frequently observed in patients with SFN, who had pain aggravated at rest that improved by moving. These findings are in favor of the sensitization of relatively spared large A\u03b2-fibers and second-order nociceptive neurons in patients with SFN. On the other hand, burning sensations, which rather reveal sensitization of small nociceptive fibers, were observed whether SFN was present or not. Thus, some discriminating clinical features may help to suggest the presence of SFN in patients with pSS and chronic neuropathic pain.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"an the patients without SFN. Restless leg syndrome was also more frequently observed in patients with SFN, who had pain aggravated at rest that improved by moving.CONCLUSIONS: These findings are in favor of the sensitization of relatively spared large A\\u00ce\\u00b2-fibers and second-order\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Association between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and iron profile in chronic renal disease. NGAL, also known as lipocalin 2, is a stress protein located on the cell surface that is known for its involvement in iron transport. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between the iron profile and NGAL concentration in serum among chronic kidney disease patients under dialysis in order to find its diagnostic value with regards to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). 47 patients under chronic haemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 15 healthy controls were evaluated to determine the correlation between serum NGAL concentration and IDA characteristics. Our results recorded a significant correlation between IDA (TSAT < 20%) and NGAL serum concentration with a Spearman's coefficient of 0.314. Serum NGAL was also significantly related to serum ferritin, TIBC, uric acid, creatinine and blood sugar whereas, an inverse relationship with albumin, total cholesterol and LDL. Our study reports a positive correlation between IDA and serum NGAL levels in CKD patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"NGAL, also known as lipocalin 2, is a stress protein located on the cell surface that is known for its involvement in iron transport. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between the iron profile and NGAL concentration in serum among chronic kidney disease patients under dialysis in order to find its diagnostic value with regards to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia, hypertension, and myocardial dysfunction in end-stage renal disease. Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in ESRD is complex and not fully understood. However, it appears that the two major determinants of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction are anemia and hypertension, both of which are very common in ESRD patients. Early and aggressive correction of anemia and hypertension may have a significant impact on cardiac disease in ESRD patients. This article presents a discussion on the management of anemia and hypertension, and the current information available on the pathogenesis and management of LV dysfunction in ESRD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in ESRD is complex and not fully understood. However, it appears that the two major determinants of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction are anemia and hypertension, both of which are very common in ESRD patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Diffuse glioma, not otherwise specified: imaging-based risk stratification achieves histomolecular-level prognostication. To determine whether imaging-based risk stratification enables prognostication in diffuse glioma, NOS (not otherwise specified). Data from 220 patients classified as diffuse glioma, NOS, between January 2011 and December 2020 were retrospectively included. Two neuroradiologists analyzed pre-surgical CT and MRI to assign gliomas to the three imaging-based risk types considering well-known imaging phenotypes (e.g., T2/FLAIR mismatch). According to the 2021 World Health Organization classification, the three risk types included (1) low-risk, expecting oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted; (2) intermediate-risk, expecting astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; and (3) high-risk, expecting glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated for each risk type. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis using 10-fold cross-validation with 100-fold bootstrapping was used to compare the performance of an imaging-based survival model with that of a historical molecular-based survival model published in 2015, created using The Cancer Genome Archive data. Prognostication according to the three imaging-based risk types was achieved for both PFS and OS (log-rank test, p < 0.001). The imaging-based survival model showed high prognostic value, with areas under the curves (AUCs) of 0.772 and 0.650 for 1-year PFS and OS, respectively, similar to the historical molecular-based survival model (AUC = 0.74 for PFS and 0.87 for OS). The imaging-based survival model achieved high long-term performance in both 3-year PFS (AUC = 0.806) and 5-year OS (AUC = 0.812). Imaging-based risk stratification achieved histomolecular-level prognostication in diffuse glioma, NOS, and could aid in guiding patient referral for insufficient or unsuccessful molecular diagnosis. \u2022 Three imaging-based risk types enable distinct prognostication in diffuse glioma, NOS (not otherwise specified). \u2022 The imaging-based survival model achieved similar prognostic performance as a historical molecular-based survival model. \u2022 For long-term prognostication of 3 and 5 years, the imaging-based survival model showed high performance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" According to the 2021 World Health Organization classification, the three risk types included (1) low-risk, expecting oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted; (2) intermediate-risk, expecting astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; and (3) high-risk, expecting glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia: new molecular mechanisms. Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and impairs the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin. Oral or parental iron supplements usually are effective in treating iron deficiency anemia. Some patients, however, respond poorly to iron supplements and are diagnosed as having iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. The condition exacerbates ESRD but its underlying mechanism was unclear. Hepcidin is a central player in iron homeostasis. It downregulates the iron exporter ferroportin, thereby inhibiting iron absorption, release, and recycling. In ESRD, plasma hepcidin levels are elevated, which contributes to iron deficiency in patients. Matriptase-2, a liver transmembrane serine protease, has been found to have a major role in controlling hepcidin gene expression. In mice, defects in the Tmprss6 gene encoding matriptase-2 result in high hepcidin expression and cause severe microcytic anemia. Similarly, mutations in the human TMPRSS6 gene have been identified in patients with iron-refractory iron deficiency. Thus, matriptase-2 is critical for iron homeostasis and may have an important role in ESRD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and impairs the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Dental treatment of patients with prune belly syndrome. Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome (EGBRS), is a rare congenital disease characterized by deficiency or absence of abdominal wall muscles, urological abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism. A review of literature was done using four search engines (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct) and keywords (individually and in combinations): prune belly syndrome, PBS, Eagle-Barrett syndrome, dental manifestation, clinical manifestation, and psychological aspects. The search was run with no language restrictions and covered the 1965-2021 time period. The search yielded a large number of articles.\u00a0The vast majority were dealing with a variety of treatments. PBS\u00a0is a multisystem disease with a variable spectrum ranging from mild cases to infant mortality. Comorbidities of PBS (63% gastrointestinal, 65% orthopedic, and 49% cardiopulmonary) present challenges for treatment. PBS affects quality of life of patients and caregivers.\u00a0We selected and summarized published information that is relevant to oral health and dental care. Providing information to dental practitioners will improve their understanding of PBS. It will help them to better treat patients with PBS and it will encourage more dental providers to welcome patients with PBS into their dental clinics.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome (EGBRS), is a rare congenital disease characterized by deficiency or absence of abdominal wall muscles, urological abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Excitation functions of proton-induced reactions in (nat)Cu in the energy range 7-17 MeV. Elemental production cross sections were measured for (p,x) reactions on natural Cu targets, leading to the formation of (62,63,65)Zn. These reactions are generally used for monitoring the proton beam intensity and energy e.g. in isotope production facilities. Cross sections were obtained by activation of stacked foils and subsequent gamma spectroscopy. The production data for (62,63,65)Zn between 7 and 16.5 MeV proton energy are presented as well as comparisons with literature values. Good agreement with the evaluated values was found for most of the cross-section values.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer. Dysregulation of alternative splicing (AS) induced by serine/arginine-rich proteins has recently been linked to cancer metastasis. Nonetheless, as a member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, the involvement of SRSF11 in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. The TCGA dataset and clinical samples were used to assess SRSF11 expression levels in CRC. For SRSF11, functional experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze and screen SRSF11-triggered AS events, which were then confirmed by in vivo UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and mini-gene reporter assays. Jalview software was used to determine the preferential binding motif with relation to exon skipping (ES) events. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Phospho-tag SDS-PAGE experiments were used to investigate PAK5-mediated phosphorylation regulation on SRSF11, and in vitro kinase experiments validated the interaction. In CRC, SRSF11 was discovered to be overexpressed and associated with a poor prognosis. And SRSF11 played a pro-metastatic role in vitro and in vivo. By screening SRSF11-regulated AS events, we identified the binding motif of SRSF11-triggered splicing-switching of HSPA12A AS, which specifically regulated HSPA12A AS by directly binding to a motif in exon 2. Mechanistically, the HSPA12A transcript with exon 2 retention increased N-cadherin expression by promoting RNA stability. Furthermore, the oncogenic kinase PAK5 phosphorylated SRSF11 at serine 287, protecting it from ubiquitination degradation. SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11\", \"SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Chemically Induced Degradation of Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) by a Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) Based on Sirtuin Rearranging Ligands (SirReals). Here we report the development of a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based on the combination of the unique features of the sirtuin rearranging ligands (SirReals) as highly potent and isotype-selective Sirt2 inhibitors with thalidomide, a bona fide cereblon ligand. For the first time, we report the formation of a PROTAC by Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of a thalidomide-derived azide to an alkynylated inhibitor. This thalidomide-derived azide as well as the highly versatile linking strategy can be readily adapted to alkynylated ligands of other targets. In HeLa cells, our SirReal-based PROTAC induced isotype-selective Sirt2 degradation that results in the hyperacetylation of the microtubule network coupled with enhanced process elongation. Thus, our SirReal-based PROTAC is the first example of a probe that is able to chemically induce the degradation of an epigenetic eraser protein.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Here we report the development of a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based on the combination of the unique features of the sirtuin rearranging ligands (SirReals) as highly potent and isotype-selective Sirt2 inhibitors with thalidomide, a bona fide cereblon ligand.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology and Current Treatments, to Future Agents. Anemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life, and an increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms involved in anemia associated to CKD are diverse and complex. They include a decrease in endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, absolute and/or functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with increased hepcidin levels, among others. Patients are most commonly managed with oral or intravenous iron supplements and with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA). However, these treatments have associated risks, and sometimes are insufficiently effective. Nonetheless, in the last years, there have been some remarkable advances in the treatment of CKD-related anemia, which have raised great expectations. On the one hand, a novel family of drugs has been developed: the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs). These agents induce, among other effects, an increase in the production of endogenous EPO, improve iron availability and reduce hepcidin levels. Some of them have already received marketing authorization. On the other hand, recent clinical trials have elucidated important aspects of iron supplementation, which may change the treatment targets in the future. This article reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology CKD-related anemia, current and future therapies, the trends in patient management and the unmet goals.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: \", \"nemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life,\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) in drug discovery paradigm: Recent progress and future challenges. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel drug discovery paradigm which has been widely used as biological tools and medicinal molecules with the potential of clinical application value. Currently, ARV-110, an orally small molecule PROTAC was designed to specifically target Androgen receptor (AR), firstly enters clinical phase I trials for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, which turns a new avenue for the development of PROTAC. We herein provide a detail summary on the latest one year progress of PROTAC target various proteins and elucidate the advantages of PROTAC technology. Finally, the potential challenges of this vibrant field are also discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteaso\", \"Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel drug discovery paradigm which has been widely used as biological tools and medicinal molecules with the potential of clinical application value.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Anemia is an adverse outcome and common complication in chronic kidney disease patients. This is usually associated with iron deficiency, inflammation and blood loss. However, little is known about the prevalence of anemia and its predictors among chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 chronic kidney disease patients from February to April 2019. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaires and medical records. Adjusted hemoglobin was taken to define anemia using the level of Hgb <13\u2009mg/dL for males and <12\u2009mg/dL for females; and blood films and serum ferritin were done for anemic participants. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data analysis. Frequency distribution tables and graphs were used to describe descriptive statistics. A bivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors; Overall prevalence of anemia was 44.0% (95% CI: 39.0%, 48.9%); of which 7.1%, 62.1% and 30.8% of anemic patients had mild, moderate and severe anemia, respectively. The prevalence of anemia increased from 20.6% in stage 2 to 100% in stage 5. Morphologically, normocytic normochromic anemia was the most predominant type. Cardiovascular disease (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.35, 4.16), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.08, 7.14), stage 3b chronic kidney disease (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.31, 5.73) and stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease patients (AOR = 7.11, 95% CI: 3.22, 15.72) showed significant association with anemia. Anemia was a severe public health problem and associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and stages of chronic kidney disease. Thus, early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anemia are recommended.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.\", \"Anemia is an adverse outcome and common complication in chronic kidney disease patient\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comprehensive genetic characteristics of dystrophinopathies in China. Dystrophinopathies are a set of severe and incurable X-linked neuromuscular disorders caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene (DMD). These mutations form a complex spectrum. A national registration network is essential not only to provide more information about the prevalence and natural history of the disease, but also to collect genetic data for analyzing the mutational spectrum. This information is extremely beneficial for basic scientific research, genetic diagnosis, trial planning, clinical care, and gene therapy. We collected data from 1400 patients (1042 patients with confirmed unrelated Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] or Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]) registered in the Chinese Genetic Disease Registry from March 2012 to August 2017 and analyzed the genetic mutational characteristics of these patients. Large deletions were the most frequent type of mutation (72.2%), followed by nonsense mutations (11.9%), exon duplications (8.8%), small deletions (3.0%), splice-site mutations (2.1%), small insertions (1.3%), missense mutations (0.6%), and a combination mutation of a deletion and a duplication (0.1%). Exon 45-50 deletion was the most frequent deletion type, while exon 2 duplication was the most common duplication type. Two deletion hotspots were calculated-one located toward the central part (exon 45-52) of the gene and the other toward the 5'end (exon 8-26). We found no significant difference between hereditary and de novo mutations on deletion hotspots. Nonsense mutations accounted for 62.9% of all small mutations (197 patients). We built a comprehensive national dystrophinopathy mutation database in China, which is essential for basic and clinical research in this field. The mutational spectrum and characteristics of this DMD/BMD group were largely consistent with those in previous international DMD/BMD studies, with some differences. Based on our results, about 12% of DMD/BMD patients with nonsense mutations may benefit from stop codon read-through therapy. Additionally, the top three targets for exon-skipping therapy are exon 51 (141, 13.5%), exon 53 (115, 11.0%), and exon 45 (84, 8.0%).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"l spectrum. This information is extremely beneficial for basic scientific research, genetic diagnosis, trial planning, clinical care, and gene therapy.METHODS: We collected data from 1400 patients (1042 patients with confirmed unrelated Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] or Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]) registered in the Chinese Genetic Disease Registry from March 2012 to August 2017 and analyzed the genetic mutational characteristics of these patients.RESULTS: Large deletions were the most frequent type of mutation (72.2%), followed by nonsense mutations (11.9%), exon duplications (8.8%), small deletions (3.0%), splice-site mutations (2.1%), small insertions (1.3%), missense mutations (0.6%), and a combination mutation of a dele\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Structural and Mechanistic Bases of Viral Resistance to HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir. Lenacapavir (LEN) is a long-acting, highly potent HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitor. The evolution of viral variants under the genetic pressure of LEN identified Q67H, N74D, and Q67H/N74D CA substitutions as the main resistance associated mutations (RAMs). Here, we determined high-resolution structures of CA hexamers containing these RAMs in the absence and presence of LEN. Our findings reveal that the Q67H change induces a conformational switch, which adversely affects the inhibitor binding. In the unliganded protein, the His67 side chain adopts the closed conformation by projecting into the inhibitor binding pocket and thereby creating steric hindrance with respect to LEN. Upon the inhibitor binding, the His67 side chain repositions to the open conformation that closely resembles the Gln67 side chain in the WT protein. We propose that the switch from the closed conformation to the open conformation, which is needed to accommodate LEN, accounts for the reduced inhibitor potency with respect to the Q67H CA variant. The N74D CA change results in the loss of a direct hydrogen bond and in induced electrostatic repulsions between CA and LEN. The double Q67H/N74D substitutions exhibited cumulative effects of respective single amino acid changes. An examination of LEN binding kinetics to CA hexamers revealed that Q67H and N74D CA changes adversely influenced the inhibitor binding affinity (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Structural and Mechanistic Bases of Viral Resistance to HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir.\", \"Lenacapavir (LEN) is a long-acting, highly potent HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitor. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on human macrophages is up-regulated by HIV-1 and differentially modulated by IL-10. PD-1 plays an important role in T cell exhaustion during HIV infection. PD-1 has two ligands: PD-L1, expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and PD-L2, limited to DCs and macrophages. Little is known about PD-L1 expression and regulation in human macrophages. Previous reports have found few immediate effects of macrophage exposure to HIV, suggesting that macrophages lack PRRs for this virus. Using quantitative confocal microscopy and a multiplexed cytokine bead array, we measured induction of PD-L1, PD-L2, and innate response cytokines in human MDMs in response to chemically inactivated HIV virions. Consistent with previous reports, no cytokines were induced by HIV virion exposure. Whereas PD-L1 and PD-L2 had low baseline expression, TLR ligands (LPS and CL097) up-regulated PD-L1 but not PD-L2. Unlike what we found for cytokine expression, PD-L1 and PD-L2 were up-regulated in response to exposure with inactivated HIV virions or with replication-competent HIV. Expression of PD-L1 was differentially modulated by IL-10, which induced up-regulation of PD-L1 but not of PD-L2, and IL-10 blockade enhanced only PD-L2 expression. We discuss implications for innate recognition of HIV by macrophages and potential, different roles for PD-L1 and PD-L2 in immunity and pathogenesis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PD-1 has two ligands: PD-L1, expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and PD-L2, limited to DCs and macrophages.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Therapeutic development for Canavan disease using patient iPSCs introduced with the wild-type Canavan disease (CD) is a devastating neurological disease that lacks effective therapy. Because CD is caused by mutations of the aspartoacylase (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Canavan disease (CD) is a devastating neurological disease that lacks effective therapy. Because CD is caused by mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, we introduced the wild-type (WT) ASPA gene into patient iPSCs through lentiviral transduction or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cereblon Maintains Synaptic and Cognitive Function by Regulating BK Channel. Mutations in the ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"These results strongly suggest that increased BK channel activity is the pathological mechanism of intellectual disability in CRBN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCereblon (CRBN), a well known target of the immunomodulatory drug thalidomide, was originally identified as a gene that causes human intellectual disability when mutated.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse. A potential model for a newly described heritable human disorder. A new murine mutation, hairpatches (Hpt), is on chromosome 4, 18.1 recombination units distal to brown near the interferon alpha and beta chain structural gene complex. On the inbred HPT/Le strain background, Hpt is semi-dominant, and Hpt/Hpt mice die in utero by 6 to 8 days of gestation. Such death in utero is associated with abnormalities of embryonic ectodermal derivatives. However on the (C57BL/6J x C3HeB/FeJ-a/a) segregating hybrid background, Hpt is a fully dominant mutation. HPT/Le Hpt/+ mice can be recognized by 3 to 4 days of age by patches of lightly pigmented skin. These mice show reduced numbers of hair follicles, abnormalities in hair follicle structure, and patchy absence of hair throughout life. By 2 weeks of age, abnormal hair follicle development is accompanied by thickening of the epidermis, reduction in levels of subcutaneous fat, and dermal inflammation. Progressive glomerulosclerosis, resulting in chronic kidney failure, is accompanied by increases in glomerular mesangial matrix, deposition of immune complexes, and glomerular enlargement. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed abnormalities of podocytes including disorganization, swelling, and fusion of the foot processes. Increase in serum blood urea nitrogen levels accompanies conspicuous renal histopathologic changes. Cardiovascular changes in Hpt/+ mice are evidenced by hypertrophy of the left heart ventricle. Increased systolic blood pressure in these animals was found by 3 months of age. Anemia occurs in Hpt/+ mice by 40 weeks. The Hpt/+ mutation provides a valuable new animal model for chronic kidney disease accompanied by skin abnormalities and ventricular hypertrophy. The pathologic changes caused by this mutation are similar to those reported in affected family members with a newly described autosomal dominant human disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse. A potential model for a newly described heritable human disorder.\", \"Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targetry of SrCO(3) on a copper substrate by sedimentation method for the cyclotron production no-carrier-added (86)Y. Strontium carbonate deposition on copper substrate was carried out by the sedimentation method in order to produce yttrium-86. Natural strontium carbonate thick layer was prepared with 480 mg SrCO(3), 220 mg ethyl cellulose, and 7.5 mL acetone. This optimum condition is a result of several repeated experiments with different amount of ethyl cellulose and acetone. Target quality control was done by SEM photomicrograph and thermal shock test. The deposited target was irradiated at 30 microA current and 15 MeV proton beam for 12 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease. Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common secondary to inadequate erythropoietin production, iron deficiency, blood loss, inflammation, secondary hyperparathyroidism, uremic toxins, and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia has a variety of deleterious consequences, including associations with increased mortality and left ventricular hypertrophy. Recombinant human erythropoietin is effective in treating anemia in children with CKD, and recent studies show that darbepoetin alpha is an attractive alternative because it requires less frequent injections. Iron deficiency is a major cause of anemia that is resistant to erythropoietin or darbepoetin alpha. Although oral iron is effective in some patients, many children, especially those receiving hemodialysis, require intravenous iron to replenish their iron stores. Both acute dosing and chronic dosing of intravenous iron are effective in pediatric patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease\", \"nemia in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common secondary to inadequate erythropoietin production\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Glutamine Triggers Acetylation-Dependent Degradation of Glutamine Synthetase via the Thalidomide Receptor Cereblon. Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) complex, is a direct protein target for thalidomide teratogenicity and antitumor activity of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). Here we report that glutamine synthetase (GS) is an endogenous substrate of CRL4(CRBN). Upon exposing cells to high glutamine concentration, GS is acetylated at lysines 11 and 14, yielding a degron that is necessary and sufficient for binding and ubiquitylation by CRL4(CRBN) and degradation by the proteasome. Binding of acetylated degron peptides to CRBN depends on an intact thalidomide-binding pocket but is not competitive with IMiDs. These findings reveal a feedback loop involving CRL4(CRBN) that adjusts GS protein levels in response to glutamine and uncover a new function for lysine acetylation. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) complex, is a direct protein target for thalidomide teratogenicity and antitumor activity of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```5-Substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor against three receptor tyrosine kinases. NP506, the 3-{2,4-dimethyl-5-[2-oxo-5-(N'-phenylhydrazinocarbonyl)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl}-propionic acid, was designed as FGF receptor 1 inhibitor by computational study and found to be more active against endothelial proliferation of HUVEC after the rhFGF-2 stimulation than SU6668 with minimum effective dose of 10 microM. NP506 inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation in FGF, VEGF, and PDGF receptors and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) and AKT after the rhFGF-2 stimulation. The introduction of the phenyl hydrazide motif to the position 5 of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold led to the inhibitory effect in two signaling pathways: inhibition of AKT activation in the phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI13K)/AKT signaling pathway and the inhibition of ERK and JNK activation in MAPK pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Not all patients labeled as \"prosopagnosia\" have a real prosopagnosia. Since face recognition is the most powerful source of information for identifying familiar people, patients showing a multimodal defect in people recognition have been sometimes considered as affected by \"prosopagnosia\"-namely, by a form of visual agnosia, specifically affecting face recognition. In this note we report two anatomoclinical observations and a neuroanatomical study in which an inappropriate use of the term \"prosopagnosia\" was made, because the person recognition defect was not confined to the visual (face) modality, but also concerned voice and/or name of the target person. The dangers of this inappropriate use of the term prosopagnosia are briefly discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Since face recognition is the most powerful source of information for identifying familiar people, patients showing a multimodal defect in people recognition have been sometimes considered as affected by \\\"prosopagnosia\\\"-namely, by a form of visual agnosia, specifically affecting face recognition.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Emerging Role of Carotid MRI for Personalized Ischemic Stroke Risk Prediction in Patients With Carotid Artery Stenosis. Rupture of a vulnerable carotid plaque is an important cause of ischemic stroke. Prediction models can support medical decision-making by estimating individual probabilities of future events, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide detailed information on plaque vulnerability. In this review, prediction models for medium to long-term (>90 days) prediction of recurrent ischemic stroke among patients on best medical treatment for carotid stenosis are evaluated, and the emerging role of MRI of the carotid plaque for personalized ischemic stroke prediction is discussed. A systematic search identified two models; the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) medical model, and the Symptomatic Carotid Atheroma Inflammation Lumen stenosis (SCAIL) score. We critically appraised these models by means of criteria derived from the CHARMS (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies) and PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool). We found both models to be at high risk of bias. The ECST model, the most widely used model, was derived from data of large but relatively old trials (1980s and 1990s), not reflecting lower risks of ischemic stroke resulting from improvements in drug treatment (e.g., statins and anti-platelet therapy). The SCAIL model, based on the degree of stenosis and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)-based plaque inflammation, was derived and externally validated in limited samples. Clinical implementation of the SCAIL model can be challenging due to high costs and low accessibility of PET/CT. MRI is a more readily available, lower-cost modality that has been extensively validated to visualize all the hallmarks of plaque vulnerability. The MRI methods to identify the different plaque features are described. Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), a lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), and a thin or ruptured fibrous cap (TRFC) on MRI have shown to strongly predict stroke in meta-analyses. To improve personalized risk prediction, carotid plaque features should be included in prediction models. Prediction of stroke in patients with carotid stenosis needs modernization, and carotid MRI has potential in providing strong predictors for that goal.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We critically appraised these models by means of criteria derived from the CHARMS (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies) and PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Lipoprotein-X in patients with cirrhosis: its relationship to cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low-density lipoprotein frequently found in liver disease. It is regarded as the most sensitive and specific biochemical parameter for the diagnosis of intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Moreover, Lp-X is supposed to contribute to the development of hypercholesterolemia in cholestatic liver disease, because it fails to inhibit de novo cholesterol synthesis. This investigation will focus on the relationship between the presence of Lp-X and serum lipid concentrations in cirrhosis. The significance of Lp-X in the diagnosis of cholestasis, compared with alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and bilirubin levels, will be assessed as well. The present cross-sectional study includes 212 patients with histopathologically proven cirrhosis. The detection of Lp-X and the quantification of -, beta-, and pre-beta-cholesterol was based on agar gel electrophoresis and polyanion precipitation. For the characterization of liver function, the concentrations of albumin and bilirubin, the activities of liver enzymes, and coagulation times were assessed. In a subgroup of 40 individuals, liver biopsies were re-evaluated to confirm or exclude intrahepatic cholestasis. As a result, there was no association between the appearance of Lp-X and total cholesterol concentrations. While all patients with Lp-X showed intrahepatic cholestasis (predictive value of the positive test = 1), only 16 of 28 patients with cholestasis formed Lp-X (sensitivity = 0.57). The activities of AP and of GGT, as well as the concentrations of bilirubin, were strongly elevated in most patients, with and without cholestasis. The predictive values of AP, GGT, and bilirubin were 0.77, 0.69, and 0.74 for the positive test and 0.5, 0, and 0.6 for the negative test, respectively. We conclude that Lp-X is not related to hypercholesterolemia in cirrhosis. The positive, but not the negative, Lp-X test has high predictive value for the diagnosis of cholestasis in cirrhosis. The biochemical parameters traditionally used for the assessment of extrahepatic cholestasis, AP, GGT, and bilirubin, do not support the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis caused by cirrhosis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The biochemical parameters traditionally used for the assessment of extrahepatic cholestasis, AP, GGT, and bilirubin, do not support the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis caused by cirrhosis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety and efficacy of losartan for the reduction of brain atrophy in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (the RADAR trial): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Drugs modifying angiotensin II signalling could reduce Alzheimer's disease pathology, thus decreasing the rate of disease progression. We investigated whether the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan, compared with placebo, could reduce brain volume loss, as a measure of disease progression, in clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. In this double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial, eligible patients aged 55 years or older, previously untreated with angiotensin II drugs and diagnosed (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria) with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, and who had capacity to consent, were recruited from 23 UK National Health Service hospital trusts. After undergoing a 4-week, open-label phase of active treatment then washout, participants were randomly assigned (1:1) oral over-encapsulated preparations of either 100 mg losartan (after an initial two-dose titration stage) or matched placebo daily for 12 months. Randomisation, minimised by age and baseline medial temporal lobe atrophy score, was undertaken online or via pin-access service by telephone. Participants, their study companions, and study personnel were masked to group assignment. The primary outcome, analysed by the intention-to-treat principle (ie, participants analysed in the group to which they were randomised, without imputation for missing data), was change in whole brain volume between baseline and 12 months, measured using volumetric MRI and determined by boundary shift interval (BSI) analysis. The trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Register (ISRCTN93682878) and the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT 2012-003641-15), and is completed. Between July 22, 2014, and May 17, 2018, 261 participants entered the open-label phase. 211 were randomly assigned losartan (n=105) or placebo (n=106). Of 197 (93%) participants who completed the study, 171 (81%) had complete primary outcome data. The mean brain volume (BSI) reduction was 19\u00b71 mL (SD 10\u00b73) in the losartan group and 20\u00b70 mL (10\u00b78) in the placebo group. The difference in total volume reduction between groups was -2\u00b729 mL (95% CI -6\u00b746 to 0\u00b789; p=0\u00b714). The number of adverse events was low (22 in the losartan group and 20 in the placebo group) with no differences between treatment groups. There was one treatment-related death per treatment group. 12 months of treatment with losartan was well tolerated but was not effective in reducing the rate of brain atrophy in individuals with clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Further research is needed to assess the potential therapeutic benefit from earlier treatment in patients with milder cognitive impairment or from longer treatment periods. Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (UK Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTERPRETATION: 12 months of treatment with losartan was well tolerated but was not effective in reducing the rate of brain atrophy in individuals with clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mantle cell lymphoma: a lymphoproliferative disorder associated with aberrant function of the cell cycle. Mantle cell lymphoma is a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder cytogenetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) which at molecular level involves the Bcl-1/PRAD-1 gene. Immunophenotypically it is characterized by co-expression of CD5+/CD20+ and CD23- antigens. Histologic patterns are recognized as: diffuse, mantle zone and nodular. Diffuse mantle lymphoma is the most frequent and is associated with a poor prognosis. The rearrangement of the Bcl-1/PRAD-1 increases the synthesis of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 binds to Cdk4 and forms a complex, then binds to and phosphorylates Rb protein thus triggering cells to progress from G0/G1 to S and thus drives cellular proliferation. The 5-year survival in the MD Anderson series was less than 30% and anthracycline regimens do not appear to have any major impact on the outcomes of cases with nodular or diffuse histopathological patterns. Intensive therapeutic programs and first line autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation remains experimental.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma is a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder cytogenetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) which at molecular level involves the Bcl-1/PRAD-1 gene.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Natural history of symptomatic partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. We reviewed the natural history and differential diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (an X-linked inborn error of urea synthesis) in 13 symptomatic female heterozygotes. The patients presented as early as the first week of life or as late as the sixth year. The most common symptoms before diagnosis were nonspecific: episodic extreme irritability (100 percent), episodic vomiting and lethargy (100 percent), protein avoidance (92 percent), ataxia (77 percent), Stage II coma (46 percent), delayed physical growth (38 percent), developmental delay (38 percent), and seizures (23 percent). Including the proband, 42 percent of the female members of the 13 families studied had symptoms. The median interval between the onset of major symptoms (vomiting and lethargy, seizures, and coma) and diagnosis was 16 months (range, 1 to 142). Five patients had IQ scores below 70 at the time of diagnosis. We suggest that careful evaluation of the family history, the dietary history, the episodic nature of the nonspecific symptoms, the response of these symptoms to the withdrawal of protein, and their frequent onset at the time of weaning from breast milk will permit early diagnosis and might thereby reduce the risk of death or neurologic impairment in female patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"extreme irritability (100 percent), episodic vomiting and lethargy (100 percent), protein avoidance (92 percent), ataxia (77 percent), Stage II coma (46 percent), delayed physical growth (38 percent), developmental delay (38 percent), and seizures\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mechanisms of anemia in CKD. Anemia is a common feature of CKD associated with poor outcomes. The current management of patients with anemia in CKD is controversial, with recent clinical trials demonstrating increased morbidity and mortality related to erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Here, we examine recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD. These insights hold promise for the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies that directly target the pathophysiologic processes underlying this form of anemia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"echanisms of anemia in CKD\", \"Anemia is a common feature of CKD associated with poor outcomes.\", \"he current management of patients with anemia in CKD is controversial, with recent c\", \"Here, we examine recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Teclistamab: First Approval. Teclistamab (TECVAYLI```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Teclistamab (TECVAYLI\\u00c2\\u00ae), a bispecific antibody that targets CD3 and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), is being developed by Janssen Research and Development for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Isolated surgical aortic valve replacement after previous coronary artery bypass grafting with patent grafts: is this old-fashioned technique obsolete? High-risk patients are currently being evaluated for various catheter-based aortic valve replacement (AVR) techniques. To identify an individual patient's risk, scores such as the EuroSCORE or STS risk calculator (RC) are used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the surgical results in patients who underwent isolated AVR via a median re-sternotomy after prior CABG. Between 01/96 and 01/08, 349 patients underwent AVR as a redo procedure. One hundred and thirty patients had undergone previous CABG; in 39 patients (29 male, median age 75 (60-84)) preoperative coronary angiography revealed open grafts with no need for additional revascularization (30 had LIMA grafts). These patients underwent isolated AVR. Operative mortality was calculated using the standard and logistic EuroSCORE, and the STS RC. Operative (30-day mortality) was 5% (2 patients). Mean calculated predicted mortality rates for the cohort were: 12+/-3% for the standard, and 32+/-21% for the logistic EuroSCORE, and 10+/-4% according to the STS RC. Receiver operated characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed 100% specificity for standard EuroSCOREs up to 12.5%, logistic EuroSCOREs up to 39.7% and up to 17.45% for STS RC, with a sensitivity of 69.5%, 75% and 97.2%, respectively. The STS RC showed significant better prediction of mortality than the EuroSCOREs (p=0.006). Conventional AVR as a redo procedure after CABG with patent grafts can be performed with excellent results and lower mortality than estimated. Results of newer catheter-based AVR approaches should not to be compared with artificial scores to justify high morbidity rates.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Plasma membrane changes during programmed cell deaths. Ruptured and intact plasma membranes are classically considered as hallmarks of necrotic and apoptotic cell death, respectively. As such, apoptosis is usually considered a non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depends on non-selective gasdermin D (GSDMD) pores during pyroptosis. Importantly, the morphology of dying cells executed by MLKL channels can be distinguished from that executed by GSDMD pores. Interestingly, it was found recently that secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, a previously believed non-regulated form of cell lysis that occurs after apoptosis, can be programmed and executed by plasma membrane pore formation like that of pyroptosis. In addition, pyroptosis is associated with pyroptotic bodies, which have some similarities to apoptotic bodies. Therefore, different cell death programs induce distinctive reshuffling processes of the plasma membrane. Given the fact that the nature of released intracellular contents plays a crucial role in dying/dead cell-induced immunogenicity, not only membrane rupture or integrity but also the nature of plasma membrane breakdown would determine the fate of a cell as well as its ability to elicit an immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the field of apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying plasma membrane changes observed on dying cells and their implication in cell death-elicited immunogenicity.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depen\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Chapter 24: Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a sudden-onset, immediate reaction that implies a risk of death. Think of a \"rule of 2's\" for anaphylaxis implying that reactions usually begin within 2 minutes to 2 hours after injection, infusion, ingestion, contact, or inhalation. Fatalities can be from asphyxiation from laryngeal or oropharyngeal swelling, collapse from hypotensive shock, cardiac arrest, or acute severe bronchoconstriction causing respiratory failure and arrest. When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable. The preformed mediators from mast cells include histamine, tryptase, carboxypeptidase A, and proteoglycans (heparin and chondroitin sulfates). Newly synthesized mediators include prostaglandin D(2), leukotriene D(4), and platelet-activating factor. Crucial actions of the mediators include an abrupt increase in vascular permeability, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Anaphylaxis can be classified into immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic based on the associated mechanism. For example, immunologic causes of anaphylaxis are those mediated by IgE antibodies acting through the Fc\u03b5R I (foods, insect venom, and beta-lactam antibiotics) whereas non-IgE immunologic anaphylaxis is mediated without presence of antiallergen IgE antibodies or via Fc\u03b5RI activation (radiographic contrast material). Nonimmunologic anaphylaxis involves mast cell mediator release such as occurs with exercise, cold temperature exposure, or from medications such as opioids or vancomycin. Idiopathic anaphylaxis involves mast cell activation (acutely elevated urine histamine or serum tryptase) and activated lymphocytes. Because anaphylaxis is a medical emergency, the drug of choice is epinephrine, not H(1)-receptor antagonists.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```TROAP regulates cell cycle and promotes tumor progression through Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells. Experimental evidence demonstrated a crucial role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma. We aimed to investigate the oncogenic role of TROAP and its potential mechanisms in gliomagenesis. Four gene expression databases (GEO, TCGA, GTEx and CCLE) were enrolled in our study and used for TROAP expression and survival analysis. TROAP expression was quantified by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry assays in glioma tissues and cell lines. TROAP knockdown and overexpression vector were constructed and transfected into glioma cells. CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and wound healing assays were used to evaluate cell viability, migration and invasion, flow cytometry to determine cell cycle arrest. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to screen the pathway involved in TROAP-high phenotype. The expression of cell cycle and Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin signaling proteins were analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blot. Based on the bioinformatic analysis and a series of functional assays, we found the TROAP was enriched in glioma tissues and cell lines, its overexpression was correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics and poor prognosis. TROAP knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and G1/S cell cycle arrest compared with control group in glioma. Mechanism analysis revealed that TROAP activated Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin pathway and upregulated its downstream targets expression, while silencing \u03b2-Catenin or Axin2 could reverse the tumor-promoting effects caused by TROAP, confirming that TROAP-induced malignant phenotype and tumorigenesis via Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin signaling pathway. The present study found that TROAP accelerated the progression of gliomagenesis through Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin pathway, and TROAP might be considered as a novel target for glioma therapy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ROAP regulates cell cycle and promotes tumor progression through Wnt/\\u00ce\\u00b2-Catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells.\", \"l role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma. We aimed to investigate the oncogenic role of T\", \"AIMS: Experimental evidence demonstrated a crucial role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Golodirsen: First Approval. Golodirsen (Vyondys 53```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This article summarizes the milestones in the development of golodirsen leading to this first approval for DMD.\", \"n December 2019, intravenous golodirsen received its first global approval in the USA for the treatment of DMD in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping, based on positive results from a phase I/II clinical trial\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Use of EPOGEN for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure. The anemia of chronic renal failure is a major contributor to the symptoms that limit the quality of life and preclude rehabilitation. The primary cause of the anemia of chronic renal failure is an inability on the part of the impaired kidney to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. EPOGEN (Epoietin alfa), a glycoprotein produced through recombinant DNA technology, corrects this anemia. Its contribution to the care of persons with chronic renal failure is explored.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Use of EPOGEN for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Real-life safety of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in older patients with cancer: An observational study. To compare the real-world safety profile of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors between younger and older patients. All patients receiving pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab or durvalumab between September 2016 and September 2019 at Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands were included in this retrospective study. Immune-related adverse drug reactions (irADRs) were manually retrieved from the electronic patient files. The cumulative incidence of irADRs were compared between younger (<65\u00a0years) and older (\u226565\u00a0years) patients using a Pearsons Chi-square test. We identified 217 patients who were treated with at least one dose of PD-(L)1 inhibitor. 58% were 65\u00a0years or older at the start of immunotherapy. 183 patients (84.3%) received monotherapy PD-(L)1 inhibitors and 34 (15.7%) received chemo-immunotherapy. A total of 278 irADRs were registered. Cutaneous irADRs (53.9%), thyroid gland disorders (20.3%), and non-infectious diarrhoea/colitis (17.5%) were the most frequently reported irADRs. The majority of the irADRs were mild to moderate and no fatal irADRs were observed. 61 (21.9%) of the irADRs needed systemic treatment, of which 19 (6.8%) required treatment with corticosteroids. 18 irADRs (6.5%) were severe and resulted in hospitalisation. The cumulative incidence of cutaneous irADRs was different between the age groups: 45.7% of the patients <65\u00a0years and in 60.0% of the patients \u226565\u00a0years (p\u00a0=\u00a00.036). No statistical difference was found in the cumulative incidence of other irADRs between the two age groups. Advanced age is not associated with immune-related adverse drug reactions of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"To compare the real-world safety profile of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors between younger and older patients\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Selective degradation of histone deacetylase 8 mediated by a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC). We developed a first-in-class proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for selective degradation of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). The PROTAC induced degradation of HDAC8 without affecting the levels of other HDACs in cellular assays, and inhibited the growth of T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells more potently than a conventional HDAC8 inhibitor.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We developed a first-in-class proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for selective degradation of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Is hormonal manipulation after surgical treatment of catamenial pneumothorax effective in reducing the rate of recurrence? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Catamenial pneumothorax CP is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax in females forming part of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. Studies have suggested possible benefit from postoperative hormonal administration. As this treatment is inconsistent, we aimed at performing the first meta-analysis to study the efficacy of adding hormonal treatment after surgery to reduce the chances of recurrent catamenial pneumothorax. CENTRAL, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were systematically searched from inception up to December 15, 2021. Studies reporting five or more patients with end point outcome were included. The main outcome assessed was postoperative recurrence of CP after hormonal manipulation. Baseline, procedural, outcome, and validity data were systematically appraised and pooled with random-effect methods. meta- regression for the effect of patient age and follow up period were tested. Publication bias was examined. This trial was registered with PROSPERO under registration number CRD42022325377. Our electronic search retrieved 644 citations, 48 of which were selected for full-text review. Eleven studies with a combined population of 111 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All patients reached an endpoint of follow up for postoperative recurrence of catamenial pneumothorax after receiving hormonal treatment. Overall study validity was acceptable, with a median score of 6 on the Newcastle Ottawa scale NOS appraising the quality of observational studies. CP is almost always a right-side disease (107/111\u00a0=\u00a096.3\u00a0%). The risk of postoperative recurrence with hormonal treatment was 17.3\u00a0% (8.9 - 25.8\u00a0%) with moderate non-significant heterogeneity (I2\u00a0=\u00a040.85\u00a0%; P\u00a0=\u00a00.076). The cumulative risk of recurrence for all patients not receiving postoperative hormonal therapy included in our study was 54.2\u00a0% (19/35 patients). Meta regression showed age to be a significant predictor of postoperative recurrence (p\u00a0=\u00a00.03). As the age increases one year, the risk of recurrence decreases by 6\u00a0% (0.2 - 3\u00a0%). Publication bias was detected by visualizing the funnel plot of standard error, Egger's test with p\u00a0<\u00a00.01 and Begg & Mazumdar test with p\u00a0<\u00a00.01. The study included the largest number of CP patients with outcome findings of postoperative recurrence with hormonal treatment despite the small number of studies, non-randomised fashion and publication bias. Our findings recommend the use of hormonal manipulation after thoracic surgical intervention for catamenial pneumothorax unless evident contraindications. Younger patients are at a higher risk of recurrence after surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"OBJECTIVES: Catamenial pneumothorax CP is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax in females forming part of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis of Novel Class I HDAC Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs). The class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes;HDAC1,2 and 3 form the catalytic engine of at least seven structurally distinct multiprotein complexes in cells. These molecular machines play a vital role in the regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene activity via the removal of acetyl moieties from lysine residues within histone tails. Their inhibition via small molecule inhibitors has beneficial effects in a number of disease types, including the clinical treatment of hematological cancers. We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations. Here we report the addition of two novel PROTACs (JPS026 and JPS027), which utilize a ligand for the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of E3 ligases. We found that both VHL (JPS004)- and IAP (JPS026)-based PROTACs degrade HDAC1-3 and induce histone acetylation to a similar degree. However, JPS026 is significantly more potent at inducing cell death in HCT116 cells than is JPS004. RNA sequencing analysis of PROTAC-treated HCT116 cells showed a distinct gene expression signature in which cell cycle and DNA replication machinery are repressed. Components of the mTORC1 and -2 complexes were also reduced, leading to an increase in FOXO3 and downstream target genes that regulate autophagy and apoptosis. In summary, a novel combination of HDAC and IAP ligands generates a PROTAC with a potent ability to stimulate apoptosis and differential gene expression in human cancer cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in chronic kidney disease. Anemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors contribute to declining hemoglobin as CKD progresses, but impaired production of erythropoietin by failing kidneys is a central cause. Hepcidin-mediated iron restriction also contributes to anemia by downregulating both intestinal iron absorption and release of stored iron for erythropoiesis. The core components of anemia management remain erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) and iron supplementation, but despite these therapies, a substantial number of children remain anemic. Although escalating ESA dose to target higher hemoglobin has been associated with adverse outcomes in adults, no trials have investigated this association in children, and maintaining hemoglobin levels in a narrow range with conservative ESA dosing is challenging. Judicious use of iron supplementation can enhance the response to ESAs, but the iron storage markers most commonly used in clinical practice have limitations in distinguishing which patients will benefit most from additional iron. Several novel anemia therapies, including hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers, prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, and dialysate-delivered iron supplements, have been developed and may offer options for alternative anemia management. However, the safety and efficacy of these agents in children with CKD has yet to be assessed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nemia in chronic kidney disease\", \"nemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Discovery of Reversible Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors PRN473 and PRN1008 (Rilzabrutinib). Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a Tec family tyrosine kinase, is critical in immune pathways as an essential intracellular signaling element, participating in both adaptive and immune responses. Currently approved BTK inhibitors are irreversible covalent inhibitors and limited to oncology indications. Herein, we describe the design of covalent reversible BTK inhibitors and the discoveries of PRN473 (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Discovery of Reversible Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors PRN473 and PRN1008 (Rilzabrutinib).\", \"Herein, we describe the design of covalent reversible BTK inhibitors and the discoveries of PRN473 (11) and rilzabrutinib (PRN1008, 12). \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Urology and nephrology update: anemia of chronic kidney disease. Anemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages, and it is nearly universal among patients with stage 5 CKD. Nonetheless, anemia of CKD is a diagnosis of exclusion. When anemia is detected in a patient with CKD, etiologies other than CKD must be considered and ruled out. Iron deficiency also is common among patients with CKD, and iron replenishment improves the anemia and the response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Current guidelines for managing anemia of CKD recommend a hemoglobin goal of 11 to 12 g/dL, but lower hemoglobin may be acceptable for asymptomatic patients. Some patients do not benefit from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, or they lose their responsiveness to treatment and transfusions must be considered. Other agents are being investigated as management for anemia of CKD, with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) showing some promise.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Urology and nephrology update: anemia of chronic kidney disease.\", \"Anemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages, and it is nearly universal among patients with stage 5 CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence and Predictability of Low-Yield Inpatient Laboratory Diagnostic Tests. Laboratory testing is an important target for high-value care initiatives, constituting the highest volume of medical procedures. Prior studies have found that up to half of all inpatient laboratory tests may be medically unnecessary, but a systematic method to identify these unnecessary tests in individual cases is lacking. To systematically identify low-yield inpatient laboratory testing through personalized predictions. In this retrospective diagnostic study with multivariable prediction models, 116\u202f637 inpatients treated at Stanford University Hospital from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, a total of 60\u202f929 inpatients treated at University of Michigan from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018, and 13\u202f940 inpatients treated at the University of California, San Francisco from January 1 to December 31, 2018, were assessed. Diagnostic accuracy measures, including sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values (NPVs), positive predictive values (PPVs), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), of machine learning models when predicting whether inpatient laboratory tests yield a normal result as defined by local laboratory reference ranges. In the recent data sets (July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2017) from Stanford University Hospital (including 22\u202f664 female inpatients with a mean [SD] age of 58.8 [19.0] years and 22\u202f016 male inpatients with a mean [SD] age of 59.0 [18.1] years), among the top 20 highest-volume tests, 792\u202f397 were repeats of orders within 24 hours, including tests that are physiologically unlikely to yield new information that quickly (eg, white blood cell differential, glycated hemoglobin, and serum albumin level). The best-performing machine learning models predicted normal results with an AUROC of 0.90 or greater for 12 stand-alone laboratory tests (eg, sodium AUROC, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.93]; sensitivity, 98%; specificity, 35%; PPV, 66%; NPV, 93%; lactate dehydrogenase AUROC, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.93-0.94]; sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 65%; PPV, 71%; NPV, 95%; and troponin I AUROC, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.93]; sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 79%; PPV, 67%; NPV, 93%) and 10 common laboratory test components (eg, hemoglobin AUROC, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.92-0.95]; sensitivity, 99%; specificity, 17%; PPV, 90%; NPV, 81%; creatinine AUROC, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.96-0.97]; sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 83%; PPV, 79%; NPV, 94%; and urea nitrogen AUROC, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94, 0.96]; sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 89%; PPV, 77%; NPV 94%). The findings suggest that low-yield diagnostic testing is common and can be systematically identified through data-driven methods and patient context-aware predictions. Implementing machine learning models appear to be able to quantify the level of uncertainty and expected information gained from diagnostic tests explicitly, with the potential to encourage useful testing and discourage low-value testing that incurs direct costs and indirect harms.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"s), positive predictive values (PPVs), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), of machine learning models when predicting \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Olokizumab versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The cytokine interleukin-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Olokizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 cytokine directly, is being tested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In a 24-week, phase 3, multicenter, placebo- and active-controlled trial, we randomly assigned (in a 2:2:2:1 ratio) patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate to receive subcutaneous olokizumab at a dose of 64 mg every 2 or 4 weeks, adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks), or placebo; all patients continued methotrexate therapy. The primary end point was an American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response (\u226520% fewer tender and swollen joints and \u226520% improvement in three of five other domains) at week 12, with each olokizumab dose tested for superiority to placebo. We also tested the noninferiority of each olokizumab dose to adalimumab with respect to the percentage of patients with an ACR20 response (noninferiority margin, -12 percentage points in the lower boundary of the 97.5% confidence interval for the difference between groups). A total of 464 patients were assigned to receive olokizumab every 2 weeks, 479 to receive olokizumab every 4 weeks, 462 to receive adalimumab, and 243 to receive placebo. An ACR20 response at week 12 occurred in 44.4% of the patients receiving placebo, in 70.3% receiving olokizumab every 2 weeks (difference vs. placebo, 25.9 percentage points; 97.5% confidence interval [CI], 17.1 to 34.1), in 71.4% receiving olokizumab every 4 weeks (difference vs. placebo, 27.0 percentage points; 97.5% CI, 18.3 to 35.2), and in 66.9% receiving adalimumab (difference vs. placebo, 22.5 percentage points; 95% CI, 14.8 to 29.8) (P<0.001 for the superiority of each olokizumab dose to placebo). Both olokizumab doses were noninferior to adalimumab with respect to the percentage of patients with an ACR20 response at week 12 (difference, 3.4 percentage points [97.5% CI, -3.5 to 10.2] with olokizumab every 2 weeks and 4.5 percentage points [97.5% CI, -2.2 to 11.2] with olokizumab every 4 weeks). Adverse events, most commonly infections, occurred in approximately 70% of the patients who received olokizumab. Antibodies against olokizumab were detected in 3.8% of the patients receiving the drug every 2 weeks and in 5.1% of those receiving it every 4 weeks. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving maintenance methotrexate, olokizumab was superior to placebo and noninferior to adalimumab in producing an ACR20 response at 12 weeks. Larger and longer trials are required to determine the efficacy and safety of olokizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (Supported by R-Pharm; CREDO2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02760407.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Olokizumab versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis.\", \"BACKGROUND: The cytokine interleukin-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Olokizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 cytokine directly, is being tested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.\", \"CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving maintenance methotrexate, olokizumab was superior to placebo and noninferior to adalimumab in producing an ACR20 response at 12 weeks. Larger and longer trials are required to determine the efficacy and safety of olokizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prion-like low complexity regions enable avid virus-host interactions during HIV-1 infection. Cellular proteins CPSF6, NUP153 and SEC24C play crucial roles in HIV-1 infection. While weak interactions of short phenylalanine-glycine (FG) containing peptides with isolated capsid hexamers have been characterized, how these cellular factors functionally engage with biologically relevant mature HIV-1 capsid lattices is unknown. Here we show that prion-like low complexity regions (LCRs) enable avid CPSF6, NUP153 and SEC24C binding to capsid lattices. Structural studies revealed that multivalent CPSF6 assembly is mediated by LCR-LCR interactions, which are templated by binding of CPSF6 FG peptides to a subset of hydrophobic capsid pockets positioned along adjoining hexamers. In infected cells, avid CPSF6 LCR-mediated binding to HIV-1 cores is essential for functional virus-host interactions. The investigational drug lenacapavir accesses unoccupied hydrophobic pockets in the complex to potently impair HIV-1 inside the nucleus without displacing the tightly bound cellular cofactor from virus cores. These results establish previously undescribed mechanisms of virus-host interactions and antiviral action.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The investigational drug lenacapavir accesses unoccupied hydrophobic pockets in the complex to potently impair HIV-1 inside the nucleus without displacing the tightly bound cellular cofactor from virus cores. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```New options for the anemia of chronic kidney disease. Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) has been a mainstay of treatment since 1990. A series of large trials demonstrated that ESAs have serious safety problems, including increasing cardiovascular and thrombotic events, and death. Analyses suggest high pharmacologic doses of ESAs, rather than the highly achieved hemoglobin, may mediate harm. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activators stimulate endogenous erythropoietin production and enhance iron availability. In early clinical trials, these oral agents appear to be capable of replacing ESA therapy and minimizing the need for i.v. iron therapy for chronic kidney disease-related anemia, while having other potentially advantageous actions. Large phase 3 trials are underway with several HIF activators. This commentary reviews trends in anemia management, the safety issues related to our present therapies, the role of HIF in regulating erythropoiesis, and the diverse actions of HIF activators.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"options for the anemia of chronic kidney disease.\", \"nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety and efficacy of pioglitazone for the delay of cognitive impairment in people at risk of Alzheimer's disease (TOMMORROW): a prognostic biomarker study and a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The identification of people at risk of cognitive impairment is essential for improving recruitment in secondary prevention trials of Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to test and qualify a biomarker risk assignment algorithm (BRAA) to identify participants at risk of developing mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease within 5 years, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose pioglitazone to delay onset of mild cognitive impairment in these at-risk participants. In this phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, we enrolled cognitively healthy, community living participants aged 65-83 years from 57 academic affiliated and private research clinics in Australia, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA. By use of the BRAA, participants were grouped as high risk or low risk. Participants at high risk were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive oral pioglitazone (0\u00b78 mg/day sustained release) or placebo, and all low-risk participants received placebo. Study investigators, site staff, sponsor personnel, and study participants were masked to genotype, risk assignment, and treatment assignment. The planned study duration was the time to accumulate 202 events of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease in White participants who were at high risk (the population on whom the genetic analyses that informed the BRAA development was done). Primary endpoints were time-to-event comparisons between participants at high risk and low risk given placebo (for the BRAA objective), and between participants at high risk given pioglitazone or placebo (for the efficacy objective). The primary analysis included all participants who were randomly assigned, received at least one dose of study drug, and had at least one valid post-baseline visit, with significance set at p=0\u00b701. The safety analysis included all participants who were randomly assigned and received at least one dose of study medication. An efficacy futility analysis was planned for when approximately 33% of the anticipated events occurred in the high-risk, White, non-Hispanic or Latino group. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01931566. Between Aug 28, 2013, and Dec 21, 2015, we enrolled 3494 participants (3061 at high risk and 433 at low risk). Of those participants, 1545 were randomly assigned to pioglitazone and 1516 to placebo. 1104 participants discontinued treatment (464 assigned to the pioglitazone group, 501 in the placebo high risk group, and 139 in the placebo low risk group). 3399 participants had at least one dose of study drug or placebo and at least one post-baseline follow-up visit, and were included in the efficacy analysis. 3465 participants were included in the safety analysis (1531 assigned to the pioglitazone group, 1507 in the placebo high risk group, and 427 in the placebo low risk group). In the full analysis set, 46 (3\u00b73%) of 1406 participants at high risk given placebo had mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease, versus four (1\u00b70%) of 402 participants at low risk given placebo (hazard ratio 3\u00b726, 99% CI 0\u00b785-12\u00b745; p=0\u00b7023). 39 (2\u00b77%) of 1430 participants at high risk given pioglitazone had mild cognitive impairment, versus 46 (3\u00b73%) of 1406 participants at high risk given placebo (hazard ratio 0\u00b780, 99% CI 0\u00b745-1\u00b740; p=0\u00b7307). In the safety analysis set, seven (0\u00b75%) of 1531 participants at high risk given pioglitazone died versus 21 (1\u00b74%) of 1507 participants at high risk given placebo. There were no other notable differences in adverse events between groups. The study was terminated in January, 2018, after failing to meet the non-futility threshold. Pioglitazone did not delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment. The biomarker algorithm demonstrated a 3 times enrichment of events in the high risk placebo group compared with the low risk placebo group, but did not reach the pre-specified significance threshold. Because we did not complete the study as planned, findings can only be considered exploratory. The conduct of this study could prove useful to future clinical development strategies for Alzheimer's disease prevention studies. Takeda and Zinfandel.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTERPRETATION: Pioglitazone did not delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mast cell activation syndromes presenting as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell disease and in an idiopathic fashion without clear provoking factors. Disorders of mast cell activation are classified into primary (clonal), secondary, and idiopathic. Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by objective documentation of elevated mast cell mediators during attacks and a favorable response to antimediator therapy. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with recurrent anaphylaxis without a clear cause. This article discusses the diagnosis of MCAS. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation.\", \"Mast cell activation syndromes presenting as anaphylaxis.\", \"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell\", \"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell disease and in an idiopathic fashion without clear provoking factors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency. Absolute iron deficiency is defined by severely reduced or absent iron stores, while functional iron deficiency is defined by adequate iron stores but insufficient iron availability for incorporation into erythroid precursors. This is due to increased levels of hepcidin. Anemia in CKD is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The association between anemia and mortality may be related to the severity of anemia. All CKD patients should be screened for anemia during the initial evaluation for CKD. Criteria used to define iron deficiency are different among CKD compared to normal renal function. Among CKD patients, absolute iron deficiency is defined when the transferrin saturation (TSAT) is \u226420% and the serum ferritin concentration is \u2264100 ng/mL among predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients or \u2264200 ng/mL among hemodialysis patients. Functional iron deficiency, also known as iron-restricted erythropoiesis, is characterized by TSAT \u226420% and elevated ferritin levels. Iron supplementation is recommended for all CKD patients with anemia. There is general agreement according to guidelines that intravenous (i.v.) iron supplementation is the preferred method for CKD patients on dialysis (CKD stage 5D) and either i.v. or oral iron is recommended for patients with CKD ND (CKD stages 3-5). In this review we discuss the evidence base for these recommendations.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD).\", \"Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.\", \"Among CKD patients, absolute iron deficiency is defined when the transferrin saturation (TSAT) is \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a420% and the serum ferritin concentration is \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4100 ng/mL among predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients or \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4200 ng/mL among hemodialysis patients.\", \"Anemia in CKD is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.\", \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency\", \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cuckoo fungus mimics termite eggs by producing the cellulose-digesting enzyme beta-glucosidase. Insects and fungi share a long history of association in various habitats, including the wood-decomposition niche. Fungal mimicry of termite eggs is one of the most striking evolutionary consequences of insect-fungus association. Termites of the genus Reticulitermes often harbor fungal sclerotia, called \"termite balls,\" along with eggs in nursery chambers, whereby the fungus gains a competitor-free habitat in termite nests. Sophisticated morphological and chemical camouflage are needed for the fungus to mimic termite eggs. However, the mechanism of chemical egg mimicry by the fungus is unknown. Here, we show that the fungus mimics termite eggs chemically by producing the cellulose-digesting enzyme beta-glucosidase. We found that the termite egg-recognition pheromone consists of beta-glucosidase and lysozyme. Both enzymes are major salivary compounds in termites and are also produced in termite eggs. Termite balls were tended by termites only when the fungus produced beta-glucosidase. Our results demonstrated that the overlap of the cellulose digestion niche between termites and the fungus sharing the same chemicals provided the opportunity for the origin of termite egg mimicry by the fungus. This suggests that pheromone compounds might have originally evolved within other life history contexts, only later gaining function in chemical communication.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```New insight in cdk9 function: from Tat to MyoD. Cdk9 is a serine-threonine cdc2-related kinase and its activity is not cell cycle-regulated. Cdk9 function depends on its kinase activity and also on its regulatory units: the T-family cyclins and cyclin K. Recently, several studies confirmed the role of cdk9 in different cellular processes such as signal transduction, basal transcription, HIV-Tat- and MyoD-mediated transcription and differentiation. All the referred data strongly support the concept of a multifunctional protein kinase with specific cytoplasmic and nuclear functions.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cdk9 function depends on its kinase activity and also on its regulatory units: the T-family cyclins and cyclin K. Recently, several studies confirmed the role of cdk9 in different cellular processes such as signal transduction, basal transcription, HIV-Tat- and MyoD-mediated transcription and differentiation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most frequent pregnancy-specific liver disease. It is characterized by pruritus and an accompanying elevation of serum bile acid concentrations and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which are the key parameters in the diagnosis. Despite good maternal prognosis, elevated bile acid concentration in maternal blood is an influencing factor to advers fetal outcome. The ICP is associated with increased rates of preterm birth, neonatal unit admission and stillbirth. This is the result of acute fetal asphyxia as opposed to a chronic uteroplacental insufficiency. Reliable monitoring or predictive tools (e.g. cardiotocography (CTG) or ultrasound) that help to prevent advers events are yet to be explored. Medicinal treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) does not demonstrably reduce adverse perinatal outcomes but does improve pruritus and liver function test results. Bile acid concentrations and gestational age should be used as indications to determine delivery. There is a\u00a0high risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most frequent pregnancy-specific liver disease. It is characterized by pruritus and an accompanying elevation of serum bile acid concentrations and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which are the key parameters in the diagnosis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In vivo topical gene therapy for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a phase 1 and 2 trial. Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a lifelong genodermatosis associated with blistering, wounding, and scarring caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding the anchoring fibril component, collagen VII (C7). Here, we evaluated beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), an engineered, non-replicating COL7A1 containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector, to treat RDEB skin. B-VEC restored C7 expression in RDEB keratinocytes, fibroblasts, RDEB mice and human RDEB xenografts. Subsequently, a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 clinical trial (NCT03536143) evaluated matched wounds from nine RDEB patients receiving topical B-VEC or placebo repeatedly over 12\u2009weeks. No grade 2 or above B-VEC-related adverse events or vector shedding or tissue-bound skin immunoreactants were noted. HSV-1 and C7 antibodies sometimes presented at baseline or increased after B-VEC treatment without an apparent impact on safety or efficacy. Primary and secondary objectives of C7 expression, anchoring fibril assembly, wound surface area reduction, duration of wound closure, and time to wound closure following B-VEC treatment were met. A patient-reported pain-severity secondary outcome was not assessed given the small proportion of wounds treated. A global assessment secondary endpoint was not pursued due to redundancy with regard to other endpoints. These studies show that B-VEC is an easily administered, safely tolerated, topical molecular corrective therapy promoting wound healing in patients with RDEB.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a lifelong genodermatosis associated with blistering, wounding, and scarring caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding the anchoring fibril component, collagen VII (C7). Here, we evaluated beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), an engineered, non-replicating COL7A1 containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector, to treat RDEB skin. \", \"These studies show that B-VEC is an easily administered, safely tolerated, topical molecular corrective therapy promoting wound healing in patients with RDEB.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```CAUTION ADVISED USING COMBINATION KETOCONAZOLE AND PD-1 INHIBITORS. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved to treat multiple cancers. We report life-threatening hepatic failure in 2 consecutive patients with Cushing syndrome that were treated with ketoconazole (KTZ) in combination with 2 different programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab. The first patient suffered from corticotroph pituitary carcinoma and the second from metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. They were both treated with KTZ for tumor-associated hypercortisolism. Hepatic function was normal on KTZ prior to initiation of PD-1 inhibitors, after which they rapidly developed severe hepatic dysfunction. In both cases, liver biopsy was consistent with drug-induced hepatic injury. Liver function fully recovered on discontinuing KTZ and the PD-1 inhibitors along with methylprednisone therapy. Antifungal azole therapy is commonly used in oncology patients who may be co-treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Although the specific combination of KTZ and PD-1 inhibitors to treat Cushing syndrome may be relatively uncommon, we recommend careful monitoring of hepatic function using a combination PD-1 inhibitors and azole antifungal agents, especially KTZ, due to the potential of life-threatening hepatic failure.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"2 different programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The diagnostic challenge of small fibre neuropathy: clinical presentations, evaluations, and causes. Small fibre neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thinly myelinated A\u03b4-fibres and unmyelinated C-fibres. Although multiple causes of small nerve fibre degeneration have been reported, including via genetic mutations, the cause of small fibre neuropathy remains unknown in up to 50% of cases. The typical clinical presentation of small fibre neuropathy is that of a symmetrical, length-dependent polyneuropathy associated with sensory or autonomic symptoms. More rarely, the clinical presentation is characterised by non-length-dependent, focal, or multifocal symptoms. The diagnostic tests to identify small fibre neuropathy include skin biopsy, quantitative sensory, and autonomic testing. Additional tests, such as those measuring small fibre-related evoked potentials and corneal confocal microscopy, might contribute to a better understanding of these neuropathies. Biochemical markers can also help in screening patients for the presence of small fibre neuropathy and to assess disease progression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Small fibre neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thinly myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4-fibres and unmyelinated C-fibres. Although multiple causes of small nerve fibre degeneration have been reported, including via genetic mutations, the cause of small fibre neuropathy remains unknown in up to 50% of cases. The typical clinical presentation of small fibre neuropathy is that of a symmetrical, length-dependent polyneuropathy associated with sensory or autonomic symptoms.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel, substituted 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium P2X7 antagonists. Iminium quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPA) have been found to be novel P2X(7) antagonists. To assess their structure-activity relationships, these compounds were modified at their R(1) and R(2) groups and assayed for their ability to inhibit the 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP)-induced uptake of fluorescent ethidium by HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human P2X(7) receptor, and their ability to inhibit BzATP-induced IL-1beta release by differentiated THP-1 cells. Compounds 15a and 15d, with alkyl groups at the R(1) position, and especially compound 19h, with the 2-NO(2)-4,5-dimethoxy-benzyl group at the R(2) position, had potent inhibitory efficacy as P2X(7) antagonists.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron replacement therapy in the management of anaemia in non-dialysis Chronic kidney disease patients: Perspective of the Spanish Nephrology Society Anaemia Group. This work presents an update on the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), either with or without anaemia. A review is made of the recommendations of the guidelines for the treatment of iron deficiency in CKD. It also presents new studies on iron deficiency in patients with CKD, as well as new findings about iron therapy and its impact on clinical outcomes. Anaemia is a common complication of CRF, and is associated with a decrease in the quality of life of the patients, as well as an increase in morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency (absolute or functional) is common in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients, and may cause anaemia or a low response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. For this reason, the clinical guidelines for the treatment of the anaemia in Nephrology indicate the correction of the deficiency in the presence of anaemia. Iron replacement therapy is indicated in patients with CKD and anaemia (Hb\u00a0<\u00a012\u00a0g/dl) in accordance with the guidelines. There is no unanimity in the indication of iron replacement therapy in patients with Hb\u00a0>\u00a012\u00a0g/dl, regardless of whether they have an absolute or functional iron deficiency. Intravenous iron replacement therapy is safe, more efficient and rapid than oral therapy for achieving an increase haemoglobin lels and reducing the dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. For the administration of intravenous iron in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients a strategy of high doses and low frequency would be preferred on being more convenient for the patient, preserves better the venous capital, and is safe and cost-effective. Iron plays an essential role in energy metabolism and other body functions beyond the synthesis of haemoglobin, for which the iron deficiency, even in the absence of anaemia, could have harmful effects in patients with CKD. The correction of the iron deficiency, in the absence of anaemia is associated with functional improvement in patients with heart failure, and in muscle function or fatigue in patients without CKD. Despite the evidence of benefits in the correction of iron deficiency in patients with CKD, more studies are required to evaluate the impact of the correction of the iron deficiency in the absence of anaemia on morbidity and mortality, quality of life and physical capacity, as well as the long-term effect of oral and intravenous iron replacement therapy in this population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), either with or without anaemia. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: First-Line Therapy and Beyond. On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \u226550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor ( This is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of a checkpoint inhibitor for first-line treatment of lung cancer. This approval expands the pembrolizumab indication in second-line treatment of lung cancer to include all patients with programmed death-ligand 1-expressing non-small cell lung cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a51%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pharmacointeraction network models predict unknown drug-drug interactions. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can lead to serious and potentially lethal adverse events. In recent years, several drugs have been withdrawn from the market due to interaction-related adverse events (AEs). Current methods for detecting DDIs rely on the accumulation of sufficient clinical evidence in the post-market stage - a lengthy process that often takes years, during which time numerous patients may suffer from the adverse effects of the DDI. Detection methods are further hindered by the extremely large combinatoric space of possible drug-drug-AE combinations. There is therefore a practical need for predictive tools that can identify potential DDIs years in advance, enabling drug safety professionals to better prioritize their limited investigative resources and take appropriate regulatory action. To meet this need, we describe Predictive Pharmacointeraction Networks (PPINs) - a novel approach that predicts unknown DDIs by exploiting the network structure of all known DDIs, together with other intrinsic and taxonomic properties of drugs and AEs. We constructed an 856-drug DDI network from a 2009 snapshot of a widely-used drug safety database, and used it to develop PPIN models for predicting future DDIs. We compared the DDIs predicted based solely on these 2009 data, with newly reported DDIs that appeared in a 2012 snapshot of the same database. Using a standard multivariate approach to combine predictors, the PPIN model achieved an AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.81 with a sensitivity of 48% given a specificity of 90%. An analysis of DDIs by severity level revealed that the model was most effective for predicting \"contraindicated\" DDIs (AUROC\u200a=\u200a0.92) and less effective for \"minor\" DDIs (AUROC\u200a=\u200a0.63). These results indicate that network based methods can be useful for predicting unknown drug-drug interactions.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Using a standard multivariate approach to combine predictors, the PPIN model achieved an AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.81 with a sensitivity of 48% given a specificity of 90%.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multivariable prediction models for health care spending using machine learning: a protocol of a systematic review. With rising cost pressures on health care systems, machine-learning (ML)-based algorithms are increasingly used to predict health care costs. Despite their potential advantages, the successful implementation of these methods could be undermined by biases introduced in the design, conduct, or analysis of studies seeking to develop and/or validate ML models. The utility of such models may also be negatively affected by poor reporting of these studies. In this systematic review, we aim to evaluate the reporting quality, methodological characteristics, and risk of bias of ML-based prediction models for individual-level health care spending. We will systematically search PubMed and Embase to identify studies developing, updating, or validating ML-based models to predict an individual's health care spending for any medical condition, over any time period, and in any setting. We will exclude prediction models of aggregate-level health care spending, models used to infer causality, models using radiomics or speech parameters, models of non-clinically validated predictors (e.g., genomics), and cost-effectiveness analyses without predicting individual-level health care spending. We will extract data based on the Checklist for\u00a0Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS), previously published research, and relevant recommendations. We will assess the adherence of ML-based studies to the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement and examine the inclusion of transparency and reproducibility indicators (e.g. statements on data sharing). To assess the risk of bias, we will apply the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). Findings will be stratified by study design, ML methods used, population characteristics, and medical field. Our systematic review will appraise the quality, reporting, and risk of bias of ML-based models for individualized health care cost prediction. This review will provide an overview of the available models and give insights into the strengths and limitations of using ML methods for the prediction of health spending.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We will extract data based on the Checklist for\\u00c2\\u00a0Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS), \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of anemia in congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency: the cardio renal anemia syndrome. Anemia is a major problem in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency. The development of recombinant human erythropoietin has enabled physicians to correct this anemia. Although anemia has not been considered to be a common or important contributor to congestive heart failure, anemia of any cause can lead to cardiac damage and eventually congestive heart failure. Our joint renal-cardiac heart failure team found that anemia was indeed very common in congestive heart failure and was associated with severe, medication-resistant cardiac failure. Correction of the anemia with erythropoietin and intravenous iron led to a marked improvement in patients' functional status and their cardiac function, and to a marked fall in the need for hospitalization and for high-dose diuretics; renal function usually improved or at least stabilized. Subsequent investigations by others have confirmed many of our observations. We call this interrelationship between congestive heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and anemia the Cardio-Renal Anemia syndrome. Treatment of the anemia in congestive heart failure may prove vital in preventing progression of both the heart failure and the associated renal disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We call this interrelationship between congestive heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and anemia the Cardio-Renal Anemia syndrome.\", \"Anemia is a major problem in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency.\", \"Correction of the anemia with erythropoietin and intravenous iron led to a marked improvement in patients' functional status and their cardiac function, and to a marked fall in the need for hospitalization and for high-dose diuretics; renal function usually improved or at least stabilized.\", \"The role of anemia in congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency: the cardio renal anemia syndrome.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Epigastric Pain and Weight Loss - A Case of Wilkie's Syndrome. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA syndrome) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare etiology of duodenal obstruction due to compression of the third portion of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Physical and laboratory findings are often non-specific but imaging methods are useful for diagnosing the condition. A 46-year-old female patient presented to the outpatient clinic of our internal medicine department with a 2-year history of epigastric pain, nausea, early satiety and weight loss of 15 kg. Previous studies were inconclusive. The patient underwent computed tomography enterography and its findings were consistent with SMA syndrome. Currently the patient is being followed by General Surgery and Nutrition and is under nutritional measures in order to optimize her body mass index to decrease possible surgical complications. This case report emphasizes the importance of clinical suspicion and careful investigation when considering less common etiologies for frequent gastrointestinal symptoms. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal system obstruction and its diagnosis is often delayed.This syndrome should be suspected in the differential diagnosis of patients with persistent nausea, abdominal pain and significant weight loss.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA syndrome) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare etiology of duodenal obstruction due to compression of the third portion of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in renal disease: diagnosis and management. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anemia is a common complication. Anemia conveys significant risk for cardiovascular disease, faster progression of renal failure and decreased quality of life. Patients with CKD can have anemia for many reasons, including but not invariably their renal insufficiency. These patients require a thorough evaluation to identify and correct causes of anemia other than erythropoietin deficiency. The mainstay of treatment of anemia secondary to CKD has become erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). The use of ESAs does carry risks and these agents need to be used judiciously. Iron deficiency often co-exists in this population and must be evaluated and treated. Correction of iron deficiency can improve anemia and reduce ESA requirements. Partial, but not complete, correction of anemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Partial, but not complete, correction of anemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Rare copy number variants identified in prune belly syndrome. Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature, urinary tract anomalies, and cryptorchidism in males. The etiology of PBS is largely unresolved, but genetic factors are implicated given its recurrence in families. We examined cases of PBS to identify novel pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs). A total of 34 cases (30 males and 4 females) with PBS identified from all live births in New York State (1998-2005) were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmni2.5 microarrays. CNVs were prioritized if they were absent from in-house controls, encompassed \u226510 consecutive probes, were \u226520\u00a0Kb in size, had \u226420% overlap with common variants in population reference controls, and had \u226420% overlap with any variant previously detected in other birth defect phenotypes screened in our laboratory. We identified 17 candidate autosomal CNVs; 10 cases each had one CNV and four cases each had two CNVs. The CNVs included a 158\u00a0Kb duplication at 4q22 that overlaps the BMPR1B gene; duplications of different sizes carried by two cases in the intron of STIM1 gene; a 67\u00a0Kb duplication 202\u00a0Kb downstream of the NOG gene, and a 1.34\u00a0Mb deletion including the MYOCD gene. The identified rare CNVs spanned genes involved in mesodermal, muscle, and urinary tract development and differentiation, which might help in elucidating the genetic contribution to PBS. We did not have parental DNA and cannot identify whether these CNVs were de novo or inherited. Further research on these CNVs, particularly BMP signaling is warranted to elucidate the pathogenesis of PBS.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature, urinary tract anomalies, and cryptorchidism in males.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Genetic analysis and prenatal diagnosis for a Chinese pedigree affected with Canavan disease]. To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese patient suspected for Canavan disease. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the proband, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing of the proband, her parents and brother. Prenatal diagnosis was provided to her mother by chorionic villi sampling (CVS) upon her subsequent pregnancy. The proband, a 4-month-old female infant, had manifested drowsiness, hypotonia and apathy. Urine metabolism screening showed elevated N-acetylaspartic acid. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormal myelination and multiple abnormal signals in large brain areas. WES revealed that the proband has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the ASPA gene, namely c.187A>G (p.Arg63Gly) in exon 1 and c.634+1G>A (P.?) in exon 4. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the c.187A>G (p.Arg63Gly) and c.634+1G>A (p.?) variants were respectively inherited from her mother and father. Her phenotypically normal brother has carried a heterozygous c.634+1G>A (p.?) variant. Prenatal diagnosis by CVS indicated that the fetus was a heterozygous carrier of the c.187A>G variant. WES can facilitate the diagnosis of Canavan disease, particularly for those lacking specific phenotypes of the disease. The compound heterozygous variants of the ASPA gene probably underlay the Canavan disease in this patient, and the result has enabled prenatal diagnosis for this family.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The compound heterozygous variants of the ASPA gene probably underlay the Canavan disease in this patient, and the result has enabled prenatal diagnosis for this family.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A clinical perspective on the 2016 WHO brain tumor classification and routine molecular diagnostics. The 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors did not use molecular abnormalities as diagnostic criteria. Studies have shown that genotyping allows a better prognostic classification of diffuse glioma with improved treatment selection. This has resulted in a major revision of the WHO classification, which is now for adult diffuse glioma centered around isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q diagnostics. This revised classification is reviewed with a focus on adult brain tumors, and includes a recommendation of genes of which routine testing is clinically useful. Apart from assessment of IDH mutational status including sequencing of R132H-immunohistochemistry negative cases and testing for 1p/19q, several other markers can be considered for routine testing, including assessment of copy number alterations of chromosome 7 and 10 and of TERT promoter, BRAF, and H3F3A mutations. For \"glioblastoma, IDH mutated\" the term \"astrocytoma grade IV\" could be considered. It should be considered to treat IDH wild-type grades II and III diffuse glioma with polysomy of chromosome 7 and loss of 10q as glioblastoma. New developments must be more quickly translated into further revised diagnostic categories. Quality control and rapid integration of molecular findings into the final diagnosis and the communication of the final diagnosis to clinicians require systematic attention.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This has resulted in a major revision of the WHO classification, which is now for adult diffuse glioma centered around isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q diagnostics.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Differential prognostic accuracy of right ventricular dysfunction, the Seattle heart failure model and the MAGGIC score in patients with severe mitral regurgitation undergoing the MitraClip\u00ae procedure. MitraClip \u00ae (MC) is an established procedure for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients deemed unsuitable for surgery.Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is associated with a higher mortality risk. The prognostic accuracy of heart failure risk scores like the Seattle heart failure model (SHFM) and Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score in pts undergoing MC with or without RVD has not been investigated so far. SHFM and MAGGIC score were calculated retrospectively. RVD was determined as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) \u226415\u00a0mm. Area under receiver operating curves (AUROC) of SHFM and MAGGIC were performed for one-year all-cause mortality after MC. N\u00a0=\u00a0103 pts with MR III\u00b0 (73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011\u00a0years, LVEF 37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017%) underwent MC with a reduction of at least I\u00b0 MR. One-year mortality was 28.2%.In Kaplan-Meier analysis, one- year mortality was significantly higher in RVD-pts (34.8% vs 2.8%, p\u00a0=\u00a00.009).Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for SHFM and MAGGIC were comparable for both scores (SHFM: 0.704, MAGGIC: 0.692). In pts without RVD, SHFM displayed a higher AUROC and therefore better diagnostic accuracy (SHFM: 0.776; MAGGIC: 0.551, p\u00a0<\u00a00.05). In pts with RVD, MAGGIC and SHFM displayed comparable AUROCs. RVD is an important prognostic marker in pts undergoing MC. SHFM and MAGGIC displayed adequate over-all prognostic power in these pts. Accuracy differed in pts with and without RVD, indicating higher predictive power of the SHFM score in pts without RVD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" reduction of at least I\\u00c2\\u00b0 MR. One-year mortality was 28.2%.In Kaplan-Meier analysis, one- year mortality was significantly higher in RVD-pts (34.8% vs 2.8%, p\\u00c2\\u00a0=\\u00c2\\u00a00.009).Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for SHFM and MAGGIC were comparable for both scores\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia as a risk factor for kidney function decline in individuals with heart failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), anemia, and declining kidney function are recognized as risk factors for adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. This analysis was conducted to evaluate whether anemia is a risk factor for kidney function decrease in patients with heart failure. Data from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), a randomized trial of enalapril versus placebo in patients with ejection fractions or=6 ml/min/1.73 m(2)/year. Anemia was defined as baseline hematocrit <36%. Multivariate logistic regression weighted by the number of GFR assessments was used to test the relation between anemia and rapid decrease. We also evaluated whether CKD (baseline GFR 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of Litifilimab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```5-Substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor against three receptor tyrosine kinases. NP506, the 3-{2,4-dimethyl-5-[2-oxo-5-(N'-phenylhydrazinocarbonyl)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl}-propionic acid, was designed as FGF receptor 1 inhibitor by computational study and found to be more active against endothelial proliferation of HUVEC after the rhFGF-2 stimulation than SU6668 with minimum effective dose of 10 microM. NP506 inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation in FGF, VEGF, and PDGF receptors and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) and AKT after the rhFGF-2 stimulation. The introduction of the phenyl hydrazide motif to the position 5 of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold led to the inhibitory effect in two signaling pathways: inhibition of AKT activation in the phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI13K)/AKT signaling pathway and the inhibition of ERK and JNK activation in MAPK pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```RNA-targeted splice-correction therapy for neuromuscular disease. Splice-modulation therapy, whereby molecular manipulation of premessenger RNA splicing is engineered to yield genetic correction, is a promising novel therapy for genetic diseases of muscle and nerve-the prototypical example being Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common childhood genetic disease, affecting one in 3500 newborn boys, causing progressive muscle weakness, heart and respiratory failure and premature death. No cure exists for this disease and a number of promising new molecular therapies are being intensively studied. Duchenne muscular dystrophy arises due to mutations that disrupt the open-reading-frame in the DMD gene leading to the absence of the essential muscle protein dystrophin. Of all novel molecular interventions currently being investigated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, perhaps the most promising method aiming to restore dystrophin expression to diseased cells is known as 'exon skipping' or splice-modulation, whereby antisense oligonucleotides eliminate the deleterious effects of DMD mutations by modulating dystrophin pre-messenger RNA splicing, such that functional dystrophin protein is produced. Recently this method was shown to be promising and safe in clinical trials both in The Netherlands and the UK. These trials studied direct antisense oligonucleotide injections into single peripheral lower limb muscles, whereas a viable therapy will need antisense oligonucleotides to be delivered systemically to all muscles, most critically to the heart, and ultimately to all other affected tissues including brain. There has also been considerable progress in understanding how such splice-correction methods could be applied to the treatment of related neuromuscular diseases, including spinal muscular atrophy and myotonic dystrophy, where defects of splicing or alternative splicing are closely related to the disease mechanism.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Of all novel molecular interventions currently being investigated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, perhaps the most promising method aiming to restore dystrophin expression to diseased cells is known as 'exon skipping' or splice-modulation, whereby antisense oligonucleotides eliminate the deleterious effects of DMD mutations by modulating dystrophin pre-messenger RNA splicing, such that functional dystrophin protein is produced.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prediction of gestational diabetes based on nationwide electronic health records. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses increased risk of short- and long-term complications for mother and offspring```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Our models predict GDM with high accuracy even at pregnancy initiation (area under the receiver operating curve (auROC)\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.85), substantially outperforming a baseline risk score (auROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.68).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Emerging PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Increased understanding of the interactive mechanisms between tumors and the immune system led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have revolutioned the treatment of metastatic melanoma and subsequently many other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Since then, a plethora of new molecules have enriched the armamentarium against melanoma. This review summarizes the last updates about treatment with nivolumab and pembrolizumab, data on other PD-1/PDL-1 agents such as spartalizumab and atezolizumab and emerging compounds, new combinations with NKTR-214, anti LAG-3, anti IDO-1 and TVEC, new checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. TIM-3 or TIGIT) and other new molecules for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating novel molecules, or immunotherapy combinations, in order to achieve even better survival outcomes for patients, overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving toxicity profiles. The challenge in the near future will be to select the most appropriate treatments according to the specific characteristics of the patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metast\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Management of renal anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: the role of the general practitioner]. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of CKD. One of the most common complications of CKD is anemia, the frequency and severity of which increase as kidney failure progresses. Renal anemia is primarily caused by reduced renal erythropoietin production. It can also be associated with iron deficiency caused by reduced iron absorption, occult blood loss and impaired iron mobilization. This work provides an overview of the management of renal anemia with focus on intravenous iron therapy, which is more effective than oral iron administration in CKD due to reduced iron absorption.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of CKD. One of the most common complications of CKD is anemia, the frequency and severity of which increase a\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A critical appraisal of the prognostic predictive models for patients with sepsis: Which model can be applied in clinical practice? Sepsis is associated with high mortality and predictive models can help in clinical decision-making. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of these models. In 2019, we conducted a systematic review in MEDLINE and EMBASE (CDR42018111121:PROSPERO) of articles that developed predictive models for mortality in septic patients (inclusion criteria). We followed the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data, Participants, etc). We determined the risk of bias and applicability (participants, outcome, predictors and analysis) through PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool). A total of 14 studies were included. In the CHARMS extraction, the models found showed great variability in its 11 domains. Regarding the PROBAST checklist, only one article had an unclear risk of bias as it did not indicate how missing data were handled while the others all had a high risk of bias. This was mainly due to the statistical analysis (inadequate sample size, handling of continuous predictors, missing data and selection of predictors), since 13 studies had a high risk of bias. Applicability was satisfactory in six articles. Most of the models integrate predictors from routine clinical practice. Discrimination and calibration were assessed for almost all the models, with the area under the ROC curve ranging from 0.59 to 0.955 and no lack of calibration. Only three models were externally validated and their maximum discrimination values in the derivation were from 0.712 and 0.84. One of them (Osborn) had undergone multiple validation studies. Despite most of the studies showing a high risk of bias, we very cautiously recommend applying the Osborn model, as this has been externally validated various times.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"inclusion criteria). We followed the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data\", \"the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information\", \"the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data, Participants, etc). We determin\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Thalidomide and the immunomodulatory drug, lenalidomide, are therapeutically active in hematological malignancies. The ubiquitously expressed E3 ligase protein cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the primary teratogenic target of thalidomide. Our studies demonstrate that thalidomide, lenalidomide and another immunomodulatory drug, pomalidomide, bound endogenous CRBN and recombinant CRBN-DNA damage binding protein-1 (DDB1) complexes. CRBN mediated antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in myeloma cells, as well as lenalidomide- and pomalidomide-induced cytokine production in T cells. Lenalidomide and pomalidomide inhibited autoubiquitination of CRBN in HEK293T cells expressing thalidomide-binding competent wild-type CRBN, but not thalidomide-binding defective CRBN(YW/AA). Overexpression of CRBN wild-type protein, but not CRBN(YW/AA) mutant protein, in KMS12 myeloma cells, amplified pomalidomide-mediated reductions in c-myc and IRF4 expression and increases in p21(WAF-1) expression. Long-term selection for lenalidomide resistance in H929 myeloma cell lines was accompanied by a reduction in CRBN, while in DF15R myeloma cells resistant to both pomalidomide and lenalidomide, CRBN protein was undetectable. Our biophysical, biochemical and gene silencing studies show that CRBN is a proximate, therapeutically important molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\", \"Our biophysical, biochemical and gene silencing studies show that CRBN is a proximate, therapeutically important molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\", \"eblon (CRBN) has been identified as the primary teratogenic target of thalidomide. Our studies demonstrate that thalidomide, lenalidomide and another \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Machine learning to predict vasopressin responsiveness in patients with septic shock. The objective of this study was to develop and externally validate a model to predict adjunctive vasopressin response in patients with septic shock being treated with norepinephrine for bedside use in the intensive care unit. This was a retrospective analysis of two adult tertiary intensive care unit septic shock populations. Barnes-Jewish Hospital (BJH) from 2010 to 2017 and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) from 2001 to 2012. Two septic shock populations (548 BJH patients and 464 BIDMC patients) that received vasopressin as second-line vasopressor. Patients who were vasopressin responsive were compared with those who were nonresponsive. Vasopressin response was defined as survival with at least a 20% decrease in maximum daily norepinephrine requirements by one calendar day after vasopressin initiation, without a third-line vasopressor. Two supervised machine learning models (gradient-boosting machine [XGBoost] and elastic net penalized logistic regression [EN]) were trained in 1000 bootstrap replications of the BJH data and externally validated in the BIDMC data to predict vasopressin responsiveness. Vasopressin responsiveness was similar among each cohort (BJH 45% and BIDMC 39%). Mortality was lower for vasopressin responders compared with nonresponders in the BJH (51% vs. 73%) and BIDMC (45% vs. 83%) cohorts, respectively. Both models demonstrated modest discrimination in the training (XGBoost area under receiver operator curve [AUROC] 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.61], EN 0.59 [95% CI 0.58-0.59]) and external validation (XGBoost 0.68 [95% CI 0.63-0.73], EN 0.64 [95% CI 0.59-0.69]) datasets. Vasopressin nonresponsiveness is common and associated with increased mortality. The models' modest performances highlight the complexity of septic shock and indicate that more research will be required before clinical decision support tools can aid in anticipating patient-specific responsiveness to vasopressin.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"area under receiver operator curve [AUROC] \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The human heart as a shock organ in anaphylaxis. Human mast cells, by elaborating vasoactive mediators and cytokines, are the primary effector cells of anaphylaxis. A body of evidence implicates human heart mast cells (HHMCs) in anaphylaxis. These cells have been identified perivascularly, in dose proximity to myocytes and in the arterial intima in human heart tissue. The membrane surface of mast cells from human heart tissue of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation expresses the high affinity receptors for IgE (FcepsilonRI) and C5a receptors. Activation of HHMCs in vitro with anti-IgE or anti-FcepsilonRI induced the release of preformed mediators (histamine, tryptase and chymase) and the de novo synthesis of LTC4 (approximately equal to 18 ng/10(6) cells) and PGD2 (approximately equal to 18 ng/10(6) cells). Complement activation and anaphylatoxin formation occur during anaphylaxis in human. C5a caused rapid release of histamine and tryptase from HHMCs. These cells are activated in vitro by therapeutic (general anaesthetics, protamine, etc.) and diagnostic agents (radio contrast media, etc.) that may cause non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions. Administration of low concentrations of histamine and cysteinyl leukotrienes in subjects undergoing diagnostic catheterization caused significant systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects. Taken together, these results indicate that the human heart can be both the site and the target of anaphylactic reactions.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Human mast cells, by elaborating vasoactive mediators and cytokines, are the primary effector cells of anaphylaxis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Online genetic counseling from the providers' perspective: counselors' evaluations and a time and cost analysis. Telemedicine applications are increasingly being introduced in patient care in various disciplines, including clinical genetics, mainly to increase access to care and to reduce time and costs for patients and professionals. Most telegenetics reports describe applications in large geographical areas, showing positive patients' and professionals' satisfaction. One economic analysis published thus far reported lower costs than in-person care. We hypothesized that telegenetics can also be beneficial from the professional's view in relatively small geographical areas. We performed a pilot study in the Northern Netherlands of 51 home-based online counseling sessions for cardiogenetic and oncogenetic cascade screening, and urgent prenatal counseling. Previously, we showed patient satisfaction, anxiety, and perceived control of online counseling to be comparable to in-person counseling. This study focuses on expectations, satisfaction, and practical evaluations of the involved counselors, and the impact in terms of time and costs. Most counselors expected disadvantages of online counseling for themselves and their patients, mainly concerning insufficient non-verbal communication; few expected advantages for themselves. Afterwards, counselors additionally raised the disadvantage of insufficient verbal communication, and reported frequent technical problems. Their overall mean telemedicine satisfaction itemscore was 3.38 before, and 2.95 afterwards, being afterwards slightly below the minimum level we set for a satisfactory result. We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively. We showed online genetic counseling to be effective, feasible and cost-efficient, but technical improvements are needed to increase counselors' satisfaction.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Three-Country Snapshot of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency. X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle defect. The disease severity ranges from asymptomatic carrier state to severe neonatal presentation with hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. We audited the diagnosis and management of OTCD, using an online 12-question-survey that was sent to 75 metabolic centres in Turkey, France and the UK. Thirty-nine centres responded and 495 patients were reported in total. A total of 208 French patients were reported, including 71 (34%) males, 86 (41%) symptomatic and 51 (25%) asymptomatic females. Eighty-five Turkish patients included 32 (38%) males, 39 (46%) symptomatic and 14 (16%) asymptomatic females. Out of the 202 UK patients, 66 (33%) were male, 83 (41%) asymptomatic and 53 (26%) symptomatic females. A total of 19%, 12% and 7% of the patients presented with a neonatal-onset phenotype in France, Turkey and the UK, respectively. Vomiting, altered mental status and encephalopathy were the most common initial symptoms in all three countries. While 69% in France and 79% in Turkey were receiving protein restriction, 42% were on a protein-restricted diet in the UK. A total of 76%, 47% and 33% of patients were treated with ammonia scavengers in Turkey, France and the UK, respectively. The findings of our audit emphasize the differences and similarities in manifestations and management practices in three countries.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle defect. The disease severity ranges from asymptomatic carrier state to severe neonatal presentation with hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Lack of DREAM protein enhances learning and memory and slows brain aging. Memory deficits in aging affect millions of people and are often disturbing to those concerned. Dissection of the molecular control of learning and memory is paramount to understand and possibly enhance cognitive functions. Old-age memory loss also has been recently linked to altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. We have previously identified DREAM (downstream regulatory element antagonistic modulator), a member of the neuronal Ca(2+) sensor superfamily of EF-hand proteins, with specific roles in different cell compartments. In the nucleus, DREAM is a Ca(2+)-dependent transcriptional repressor, binding to specific DNA signatures, or interacting with nucleoproteins regulating their transcriptional properties. Also, we and others have shown that dream mutant (dream(-/-)) mice exhibit marked analgesia. Here we report that dream(-/-) mice exhibit markedly enhanced learning and synaptic plasticity related to improved cognition. Mechanistically, DREAM functions as a negative regulator of the key memory factor CREB in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and loss of DREAM facilitates CREB-dependent transcription during learning. Intriguingly, 18-month-old dream(-/-) mice display learning and memory capacities similar to young mice. Moreover, loss of DREAM protects from brain degeneration in aging. These data identify the Ca(2+)-regulated \"pain gene\" DREAM as a novel key regulator of memory and brain aging.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A systematic review of predictive models for recurrence and mortality in patients with tongue cancer. Predictive models must meet clinical/methodological standards to be used in clinical practice. However, no critique of those models relating to mortality/recurrence in tongue cancer has been done bearing in mind the accepted standards. We conducted a systematic review evaluating the methodology and clinical applicability of predictive models for mortality/recurrence in tongue cancer published in MEDLINE and Scopus. For each model, we analysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of data, participants, outcome to be predicted, candidate predictors, sample size, missing data, model development, model performance, model evaluation, results and interpretation and discussion. We found two papers that included eight prediction models, neither of which adhered to the CHARMS recommendations. Given the quality of tongue cancer models, new studies following current consensus are needed to develop predictive tools applicable in clinical practice.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of da\", \"nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of data, participants, outcome to be predicted, candidate predictors, sample size, missing data, model development, model performance, model evaluation, results and interpretation and discussion.RESULTS: We found tw\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Programmed Cell Death Receptor (PD-1) Ligand (PD-L1) expression in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Programmed Cell Death Receptor (PD-1) and its Ligand (PD-L1) pathway inhibitor therapy has been explored in the field of oncology treatment mainly for solid tumors. In hematologic malignancies, there is limited information except for Hodgkin's lymphoma, and there is even less information regarding myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Therefore, we explored this by first measuring PD-1 and PD-L1 levels (percentage of positive cells) in 63 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPN (Ph(-) MPN), including 16\u2009MF (12 PMF, 2 post-PV-MF, 2 post-ET-MF), 29\u2009ET, and 18\u2009PV. We found there was no significant difference in PD-1 or PD-L1 levels between the different MPN groups but that there was a significant difference when PV, ET and MF were grouped as MPN and compared with controls, of all immune cells including CD4```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Programmed Cell Death Receptor (PD-1) and its Ligand (PD-L1) pathway inhibitor therapy has been explored in the field of oncology treatment mainly for solid tumors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Impact of Intraoperative Data on Risk Prediction for Mortality After Intra-Abdominal Surgery. Risk prediction models for postoperative mortality after intra-abdominal surgery have typically been developed using preoperative variables. It is unclear if intraoperative data add significant value to these risk prediction models. With IRB approval, an institutional retrospective cohort of intra-abdominal surgery patients in the 2005 to 2015 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was identified. Intraoperative data were obtained from the electronic health record. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. We evaluated the performance of machine learning algorithms to predict 30-day mortality using: 1) baseline variables and 2) baseline + intraoperative variables. Algorithms evaluated were: 1) logistic regression with elastic net selection, 2) random forest (RF), 3) gradient boosting machine (GBM), 4) support vector machine (SVM), and 5) convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). The sample was randomly divided into a training/testing split with 80%/20% probabilities. Repeated 10-fold cross-validation identified the optimal model hyperparameters in the training dataset for each model, which were then applied to the entire training dataset to train the model. Trained models were applied to the test cohort to evaluate model performance. Statistical significance was evaluated using P < .05. The training and testing cohorts contained 4322 and 1079 patients, respectively, with 62 (1.4%) and 15 (1.4%) experiencing 30-day mortality, respectively. When using only baseline variables to predict mortality, all algorithms except SVM (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.83 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.69-0.97]) had AUROC >0.9: GBM (AUROC, 0.96 [0.94-1.0]), RF (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-1.0]), CNN (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-0.99]), and logistic regression (AUROC, 0.95 [0.91-0.99]). AUROC significantly increased with intraoperative variables with CNN (AUROC, 0.97 [0.96-0.99]; P = .047 versus baseline), but there was no improvement with GBM (AUROC, 0.97 [0.95-0.99]; P = .3 versus baseline), RF (AUROC, 0.96 [0.93-1.0]; P = .5 versus baseline), and logistic regression (AUROC, 0.94 [0.90-0.99]; P = .6 versus baseline). Postoperative mortality is predicted with excellent discrimination in intra-abdominal surgery patients using only preoperative variables in various machine learning algorithms. The addition of intraoperative data to preoperative data also resulted in models with excellent discrimination, but model performance did not improve.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"-day mortality, respectively. When using only baseline variables to predict mortality, all algorithms except SVM (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.83 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.69-0.97]) had AUROC >0.9: GBM (AUROC, 0.96 [0.94-1.0]), RF (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-1.0]), CNN (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-0.99]), and logistic regress\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a rapidly evolving, acute, life-threatening reaction that occurs rapidly on contact with a trigger. Anaphylaxis is classically defined as an allergen-driven process that induces specific IgE and the activation of mast cells and basophils through the cross-linking of IgE receptors. However, it is clear that non-IgE-mediated pathways can induce symptoms indistinguishable from those of classic anaphylaxis, and their activation could explain the severity of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Indeed, mast cells and basophils can be activated by antibodies against IgE or their receptors, by molecules such as anaphylatoxins, or through G-coupled receptors. Some other allergens can induce antibodies of class IgG that can activate neutrophils to produce a molecule similar to histamine to induce anaphylaxis. Finally, some inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin or prostaglandin can also modulate mast cell and basophil activation as well as directly cause vasodilation and bronchoconstriction, resulting in anaphylaxis-like reactions.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylaxis is a rapidly evolving, acute, life-threatening reaction that occurs rapidly on contact with a trigger. Anaphylaxis is classically defined as an allergen-driven process that induces specific IgE and the activation of mast cells and basophils through the cross-linking of IgE receptors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparing Deflazacort and Prednisone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone are the current standard of care for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) based on evidence that they improve muscle strength, improve timed motor function, delay loss of ambulation, improve pulmonary function, reduce the need for scoliosis surgery, delay onset of cardiomyopathy, and increase survival. Both have been used off-label for many years (choice dependent on patient preference, cost, and geographic location) before FDA approval of deflazacort for DMD in 2017. In this review, we compare deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone in terms of their key pharmacological features, relative efficacy, and safety profiles in patients with DMD. Differentiating features include lipid solubility, pharmacokinetics, changes in gene expression profiles, affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor, and impact on glucose metabolism. Evidence from randomized clinical trials, prospective studies, meta-analyses, and post-hoc analyses suggests that patients receiving deflazacort experience similar or slower rates of functional decline compared with those receiving prednisone/prednisolone. Regarding side effects, weight gain and behavior side effects appear to be greater with prednisone/prednisolone than with deflazacort, whereas bone health, growth parameters, and cataracts appear worse with deflazacort.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone are the current standard of care for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) based on evidence that they improve muscle strength, improve timed motor function, delay loss of ambulation, improve pulmonary function, reduce the need for scoliosis surgery, delay onset of cardiomyopathy, and increase survival.\", \"Evidence from randomized clinical trials, prospective studies, meta-analyses, and post-hoc analyses suggests that patients receiving deflazacort experience similar or slower rates of functional decline compared with those receiving prednisone/prednisolone. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Stone or stricture as a cause of extrahepatic cholestasis--do liver function tests predict the diagnosis? Cholestasis, roughly divided into intrahepatic and extrahepatic forms, is a clinical challenge. Extrahepatic cholestasis, characterized by dilated bile ducts, is caused by either a bile duct stone or stricture, with stricture most often related to a malignancy. The aim of the present study was to analyze the value of common liver function tests in separating patients with malignant bile duct strictures from those with stones. All consecutive patients admitted for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were included in the study population if a bile duct stricture related to a malignancy was found by ERCP (n=103) or if a bile duct stone was successfully extracted during ERCP, thus confirming the diagnosis of a stone (n=109). Plasma alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin values were determined in the morning before ERCP. Plasma bilirubin (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (p=0.040) levels were significantly higher in patients with malignant bile duct strictures than in those with bile duct stones. In addition, gamma-glutamyltransferase levels seemed to be higher in patients with malignant strictures than in those with stones, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.053). In receiver operating characteristic analyses, bilirubin proved to be the best laboratory test in differentiating patients (p=0.001 vs. alkaline phosphatase, p<0.001 vs. alanine aminotransferase and p<0.001 vs. gamma-glutamyltransferase). With a plasma bilirubin cutoff value of 145 micromol/L, four out of five patients were categorized correctly. Plasma bilirubin seems to be the best liver function test in distinguishing patients with malignant bile duct strictures from those with bile duct stones. This routine test should receive more attention in clinical decision-making than has previously been given.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CONCLUSIONS: Plasma bilirubin seems to be the best liver function test in distinguishing patients with malignant bile duct strictures from those with bile duct stones. This routine test should receive more attention in clinical decision-making than has previously been given.\", \" bilirubin proved to be the best laboratory test in differentiating patients (p=0.001 vs. alkaline phosphatase, p<0.001 vs. alanine aminotransferase and p<0.001 vs. gamma-glutamyltransferase). With a plasma bilirubin cutoff value of 145 micromol/L, four out of five patients were categorized \", \"Plasma bilirubin (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (p=0.040) levels were significantly higher in patients with malignant bile duct strictures than in those with bile duct stones.\", \"Plasma alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin values were determined in the morning before ERCP\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Retrotransposon insertion in the T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (Tal1) gene is associated with severe renal disease and patchy alopecia in Hairpatches (Hpt) mice. \"Hairpatches\" (Hpt) is a naturally occurring, autosomal semi-dominant mouse mutation. Hpt/Hpt homozygotes die in utero, while Hpt/+ heterozygotes exhibit progressive renal failure accompanied by patchy alopecia. This mutation is a model for the rare human disorder \"glomerulonephritis with sparse hair and telangiectases\" (OMIM 137940). Fine mapping localized the Hpt locus to a 6.7 Mb region of Chromosome 4 containing 62 known genes. Quantitative real time PCR revealed differential expression for only one gene in the interval, T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (Tal1), which was highly upregulated in the kidney and skin of Hpt/+ mice. Southern blot analysis of Hpt mutant DNA indicated a new EcoRI site in the Tal1 gene. High throughput sequencing identified an endogenous retroviral class II intracisternal A particle insertion in Tal1 intron 4. Our data suggests that the IAP insertion in Tal1 underlies the histopathological changes in the kidney by three weeks of age, and that glomerulosclerosis is a consequence of an initial developmental defect, progressing in severity over time. The Hairpatches mouse model allows an investigation into the effects of Tal1, a transcription factor characterized by complex regulation patterns, and its effects on renal disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"\\\"Hairpatches\\\" (Hpt) is a naturally occurring, autosomal semi-dominant mouse mutation. Hpt/Hpt homozygotes die in utero, while Hpt/+ heterozygotes exhibit progressive renal failure accompanied by patchy alopecia. \", \"Retrotransposon insertion in the T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (Tal1) gene is associated with severe renal disease and patchy alopecia in Hairpatches (Hpt) mice.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Ferumoxytol for Anemia of CKD Trial (FACT)-a randomized controlled trial of repeated doses of ferumoxytol or iron sucrose in patients on hemodialysis: background and rationale. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting most patients on hemodialysis and imposing a substantial clinical burden. Treatment with iron supplementation increases hemoglobin levels and can reduce the severity of anemia in patients with CKD. While correcting anemia in these patients is an important therapeutic goal, there is a lack of long-term trials directly comparing intravenous iron therapies in patients with CKD receiving hemodialysis. The Ferumoxytol for Anemia of CKD Trial (FACT) is a 13-month, open-label, randomized, multicenter, international, prospective study with 2 substudies. Entry criteria for the main study include adults with IDA (defined as hemoglobin <11.5\u00a0g/dL [<115.0\u00a0g/L] and a transferrin saturation <30%), serum ferritin <800\u00a0ng/mL (<1798 pmol/L), and receiving hemodialysis for \u22653\u00a0months. Patients are randomized to receive ferumoxytol (1.02\u00a0g over 2 doses) or iron sucrose (1.0\u00a0g over 10 doses) during the initial 5-week treatment period. Those with persistent/recurrent IDA over the 11-month observation period will receive additional 5-week treatment periods, as appropriate. The primary efficacy endpoint of the main study is the mean change in hemoglobin from Baseline to Week 5 for each treatment period. The secondary efficacy endpoints include the mean change in transferrin saturation from Baseline to Week 5 and the proportion of patients with a hemoglobin increase of \u22651.0\u00a0g/dL at any time from Baseline to Week 5. Safety will be assessed through an examination of the adverse event profile over the course of the study. An \"oxidative stress\" substudy in approximately 100 patients will assess the effects of treatment on biomarkers of oxidative stress/inflammation during the initial 5-week treatment period, and a magnetic resonance imaging substudy in approximately 70 patients will assess the potential for iron deposition in target tissues over 24\u00a0months. FACT fulfills the need for a long-term comparative trial in patients with IDA and CKD receiving hemodialysis. The efficacy and safety results will provide useful information for guiding therapy in this population. Two hundred ninety-six patients have been enrolled, and completion of the main study is expected soon. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01227616 (registered October 22, 2010); EudraCT number: 2010-022133-28.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting most patients on hemodialysis and imposing a substantial clin\", \" Ferumoxytol for Anemia of CKD Trial \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Striking dichotomy of PD-L1 and PD-L2 pathways in regulating alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a recently identified coinhibitory molecule that belongs to the CD28 superfamily. PD-1 has two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. There is some evidence that PD-L1 and PD-L2 serve distinct functions, but their exact function in alloimmunity remains unclear. In the present study, we used a GVHD-like model that allows detailed analyses of T-cell activation at a single cell level in vivo to examine the role of PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-1/PD-L2 interactions in regulating proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in response to alloantigen stimulation. We found that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells proliferated vigorously in vivo and that PD-L1 and PD-L2 exhibit strikingly different effect on T-cell proliferation. While blocking PD-L1 did not affect the in vivo proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells regardless of CD28 costimulation, blocking PD-L2 resulted in a marked increase in the responder frequency of CD8(+) T-cells in vivo. The effect of PD-L2 on the CD8(+) T-cell proliferation is regulated by CD28 costimulation and by the CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that PD-L1 and PD-L2 function differently in regulating alloreactive T-cell activation in vivo, and PD-L2 is predominant in this model in limiting alloreactive CD8(+) T-cell proliferation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PD-1 has two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies. Blocking the biological functions of scaffold proteins and aggregated proteins is a challenging goal. PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins. Recent progress in the PROTAC strategy include identification of the structure of the first ternary eutectic complex, extra-terminal domain-4-PROTAC-Von-Hippel-Lindau (BRD4-PROTAC-VHL), and PROTAC ARV-110 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in 2019. These discoveries strongly proved the value of the PROTAC strategy. In this perspective, we summarized recent meaningful research of PROTAC, including the types of degradation proteins, preliminary biological data in vitro and in vivo, and new E3 ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, the molecular design, optimization strategy and clinical application of candidate molecules are highlighted in detail. Future perspectives for development of advanced PROTAC in medical fields have also been discussed systematically.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Restless legs syndrome in Fabry disease: clinical feature associated to neuropathic pain is overlooked]. Neuropathic pain (NP) is a main feature of Fabry disease (FD) as consequence of small fiber neuropathy. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) in FD was not described, but it is an important feature in other small fiber neuropathies, i.e., diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of RLS in patients with FD, and its association with neuropathy. We investigated the occurrence of RLS in four families of classical FD, diagnosed in accordance with the criteria of the International RLS Study Group. Eleven patients, 6 hemicigote and 5 heterocigote, ages among 19 to 32 years old for males and 45 to 56 years old for females, were studied. The 6 hemizigote and 2 heterozigote patients were on enzyme therapy with agalsidase beta. One heterocigote patient had not clinical NP and the other 10 patients had small fiber sensory neuropathy with symptoms: burning and painful feet. RLS was present in 3/6 hemicigote and 1/5 heterocigote patients (36%). In these four patients, RLS was associated with dysesthesias or pain crisis and it was characterized to be a desire to move the low extremities as crisis of motor restlessness. RLS was characterized for worsening of symptoms with rest without diurnal changes. Patients have to uncover the feet for improving burning or sometimes they have to get out of bed in the night looking for relief. Both NP and RLS improved after 3 years of enzyme replacement therapy. Our data shows that RLS is associated to NP as a treatable manifestation of small fiber involvement in the course of FD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Neuropathic pain (NP) is a main feature of Fabry disease (FD) as consequence of small fiber neuropathy. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) in FD was not described, but it is an important feature in other small fiber neuropathies\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Activated MLKL attenuates autophagy following its translocation to intracellular membranes. Necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death mediated by the pseudokinase mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Upon phosphorylation by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), MLKL oligomerizes, and translocates to and disrupts the plasma membrane, thereby causing necroptotic cell lysis. Herein, we show that activation of necroptosis in mouse dermal fibroblasts (MDFs) and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells results in accumulation of the autophagic marker, lipidated LC3B (also known as MAP1LC3B), in an MLKL-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, the necroptosis-induced increase in lipidated LC3B was due to inhibition of autophagic flux, not the activation of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by MLKL correlated with a decrease in autophagosome and/or autolysosome function, and required the association of activated MLKL with intracellular membranes. Collectively, our findings uncover an additional role for the MLKL pseudokinase, namely to inhibit autophagy during necroptosis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"anslocates to and disrupts the plasma membrane, thereby causing necroptotic cell lysis. Herein, we show that activation of necroptosis in mouse dermal\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Methodological conduct of prognostic prediction models developed using machine learning in oncology: a systematic review. Describe and evaluate the methodological conduct of prognostic prediction models developed using machine learning methods in oncology. We conducted a systematic review in MEDLINE and Embase between 01/01/2019 and 05/09/2019, for studies developing a prognostic prediction model using machine learning methods in oncology. We used the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) to assess the methodological conduct of included publications. Results were summarised by modelling type: regression-, non-regression-based and ensemble machine learning models. Sixty-two publications met inclusion criteria developing 152 models across all publications. Forty-two models were regression-based, 71 were non-regression-based and 39 were ensemble models. A median of 647 individuals (IQR: 203 to 4059) and 195 events (IQR: 38 to 1269) were used for model development, and 553 individuals (IQR: 69 to 3069) and 50 events (IQR: 17.5 to 326.5) for model validation. A higher number of events per predictor was used for developing regression-based models (median: 8, IQR: 7.1 to 23.5), compared to alternative machine learning (median: 3.4, IQR: 1.1 to 19.1) and ensemble models (median: 1.7, IQR: 1.1 to 6). Sample size was rarely justified (n\u2009=\u20095/62; 8%). Some or all continuous predictors were categorised before modelling in 24 studies (39%). 46% (n\u2009=\u200924/62) of models reporting predictor selection before modelling used univariable analyses, and common method across all modelling types. Ten out of 24 models for time-to-event outcomes accounted for censoring (42%). A split sample approach was the most popular method for internal validation (n\u2009=\u200925/62, 40%). Calibration was reported in 11 studies. Less than half of models were reported or made available. The methodological conduct of machine learning based clinical prediction models is poor. Guidance is urgently needed, with increased awareness and education of minimum prediction modelling standards. Particular focus is needed on sample size estimation, development and validation analysis methods, and ensuring the model is available for independent validation, to improve quality of machine learning based clinical prediction models.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"methods in oncology. We used the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) to assess the methodological conduct of i\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Role of Bispecific Antibodies in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the CART Era. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an aggressive and biologically heterogeneous disease. R-CHOP is the standard first line therapy and cures more than 60% of patients. Salvage high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant remains the standard second-line treatment for relapsed or refractory patients, and recently, three CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) cell products have been approved beyond 2 prior lines of systemic therapy. Nevertheless, some patients are not eligible for transplant or CARTs, or progress after these treatments. In this context, IgG-like bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have been designed to treat B-cell lymphomas. They combine two different monospecific antigen-binding regions that target CD20 on B cells and engage T cells ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"They combine two different monospecific antigen-binding regions that target CD20 on B cells and engage T cells via CD3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 CD20:CD3 antigen binding fragment (Fab) format. The results of different phase 1 trials with BsAbs, including mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, epcoritamab and odeonextamab, have been recently published.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Erythropoietin resistance in the treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure. Resistance to erythropoietin therapy is a common complication of the modern management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Iron deficiency, deficiency of other nutrients, toxins, infections, and inadequate dialysis account for the vast majority of episodes of such resistance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ythropoietin resistance in the treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure\", \"esistance to erythropoietin therapy is a common complication of the modern management of anemia in chronic kidney disease\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is telegenetics?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Benefits and limitations of telegenetics: A literature review. Telegenetics involves the use of technology (generally video conferencing) to remotely provide genetic services. A telegenetics platform is critical for those with limitations or vulnerabilities compromising their ability to attend clinic in-person, including individuals in rural areas. As the demand for remote genetics services increases, and amidst the COVID-19 pandemic with social distancing practices in place, we conducted a literature review to examine the benefits and limitations of telegenetics and explore the views of patients and health professionals utilizing telegenetics. Searches of the PubMed database identified 21 relevant primary studies for inclusion. The majority of studies found acceptability of telegenetics to be high among patients and health professionals and that telegenetics provided access to genetics services for underserved communities. The main benefits cited include cost-effectiveness and reduction in travel time for genetics services providing outreach clinics and patients who would otherwise travel long distances to access genetics. Patients appreciated the convenience of telegenetics including the reduced wait times, although a minority of patients reported their psychosocial needs were not adequately met. Eight studies compared outcomes between telegenetics and in-person services; findings suggested when comparing telegenetics patients to their in-person counterparts, telegenetics patients had a similar level of knowledge and understanding of genetics and similar psychological outcomes. Some studies reported challenges related to establishing rapport and reading and responding to verbal cues via telegenetics, while technical issues were not generally found to be a major limitation. Some service adaptations, for example, counseling strategies, may be required to successfully deliver telegenetics. Further research may be necessary to gather and examine data on how telegenetics outcomes compare to that of in-person genetic counseling and adapt services accordingly.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Telegenetics involves the use of technology (generally video conferencing) to remotely provide genetic services. A telegenetics platform is critical for those with limitations or vulnerabilities compromising their ability to attend clinic in-person, including individuals in rural areas.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Splice modification to restore functional dystrophin synthesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In little more than a decade, induced exon skipping as a therapy to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has progressed from a concept tested in vitro, to pre-clinical evaluation in mouse and dog models, and recent completion of Phase I clinical trials in man. There is no longer any doubt that antisense oligomers can redirect dystrophin gene processing and by-pass protein truncating mutations after direct injection into muscle. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated in human dystrophic muscle, with trials in Leiden and London showing that two different oligomer chemistries can restore the reading-frame in selected DMD patients by excising dystrophin exon 51. Systemic delivery of both oligomer types into DMD patients has commenced with promising results but it remains to be established if this therapy will have measurable clinical benefits. Targeted removal of exon 51 will only be directly applicable to about one in ten DMD individuals, and the immediate challenges include development of appropriate and effective delivery regimens, and extending splice-switching therapies to other dystrophin gene lesions. The success of induced exon skipping has spawned a number of \"fusion therapies\", including vector-mediated dystrophin exon skipping and ex vivo viral delivery of splice-switching antisense molecules into myogenic stem cells, followed by implantation, which may address long term oligomer delivery issues. This review summarizes the pivotal events leading to the completion of the first proof-of-concept trials and speculates on some of the scientific, ethical, regulatory and commercial challenges facing targeted exon skipping for the treatment of DMD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The success of induced exon skipping has spawned a number of \\\"fusion therapies\\\", including vector-mediated dystrophin exon skipping and ex vivo viral delivery of splice-switching antisense molecules into myogenic stem cells, followed by implantation, which may address long term oligomer delivery issues.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Catamenial pneumothorax]. Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the chest cavity. The typical clinical manifestation is a spontaneous pneumothorax, which usually presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and/or cough. The diagnosis requires a high level of clinical suspicion and a complete gynecological history. Imaging studies can help with the diagnosis, although the gold standard is video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Surgical treatment in combination with at least 6 months of hormonal medical treatment has been shown to improve the prognosis and reduce the recurrence of this entity. We present the case of a 40-year-old patient with a history of pelvic endometriosis and multiple episodes of pneumothorax, who consulted at our institution for a new episode of spontaneous pneumothorax. A VATS was performed where nodules in the parietal pleura and diaphragmatic orifices were identified. In the postoperative period, she continued with hormonal treatment. At 6 months of follow-up, she reported improvement in pain and did not present new episodes of pneumothorax.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the chest cavity. The typical clinical manifestation is a spontaneous pneumothorax, which usually presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and/or cough. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which company produces Keytruda?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeting CDK9 for Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner-Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II). To aid in this process, P-TEFb also simultaneously phosphorylates and inactivates a number of negative transcription regulators like 5,6-dichloro-1-\u03b2-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) Sensitivity-Inducing Factor (DSIF) and Negative Elongation Factor (NELF). Significantly enhanced activity of CDK9 is observed in multiple cancer types, which is universally associated with significantly shortened Overall Survival (OS) of the patients. In these cancer types, CDK9 regulates a plethora of cellular functions including proliferation, survival, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and metastasis. Due to the extremely critical role of CDK9 in cancer cells, inhibiting its functions has been the subject of intense research, resulting the development of multiple, increasingly specific small-molecule inhibitors, some of which are presently in clinical trials. The search for newer generation CDK9 inhibitors with higher specificity and lower potential toxicities and suitable combination therapies continues. In fact, the Phase I clinical trials of the latest, highly specific CDK9 inhibitor BAY1251152, against different solid tumors have shown good anti-tumor and on-target activities and pharmacokinetics, combined with manageable safety profile while the phase I and II clinical trials of another inhibitor AT-7519 have been undertaken or are undergoing. To enhance the effectiveness and target diversity and reduce potential drug-resistance, the future of CDK9 inhibition would likely involve combining CDK9 inhibitors with inhibitors like those against BRD4, SEC, MYC, MCL-1 and HSP90.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner-Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```What does PD-L1 positive or negative mean? Expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) is used to select patients and analyze responses to anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies. The expression of PD-L1 is regulated in different ways, which leads to a different significance of its presence or absence. PD-L1 positivity may be a result of genetic events leading to constitutive PD-L1 expression on cancer cells or inducible PD-L1 expression on cancer cells and noncancer cells in response to a T cell infiltrate. A tumor may be PD-L1 negative because it has no T cell infiltrate, which may be reversed with an immune response. Finally, a tumor that is unable to express PD-L1 because of a genetic event will always be negative for PD-L1 on cancer cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) is used to select patients and analyze responses to anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa injection replacing epoetin alfa injection for the treatment of renal anemia in Chinese hemodialysis patients: A randomized, open-label, parallel-group, noninferiority phase III trial. This study was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa injection replacing epoetin alfa injection (recombinant human erythropoietin injection, rHuEPO) for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney failure in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, intergroup parallel control phase III noninferiority trial from April 19, 2013 to September 9, 2014 at 25 sites. In this study, the members of the darbepoetin alfa group underwent intravenous administration once per week or once every two weeks. The members of the control drug epoetin alfa group underwent intravenous administration two or three times per week. All subjects underwent epoetin alfa administration during the 8-week baseline period. After that, subjects were randomly assigned to the darbepoetin alfa group or epoetin alfa group. The noninferiority in the changes of the average Hb concentrations from the baseline to the end of the evaluation period (noninferiority threshold: -1.0\u2009g/dl) was tested between the two treatments. The time-dependent hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and the maintenance rate of the target Hb concentration (the proportion of subjects with Hb concentrations between 10.0 and 12.0\u2009g/dl) were also evaluated. Iron metabolism, including changes in the serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and comparisons of the dose adjustments between the two groups during the treatment period were analyzed further. Adverse events (AEs) were also observed and compared, and the safety was analyzed between the two treatment groups. The conversion rate switching from epoetin alfa to darbepoetin alfa was also discussed. SAS\u00ae software version 9.2 was used to perform all statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics were used for all efficacy, safety, and demographic variable analyses, including for the primary efficacy indicators. Four hundred and sixty-six patients were enrolled in this study, and ultimately 384 cases were analyzed for safety, including 267 cases in the darbepoetin alfa group and 117 cases in the epoetin alfa group. There were 211 cases in the per-protocol set, including 152 cases in the darbepoetin alfa group and 59 cases in the epoetin alfa group. The changes in the average Hb concentrations from the baseline to the end of the evaluation period were -0.07 and -0.15\u2009g/dl in the darbepoetin alfa group and epoetin alfa group respectively. The difference between the two groups was 0.08\u2009g/dl (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.22 to 0.39), and the lower limit of the 95% CI was -0.22\u2009>\u2009-1.0\u2009g/dl. The average Hb concentrations of the two groups were 10.88-11.43\u2009g/dl (darbepoetin alfa) and 10.91-11.38\u2009g/dl (epoetin alfa) during the study period of Weeks 0-28, with the maintenance rates of the target Hb concentration ranging within 71%-87% and 78%-95% in the darbepoetin alfa group and epoetin alfa group respectively. During the period of comparison between the two groups, the incidence of AEs in the darbepoetin alfa group was 61.42%, while in the epoetin alfa group it was 56.41%. All of the adverse events and reactions in the study were those commonly associated with hemodialysis. The overall efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of Chinese renal anemia patients undergoing hemodialysis are consistent with those of epoetin alfa.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This study was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa injection replacing epoetin alfa injection (recombinant human erythropoietin injection, rHuEPO) for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney failure\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular classification of adult gliomas: recent advances and future perspectives. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular classification of adult gliomas. According to the 2016 WHO classification, five main molecular subgroups of adult diffuse gliomas can be distinguished based on the 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and histone H3.3 mutation status. In the future, this classification may be further refined based on the integration of additional biomarkers, in particular CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytomas, TERT promoter mutations, EGFR amplification, chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss in IDH-wildtype astrocytomas, and FGFR1 mutations in midline gliomas. Histone H3.3 G34R/V defines a distinct subgroup of hemispheric IDH-wildtype high-grade gliomas occurring in young patients and FGFR gene fusions characterize a subgroup of IDH-wildtype glioblastomas that could benefit from specific treatment approaches. RNA sequencing may identify targetable gene fusions in circumscribed gliomas lacking classical BRAF alterations. In chordoid gliomas, recurrent PRKCA mutations could serve as a new diagnostic marker. Among comprehensive molecular analysis methods, DNA methylation profiling appears as a particularly powerful approach to identify new molecular subgroups of gliomas and to classify difficult cases. The classification of adult gliomas may be improved by the integration of additional biomarkers and/or by comprehensive molecular analysis, in particular DNA methylation profiling. The most relevant approach, however, remains to be established.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"O classification, five main molecular subgroups of adult diffuse gliomas can be distinguished based on the 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and histone H3.3 mutation status. In the future, this cla\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effusive constrictive pericarditis: dynamic magnetic resonance imaging.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Functional outcome measures in young, steroid-na\u00efve boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The purpose of this study was to quantitate motor performance in 196 genetically confirmed steroid-na\u00efve boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), to evaluate the test-retest reliability of measures of motor performance in young DMD boys, and to assess correlations among the different functional outcomes including timed tests. Boys aged 4-7 years were recruited in the FOR-DMD study, a comparative effectiveness study of different steroid regimens in DMD. Eligible boys had to be able to rise from the floor independently and to perform pulmonary function testing consistently. The boys were evaluated with standardized assessments at the screening and baseline visits at 32 sites in 5 countries (US, UK, Canada, Italy, Germany). Assessments included timed rise from floor, timed 10\u202fm walk/run, six-minute walk distance, North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mean age at baseline was 5.9 years (range 4.1-8.1 years). Test-retest reliability was high for functional assessments, regardless of time lag between assessments (up to 90 days) and for the majority of age groups. Correlations were strong among the functional measures and timed tests, less so with FVC. Physiotherapy measures are reliable in a young, steroid-na\u00efve population and rise from floor velocity appears to be a sensitive measure of strength in this population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The boys were evaluated with standardized assessments at the screening and baseline visits at 32 sites in 5 countries (US, UK, Canada, Italy, Germany). Assessments included timed rise from floor, timed 10\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u00afm walk/run, six-minute walk distance, North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mean age at baseline was 5.9 years (range 4.1-8.1 years). Test-retest reliability was high for functional assessments, regardless of time lag between assessments (up to 90 days) and for the majority of age groups. Correlations were strong among the functional measures and timed tests, less so with FVC.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Anemia and chronic kidney failure]. Anaemia is a common manifestation ofa chronic kidney failure. It is caused by a relative shortage oferythropoetine (EPO) and iron deficite with its metabolism defect. The most important factor in the pathogenesis of iron metabolism defects is hepcidin. Hepcidin maintains the iron homeostasis in the organism. The therapy of renal anaemia is based on the iron substitution and erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) application. The most common reasons for the resistance to ESA are (after iron deficiency) inflammation and malnutrition.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaemia is a common manifestation ofa chronic kidney failure. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Diversity of Dystrophin Gene Mutations and Disease Progression in a Contemporary Cohort of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Abnormal dystrophin production due to mutations in the dystrophin gene causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Cases demonstrate considerable genetic and disease progression variability. It is unclear if specific gene mutations are prognostic of outcomes in this population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of DMD patients followed at 17 centers across the USA and Canada from 2005 to 2015 with goal of understanding the genetic variability of DMD and its impact on clinical outcomes. Cumulative incidence of clinically relevant outcomes was stratified by genetic mutation type, exon mutation location, and extent of exon deletion. Of 436 males with DMD, 324 (74.3%) underwent genetic testing. Deletions were the most common mutation type (256, 79%), followed by point mutations (45, 13.9%) and duplications (23, 7.1%). There were 131 combinations of mutations with most mutations located along exons 45 to 52. The number of exons deleted varied between 1 and 52 with a median of 3 exons deleted (IQR 1-6). Subjects with mutations starting at exon positions 40-54 had a later onset of arrhythmias occurring at median age 25\u00a0years (95% CI 18-\u221e), p\u2009=\u20090.01. Loss of ambulation occurred later at median age of 13\u00a0years (95% CI 12-15) in subjects with mutations that started between exons 55-79, p\u2009=\u20090.01. There was no association between mutation type or location and onset of cardiac dysfunction. We report the genetic variability in DMD and its association with timing of clinical outcomes. Genetic modifiers may explain some phenotypic variability.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Deletions were the most common mutation type (256, 79%), followed by point mutations (45, 13.9%) and duplications (23, 7.1%).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[A catamenial pneumothorax, an unknown entity]. A 31-year-old patient is admitted to the emergency room because of an acute right thoracic pain associated with a dyspnea. The patient reports the stopping of Decapeptyl\u00ae, a treatment taken in regards to an endometriosis, but interrupted to get pregnant. An x-ray highlights a pneumothorax of 15 mm at the right apical level. It is a second episode for this patient. Catamenial pneumothorax is one of the most frequent manifestation in terms of a thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES). It concerns a rare pathology, unrecognized and underdiagnosed. The diagnosis should be invoked on all patients having the childbearing age who are presenting themselves at the emergencies with a right thoracic pain. The medical care is multidisciplinary, the association of a hormonal therapy and then a surgical treatment being the best therapeutical approach. This case report describes the recurrence of a catamenial pneumotorax induced by the stopping of the endometriosis treatment and reviews the physiopathology, the diagnosis and its multidisciplinary management.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Catamenial pneumothorax is one of the most frequent manifestation in terms of a thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cells. PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands for PD-1, a costimulatory molecule that plays an inhibitory role in regulating T cell activation in the periphery. We find that PD-L1 is highly expressed on inflammatory macrophages as compared with resident peritoneal macrophages but can be induced on resident macrophages by classical activation stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, IFN-gamma, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Further up-regulation of PD-L1 on inflammatory macrophages can also be induced by subsequent exposure to lipopolysaccharide and IFN-gamma. In contrast, PD-L2 is not expressed on inflammatory macrophages but can be induced by alternative activation via IL-4. Although PD-L1 is highly inducible on a variety of antigen-presenting cell lines as well as resident macrophages, PD-L2 is most significantly inducible only on inflammatory macrophages. PD-L1 up-regulation depends on TLR4 and STAT1, whereas PD-L2 expression depends on IL-4R alpha and STAT6. Consistent with these results, T helper 1T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cells also differentially up-regulate PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on inflammatory macrophages. Hence, Th1 cells as well as microbial products can enhance PD-L1 expression on many different macrophage populations, whereas Th2 cells instruct only inflammatory macrophages to up-regulate PD-L2. These results suggest that PD-L1 and PD-L2 might have different functions in regulating type 1 and type 2 responses.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands for PD-1, a costimulatory molecule that plays an inhibitory role in regulating T cell activation in the periphery.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```DMD Mutations in 576 Dystrophinopathy Families: A Step Forward in Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Recent advances in molecular therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) require precise genetic diagnosis because most therapeutic strategies are mutation-specific. To understand more about the genotype-phenotype correlations of the DMD gene we performed a comprehensive analysis of the DMD mutational spectrum in a large series of families. Here we provide the clinical, pathological and genetic features of 576 dystrophinopathy patients. DMD gene analysis was performed using the MLPA technique and whole gene sequencing in blood DNA and muscle cDNA. The impact of the DNA variants on mRNA splicing and protein functionality was evaluated by in silico analysis using computational algorithms. DMD mutations were detected in 576 unrelated dystrophinopathy families by combining the analysis of exonic copies and the analysis of small mutations. We found that 471 of these mutations were large intragenic rearrangements. Of these, 406 (70.5%) were exonic deletions, 64 (11.1%) were exonic duplications, and one was a deletion/duplication complex rearrangement (0.2%). Small mutations were identified in 105 cases (18.2%), most being nonsense/frameshift types (75.2%). Mutations in splice sites, however, were relatively frequent (20%). In total, 276 mutations were identified, 85 of which have not been previously described. The diagnostic algorithm used proved to be accurate for the molecular diagnosis of dystrophinopathies. The reading frame rule was fulfilled in 90.4% of DMD patients and in 82.4% of Becker muscular dystrophy patients (BMD), with significant differences between the mutation types. We found that 58% of DMD patients would be included in single exon-exon skipping trials, 63% from strategies directed against multiexon-skipping exons 45 to 55, and 14% from PTC therapy. A detailed analysis of missense mutations provided valuable information about their impact on the protein structure. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Of these, 406 (70.5%) were exonic deletions, 64 (11.1%) were exonic duplications, and one was a deletion/duplication complex rearrangement (0.2%). Small mutations were identified in 105 cases (18.2%), most being nonsense/frameshift types (75.2%). Mutations in splice sites, however, were relatively frequent (20%). \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for targeted protein degradation and cancer therapy. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule consists of a ligand (mostly small-molecule inhibitor) of the protein of interest (POI) and a covalently linked ligand of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). Upon binding to the POI, the PROTAC can recruit E3 for POI ubiquitination, which is subjected to proteasome-mediated degradation. PROTAC complements nucleic acid-based gene knockdown/out technologies for targeted protein reduction and could mimic pharmacological protein inhibition. To date, PROTACs targeting ~ 50 proteins, many of which are clinically validated drug targets, have been successfully developed with several in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This article reviews PROTAC-mediated degradation of critical oncoproteins in cancer, particularly those in hematological malignancies. Chemical structures, cellular and in vivo activities, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these PROTACs are summarized. In addition, potential advantages, challenges, and perspectives of PROTAC technology in cancer therapy are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation.\", \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for targeted protein degradation and cancer therapy.\", \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule c\", \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule consists of a ligand (mostly small-molecule inhibitor) of the protein of interest (POI) and a covalently linked ligand of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). Upon binding to the POI, the PROTAC can recruit E3 for POI ubiquitination, which is subjected to proteasome-mediated degradation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Can medical practitioners rely on prediction models for COVID-19? A systematic review. Aim This systematic review sought to assess and scrutinise the validity and practicality of published and preprint reports of prediction models for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with suspected infection, for prognosis of patients with COVID-19, and for identifying individuals in the general population at increased risk of infection with COVID-19 or being hospitalised with the illness.Data sources A systematic, online search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. In order to do so, the authors used Ovid as the host platform for these two databases and also investigated bioRxiv, medRxiv and arXiv as repositories for the preprints of studies. A public living systematic review list of COVID-19-related studies was used as the baseline searching platform (Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine's repository for living evidence on COVID-19).Study selection Studies which developed or validated a multivariable prediction model related to COVID-19 patients' data (individual level data) were included. The authors did not put any restrictions on the models included in their study regarding the model setting, prediction horizon or outcomes.Data extraction and synthesis Checklists of critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies (CHARMS) and prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used to guide developing of a standardised data extraction form. Each model's predictive performance was extracted by using any summaries of discrimination and calibration. All these steps were done according to the aspects of the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA).Results One hundred and forty-five prediction models (107 studies) were selected for data extraction and critical appraisal. The most common predictors of diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 were age, body temperature, lymphocyte count and lung imaging characteristics. Influenza-like symptoms and neutrophil count were regularly predictive in diagnostic models, while comorbidities, sex, C-reactive protein and creatinine were common prognostic items. C-indices (a measure of discrimination for models) ranged from 0.73 to 0.81 in prediction models for the general population, from 0.65 to more than 0.99 in diagnostic models, and from 0.68 to 0.99 in the prognostic models. All the included studies were reported to have high risks of bias.Conclusions Overall, this study did not recommend applying any of the predictive models in clinical practice yet. High risk of bias, reporting problems and (probably) optimistic reported performances are all among the reasons for the previous conclusion. Prompt actions regarding accurate data sharing and international collaborations are required to achieve more rigorous prediction models for COVID-19.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The authors did not put any restrictions on the models included in their study regarding the model setting, prediction horizon or outcomes.Data extraction and synthesis Checklists of critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies (CHARMS) and prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used to guide developing of a standardised data extraction form.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Imaging-based stratification of adult gliomas prognosticates survival and correlates with the 2021 WHO classification. Because of the lack of global accessibility, delay, and cost-effectiveness of genetic testing, there is a clinical need for an imaging-based stratification of gliomas that can prognosticate survival and correlate with the 2021-WHO classification. In this retrospective study, adult primary glioma patients with pre-surgery/pre-treatment MRI brain images having T2, FLAIR, T1, T1 post-contrast, DWI sequences, and survival information were included in TCIA training-dataset (n\u2009=\u2009275) and independent validation-dataset (n\u2009=\u2009200). A flowchart for imaging-based stratification of adult gliomas(IBGS) was created in consensus by three authors to encompass all adult glioma types. Diagnostic features used were T2-FLAIR mismatch sign, central necrosis with peripheral enhancement, diffusion restriction, and continuous cortex sign. Roman numerals (I, II, and III) denote IBGS types. Two independent teams of three and two radiologists, blinded to genetic, histology, and survival information, manually read MRI into three types based on the flowchart. Overall survival-analysis was done using age-adjusted Cox-regression analysis, which provided both hazard-ratio (HR) and area-under-curve (AUC) for each stratification system(IBGS and 2021-WHO). The sensitivity and specificity of each IBSG type were analyzed with cross-table to identify the corresponding 2021-WHO genotype. Imaging-based stratification was statistically significant in predicting survival in both datasets with good inter-observer agreement (age-adjusted Cox-regression, AUC\u2009>\u20090.5, k\u2009>\u20090.6, p\u2009<\u20090.001). IBGS type-I, type-II, and type-III gliomas had good specificity in identifying IDHmut 1p19q-codel oligodendroglioma (training - 97%, validation - 85%); IDHmut 1p19q non-codel astrocytoma (training - 80%, validation - 85.9%); and IDHwt glioblastoma (training - 76.5%, validation- 87.3%) respectively (p-value\u2009<\u20090.01). Imaging-based stratification of adult diffuse gliomas predicted patient survival and correlated well with 2021-WHO glioma classification.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"C\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030>\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.5, k\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030>\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.6, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001). IBGS type-I, type-II, and type-III gliomas had good specificity in identifying IDHmut 1p19q-codel oligodendroglioma (training - 97%, validation - 85%); IDHmut 1p19q non-codel astrocytoma (training - 80%, validation - 85.9%); and IDHwt glioblastoma (training - 76.5%, validation- 87.3%) respectively (p-value\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.01).CONCLUSIONS: Imaging-based stratification of adult diffuse gliomas predicted patient survival and correlate\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High expression of cereblon (CRBN) is associated with improved clinical response in patients with multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to lenalidomide. Here, we studied CRBN expression by real time polymerase chain reaction in 49 bone marrow samples of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. Median CRBN expression was 3\u00b745 in patients who achieved complete response, and 3\u00b775, 2\u00b701, 0\u00b778, and 0\u00b770 in those with very good partial response, partial response, stable disease and progressive disease respectively. CRBN expression levels correlated significantly with response to lenalidomide treatment (r\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b748; P\u00a0<\u00a00\u00b7001). Among established prognostic parameters, only beta-2-microglobulin correlated with cereblon (r\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b766; P\u00a0<\u00a00\u00b7001). A close association of CRBN with interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) (P\u00a0<\u00a00\u00b7001) and with CTNNB1 (P\u00a0<\u00a00\u00b7001) was found. Overall, a statistically significant association between baseline CRBN expression and response in MM patients treated with lenalidomide is shown. CRBN expression is closely associated with IRF4, which is an important target of IMiD therapy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to lenalidomide.\", \"Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to le\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer. Dysregulation of alternative splicing (AS) induced by serine/arginine-rich proteins has recently been linked to cancer metastasis. Nonetheless, as a member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, the involvement of SRSF11 in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. The TCGA dataset and clinical samples were used to assess SRSF11 expression levels in CRC. For SRSF11, functional experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze and screen SRSF11-triggered AS events, which were then confirmed by in vivo UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and mini-gene reporter assays. Jalview software was used to determine the preferential binding motif with relation to exon skipping (ES) events. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Phospho-tag SDS-PAGE experiments were used to investigate PAK5-mediated phosphorylation regulation on SRSF11, and in vitro kinase experiments validated the interaction. In CRC, SRSF11 was discovered to be overexpressed and associated with a poor prognosis. And SRSF11 played a pro-metastatic role in vitro and in vivo. By screening SRSF11-regulated AS events, we identified the binding motif of SRSF11-triggered splicing-switching of HSPA12A AS, which specifically regulated HSPA12A AS by directly binding to a motif in exon 2. Mechanistically, the HSPA12A transcript with exon 2 retention increased N-cadherin expression by promoting RNA stability. Furthermore, the oncogenic kinase PAK5 phosphorylated SRSF11 at serine 287, protecting it from ubiquitination degradation. SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer. Dysregulation of alternative splicing (AS) induced by serine/arginine-rich proteins has recently been linked to cancer metastasis. Nonetheless, as a member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, the involvement of SRSF11 in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. The TCGA dataset and clinical samples were used to assess SRSF11 expression levels in CRC. For SRSF11, functional experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze and screen SRSF11-triggered AS events, which were then confirmed by in vivo UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and mini-gene reporter assays. Jalview software was used to determine the preferential binding motif with relation to exon skipping (ES) events. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Phospho-tag SDS-PAGE experiments were used to investigate PAK5-mediated phosphorylation regulation on SRSF11, and in vitro kinase experiments validated the interaction. In CRC, SRSF11 was discovered to be overexpressed and associated with a poor prognosis. And SRSF11 played a pro-metastatic role in vitro and in vivo. By screening SRSF11-regulated AS events, we identified the binding motif of SRSF11-triggered splicing-switching of HSPA12A AS, which specifically regulated HSPA12A AS by directly binding to a motif in exon 2. Mechanistically, the HSPA12A transcript with exon 2 retention increased N-cadherin expression by promoting RNA stability. Furthermore, the oncogenic kinase PAK5 phosphorylated SRSF11 at serine 287, protecting it from ubiquitination degradation. SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.\", \"SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reporting and Methods in Developing Prognostic Prediction Models for Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal. A prognostic prediction model for metabolic syndrome can calculate the probability of risk of experiencing metabolic syndrome within a specific period for individualized treatment decisions. We aimed to provide a systematic review and critical appraisal on prognostic models for metabolic syndrome. Studies were identified through searching in English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science) and Chinese databases (Sinomed, WANFANG, CNKI, and CQVIP). A checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used for the data extraction process and critical appraisal. From the 29,668 retrieved articles, eleven studies meeting the selection criteria were included in this review. Forty-eight predictors were identified from prognostic prediction models. The c-statistic ranged from 0.67 to 0.95. Critical appraisal has shown that all modeling studies were subject to a high risk of bias in methodological quality mainly driven by outcome and statistical analysis, and six modeling studies were subject to a high risk of bias in applicability. Future model development and validation studies should adhere to the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement to improve methodological quality and applicability, thus increasing the transparency of the reporting of a prediction model study. It is not appropriate to adopt any of the identified models in this study for clinical practice since all models are prone to optimism and overfitting.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment too\", \"ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used for the data extraction process and critical appraisal.RESULTS: From the 29\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Congenital prosopagnosia--a common hereditary cognitive dysfunction in humans. The apparent selectivity of agnosia for faces is termed prosopagnosia or face blindness. This cognitive dysfunction can be seen after traumatic events--involving at least the right occipital temporal region--or very frequently congenital in the absence of any detectable lesions. The familiarity of congenital prosopagnosia was studied in two independently ascertained collections of subjects with prosopagnosia. One was an unselected group of pupils and students who underwent a questionnaire based screening. The others were self reported subjects after having heard for the first time about the phenomenon of prosopagnosia from mass media citing our studies and/or from our homepage (www.prosopagnosia.de). Those who agreed with consecutive studies of their family members had mostly one or more prosopagnosic first degree relatives. The segregation patterns derived from 39 families are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. Hence, mutation(s) in one gene are sufficient for manifestation of the phenotype. Still fitting the concept of autosomal dominant inheritance, we have evidence for a slightly reduced penetrance (4 normal transmitters from distinct families) and one or two de novo mutations.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The apparent selectivity of agnosia for faces is termed prosopagnosia or face blindness.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Clinical feature and ATP8B1 mutation analysis of a patient with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type I]. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type I (PFIC1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations of ATP8B1 gene, with progressive cholestasis as the main clinical manifestation. This paper reports the clinical and genetic features of a PFIC1 patient definitely diagnosed by ATP8B1 genetic analysis. The patient, a boy aged 14 months, was referred to the hospital with the complaint of jaundiced skin and sclera over 10 months. The patient had been managed in different hospitals, but the therapeutic effects were unsatisfactory due to undetermined etiology. On physical examination, hepatosplenomegaly was discovered in addition to jaundice of the skin and sclera. The liver was palpable 4 cm below the right subcostal margin and 2 cm below the xiphoid while the spleen 2\u2005cm below the left subcostal margin. The liver function test revealed elevated levels of serum total bile acids, bilirubin, and transaminases; however, the \u03b3-glutamyl transferase level was normal. The diagnosis was genetic cholestasis of undetermined origin. At the age of 1 year and 8 months, a Roux-en-Y cholecystocolonic bypass operation was performed, and thereafter the jaundice disappeared. At 5 years and 1 month, via whole genome sequencing analysis and Sanger sequencing confirmation, the boy was found to be a homozygote of mutation c.2081T>A(p.I694N) of ATP8B1 gene, and thus PFIC1 was definitely diagnosed. The boy was followed up until he was 6 years, and jaundice did not recur, but the long-term outcome remains to be observed. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" The liver function test revealed elevated levels of serum total bile acids, bilirubin, and transaminases; however, the \\u00ce\\u00b3-glutamyl transferase level was norma\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA): the first report outside the Caucasian population. Prosopagnosia (PA) or face blindness is characterized by a deficiency in identifying familiar faces. Almost all reports are single cases or collections of unrelated patients who acquired prosopagnosia after brain injuries, strokes or atrophy of at least the right occipito-temporal cortex. Until 2001, the inborn form - in the absence of any brain lesions - was described in fewer than 20 probands exclusively of Caucasian origin. We recently found that in the German Caucasian population, congenital prosopagnosia has a very high prevalence of at least 2.5% and that it is genetically determined. It is best described by autosomal-dominant inheritance in the more than 50 families investigated. We therefore introduced the term non-syndromic hereditary PA for the congenital form of a monosymptomatic or isolated PA. This surprisingly high frequency in the Caucasian population prompted us to extend our search to other ethnic groups. We performed a questionnaire-based screening among 198 native Indian students at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. In a then selected subset, we found after further detailed diagnostic interviews one Bengali female student with visual agnosia for face recognition only. Several other members of her large family reported the same impairment of face recognition. The segregation pattern of PA in this family is also compatible with autosomal-dominant inheritance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia (PA) or face blindness is characterized by a deficiency in identifying familiar faces.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prediction Models for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review. To provide an overview and critical appraisal of prediction models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies (up to November 2021). We included studies that reported prediction model development and/or validation of BPD in preterm infants born at \u226432 weeks and/or \u22641,500 g birth weight. We extracted the data independently based on the CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS). We assessed risk of bias and applicability independently using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST). Twenty-one prediction models from 13 studies reporting on model development and 21 models from 10 studies reporting on external validation were included. Oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age was the most frequently reported outcome in both development studies (71%) and validation studies (81%). The most frequently used predictors in the models were birth weight (67%), gestational age (62%), and sex (52%). Nearly all included studies had high risk of bias, most often due to inadequate analysis. Small sample sizes and insufficient event patients were common in both study types. Missing data were often not reported or were discarded. Most studies reported on the models' discrimination, while calibration was seldom assessed (development, 19%; validation, 10%). Internal validation was lacking in 69% of development studies. The included studies had many methodological shortcomings. Future work should focus on following the recommended approaches for developing and validating BPD prediction models.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Casimersen: First Approval. Casimersen (Amondys 45\u2122) is an antisense oligonucleotide of the phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer subclass developed by Sarepta Therapeutics for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a mutation in the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\u00a045 skipping. Administered by intravenous infusion, casimersen is designed to bind to exon\u00a045 of the DMD gene pre-mRNA, resulting in skipping of this exon during mRNA processing, intended to allow for production of an internally truncated but functional dystrophin protein in patients with DMD. Casimersen received its first approval on 25\u00a0February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\u00a045 skipping. The approval, granted under the US FDA Accelerated Approval Program, was based on an observed increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle in patients treated with casimersen. Casimersen is continuing in phase\u00a0III development for the treatment of DMD in several other countries worldwide. This article summarises the milestones in the development of casimersen leading to this first approval for DMD. As with other approvals under the Accelerated Approval Program, continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of a clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Casimersen received its first approval on 25\\u00c2\\u00a0February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\\u00c2\\u00a045 skipping. \", \"he approval, granted under the US FDA Accelerated Approval Program, was based on an observed increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle in patients treated with casimersen\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Evolutionarily informed deep learning methods for predicting relative transcript abundance from DNA sequence. Deep learning methodologies have revolutionized prediction in many fields and show potential to do the same in molecular biology and genetics. However, applying these methods in their current forms ignores evolutionary dependencies within biological systems and can result in false positives and spurious conclusions. We developed two approaches that account for evolutionary relatedness in machine learning models: (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The two approaches were explored and validated within the context of mRNA expression level prediction and have the area under the ROC curve (auROC) values ranging from 0.75 to 0.94.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and apetite?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer. The splicing of microexons (very small exons) is frequently dysregulated in the brain of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. However, little is known of the patterns, regulatory mechanisms and roles of microexon splicing in cancer. We here examined the transcriptome-wide profile of microexon splicing in matched colorectal cancer (CRC) and normal tissue specimens. Out of 1492 microexons comprising 3 to 15 nucleotides, 21 (1%) manifested differential splicing between CRC and normal tissue. The 21 genes harboring the differentially spliced microexons were enriched in gene ontology terms related to cell adhesion and migration. RNA interference-mediated knockdown experiments identified two splicing factors, RBFOX2 and PTBP1, as regulators of microexon splicing in CRC cells. RBFOX2 and PTBP1 were found to directly bind to microexon-containing pre-mRNAs and to control their splicing in such cells. Differential microexon splicing was shown to be due, at least in part, to altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 in CRC tissue compared to matched normal tissue. Finally, we found that changes in the pattern of microexon splicing were associated with CRC metastasis. Our data thus suggest that altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 might influence CRC metastasis through the regulation of microexon splicing.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer.\", \"RNA interference-mediated knockdown experiments identified two splicing factors, RBFOX2 and PTBP1, as regulators of microexon splicing in CRC cells. RBFOX2 and PTBP1 were found to directly bind to microexon-containing pre-mRNAs and to control their splicing in such cells. Differential microexon splicing was shown to be due, at least in part, to altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 in CRC tissue compared to matched normal tissue. \", \"Our data thus suggest that altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 might influence CRC metastasis through the regulation of microexon splicing.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Enhancing Antiproliferative Activity and Selectivity of a FLT-3 Inhibitor by Proteolysis Targeting Chimera Conversion. The receptor tyrosine kinase FLT-3 is frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia; however, current small molecule inhibitors suffer from limited efficacy in the clinic. Conversion of a FLT-3 inhibitor (quizartinib) into a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) results in a compound that induces degradation of FLT-3 ITD mutant at low nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, the PROTAC is capable of inhibiting cell growth more potently than the warhead alone while inhibiting fewer off-target kinases. This enhanced antiproliferative activity occurs, despite a slight reduction in the PROTAC's kinase inhibitory activity, via an increased level of apoptosis induction suggesting nonkinase roles for the FLT-3 ITD protein. Additionally, the PROTAC is capable of inducing FLT-3 ITD degradation in vivo. These results suggest that degradation of FLT-3 ITD may provide a useful method for therapeutic intervention.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Conversion of a FLT-3 inhibitor (quizartinib) into a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) results in a compound that induces degradation of FLT-3 ITD mutant at low nanomolar concentrations.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Increased tumor cell proliferation in mantle cell lymphoma is associated with elevated insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 expression. Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive, non-curable B-cell lymphoma, characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) involving CCND1 and a high number of additional genetic alterations. Chromosomal gains of 7p are frequent in mantle cell lymphoma, with insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3 aka IMP3) being the most upregulated gene in this region. IGF2BP3 is a member of the IGF II mRNA-BP family, and increased IGF2BP3 expression is associated with an aggressive behavior in many malignant tumors. We here analyze selected genes related to IGF signaling in gene expression and genomic array data of 8 mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and 12 primary mantle cell lymphomas and study IGF2BP3 protein expression in 172 well-characterized primary mantle cell lymphomas by immunohistochemistry. The majority of mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and primary cases showed elevated IGF2BP3 mRNA expression and a subset also expressed the IGF1 and IGF2 receptors. On the protein level, 66 of 172 primary mantle cell lymphomas showed IGF2BP3 expression in >50% of tumor cells, and strong IGF2BP3 protein expression was highly associated with increased proliferation as measured by the Ki-67 index, but not with overall survival of mantle cell lymphoma patients. Only a subset of mantle cell lymphomas with marked IGF2BP3 expression had an underlying chromosomal gain in 7p, suggesting that additional mechanisms are involved in the upregulation of IGF2BP3 in mantle cell lymphoma. In seven paired mantle cell lymphoma samples, IGF2BP3 protein expression remained constant between primary diagnosis and relapse. Increased IGF2BP3 expression and, potentially, enhanced IGF signaling may contribute proproliferative stimuli in the evolution of mantle cell lymphoma tumor cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive, non-curable B-cell lymphoma, characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) involving CCND1 and a high number of additional genetic alterations.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Lck inhibitor, AMG-47a, blocks necroptosis and implicates RIPK1 in signalling downstream of MLKL. Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome. Dysregulated necroptosis has been implicated in numerous inflammatory pathologies. As such, new small molecule necroptosis inhibitors are of great interest, particularly ones that operate downstream of MLKL activation, where the pathway is less well defined. To better understand the mechanisms involved in necroptosis downstream of MLKL activation, and potentially uncover new targets for inhibition, we screened known kinase inhibitors against an activated mouse MLKL mutant, leading us to identify the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) inhibitor AMG-47a as an inhibitor of necroptosis. We show that AMG-47a interacts with both RIPK1 and RIPK3, that its ability to protect from cell death is dependent on the strength of the necroptotic stimulus, and that it blocks necroptosis most effectively in human cells. Moreover, in human cell lines, we demonstrate that AMG-47a can protect against cell death caused by forced dimerisation of MLKL truncation mutants in the absence of any upstream signalling, validating that it targets a process downstream of MLKL activation. Surprisingly, however, we also found that the cell death driven by activated MLKL in this model was completely dependent on the presence of RIPK1, and to a lesser extent RIPK3, although it was not affected by known inhibitors of these kinases. Together, these results suggest an additional role for RIPK1, or the necrosome, in mediating human necroptosis after MLKL is phosphorylated by RIPK3 and provide further insight into reported differences in the progression of necroptosis between mouse and human cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome\", \"Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the French version of the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI). Cross-sectional. To assess the reliability and validity of the French version of the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI) and to determine its performance versus \"Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions\" (DN4) in diagnosing neuropathic pain (NeuP). Clinique romande de r\u00e9adaptation, spinal cord injury (SCI) center in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Backward and forward translation in French of the 4-item\u00a0SCIPI were performed by native speakers in both languages. Thirty persons with SCI were included in the validation study. Internal consistency was measured with the Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient. Cohen's kappa coefficients were used to assess the test-retest reliability and the agreement between SCIPI and DN4. Clinical assessment was used as the reference standard to diagnose NeuP. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC) was used to assess the performance of diagnostic tests. KR-20 coefficient of internal consistency was 0.50 (95% CI 0.26, 0.74). Test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.86 (95% CI 0.76, 0.95). The best cutoff value was 2 points, resulting a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 69%, 98%) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI 75%, 99%). SCIPI had an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI 0.82, 0.98), which was not significantly lower than the AUROC for DN4, 0.92 (95% CI 0.85, 0.99, p\u2009=\u20090.56). Agreement between SCIPI and DN4 was of 0.88 (95% CI 0.77, 1.00). The French version of the SCIPI is a reliable and valid tool that can identify the presence of NeuP in an individual with SCI.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\". The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC)\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The importance of diaphragmatic surgery, chemical pleurodesis and postoperative hormonal therapy in preventing recurrence in catamenial pneumothorax: a retrospective cohort study. Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72\u00a0h after the onset of menstruation. Most first episodes go undiagnosed and treated as primary spontaneous pneumothorax, and only after recurrence is the clinical suspicion of CP raised. No gold-standard management approach exists, especially in terms of managing diaphragmatic involvement. This study is a single-centre cohort retrospective study of 24 female patients who underwent surgery for pneumothorax due to diaphragmatic endometriosis between January 2008 and December 2016. Two groups were compared: a group that underwent pleurodesis alone (8 patients) and a group that underwent diaphragmatic surgery and pleurodesis (16 patients). There were differences in BMI and smoking habits between the two groups. The right diaphragm was involved more often (6vs15, p\u2009=\u20090.190). VATS was the preferred surgical approach and only one conversion occurred in the diaphragmatic surgery group (p\u2009=\u20090.470). Diaphragmatic abnormalities were present in all the patients, brown/violet spots (100%) in the pleurodesis group and perforations (100%) in the diaphragmatic surgery group (p\u2009<\u20090.001). There were no differences in days of chest tube removal and length of stay. The recurrence rate was 100% in the pleurodesis alone group while it was only 12.5% in the diaphragmatic surgery group (<\u20090.001). In our experience, diaphragmatic surgery and pleurodesis followed by hormonal therapy was an effective approach in preventing recurrence in patients with catamenial pneumothorax and diaphragmatic involvement.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72\\u00c2\\u00a0h after the onset of menstruation. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Recombinant erythropoietin and chronic renal failure. The hormone deficiency that underlies anemia in chronic kidney failure can now be corrected. Along with the primary benefit of raising the hematocrit and reversing anemia, dramatic secondary benefits can be achieved. Exercise capacity, neuropsychiatric and sexual function, and overall quality of life are enhanced. Guidelines for management are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The hormone deficiency that underlies anemia in chronic kidney failure can now be corrected\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Viltolarsen: From Preclinical Studies to FDA Approval. Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene\u00a0for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one of the most common lethal genetic disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles and cardiomyopathy. It was developed by Nippon Shinyaku in collaboration with\u00a0the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)\u00a0in Japan based on the preclinical studies conducted in the DMD\u00a0dog model at the NCNP. After showing hopeful results in pre-clinical trials and several clinical trials across North America and Japan, it received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for DMD\u00a0in 2020. Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \u00a0exon 53\u00a0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin. It can treat approximately 8-10% of the DMD patient population.\u00a0This paper aims to summarize the development of viltolarsen from preclinical trials to clinical trials to, finally, FDA approval, and discusses the challenges that come with fighting DMD using antisense therapy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene\\u00c2\\u00a0for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)\", \"Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\u00c2\\u00a0exon 53\\u00c2\\u00a0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin. \", \"After showing hopeful results in pre-clinical trials and several clinical trials across North America and Japan, it received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for DMD\\u00c2\\u00a0in 2020.\", \"Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\u00c2\\u00a0exon 53\\u00c2\\u00a0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which company produces Keytruda?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: First-Line Therapy and Beyond. On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \u226550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor ( This is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of a checkpoint inhibitor for first-line treatment of lung cancer. This approval expands the pembrolizumab indication in second-line treatment of lung cancer to include all patients with programmed death-ligand 1-expressing non-small cell lung cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a51%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Nonhematological benefits of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin. Clinical symptomatology such as fatigability, cold intolerance, failure to concentrate and poor effort intolerance is often attributed to anemia or uremia. That iron deficiency, per se, can cause these symptoms is poorly recognized. Clinical and animal studies that support the benefits of iron supplementation, independent of increasing hemoglobin, such as those on immune function, physical performance, thermoregulation, cognition, and restless leg syndrome and aluminum absorption is the subject of this narrative review.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin.\", \"Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especiall\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```North Star Ambulatory Assessment, 6-minute walk test and timed items in ambulant boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The North Star Ambulatory Assessment is a functional scale specifically designed for ambulant boys affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Recently the 6-minute walk test has also been used as an outcome measure in trials in DMD. The aim of our study was to assess a large cohort of ambulant boys affected by DMD using both North Star Assessment and 6-minute walk test. More specifically, we wished to establish the spectrum of findings for each measure and their correlation. This is a prospective multicentric study involving 10 centers. The cohort included 112 ambulant DMD boys of age ranging between 4.10 and 17 years (mean 8.18\u00b12.3 DS). Ninety-one of the 112 were on steroids: 37/91 on intermittent and 54/91 on daily regimen. The scores on the North Star assessment ranged from 6/34 to 34/34. The distance on the 6-minute walk test ranged from 127 to 560.6 m. The time to walk 10 m was between 3 and 15 s. The time to rise from the floor ranged from 1 to 27.5 s. Some patients were unable to rise from the floor. As expected the results changed with age and were overall better in children treated with daily steroids. The North Star assessment had a moderate to good correlation with 6-minute walk test and with timed rising from floor but less with 10 m timed walk/run test. The 6-minute walk test in contrast had better correlation with 10 m timed walk/run test than with timed rising from floor. These findings suggest that a combination of these outcome measures can be effectively used in ambulant DMD boys and will provide information on different aspects of motor function, that may not be captured using a single measure.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The North Star Ambulatory Assessment is a functional scale specifically designed for ambulant boys affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Programmed death 1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint that provides inhibitory signals to the immune system in order to modulate the activity of T cells in peripheral tissues and maintain self-tolerance in the setting of infection and inflammation. In cancer, the immune checkpoints are exploited so that the tumor cells are able to evade the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of cancer immunotherapy that targets pathways such as PD-1 in order to reinvigorate and enhance the immune response against tumor cells. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and several others are under investigation. Although PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated activity in many different types of malignancies, FDA approval has been granted only in melanoma and in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Identifying biomarkers that can predict response to PD-1 inhibitors is critical to maximizing the benefit of these agents. Future directions for PD-1 inhibitors include investigation of combination therapies, use in malignancies other than melanoma and NSCLC, and refinement of biomarkers. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and several others are under investigation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Burden of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Beyond Erythropoietin. Anemia is a frequent comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with a considerable burden because of decreased patient health-related quality of life and increased healthcare resource utilization. Based on observational data, anemia is associated with an increased risk of CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality. The current standard of care includes oral or intravenous iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and red blood cell transfusion. However, each of these therapies has its own set of population-specific patient concerns, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and mortality. Patients receiving dialysis or those who have concurrent diabetes or high blood pressure may be at greater risk of developing these complications. In particular, treatment with high doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents has been associated with increased rates of hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents remains a therapeutic challenge in a subset of patients. Hypoxia-inducible factor transcription factors, which regulate several genes involved in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, can be stabilized by a new class of drugs that act as inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase enzymes to promote erythropoiesis and elevate hemoglobin levels. Here, we review the burden of anemia of chronic kidney disease, the shortcomings of current standard of care, and the potential practical advantages of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors in the treatment of patients with anemia of CKD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"f Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Beyond Erythropoietin\", \"nemia is a frequent comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in renal disease: diagnosis and management. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anemia is a common complication. Anemia conveys significant risk for cardiovascular disease, faster progression of renal failure and decreased quality of life. Patients with CKD can have anemia for many reasons, including but not invariably their renal insufficiency. These patients require a thorough evaluation to identify and correct causes of anemia other than erythropoietin deficiency. The mainstay of treatment of anemia secondary to CKD has become erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). The use of ESAs does carry risks and these agents need to be used judiciously. Iron deficiency often co-exists in this population and must be evaluated and treated. Correction of iron deficiency can improve anemia and reduce ESA requirements. Partial, but not complete, correction of anemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nemia in renal disease: diagnosis and manageme\", \"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anemia is a common complication\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Temporal and spatial control of germ-plasm RNAs. In many species, germ cells form in a specialized germ plasm, which contains localized maternal RNAs. In the absence of active transcription in early germ cells, these maternal RNAs encode germ-cell components with critical functions in germ-cell specification, migration, and development. For several RNAs, localization has been correlated with release from translational repression, suggesting an important regulatory function linked to localization. To address the role of RNA localization and translational control more systematically, we assembled a comprehensive set of RNAs that are localized to polar granules, the characteristic germ-plasm organelles. We find that the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of all RNAs tested control RNA localization and instruct distinct temporal patterns of translation of the localized RNAs. We demonstrate necessity for translational timing by swapping the 3'UTR of polar granule component (pgc), which controls translation in germ cells, with that of nanos, which is translated earlier. Translational activation of pgc is concurrent with extension of its poly(A) tail length but appears largely independent of the Drosophila CPEB homolog ORB. Our results demonstrate a role for 3'UTR mediated translational regulation in fine-tuning the temporal expression of localized RNA, and this may provide a paradigm for other RNAs that are found enriched at distinct cellular locations such as the leading edge of fibroblasts or the neuronal synapse.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Update on the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most severe childhood form of muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the gene responsible for dystrophin production. There is no cure, and treatment is limited to glucocorticoids that prolong ambulation and drugs to treat the cardiomyopathy. Multiple treatment strategies are under investigation and have shown promise for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Use of molecular-based therapies that replace or correct the missing or nonfunctional dystrophin protein has gained momentum. These strategies include gene replacement with adeno-associated virus, exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides, and mutation suppression with compounds that \"read through\" stop codon mutations. Other strategies include cell therapy and surrogate gene products to compensate for the loss of dystrophin. All of these approaches are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the most recent advances made in each therapeutic discipline. The advantages of each approach and challenges in translation are outlined in detail. Individually or in combination, all of these therapeutic strategies hold great promise for treatment of this devastating childhood disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"These strategies include gene replacement with adeno-associated virus, exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides, and mutation suppression with compounds that \\\"read through\\\" stop codon mutations.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Update on Anemia in ESRD and Earlier Stages of CKD: Core Curriculum 2018. Anemia is a frequent complication during the later stages of chronic kidney disease. When present, it may cause symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath. The pathogenesis of anemia in chronic kidney disease is complex, but a central feature is a relative deficit of erythropoietin. New information has elucidated the critical role of the hypoxia-sensing system in mediating erythropoietin synthesis and release. Iron deficiency is a second important factor in the anemia of chronic kidney disease. New insights into the dynamics of iron metabolism have clarified the role of chronic inflammation and hepcidin as key mediators of impaired iron utilization. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a frequent complication during the later stages of chronic kidney disease.\", \"Anemia in ESRD and Earlier Stages of CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health records. Predictive modeling with electronic health record (EHR) data is anticipated to drive personalized medicine and improve healthcare quality. Constructing predictive statistical models typically requires extraction of curated predictor variables from normalized EHR data, a labor-intensive process that discards the vast majority of information in each patient's record. We propose a representation of patients' entire raw EHR records based on the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) format. We demonstrate that deep learning methods using this representation are capable of accurately predicting multiple medical events from multiple centers without site-specific data harmonization. We validated our approach using de-identified EHR data from two US academic medical centers with 216,221 adult patients hospitalized for at least 24\u2009h. In the sequential format we propose, this volume of EHR data unrolled into a total of 46,864,534,945 data points, including clinical notes. Deep learning models achieved high accuracy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readmission (AUROC 0.75-0.76), prolonged length of stay (AUROC 0.85-0.86), and all of a patient's final discharge diagnoses (frequency-weighted AUROC 0.90). These models outperformed traditional, clinically-used predictive models in all cases. We believe that this approach can be used to create accurate and scalable predictions for a variety of clinical scenarios. In a case study of a particular prediction, we demonstrate that neural networks can be used to identify relevant information from the patient's chart.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readm\", \"cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readmission (AUROC 0.75-0.76), prolonged length of stay (AUROC 0.85-0.86), and all of a patient's final discharge diagnoses (frequency-weighted AUROC 0.90). These models outperformed traditional, c\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mortality prediction of patients in intensive care units using machine learning algorithms based on electronic health records. Improving predictive models for intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients requires a new strategy that periodically includes the latest clinical data and can be updated to reflect local characteristics. We extracted data from all adult patients admitted to the ICUs of two university hospitals with different characteristics from 2006 to 2020, and a total of 85,146 patients were included in this study. Machine learning algorithms were trained to predict in-hospital mortality. The predictive performance of conventional scoring models and machine learning algorithms was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The conventional scoring models had various predictive powers, with the SAPS III (AUROC 0.773 [0.766-0.779] for hospital S) and APACHE III (AUROC 0.803 [0.795-0.810] for hospital G) showing the highest AUROC among them. The best performing machine learning models achieved an AUROC of 0.977 (0.973-0.980) in hospital S and 0.955 (0.950-0.961) in hospital G. The use of ML models in conjunction with conventional scoring systems can provide more useful information for predicting the prognosis of critically ill patients. In this study, we suggest that the predictive model can be made more robust by training with the individual data of each hospital.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" learning algorithms was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The conventional scoring models had various p\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Application of Baricitinib in Dermatology. There are four JAK subtypes: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Small molecule Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitors can inhibit a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Baricitinib is the first generation of JAK1/2 inhibitor targeting the ATPase of JAK, which blocks the intracellular transmission of cytokines through JAK-STATs. Thus far, it has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, an increasing number of studies have suggested that baricitinib can be used to treat dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata. Baricitinib can be a new choice for the treatment of dermatological diseases, which cannot be treated with conventional drugs. We reviewed the application, efficacy, side effects, precautions, limitations and prospect of baricitinib in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) in recent 5 years including clinical trials and case reports. Among them, the application in the field of alopecia areata is the most encouraging, and we reviewed the mechanism in detail.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thus far, it has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, an increasing number of studies have suggested that baricitinib can be used to treat dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata. \", \"We reviewed the application, efficacy, side effects, precautions, limitations and prospect of baricitinib in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) in recent 5 years including clinical trials and case reports. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ferric citrate for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and reduction of serum phosphate in patients with CKD Stages 3-5. Iron deficiency anemia and serum phosphate levels > 4.0mg/dL are relatively common in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5 and are associated with higher risks of progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. 149 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin, 9.0-12.0 g/dL; transferrin saturation [TSAT]\u2264 30%, serum ferritin \u2264 300 ng/mL), and serum phosphate levels \u2265 4.0 to 6.0mg/dL. Use of intravenous iron or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents was prohibited. Randomization to treatment for 12 weeks with ferric citrate coordination complex (ferric citrate) or placebo. Coprimary end points were change in TSAT and serum phosphate level from baseline to end of study. Secondary outcomes included change from baseline to end of treatment in values for ferritin, hemoglobin, intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), urinary phosphate excretion, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Ferric citrate treatment increased mean TSAT from 22% \u00b1 7% (SD) to 32% \u00b1 14% and reduced serum phosphate levels from 4.5 \u00b1 0.6 to 3.9 \u00b1 0.6 mg/dL, while placebo exerted no effect on TSAT (21% \u00b1 8% to 20% \u00b1 8%) and less effect on serum phosphate level (4.7 \u00b1 0.6 to 4.4 \u00b1 0.8 mg/dL; between-group P<0.001 for each). Ferric citrate increased hemoglobin levels (from 10.5 \u00b1 0.8 to 11.0 \u00b1 1.0 g/dL; P<0.001 vs placebo), reduced urinary phosphate excretion 39% (P<0.001 vs placebo), and reduced serum intact FGF-23 levels from a median of 159 (IQR, 102-289) to 105 (IQR, 65-187) pg/mL (P=0.02 vs placebo). The incidence and severity of adverse effects were similar between treatment arms. The study is limited by relatively small sample size and short duration and by having biochemical rather than clinical outcomes. Short-term use of ferric citrate repletes iron stores, increases hemoglobin levels, and reduces levels of serum phosphate, urinary phosphate excretion, and FGF-23 in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia and serum phosphate levels > 4.0mg/dL are relatively common in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5 and are associated with higher risks of progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular events, and mortality.STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 149 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin, 9.0-12.0 g/dL; transferrin saturation [TSAT]\\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4 30%, serum ferritin \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4 300 ng/\", \" anemia and reduction of serum phosphate in patients with CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```New Therapies for the Treatment of Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. In this review article we provide a critical insight into recent reports evaluating innovative therapies for warm type autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA). Among published articles, we selected two reports on the use of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in association with dexamethasone or rituximab, one study on the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor fostamatinib, and a retrospective study on recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO). Among recent scientific communications, we discussed a report on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitor (PI3K\u03b4i) parsaclisib. All studies highlighted a good efficacy although to be confirmed in larger trials and with limitations due to the heterogeneity of wAIHA patients enrolled, the small number of subjects, the concomitant medications allowed, and the short follow-up. Ongoing trials include new B-cell/plasma-cell targeting agents such as the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and rilzabrutinib, and the anti-CD38 MoAbs daratumumab and its analogue isatuximab. Further drugs in clinical trials target the complement cascade in wAIHA with complement activation, such as the C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan and the C1q inhibitor ANX005. Finally, an interesting and non-immuno-toxic strategy is to remove the pathogenic autoantibodies via blocking the neonatal Fc receptor, by intravenous nipocalimab and subcutaneous RVT-1401. Such novel agents targeting the several immunopathological mechanisms acting in wAIHA and their possible combination, will increase the therapeutic armamentarium and possibly fill the gap of wAIHA relapsed after/refractory to rituximab. Moreover, these new target therapies may represent a tool for the unmet need of very acute cases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Ongoing trials include new B-cell/plasma-cell targeting agents such as the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and rilzabrutinib, and the anti-CD38 MoAbs daratumumab and its analogue isatuximab. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Wilkie's syndrome as a cause of bowel obstruction in adults: A case report. The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie's syndrome, is one of the rarest causes of small bowel obstruction. A 36-year-old female patient, with a medical history of diabetes mellitus type 2, arrived at the emergency department with upper intestinal obstruction; a study protocol is made, integrating the diagnosis of Wilkie's syndrome. We performed a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy, the patient did well in the post-operative period. Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy is a practical option to treat Wilkie's syndrome. It provides definitive treatment with the advantages and benefits of minimally invasive surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie's syndrome, is one of the rarest causes of small bowel obstruction.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Computational investigations of indanedione and indanone derivatives in drug discovery: Indanone derivatives inhibits cereblon, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component. Cereblon, an extensively studied multifunctional protein, is a Cullin 4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex component. Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives. Cereblon is involved in multiple myeloma cell apoptosis. When ligands such as thalidomide and lenalidomide bind to cereblon, it recognizes various neosubstrates based on the ligand shape and properties. We have identified novel CRBN inhibitors, namely DHFO and its analogs, with structural features that are slightly different from thalidomide but stronger cereblon-binding affinity. We selected indanedione and indanone derivatives from the literature to understand and compare their cereblon-mediated substrate recognition potential. Computational investigations of possible CRBN inhibitors were investigated by molecular docking with Autodock Vina and DockThor programs. The properties of the compounds' ADME/T and drug-likeness were investigated. A molecular dynamics study was carried out for four selected molecules, and the molecular interactions were analyzed using PCA-based FEL methods. The binding affinity was calculated using the MM/PBSA method. We conducted computational investigations on 68 indanedione and indanone derivatives binding with cereblon. Ten molecules showed better CRBN binding affinity than thalidomide. We studied the drug-likeness properties of the selected ten molecules, and four of the most promising molecules (DHFO, THOH, DIMS, and DTIN) were chosen for molecular dynamics studies. The MM/PBSA calculations showed that the DHFO, already shown to be a 5-LOX/COX2 inhibitor, has the highest binding affinity of -\u00a0163.16\u00a0kJ/mol with cereblon. The selected CRBN inhibitor DHFO has demonstrated the highest binding affinity with cereblon protein compared to other molecules. Thalidomide and its derivatives have a new substitute in the form of DHFO, which produces an interaction hotspot on the surface of the cereblon. Ease of chemical synthesis, low toxicity, versatile therapeutic options, and pleiotropism of DHFO analogs provide an opportunity for exploring clinical alternatives with versatile therapeutic potential for a new category of indanedione molecules as novel modulators of E3 ubiquitin ligases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives.\", \"We have identified novel CRBN inhibitors, namely DHFO and its analogs, with structural features that are slightly different from thalidomide but stronger cereblon-binding affinity. \", \"ubiquitin ligase complex component. Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives. Cereblon is involved in multiple myeloma cell \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Robotic treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in Eagle-Barrett Syndrome. Eagle-Barrett Syndrome (EBS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by the triad of absent or defective abdominal wall muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is seldom reported in these patients, despite it being a common cause of childhood obstructive uropathy. We present the case of a patient with EBS who was subsequently identified as having symptomatic UPJO that was successfully treated with robotic pyeloplasty.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Eagle-Barrett Syndrome (EBS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by the triad of absent or defective abdominal wall muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The \"Virtual Digital Twins\" Concept in Precision Nutrition. Nutritional and lifestyle changes remain at the core of healthy aging and disease prevention. Accumulating evidence underscores the impact of genetic, metabolic, and host gut microbial factors on individual responses to nutrients, paving the way for the stratification of nutritional guidelines. However, technological advances that incorporate biological, nutritional, lifestyle, and health data at an unprecedented scale and depth conceptualize a future where preventative dietary interventions will exceed stratification and will be highly individualized. We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \"virtual digital twin,\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner. Such a model may revolutionize the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and provide a pillar for healthy aging.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The \\\"Virtual Digital Twins\\\" Concept in Precision Nutrition\", \"We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \\\"virtual digital twin,\\\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia of chronic renal failure. Anemia is one of the most characteristic and visable manifestations of chronic renal failure. Investigators in the past decade have provided a better understanding of this anemia. The etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure has three facets: first is reduced erythropoietin production by damaged kidneys; second is the presence of inhibitors to red blood cell (RBC) production in uremic serum; and third is red blood cell hemolysis. Unfortunately, transfusion therapy with its expense and risk of transmissable viral disease remains the mainstay of management for symptomatic anemia. Other modalities include dialysis, androgens, histidine supplementation, and erythropoietin replacement.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is one of the most characteristic and visable manifestations of chronic renal failure. Investigators in the past decade have provided a better understanding of this anemia. The etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure has three facets: first is reduced erythropoietin production by damaged kidneys; second is the presence of inhibitors to red blood cell (RBC) production in uremic serum; and third is red blood cell hemolysis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Common genetic variations of the cytochrome P450 1A1 gene and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is a major enzyme in the bioactivation of exogenous procarcinogens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of common genetic variants in CYP1A1 to the HCC risk in Chinese populations has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the association between HCC and four selected tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1, and the risk of CYP1A1 haplotypes/diplotypes in 1006 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 1015 cancer-free controls, from a Han Chinese population. Haplotypes/diplotypes were constructed from observed genotypes using the Haplo.Stats program. Relative risk was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression method. To summarise, we detected an increased HCC risk in rs4646421 variant carriers (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61) and rs2198843 variant carriers (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69), and a reduced risk of HCC (OR 0.70. 95% CI 0.52-0.94) associated with homozygote carriers of rs4886605 variant. These association signals were also observed in non-smokers with rs4646421 (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) and rs4886605 (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.91). Compared to the most common CYP1A1 haplotype CCAG, the haplotype TTGC conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52). Similarly, the TTGC/TTGC diplotype conferred an increased risk of HCC compared with diplotype CCAG/CCAG (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45, P=0.006). Interestingly, the diplotype TTAC/CCAG also conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.22-2.54, P=0.003). Our results suggested that common genetic variants in CYP1A1 may modulate the risk of developing HCC in the study population, particularly in non-smokers. However, our findings need to be validated in at least one independent study of Han Chinese population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: A Form of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome. Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a condition caused by paroxysmal episodes of sudden-onset multiorgan involvement variably including laryngeal edema, urticaria, bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, hypoxia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension. Rarely, the episodes can lead to cardiovascular collapse and death in the absence of a clear trigger, especially in the presence of other cardiovascular comorbidities. Elevated mast cell mediators such as tryptase and histamine have been reported during episodes, and mast cells are considered the primary cells responsible for driving anaphylaxis in humans. Basophils also secrete histamine and LTC4 when activated and theoretically can contribute to symptoms. As our understanding of mast cell disorders continue to grow, the classification for these disorders evolves. The purpose of this article was 2-fold: to\u00a0review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis and to discuss the classification of idiopathic anaphylaxis within the broader context of mast cell activation disorders.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Elevated mast cell mediators such as tryptase and histamine have been reported during episodes, and mast cells are considered the primary cells responsible for driving anaphylaxis in humans.\", \"Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: A Form of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A novel method for interrogating receiver operating characteristic curves for assessing prognostic tests. Disease prevalence is rarely explicitly considered in the early stages of the development of novel prognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive performance ability. Because this statistic does not account for disease prevalence, proposed tests may not appropriately address clinical requirements. This ultimately impedes the translation of prognostic tests into clinical practice. A method to express positive- and/or negative predictive value criteria (PPV, NPV) within the ROC space is presented. Equations are derived for so-called equi-PPV (and equi-NPV) lines. Herewith it is possible, for any given prevalence, to plot a series of sensitivity-specificity pairs which meet a specified PPV (or NPV) criterion onto the ROC space.This concept is introduced by firstly reviewing the well-established \"mechanics\", strengths and limitations of the ROC analysis in the context of developing prognostic models. Then, the use of PPV (and/or) NPV criteria to augment the ROC analysis is elaborated.Additionally, an interactive web tool was also created to enable people to explore the dynamics of lines of equi-predictive value in function of prevalence. The web tool also allows to gauge what ROC curve shapes best meet specific positive and/or negative predictive value criteria (http://d4ta.link/ppvnpv/). To illustrate the merits and implications of this concept, an example on the prediction of pre-eclampsia risk in low-risk nulliparous pregnancies is elaborated. In risk stratification, the clinical usefulness of a prognostic test can be expressed in positive- and negative predictive value criteria; the development of novel prognostic tests will be facilitated by the possibility to co-visualise such criteria together with ROC curves.\u00a0To achieve clinically meaningful risk stratification, the development of separate tests to meet either a pre-specified positive value (rule-in) or a negative predictive value (rule-out) criteria should be considered: the characteristics of successful rule-in and rule-out tests may markedly differ.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"stic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive performa\", \"rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive\", \"rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive per\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel, substituted 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium P2X7 antagonists. Iminium quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPA) have been found to be novel P2X(7) antagonists. To assess their structure-activity relationships, these compounds were modified at their R(1) and R(2) groups and assayed for their ability to inhibit the 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP)-induced uptake of fluorescent ethidium by HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human P2X(7) receptor, and their ability to inhibit BzATP-induced IL-1beta release by differentiated THP-1 cells. Compounds 15a and 15d, with alkyl groups at the R(1) position, and especially compound 19h, with the 2-NO(2)-4,5-dimethoxy-benzyl group at the R(2) position, had potent inhibitory efficacy as P2X(7) antagonists.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effector cells of anaphylaxis: mast cells and basophils. Systemic anaphylaxis arises when mast cells, possibly along with other cell types, are provoked to secrete mediators that evoke a systemic response. Mast cells in perivascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and cutaneous tissues are likely involved, regardless of whether IgE or non-IgE-dependent pathways are invoked. Alpha/beta tryptases are selectively and abundantly produced by mast cells. Tryptase levels in the circulation provide a precise indicator of mast cell involvement. Mature beta tryptase is stored in secretory granules and is released when the cells are activated to degranulate, as occurs in anaphylaxis. Alpha/beta pro/pro' tryptases are spontaneously secreted by mast cells. Consequently, mature tryptase levels in serum (normally 1 ng/ml) are elevated in systemic anaphylaxis. Total tryptase levels (mature plus precursor forms), normally 1-15 ng/ml in baseline serum samples, are elevated in patients with systemic mastocytosis (> 20 ng/ml), a disease that also predisposes one to anaphylactic reactions. The assessment of basophils in systemic anaphylactic reactions has been problematic, because an assay for a specific releasable marker from this cell type has not been developed. Nevertheless, in cases of anaphylaxis in which elevations of histamine, but not tryptase, have been detected, it is enticing to speculate that basophil-dependent anaphylaxis may have occurred.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Systemic anaphylaxis arises when mast cells, possibly along with other cell types, are provoked to secrete mediators that evoke a systemic response.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```EZH2-TROAP Pathway Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors. We performed this study to assess the biological and clinical significance of TROAP in prostate cancer. We downloaded TROAP mRNA expression data from TCGA and GEO databases. We analyzed expressions of TROAP and other genes in prostate cancer tumors at different stages and assessed Gleason scores. We used Celigo image, Transwell, and rescue assays, and flow cytometry detection to assess growth, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of the prostate cancer cells. We identified and validated up- and down-stream genes in the TROAP pathway. The mRNA data suggested that TROAP expression was markedly upregulated in prostate cancer compared with its expression in normal tissues, especially in cancers with high stages and Gleason scores. Moreover, a high TROAP expression was associated with poor patient survival. Results of our ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors.\", \"sociated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors. We performed this study to assess the biolo\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis. Anaphylaxis is a notorious type 2 immune response which may result in a systemic response and lead to death. A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway. While mast cells are specialized secretory cells that can secrete through a variety of exocytic modes, the most predominant mode exerted by the mast cell during anaphylaxis is compound exocytosis-a specialized form of regulated exocytosis where secretory granules fuse to one another. Here, we review the modes of regulated exocytosis in the mast cell and focus on compound exocytosis. We review historical landmarks in the research of compound exocytosis in mast cells and the methods available for investigating compound exocytosis. We also review the molecular mechanisms reported to underlie compound exocytosis in mast cells and expand further with reviewing key findings from other cell types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be answered.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis.\", \" A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway.\", \" types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in diff\", \" types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be a\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Restoring Dystrophin Expression by Skipping Exons 6 and 8 in Neonatal Dystrophic Dogs. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the mutations in the DMD gene resulting in no dystrophin production. Skipping DMD exons using phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) is an emerging treatment strategy that can restore the reading frame of the mutated gene and produce truncated but functional dystrophin protein. To date, four PMOs, including eteplirsen, casimersen, viltolarsen, and golodirsen, have been conditionally approved by the FDA for the treatment of DMD. Since degeneration of muscle fibers and irreversible fibrosis occur from childhood, the earlier treatment is preferred. The canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDj), a dog model of DMD, produces no dystrophin and exhibits a severe phenotype similar to human patients from early childhood. As such, CXMDj, which harbors\u00a0a splice site mutation in intron 6, is a useful model for examining the long-term effects of early PMO treatment. In this chapter, we describe the systemic delivery of a cocktail of four PMOs that can successfully induce multiple exon skipping (exons 6-9) in neonatal\u00a0dystrophic dogs. We also describe the procedures to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity, including clinical grading of dystrophic dogs, ELISA-based quantification of PMOs, histology, RT-PCR, and western blotting.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"To date, four PMOs, including eteplirsen, casimersen, viltolarsen, and golodirsen, have been conditionally approved by the FDA for the treatment of DMD.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A general presentation on how to carry out a CHARMS analysis for prognostic multivariate models. The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodological appraisals of predictive models, based on the best available scientific evidence and through systematic reviews. Our purpose is to give a general presentation on how to carry out a CHARMS analysis for prognostic multivariate models, making clear what the steps are and how they are applied individually to the studies included in the systematic review. This tutorial is aimed at providing such a resource. In addition to this explanation, we will apply the method to a real case: predictive models of atrial fibrillation in the community. This methodology could be applied to other predictive models using the steps provided in our review so as to have complete information for each included model and determine whether it can be implemented in daily clinical practice.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodological appraisals of predictive models, based on the best available scientific evidence and through systematic reviews.\", \"The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodolog\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Clinical management of anemia in patients with CKD]. Anemia is a frequent complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is often accompanied by various clinical symptoms. The primary cause of anemia in CKD patients is the reduction in the erythropoietin production, which results in a decrease of signaling molecule that stimulates red blood cell production. Other possible causes of anemia in CKD include iron deficiency, inflammation, and the accumulation of uremic toxin. This chapter focuses the discussion on the strategy of the management of anemia in patients with CKD. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and adjuvant iron therapy represent the primary treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease. The introduction of ESAs into clinical practice was a success goal, mediating an increase in hemoglobin concentrations without the risk for recurrent blood transfusions and improving quality of life substantially.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a frequent complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is often accompanied by various clinical symptoms. The primary cause of anem\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exploring risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: construction of a novel population-based predictive model. Machine learning was a highly effective tool in model construction. We aim to establish a machine learning-based predictive model for predicting the cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). We obtained data on PTMC from the SEER database, including 10 demographic and clinicopathological characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression (LR) analyses were applied to screen the risk factors for cervical LNM in PTMC. Risk factors with P\u2009<\u20090.05 in multivariate LR analysis were used as modeling variables. Five different machine learning (ML) algorithms including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gaussian naive bayes (GNB) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and traditional regression analysis were used to construct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to compare the model performance. Through univariate and multivariate LR analysis, we screened out 9 independent risk factors most closely associated with cervical LNM in PTMC, including age, sex, race, marital status, region, histology, tumor size, and extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and multifocality. We used these risk factors to build an ML prediction model, in which the AUROC value of the XGBoost algorithm was higher than the other 4 ML algorithms and was the best ML model. We optimized the XGBoost algorithm through 10-fold cross-validation, and its best performance on the training set (AUROC: 0.809, 95%CI 0.800-0.818) was better than traditional LR analysis (AUROC: 0.780, 95%CI 0.772-0.787). ML algorithms have good predictive performance, especially the XGBoost algorithm. With the continuous development of artificial intelligence, ML algorithms have broad prospects in clinical prognosis prediction.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to compare the model performance.RE\", \"nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Germline Mutations in Exome sequencing in hundreds of thousands of persons may enable the identification of rare protein-coding genetic variants associated with protection from human diseases like liver cirrhosis, providing a strategy for the discovery of new therapeutic targets. We performed a multistage exome sequencing and genetic association analysis to identify genes in which rare protein-coding variants were associated with liver phenotypes. We conducted in vitro experiments to further characterize associations. The multistage analysis involved 542,904 persons with available data on liver aminotransferase levels, 24,944 patients with various types of liver disease, and 490,636 controls without liver disease. We found that rare coding variants in Rare germline mutations in ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Germline Mutations in CIDEB and Protection against Liver Disease.\", \"We also found that variants in CIDEB, which encodes a structural protein found in hepatic lipid droplets, had a protective effect. \", \"CONCLUSIONS: Rare germline mutations in CIDEB conferred substantial protection from liver disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Erythropoiesis stimulating agents and anaemia of end-stage renal disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anaemia of renal origin is a common problem. Anaemia associated with CKD covers significant risk for faster progression of chronic renal failure, decreased quality of life, and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of anaemia treatment secondary to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has become erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). More than 90 % of ESRD patients maintained on dialysis respond to traditional recombinant human erythropoietin (rHU EPO) or to EPO analogues, also called \"biosimilars\". Iron deficiency often co-exists in dialysis patients and must be evaluated and treated to reduce ESA requirements. Partial, but not complete correction of renal anaemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD. The use of ESAs does carry risks such as hypertension, pure red cell aplasia, or cancer, and these agents need to be used judiciously.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anaemia of renal origin is a common problem.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Emerging role of novel therapies in Hodgkin lymphoma: proceed with caution. Based on very high response rates in the relapsed and refractory setting, brentuximab vedotin and the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have quickly been incorporated into clinical trials for first- and second-line therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma. Preliminary data show that brentuximab vedotin alone is not adequate therapy for newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma in older patients, but modestly decreases the risk of relapse when combined with adriamycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in patients with previously untreated advanced-stage disease. In second-line therapy, combining brentuximab vedotin with conventional chemotherapy or with PD-1 inhibitors as pretransplant salvage is associated with high overall and complete response rates, although further follow up is needed to assess whether posttransplant outcomes are improved. Although these new drugs are well tolerated when given as single agents, unexpected toxicities have been encountered with combination regimens, specifically severe pulmonary toxicity with the bleomycin and brentuximab vedotin combination and frequent infusion-related reactions. There is concern with the use of PD-1 inhibitors as first-line therapy due to the theoretical potential for more frequent or severe immune-mediated toxicities in patients who have not received prior chemotherapy. Aside from these concerns, these new agents have the potential to improve outcomes for patients even further, bringing us closer to eradicating recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"e programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have quickly been incorporated into clinical trials for first- and second-line therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Recent topics in IMiDs and cereblon. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are a new class of anticancer compounds that are derived from thalidomide. Lenalidomide and pomalidomide are well-known IMiDs, and they have already been approved by FDA for the treatment of several diseases, including multiple myeloma. Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs. It works as a substrate receptor of CRL4. Accumulating evidence has shown that the substrate specificity of CRL4```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.\", \" Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.\", \"cluding multiple myeloma. Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs. It works as a substrate receptor of CRL4. Accumulating evidence has sh\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Clinical Differentiation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome from Japanese Spotted Fever. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Japanese spotted fever (JSF; a spotted fever group rickettsiosis) are tick-borne zoonoses that are becoming a significant public health threat in Japan and East Asia. Strategies for treatment and infection control differ between the two; therefore, initial differential diagnosis is important. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of SFTS and JSF based on symptomology, physical examination, laboratory data, and radiography findings at admission. This retrospective study included patients with SFTS and JSF treated at five hospitals in Nagasaki Prefecture, western Japan, between 2013 and 2020. Data from 23 patients with SFTS and 38 patients with JSF were examined for differentiating factors and were divided by 7:3 into a training cohort and a validation cohort. Decision tree analysis revealed leukopenia (white blood cell [WBC] < 4000/\u03bcL) and altered mental status as the best differentiating factors (AUC 1.000) with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Using only physical examination factors, absence of skin rash and altered mental status resulted in the best differentiating factors with AUC 0.871, 71.4% sensitivity, and 90.0% specificity. When treating patients with suspected tick-borne infection, WBC < 4000/\u00b5L, absence of skin rash, and altered mental status are very useful to differentiate SFTS from JSF.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Japanese spotted fever (JSF; a spotted fever group rickettsiosis) are tick-borne zoonoses that are becoming a significant public health threat in Japan and East Asia.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Congenital prosopagnosia: A case report. Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces and to learn new faces. The aim of this study was to present a forty-six year-old woman with congenital prosopagnosia, and to discuss the neural bases of perception and recognition of faces. The patients had a lifetime impairment in recognizing faces of family members, close friends, and even her own face in photos. She also had impairment in recognizing animals such as discriminating between cats and dogs. The patient's basic visual skills showed impairment in identifying and recognizing the animal form perception on the coding subtest of the WAIS-R, recognizing overlapping pictures (Luria), and in identifying silhouettes depicting animals and objects (VOSP). Unconventional tests using pictures evidenced impairment in her capacity to identify famous faces, facial emotions and animals. Her face perception abilities were preserved, but recognition could not take place. Therefore, it appears that the agnosia in this case best fits the group of categories termed \"associative\".```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces and to learn new faces\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of teclistamab and talquetamab on soluble BCMA levels in\u00a0patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The bispecific antibodies teclistamab (BCMA\\u00c3\\u2014CD3) and talquetamab (G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D [GPRC5D]\\u00c3\\u2014CD3) are in clinical development as therapies for MM. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Wilkie's Syndrome as a Rare Cause of Duodenal Obstruction: Perspicacity Is in the Radiological Details. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or Wilkie's syndrome, is an unexpected cause of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. The exact incidence of the condition remains unknown, and limited case reports are present in the literature. The obstruction results in the compression of the third part of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and aorta. It is widely known that a lack of subcutaneous tissue in the area can precipitate the obstruction by significantly reducing the aortomesenteric angle. Wilkie's syndrome presents a clinically diagnostic challenge as patients initially remain undiagnosed with relapsing episodes of upper abdominal pain and bilious vomiting. In some cases, an acute obstruction may arise. Undertaking an initial contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract and a CT scan are required to confirm the diagnosis of the condition. In the present study, we elucidate the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with upper abdominal pain and bouts of bilious vomiting. Upon extensive diagnostic evaluation, Wilkie's syndrome was diagnosed. Since the patient failed to respond to conservative treatment, a laparotomy with subsequent duodenojejunostomy was undertaken. The postoperative recovery of the patient was uneventful with no recurrence of symptoms on follow-up.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or Wilkie's syndrome, is an unexpected cause of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antibody or Anybody? Considering the Role of MRGPRX2 in Acute Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis and as a Therapeutic Target. Acute anaphylaxis to small molecule drugs is largely considered to be antibody-mediated with immunogloblin E (IgE) and mast cell activation being key. More recently, a role for drug-reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) with neutrophil activation has also been suggested, at least in reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). However, the mast cell receptor MRGPRX2 has also been highlighted as a possible triggering mechanism in acute anaphylaxis to many clinically used drugs. Significantly, MRGPRX2 activation is not dependent upon the presence of drug-recognising antibody. Given the reasonable assumption that MRGPRX2 is expressed in all individuals, the corollary of this is that in theory, anybody could respond detrimentally to triggering drugs (recently suggested to be around 20% of a drug-like compound library). But this clearly is not the case, as the incidence of acute drug-induced anaphylaxis is very low. In this mini-review we consider antibody-dependent and -independent mechanisms of mast cell activation by small molecule drugs with a focus on the MRGPRX2 pathway. Moreover, as a juxtaposition to these adverse drug actions, we consider how increased understanding of the role of MRGPRX2 in anaphylaxis is important for future drug development and can complement exploration of this receptor as a drug target in broader clinical settings.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Acute anaphylaxis to small molecule drugs is largely considered to be antibody-mediated with immunogloblin E (IgE) and mast cell activation being key.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in diabetic kidney disease - underappreciated but still clinically relevant problem. Anemia is the most common disorder\nof the blood with iron deficiency\nbeing the predominant cause. On the\nother hand, diabetes prevalence is\nincreasing rapidly. Over time, diabetes\ncan damage the heart, blood\nvessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.\nDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) may\nbe present in both types 1 and type\n2 diabetes mellitus. Anemia is one of\nthe common feature of chronic kidney\ndisease. The epidemiological data on\nanemia prevalence are limited. In this\nreview data on epidemiology, pathogenesis,\ncomplication and treatment\nof anemia in diabetic kidney disease\nare presented.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nemia in diabetic kidney disease - underappreciated but still clinically relevant proble\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The emerging picture of CDK9/P-TEFb: more than 20 years of advances since PITALRE. CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. As a cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK9 activation in vivo depends upon its association with T-type cyclins to assemble the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb). Although CDK9/P-TEFb phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNAP II in the same positions targeted by CDK7 (TFIIH) and CDK8 (Mediator), the former does not participate in the transcription initiation, but rather plays a unique role by driving the polymerase to productive elongation. In addition to RNAP II CTD, the negative transcription elongation factors DSIF and NELF also represent major CDK9 substrates, whose phosphorylation is required to overcome the proximal pause of the polymerase. CDK9 is recruited to specific genes through proteins that interact with both P-TEFb and distinct elements in DNA, RNA or chromatin, where it modulates the activity of individual RNAP II transcription complexes. The regulation of CDK9 function is an intricate network that includes post-translational modifications (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and acetylation/deacetylation of key residues) as well as the association of P-TEFb with various proteins that can stimulate or inhibit its kinase activity. Several cases of CDK9 deregulation have been linked to important human diseases, including various types of cancer and also AIDS (due to its essential role in HIV replication). Not only HIV, but also many other human viruses have been shown to depend strongly on CDK9 activity to be transcribed within host cells. This review summarizes the main advances made on CDK9/P-TEFb field in more than 20 years, introducing the structural, functional and genetic aspects that have been elucidated ever since.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.\", \"CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. As a cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK9 activation in vivo depends upon its association with T-type cyclins to assemble the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is telegenetics?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Two Phase 3 Trials of Baricitinib for Alopecia Areata. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition characterized by rapid hair loss in the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, for which treatments are limited. Baricitinib, an oral, selective, reversible inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2, may interrupt cytokine signaling implicated in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. We conducted two randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials (BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2) involving adults with severe alopecia areata with a Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score of 50 or higher (range, 0 [no scalp hair loss] to 100 [complete scalp hair loss]). Patients were randomly assigned in a 3:2:2 ratio to receive once-daily baricitinib at a dose of 4 mg, baricitinib at a dose of 2 mg, or placebo. The primary outcome was a SALT score of 20 or less at week 36. We enrolled 654 patients in the BRAVE-AA1 trial and 546 in the BRAVE-AA2 trial. The estimated percentage of patients with a SALT score of 20 or less at week 36 was 38.8% with 4-mg baricitinib, 22.8% with 2-mg baricitinib, and 6.2% with placebo in BRAVE-AA1 and 35.9%, 19.4%, and 3.3%, respectively, in BRAVE-AA2. In BRAVE-AA1, the difference between 4-mg baricitinib and placebo was 32.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.6 to 39.5), and the difference between 2-mg baricitinib and placebo was 16.6 percentage points (95% CI, 9.5 to 23.8) (P<0.001 for each dose vs. placebo). In BRAVE-AA2, the corresponding values were 32.6 percentage points (95% CI, 25.6 to 39.6) and 16.1 percentage points (95% CI, 9.1 to 23.2) (P<0.001 for each dose vs. placebo). Secondary outcomes for baricitinib at a dose of 4 mg but not at a dose of 2 mg generally favored baricitinib over placebo. Acne, elevated levels of creatine kinase, and increased levels of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were more common with baricitinib than with placebo. In two phase 3 trials involving patients with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth at 36 weeks. Longer trials are required to assess the efficacy and safety of baricitinib for alopecia areata. (Funded by Eli Lilly under license from Incyte; BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT03570749 and NCT03899259.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Two Phase 3 Trials of Baricitinib for Alopecia Areata.\", \"CONCLUSIONS: In two phase 3 trials involving patients with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth at 36 weeks. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Beyond IDH-Mutation: Emerging Molecular Diagnostic and Prognostic Features in Adult Diffuse Gliomas. Diffuse gliomas are among the most common adult central nervous system tumors with an annual incidence of more than 16,000 cases in the United States. Until very recently, the diagnosis of these tumors was based solely on morphologic features, however, with the publication of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, revised 4th edition in 2016, certain molecular features are now included in the official diagnostic and grading system. One of the most significant of these changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the main-line diagnosis, although a great deal of heterogeneity in the clinical outcome still remains to be explained within these categories. Since then, numerous groups have been working to identify additional biomarkers and prognostic factors in diffuse gliomas to help further stratify these tumors in hopes of producing a more complete grading system, as well as understanding the underlying biology that results in differing outcomes. The field of neuro-oncology is currently in the midst of a \"molecular revolution\" in which increasing emphasis is being placed on genetic and epigenetic features driving current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive considerations. In this review, we focus on recent advances in adult diffuse glioma biomarkers and prognostic factors and summarize the state of the field.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"hese changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the ma\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Serum bile acids (a new advance in the diagnosis of liver disease). Serum bile acid measurements now available by radioimmunoassay have proven to be the most sensitive procedure developed to date to assess diseases of the hepatobiliary system in both adult and pediatric liver disease. Their clinical utility appears to hold particular promise in establishing the early diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. In infants, serum bile acid measurements can be used to establish the diagnosis of biliary atresia. When serum bile acids are determined post-prandially, they are the most sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction developed to date.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cholestasis of pregnancy. Cholestasis of pregnancy is the commonest liver disease unique to pregnancy and is characterized by pruritus in the mother in late pregnancy, without any skin rashes. This is accompanied by an elevation of the serum bile acids. Liver function test abnormalities may occur. Abdominal pain is not a feature and liver failure does not occur. The diagnosis is made by a suggestive history and exclusion of other causes by the history, serology and an upper abdominal ultrasound. All symptoms and signs should disappear within 4 weeks post-partum; prolonged post-partum courses should prompt a search for other causes, such as primary biliary cirrhosis. The syndrome is associated with a five-fold increased incidence of stillbirth, intra-partum foetal distress and pre-term labour. The reason is not clear and not predictable. The accepted management is induction or delivery at 38 weeks, which has led to a reduction in poor foetal outcome. Preliminary studies using ursodeoxycholic acid show symptomatic and biochemical improvement in most women treated. There is also a suggestion of an improved foetal outcome and treatment should be considered in women who present with the condition earlier in pregnancy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cholestasis of pregnancy is the commonest liver disease unique to pregnancy and is characterized by pruritus in the mother in late pregnancy, without any skin rashes. This is accompanied by an elevation of the serum bile acids. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Analyzing the scaffold diversity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and revisiting the clinical and preclinical pipeline. Kinases have gained an important place in the list of vital therapeutic targets because of their overwhelming clinical success in the last two decades. Among various clinically validated kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are one of the extensively studied drug targets for clinical development. Food and Drug Administration has approved three CDK inhibitors for therapeutic use, and at least 27 inhibitors are under active clinical development. In the last decade, research and development in this area took a rapid pace, and thus the analysis of scaffold diversity is essential for future drug design. Available reviews lack the systematic study and discussion on the scaffold diversity of CDK inhibitors. Herein we have reviewed and critically analyzed the chemical diversity present in the preclinical and clinical pipeline of CDK inhibitors. Our analysis has shown that although several scaffolds represent CDK inhibitors, only the amino-pyrimidine is a well-represented scaffold. The three-nitrogen framework of amino-pyrimidine is a fundamental hinge-binding unit. Further, we have discussed the selectivity aspects among CDKs, the clinical trial dose-limiting toxicities, and highlighted the most advanced clinical candidates. We also discuss the changing paradigm towards selective inhibitors and an overview of ATP-binding pockets of all druggable CDKs. We carefully analyzed the clinical pipeline to unravel the candidates that are currently under active clinical development. In addition to the plenty of dual CDK4/6 inhibitors, there are many selective CDK7, CDK9, and CDK8/19 inhibitors in the clinical pipeline.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Among various clinically validated kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are one of the extensively studied drug targets for clinical developmen\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Treatment of iron deficiency in predialysis state by low molecular weight iron dextran high doses intravenously]. Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in predialysis stage. Iron deficiency is more common than in normal patients and plays a key role in the genesis of anemia. Its correction avoids the use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) or reduces their dosage. Treatment with oral iron is often poorly tolerated and ineffective, necessitating the use of intravenous iron. New forms of injectable iron allow the use of high doses and correct iron deficiency in a single administration with consequent preservation of venous capital and lower costs. We studied the effectiveness of iron dextran of low molecular weight (LMWID) in high doses to correct iron deficiency and treat anemia in predialysis CKD patients. Twenty-nine doses of 500 to 1600 mg were administered to 25 patients followed for CKD (GFR between 60 and 10 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), selected on biological criteria of iron deficiency defined by a ratio of transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20% and/or serum ferritin of less than 100 \u03bcg/L. Patients received treatment by ESA in 16 cases out of 29. One month after treatment, hemoglobin (Hb) increased significantly (11.4\u00b11.6 vs 10.4\u00b11.4 g/dL, P=0.0003) along with a significant increase in TSAT (21.3\u00b17.3 vs 13.3\u00b13.8%, P=0.000003) and serum ferritin (286\u00b1253 vs 91\u00b160 \u03bcg/L, P=0.00005). Six patients had a serum ferritin greater than 500 \u03bcg/L after treatment, which may put them at risk of iron overload. Their serum ferritin was higher than the rest of the population before treatment, while the TSAT was no different, reflecting a functional deficiency. Their hemoglobin did not increase after treatment in contrast to the rest of the population suggesting the unavailability of iron for erythropoiesis with accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system. Renal function did not change significantly and there were no cases of acute renal failure. No immediate side effect was observed. Three patients presented delayed reactions to such self-limiting myalgia and arthralgia. No venous inflammatory reaction was noted. The administration of high doses of LMWID is effective in treating anemia of CKD in the predialysis stage with a satisfactory tolerance, without affecting kidney function and helps preserve the venous capital. It should be reserved for patients whose serum ferritin is less than or equal to 150 \u03bcg/L.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in predialysis stage.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Viltolarsen in Japanese Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: A phase 1/2 study. The novel morpholino antisense oligonucleotide viltolarsen targets exon 53 of the dystrophin gene, and could be an effective treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We investigated viltolarsen's ability to induce dystrophin expression and examined its safety in DMD patients. In this open-label, multicenter, parallel-group, phase 1/2, exploratory study, 16 ambulant and nonambulant males aged 5-12\u00a0years with DMD received viltolarsen 40 or 80\u00a0mg/kg/week via intravenous infusion for 24\u00a0weeks. Primary endpoints were dystrophin expression and exon 53 skipping levels. In western blot analysis, mean changes in dystrophin expression (% normal) from baseline to Weeks 12 and 24 were\u00a0-\u00a01.21 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.5136) and 1.46 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.1636), respectively, in the 40\u00a0mg/kg group, and 0.76 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.2367) and 4.81 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.0536), respectively, in the 80\u00a0mg/kg group. The increase in mean dystrophin level at Weeks 12 and 24 was significant in the 80\u00a0mg/kg group (2.78%; P\u00a0=\u00a00.0364). Patients receiving 80\u00a0mg/kg showed a higher mean exon 53 skipping level (42.4%) than those receiving 40\u00a0mg/kg (21.8%). All adverse events were judged to be mild or moderate in intensity and none led to study discontinuation. Treatment with viltolarsen 40 or 80\u00a0mg/kg elicited an increasing trend in dystrophin expression and exon 53 skipping levels, and was safe and well tolerated. The decline in motor function appeared less marked in patients with higher dystrophin levels; this may warrant further investigation. This study supports the potential clinical benefit of viltolarsen.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ucleotide viltolarsen targets exon 53 of the dystrophin gene, and could be an effective treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Value of D-dimer in predicting various clinical outcomes following community-acquired pneumonia: A network meta-analysis. Whether high D-dimer level before treatment has any impact on poor outcomes in patients with community-associated pneumonia (CAP) remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted the first meta-analysis focusing specifically on prognostic value of high D-dimer level before treatment in CAP patients. Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and World Health Organization clinical trials registry center were searched up to the end of March 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies were included to demonstrate the association between the level of D-dimer and clinical outcomes. Data were extracted using an adaptation of the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS-PF). When feasible, meta-analysis using random-effects models was performed. Risk of bias and level of evidence were assessed with the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and an adaptation of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Data were analyzed using STATA 14.0 to complete meta and network analysis. Besides d-dimer levels in CAP patients with poor outcomes, we also analyzed proportion of patients with or without poor outcomes correctly classified by the d-dimer levels as being at high or low risk. The poor outcome includes severe CAP, death, pulmonary embolism (PE) and invasive mechanical ventilators. 32 studies with a total of 9,593 patients were eventually included. Pooled effect size (ES) suggested that d-dimer level was significantly higher in severe CAP patients than non-severe CAP patients with great heterogeneity (SMD = 1.21 95%CI 0.87-1.56, I2 = 86.8% p = 0.000). D-dimer level was significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors with CAP (SMD = 1.22 95%CI 0.67-1.77, I2 = 85.1% p = 0.000). Prognostic value of d-dimer for pulmonary embolism (PE) was proved by hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve (HSROC) with good summary sensitivity (0.74, 95%CI, 0.50-0.89) and summary specificity (0.82, 95%CI, 0.41-0.97). Network meta-analysis suggested that there was a significant elevation of d-dimer levels in CAP patients with poor outcome than general CAP patients but d-dimer levels weren't significantly different among poor outcomes. The prognostic ability of d-dimer among patients with CAP appeared to be good at correctly identifying high-risk populations of poor outcomes, suggesting potential for clinical utility in patients with CAP.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS-PF).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trophinin-associated protein expression is an independent prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) representing the most common subtype. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule regulation. However, limited information about the role of TROAP in LAC is available. We evaluated the relationship of TROAP expression in LAC tissues with clinical pathologic parameters and the survival time in LAC patients based on a statistical analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung cancer data (N=528). Differences in survival between high and low expression groups (median expression cutoff) from the Cox univariate/multivariate regression analysis were then compared. According to the Chi-square tests, we found high TROAP expression correlated with younger age (\u226460) (P=0.047), male sex (P<0.005), an earlier T-stage (P=0.011), N-stage (P=0.017), M-stage (P=0.022), TNM (P=0.007), and a longer smoking history (>30 pack-year) (P<0.001). A Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that high TROAP expression may correspond with poor overall survival of LAC patients in T3 stage (P=0.0013), N0 stage (P=0.014), and M0 stage (P=0.0023). Multivariate analysis confirmed that TROAP expression was related to overall survival in LAC patients independently [hazard ratio (HR): 1.784, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.072-2.968, P=0.026]. Our results suggested that TROAP is an independent prognostic biomarker of poor survival in LAC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"on subtype. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule\", \"n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in \", \"n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule regulation. However, limited informati\", \"ophinin-associated protein expression is an independent prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.\", \": Our results suggested that TROAP is an independent prognostic biomarker of poor survival in LAC\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular diagnostics as a tool to personalize treatment in adult glioma patients. Gliomas, the most frequent primary brain tumors in humans, form a heterogeneous group, encompassing many different histological types and malignancy grades. Within this group, the diffuse infiltrative gliomas are by far the most common in adults. The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors. Especially in these diffuse gliomas, the role of molecular diagnostics is rapidly increasing. After summarizing the most relevant genetic aberrations and pathways in these tumors detected up till now, this review will discuss the clinical relevance of this information. Several molecular markers have been identified in diffuse gliomas that carry diagnostic and prognostic information. In addition, some of these and other markers predict the response of these gliomas to particular (chemo)therapeutic approaches. The techniques used to obtain this molecular information, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques will be discussed. Finally, future perspectives will be presented with regard to the contribution of molecular diagnostics to tailor-made therapy in glioma patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.\", \" The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Evaluating the Feasibility and Reliability of Remotely Delivering and Scoring the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a validated 17-item functional rating scale and widely used to assess motor function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and subsequent Government 'lockdown' resulted in no face-to-face clinic visits hence the motor abilities were not monitored. The aim was to investigate whether the NSAA was feasible and reliable by video assessment. Ten ambulant DMD boys were selected from the electronic hospital records. Two physiotherapists scored the boys' NSAA independently and the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement. The video scores were compared to two previous NSAA in-clinic scores. Mean scores (SD) for clinic visit one were 22.6 (4.19) and clinic visit two 21.8 (5.3). The two physiotherapists video mean scores were 20.6 (5.66) for physiotherapist 1 and 20.6 (6.53) for physiotherapist 2. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 (95% CI 0.93-1.00) for the total NSAA and 1.00 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.00) for the rise time. The mean decline in score from clinic visit one (-12 months) to video assessment was 2.0 (2.8SD). The results from the study suggest that video NSAA is partially feasible and reliable.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a validated 17-item functional rating scale and widely used to assess motor function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of lignans isolated from Magnolia fargesii. The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) causes neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Four lignans, (+)-eudesmin (1), (+)-magnolin (2), (+)-yangambin (3) and a new structure named as epimagnolin B (4) were isolated from Magnolia fargesii (Magnoliaceae) as the inhibitors of NO production in LPS-activated microglia. The most potent compound 4 inhibited the production of NO and PGE(2) and the expression of respective enzyme iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of I-kappaB-alpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTAC-mediated crosstalk between E3 ligases. Small-molecule heterobifunctional degraders can effectively control protein levels and are useful research tools. We assembled proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) from a cereblon (CRBN) and a von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ligase ligand and demonstrated a PROTAC-induced heterodimerization of the two E3 ligases leading to unidirectional and efficient degradation of CRBN.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We assembled proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) from a cereblon (CRBN) and a von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ligase ligand and demonstrated a PROTAC-induced heterodimerization of the two E3 ligases leading to unidirectional and efficient degradation of CRBN.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc\u03b5RI on mast cells and basophils. This initiates signals that induce cellular degranulation with release and secretion of vasoactive mediators, enzymes, and cytokines. However, IgE-independent mechanisms of anaphylaxis have been clearly demonstrated in experimental animals. These include IgG-dependent anaphylaxis, which involves the triggering of mediator release by IgG/antigen complex crosslinking of Fc\u03b3Rs on macrophages, basophils, and neutrophils; anaphylaxis mediated by binding of the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a to their receptors on mast cells, basophils, and other myeloid cells; and direct activation of mast cells by drugs that interact with receptors on these cells. Here we review the mechanisms involved in these IgE-independent forms of anaphylaxis and the clinical evidence for their human relevance. We conclude that this evidence supports the existence of all 3 IgE-independent mechanisms as important causes of human disease, although practical and ethical considerations preclude their demonstration to the degree of certainty possible with animal models. Furthermore, we cite evidence that different clinical situations can suggest different mechanisms as having a primal role in anaphylaxis and that IgE-dependent and distinct IgE-independent mechanisms can act together to increase anaphylaxis severity. As specific agents become available that can interfere with mechanisms involved in the different types of anaphylaxis, recognition of specific types of anaphylaxis is likely to become important for optimal prophylaxis and therapy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc\\u00ce\\u00b5RI on mast cells and basophils.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```How to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic model studies. Prognostic models are typically developed to estimate the risk that an individual in a particular health state will develop a particular health outcome, to support (shared) decision making. Systematic reviews of prognostic model studies can help identify prognostic models that need to further be validated or are ready to be implemented in healthcare. To provide a step-by-step guidance on how to conduct and read a systematic review of prognostic model studies and to provide an overview of methodology and guidance available for every step of the review progress. Published, peer-reviewed guidance articles. We describe the following steps for conducting a systematic review of prognosis studies: 1) Developing the review question using the Population, Index model, Comparator model, Outcome(s), Timing, Setting format, 2) Searching and selection of articles, 3) Data extraction using the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist, 4) Quality and risk of bias assessment using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment (PROBAST) tool, 5) Analysing data and undertaking quantitative meta-analysis, and 6) Presenting summary of findings, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Guidance for each step is described and illustrated using a case study on prognostic models for patients with COVID-19. Guidance for conducting a systematic review of prognosis studies is available, but the implications of these reviews for clinical practice and further research highly depend on complete reporting of primary studies.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ion making. Systematic reviews of prognostic model studies can help identify prognostic models that need to further be validated or are ready to be implemented in healthcare.OBJECTIVES: To provide a step-by-step guidance on how to conduct and read a systematic review of prognostic model studies and to provide an overview of methodology and guidance available for every step of the review progress.SOURCES: Published, peer-reviewed guidance articles.CONTENT: We describe the following steps for conducting a systematic review of prognosis studies: 1) Developing the review question using the Population, Index model, Comparator model, Outcome(s), Timing, Setting format, 2) Searching and selection of articles, 3) Data extraction using the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist, 4) Quality and risk of bias assessment using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment (PROBAST) tool, 5) Analysing data and undertaking quantitative meta-analysis, and 6) Presenting summary of findings, inte\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients; Iron Repletion, Current and Future Therapies. Iron deficiency, both functional and absolute, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those requiring dialysis. Guidelines advocate treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with CKD and those on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Oral iron is often insufficient and slow to improve hemoglobin concentrations because of high hepcidin levels causing impaired absorption and mobilization, while intravenous (IV) supplementation replenishes and maintains iron stores more effectively and is now standard practice (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes [KDIGO] 2012 guidelines). However, there still remain concerns about the effects of labile iron and possible increased risk of infections for this group of patients.To date, the majority of published studies have focused on hemodialysis (HD) patients; very limited data are available regarding patients on PD. This review summarizes the rationale for iron therapy, methods of treatment, potential adverse effects, and long-term concerns in PD patients. In addition we highlight some interesting potential future therapies under study.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency, both functional and absolute, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those requiring dialysis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Anaphylactic reaction as a side-effect of administration of general anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents]. The incidence of anaphylactic reactions during anesthesia is between 1:5000 and 1:25000 anesthetics. During the IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction mast cells release proteases such as tryptase, histamine and vasoactive mediators. The release of mediators from the mast cells and basophils is responsible for the immediate clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis. Anaphylactoid reactions can be caused directly by a release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils and they don't depend on interaction of IgE antibodies with antigen. The most frequent agents that cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions during anesthesia are neuromuscular blocking agents (among them the highest percent refers to rocuronium and succinylcholine), some general anesthetics, antibiotics, blood and blood products, opioids and latex. Increased tryptase concentration in serum is a marker for systemic mast cell activation. Skin tests (in vivo) are used for verification of specific hypersensitivity to drugs in patients after anaphylactic reaction. In vitro tests prove the presence of specific IgE antibodies for drugs. The plan for the treatment of anaphylactic reactions must be established before the event. Airway maintenance, 100% oxygen administration, intravascular volume expansion and epinephrine are essential to treat the hypotension and hypoxia that result from vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability and bronchospasm. As soon as the diagnosis has been made the adrenalin should be given intravenously 1 to 3 ml of 1:10000 aqueous solution (0.1 mg/ml) over 10 minutes. Prevention is possible with methylprednisolone 125 mg i.v. 1 hour before administering of anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents with or without antihistaminic chlorpiramine-chloride 1 amp i.v. few minutes before anesthesia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"During the IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction mast cells release proteases such as tryptase, histamine and vasoactive mediators\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular and Clinical Characteristics of a National Cohort of Paediatric Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients in Norway. As new gene-related treatment options for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are being developed, precise information about the patients' genetic diagnosis and knowledge about the diversities of natural history in DMD is vital. To obtain detailed insight into the genetic and clinical characteristics of paediatric DMD in Norway. 94 boys with DMD, aged 0-18 years, were identified over a period of 3.5 years, yielding a national prevalence of 13.5\u00d710-5 boys. 73 boys (78%) were recruited to full genetic and clinical or limited (genetic only) evaluation. Molecular analysis disclosed 64% deletions, 18% duplications and 18% point mutations. The mean age of diagnosis was 3.9\u00b12.0 years. 78% were treated with glucocorticoids from age 5.8\u00b11.5 years. 23 boys (35%) had lost ambulation at an age of 10.7\u00b12.0 years. 17% were treated for left ventricular dysfunction from age 12.1\u00b13.0 years and 12% had received night-time non-invasive positive pressure ventilation from age 13.0\u00b12.5 years. The distribution of mutation types and sites was similar to previous studies but with more duplications and fewer point mutations. Any genotype-phenotype correlations were not uncovered. The boys were diagnosed early but there is still diagnostic delay among boys presenting with late motor development. Glucocorticoid treatment was widespread, especially among the younger boys. The clinical results of this comprehensive nationwide study highlight the large variability of disease progression in DMD.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" 64% deletions, 18% duplications and 18% point mutations. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of lignans isolated from Magnolia fargesii. The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) causes neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Four lignans, (+)-eudesmin (1), (+)-magnolin (2), (+)-yangambin (3) and a new structure named as epimagnolin B (4) were isolated from Magnolia fargesii (Magnoliaceae) as the inhibitors of NO production in LPS-activated microglia. The most potent compound 4 inhibited the production of NO and PGE(2) and the expression of respective enzyme iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of I-kappaB-alpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparison of the toxicity profile of PD-1 versus PD-L1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic analysis of the literature. Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are effective therapies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, the authors performed a systematic review investigating differences in the toxicities of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. An electronic literature search was performed of public databases (MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica dataBASE [EMBASE], and Cochrane) and conference proceedings for trials using PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) in patients with NSCLC. A formal systematic analysis was conducted with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (version 2.2). Clinical and demographic characteristics, response, and toxicity data were compared between both groups. A total of 23 studies reported between 2013 and 2016 were eligible for analysis. The total number of patients evaluated for toxicities was 3284 patients in the PD-1 group and 2460 patients in the PD-L1 group. The baseline patient characteristics of the 2 groups were similar, although there was a trend toward increased squamous histology in the group treated with PD-L1 (32% vs 25%; P = .6). There was no difference in response rate noted between PD-1 (19%) and PD-L1 (18.6%) inhibitors (P = .17). The incidence of overall adverse events (AEs) was comparable between the PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors (64% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 63%-66%] vs 66% [95% CI, 65%-69%]; P = .8). Fatigue was the most frequently reported AE with both classes of drugs. Patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors were found to have a slightly increased rate of immune-related AEs (16% [95% CI, 14%-17%] vs 11% [95% CI, 10%-13%]; P = .07) and pneumonitis (4% [95% CI, 3%-5%] vs 2% [95% CI, 1%-3%]; P = .01) compared with patients who received PD-L1 inhibitors. In this systematic review involving 5744 patients with NSCLC, the toxicity and efficacy profiles of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors appear to be similar. Cancer 2018;124:271-7. \u00a9 2017 American Cancer Society.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are effective therapies in patients with non-small cell lung can\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Chimeric molecules to target proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. Protein degradation is one of the tactics used by the cell for irreversibly inactivating proteins. In eukaryotes, ATP-dependent protein degradation in the cytoplasm and nucleus is carried out by the 26S proteasome. Most proteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome by covalent attachment of a multiubiquitin chain. A key component of the enzyme cascade that results in attachment of the multiubiquitin chain to the target or labile protein is the ubiquitin ligase that controls the specificity of the ubiquitination reaction. Defects in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis have been shown to result in a variety of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. The SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box-Hrt1) complex is a heteromeric ubiquitin ligase that multiubiquitinates proteins important for signal transduction and cell cycle progression. A technology was developed known as Protac (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric Molecule) that acts as a bridge, bringing together the SCF ubiquitin ligase with a protein target, resulting in its ubiquitination and degradation. The Protac contains an SCF-binding peptide moiety at one end that is recognized by SCF that is chemically linked to the binding partner or ligand of the target protein. The first demonstration of the efficacy of Protac technology was the successful recruitment, ubiquitination, and degradation of the protein methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) through a covalent interaction between MetAP-2 and Protac. Subsequently, we demonstrated that Protacs could effectively ubiquitinate and degrade cancer-promoting proteins (estrogen and androgen receptors) through noncovalent interactions in vitro and in cells. Finally, cell-permeable Protacs can also promote the degradation of proteins in cells. This chapter includes experiments to test the ability of Protacs to target proteins in vitro and in cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"A technology was developed known as Protac (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric Molecule) that acts as a bridge, bringing together the SCF ubiquitin ligase with a protein target, resulting in its ubiquitination and degradation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Systematic review and evaluation of predictive modeling algorithms in spinal surgeries. In order to better educate patients, predictive models have been implemented to stratify surgical risk, thereby instituting greater uniformity across surgical practices and prioritizing the safety and outcomes of patients. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review summarizing the major predictive models used to evaluate patients as candidates for spinal surgery. A search was conducted for articles related to predictive modeling in spinal surgeries using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) scores reported were included in the analysis. Models not relevant to spinal procedures were excluded. Comparison between models was only attainable for those that reported AUROCs for individual procedures. Based on a combination of AUROC scores and demonstrated applicability to spinal procedures, the models by Scheer et al. (0.89), Ratliff et al. (0.70), the Seattle Spine Score (0.712), Risk Assessment Tool (0.67-0.7), and the Spine Sage calculator (0.81-0.85) were determined to be ideal for predictive modeling in spinal surgeries and were subsequently broken down into their individual inputs and outputs to determine what elements a theoretical model should assimilate. Alongside the model by Scheer et al., the Spine Sage calculator, Seattle Spine Score, Risk Assessment Tool, and a model by Ratliff et al. showed the most promise for patients undergoing spinal procedures. Using the first model as a springboard, new spinal predictive models can be optimized through use of larger prospective databases, with longer follow-up times, and greater inclusion of reliable high impact variables.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) scores reported were included in the analysis.\", \"sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) sc\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predictive value of specific ultrasound findings when used as a screening test for abnormalities on VCUG. Renal and bladder ultrasound (RBUS) is often used as an initial screening test for children after urinary tract infection (UTI), and the 2011 AAP guidelines specifically recommend RBUS be performed first, with voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) to be performed only if the ultrasound is abnormal. It is uncertain whether specific RBUS findings, alone or in combination, might make RBUS more useful as a predictor of VCUG abnormalities. To evaluate the association of specific RBUS with VCUG findings, and determine whether predictive models that accurately predict patients at high risk of VCUG abnormalities, based on RBUS findings, can be constructed. and study sample: A total of 3995 patients were identified with VCUG and RBUS performed on the same day. The RBUS and VCUG reports were reviewed and the findings were classified. Analysis was limited to patients aged 0-60 months with no prior postnatal genitourinary imaging and no history of prenatal hydronephrosis. The associations between large numbers of specific RBUS findings with abnormalities seen on VCUG were investigated. Both multivariate logistic models and a neural network machine learning algorithms were constructed to evaluate the predictive power of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities (including VUR or bladder/urethral findings). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determined. A total of 2259 patients with UTI as the indication for imaging were identified. The RBUS was reported as \"normal\" in 75.0%. On VCUG, any VUR was identified in 41.7%, VUR grade > II in 20.9%, and VUR grade > III in 2.8%. Many individual RBUS findings were significantly associated with VUR on VCUG. Despite these strong univariate associations, multivariate modeling didn't result in a predictive model that was highly accurate. Multivariate logistic regression built via stepwise selection had: AUROC = 0.57, sensitivity = 86% and specificity = 25% for any VUR; AUROC = 0.60, sensitivity = 5% and specificity = 99% for VUR grade > II; and AUROC = 0.67, sensitivity = 6% and specificity = 99% for VUR grade > III. The best predictive model constructed via neural networks had: AUROC = 0.69, sensitivity = 64% and specificity = 60% for any VUR; AUROC = 0.67, sensitivity = 18% and specificity = 98% for VUR grade > II; and AUROC = 0.79, sensitivity = 32% and specificity = 100% for VUR grade > III. Even with the state-of-the-art predictive models, abnormal findings on RBUS provide a poor screening test for genitourinary abnormalities. Renal bladder ultrasound and VCUG should be considered complementary, as they provide important, but different, information.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"s). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determined.RESUL\", \"s). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determi\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-L1 and PD-L2 differ in their molecular mechanisms of interaction with PD-1. The programmed death-1 (PD-1) molecule is involved in peripheral tolerance and in the immune escape mechanisms during chronic viral infections and cancer. PD-1 interacts with two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms of PD-1 interactions with its ligands by surface plasmon resonance and cell surface binding as well as the ability of the two ligands to compete for PD-1 binding. PD-L1 and PD-L2 bound PD-1 with comparable affinities, but striking differences were observed at the level of the association and dissociation characteristics. PD-L1, but not PD-L2, had a delayed interaction reminiscent of a phenomenon of conformational transition. These mechanisms were confirmed by using PD-L1 mAbs that delayed the dissociation of PD-L1 from PD-1. This mechanism was not restricted to PD-1 binding since PD-L1 behaved in a similar manner with its second ligand, CD80. Finally, we could demonstrate that PD-L1 and PD-L2 competed for PD-1 binding and conversely, an antagonist PD-1 mAb blocked both PD-L1 and PD-L2 binding to PD-1 and strongly enhanced T-cell proliferation. These data further emphasize the differential molecular mechanisms of interaction of PD-L1 and PD-L2 with PD-1, and suggest possible new approach for the therapy of chronic infection, cancer and transplantation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PD-1 interacts with two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.\", \"Finally, we could demonstrate that PD-L1 and PD-L2 competed for PD-1 binding and conversely, an antagonist PD-1 mAb blocked both PD-L1 and PD-L2 binding to PD-1 and strongly enhanced T-cell proliferation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Dermatillomania: Strategies for Developing Protective Biomaterials/Cloth. Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. The current treatment strategies focus on behavioral and pharmacological therapies that are not very effective. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to provide an introduction to SPD and discuss its current treatment strategies as well as to propose biomaterial-based physical barrier strategies as a supporting or alternative treatment. To this end, searches were conducted within the PubMed database and Google Scholar, and the results obtained were organized and presented as per the following categories: prevalence, etiology, consequences, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies. Furthermore, special attention was provided to alternative treatment strategies and biomaterial-based physical treatment strategies. A total of six products with the potential to be applied as physical barrier strategies in supporting SPD treatment were shortlisted and discussed. The results indicated that SPD is a complex, underestimated, and underemphasized neuropsychiatric disorder that needs heightened attention, especially with regard to its treatment and care. Moreover, the high synergistic potential of biomaterials and nanosystems in this area remains to be explored. Certain strategies that are already being utilized for wound healing can also be further exploited, particularly as far as the prevention of infections is concerned.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anaphylaxis: mechanisms of mast cell activation. Anaphylaxis is a severe systemic allergic response that is rapid in onset and potentially lethal, and that typically is induced by an otherwise innocuous substance. In IgE-dependent and other examples of anaphylaxis, tissue mast cells and circulating basophilic granulocytes (basophils) are thought to represent major (if not the major) sources of the biologically active mediators that contribute to the pathology and, in unfortunate individuals, fatal outcome, of anaphylaxis. In this chapter, we will describe the mechanisms of mast cell (and basophil) activation in anaphylaxis, with a focus on IgE-dependent activation, which is thought to be responsible for most examples of antigen-induced anaphylaxis in humans. We will also discuss the use of mouse models to investigate the mechanisms that can contribute to anaphylaxis in that species in vivo, and the relevance of such mouse studies to human anaphylaxis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"In IgE-dependent and other examples of anaphylaxis, tissue mast cells and circulating basophilic granulocytes (basophils) are thought to represent major (if not the major) sources of the biologically active mediators that contribute to the pathology and, in unfortunate individuals, fatal outcome, of anaphylaxis.\", \"In this chapter, we will describe the mechanisms of mast cell (and basophil) activation in anaphylaxis, with a focus on IgE-dependent activation, which is thought to be responsible for most examples of antigen-induced anaphylaxis in humans.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Catamenial pneumothorax: a rare manifestation of endometriosis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Catamenial pneumothorax: a rare manifestation of endometriosis.\", \"Thoracic endometriosis is a rare extrapelvic location of endometriosis and the leading cause of catamenial pneumothorax. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Prosopagnosia. A rare disorder of visual perception]. Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological sign, characterized by disturbance of recognition of faces. It is important to remember that prosopagnosia can appear as a result of a brain injury, and as such may be a major disability to the patient. We report a case of a nine year old boy with prosopagnosia due to brain injury at the age of 18 months. The main injury was localized to the boy's left hemisphere, but his right hemisphere was probably also affected. Most post mortem examinations of patients suffering from prosopagnosia show bilateral or right-sided parietal, temporal and occipetal pathological changes.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological sign, characterized by disturbance of recognition of faces.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular Insights into the Mechanism of Necroptosis: The Necrosome As a Potential Therapeutic Target. Necroptosis, or regulated necrosis, is an important type of programmed cell death in addition to apoptosis. Necroptosis induction leads to cell membrane disruption, inflammation and vascularization. It plays important roles in various pathological processes, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory diseases, multiple cancers, and kidney injury. The molecular regulation of necroptotic pathway has been intensively studied in recent years. Necroptosis can be triggered by multiple stimuli and this pathway is regulated through activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). A better understanding of the mechanism of regulation of necroptosis will further aid to the development of novel drugs for necroptosis-associated human diseases. In this review, we focus on new insights in the regulatory machinery of necroptosis. We further discuss the role of necroptosis in different pathologies, its potential as a therapeutic target and the current status of clinical development of drugs interfering in the necroptotic pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Necroptosis induction leads to cell membrane disruption, inflammation and vascularization.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Histomolecular classification of adult diffuse gliomas: the diagnostic value of immunohistochemical markers. Adult gliomas are most often infiltrative. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classed them into three major groups according to the presomptive cell of origin: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. Depending on the presence or absence of a small number of signs of anaplasia (mitosis, nuclear atypia, cell density, microvascular proliferation and necrosis) the WHO distinguishes grade II (LGG), III (anaplastic), and IV (glioblastomas, GBM). Mutation in the isocitrate deshydrogenase I and II (IDH1 and 2) genes distinguishes grade II, III and secondary GBM from primary GBM. Moreover two additional genetic alterations are recorded in grade II and III gliomas: TP53 mutations that characterize astrocytomas and 1p19q codeletion (as the result of t(1;19)(q10;p10) translocation) recorded in oligodendrogliomas. Mixed gliomas, the most non-reproducible category, share with astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas the same genetic alterations. Interestingly TP53 mutation (p53+) and 1p19q codeletion (1p19q+) are mutually exclusive and involve IDH mutated (IDH+) glial precursor cells. According to IDH, TP53, and 1p19q status, four major subtypes of LGG are recorded: IDH+/p53-/1p19q-, IDH+/p53+/1p19q-, IDH+/p53-/1p19q+ and triple negative, this last subgroup having the worst prognosis. Interestingly, p53 expression and internexin alpha (INA) expression can replace to some extent TP53 mutation and 1p19 codeletion, respectively. Moreover the antibody directed against the IDH1R132H isoform is highly specific. Because this mutation is the most frequent it is sufficient to assess IDH status in more than 80% of grade II and III gliomas. Taken together these three immunohistochemical markers are contribute greatly to the classification of gliomas and should be tested routinely as diagnostic markers. Finally, although GBM are genetically heterogeneous, the vast majority display EGFR amplification, often associated with EGFR expression, which can be helpful for diagnosis in certain cases.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Adult gliomas are most often infiltrative. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classed them into three major groups according to the presomptive cell of origin: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. Depending on the presence or absence of a small number of signs of anaplasia (mitosis, nuclear atypia, cell density, microvascular proliferation and necrosis) the WHO distinguishes grade II (LGG), III (anaplastic), and IV (glioblastomas, GBM).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predictive Modeling Identifies Total Bleeds at 12-Weeks Postswitch to N8-GP Prophylaxis as a Predictor of Treatment Response. \u2003Predicting annualized bleeding rate (ABR) during factor VIII (FVIII) prophylaxis for severe hemophilia A (SHA) is important for long-term outcomes. This study used supervised machine learning-based predictive modeling to identify predictors of long-term ABR during prophylaxis with an extended half-life FVIII. \u2003Data were from 166 SHA patients who received N8-GP prophylaxis (50\u2009IU/kg every 4 days) in the pathfinder 2 study. Predictive models were developed to identify variables associated with an ABR of \u22641 versus >1 during the trial's main phase (median follow-up of 469 days). Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Pre-N8-GP prophylaxis models learned from data collected at baseline; post-N8-GP prophylaxis models learned from data collected up to 12-weeks postswitch to N8-GP, and predicted ABR at the end of the outcome period (final year of treatment in the main phase). \u2003The predictive model using baseline variables had moderate performance (AUROC\u2009=\u20090.64) for predicting observed ABR. The most performant model used data collected at 12-weeks postswitch (AUROC\u2009=\u20090.79) with cumulative bleed count up to 12 weeks as the most informative variable, followed by baseline von Willebrand factor and mean FVIII at 30\u2009minutes postdose. Univariate cumulative bleed count at 12 weeks performed equally well to the 12-weeks postswitch model (AUROC\u2009=\u20090.75). Pharmacokinetic measures were indicative, but not essential, to predict ABR. \u2003Cumulative bleed count up to 12-weeks postswitch was as informative as the 12-week post-switch predictive model for predicting long-term ABR, supporting alterations in prophylaxis based on treatment response.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ys). Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Pre-N8-GP prophylaxis models learned from dat\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Lenacapavir: a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor. This review summarizes available data for lenacapavir, an investigational first-in-class agent that disrupts functioning of HIV capsid protein across multiple steps in the viral life cycle. Lenacapavir demonstrated picomolar potency in vitro with no cross resistance to existing antiretroviral classes and potent antiviral activity in persons with HIV-1. In persons with HIV-1, there was no preexisting resistance to lenacapavir regardless of treatment history. Lenacapavir can be administered orally either daily or weekly and subcutaneously up to every 6\u200amonths. In heavily treatment-experienced persons with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 and in treatment-naive persons with HIV-1, lenacapavir in combination with other antiretroviral agents led to high rates of virologic suppression and was well tolerated. Ongoing studies are evaluating long-acting dosing of lenacapavir for treating HIV-1 in combination with other antiretrovirals and preventing HIV-1 as a single agent.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Lenacapavir: a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor.\", \"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes available data for lenacapavir, an investigational first-in-class agent that disrupts functioning of HIV capsid protein across multiple steps in the viral life cycle.RECENT FINDINGS: Lenacapavir demonstrated picomolar potency in vitro with no cross resistance to existing antiretroviral classes and potent antiviral activity in persons with HIV-1. In persons with HIV-1, there was no preexisting resistance to lenacapavir regardless of treatment history.\", \"In heavily treatment-experienced persons with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 and in treatment-naive persons with HIV-1, lenacapavir in combination with other antiretroviral agents led to high rates of virologic suppression and was well tolerated.SUMMARY: Ongoing studies are evaluating long-acting dosing of lenacapavir for treating HIV-1 in combination with other antiretrovirals and preventing HIV-1 as a single agent.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Therapeutic plasma exchange for peripheral neuropathy associated with trisulfated heparan disaccharide IgM antibodies: A case series of 17 patients. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) can be associated with autoantibodies, including those of IgM class with specificity for the trisulfated heparan disaccharide (TS-HDS) antigen. We hypothesized that, as an IgM autoantibody-mediated disorder, TS-HDS-associated SFN symptoms may be reduced with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). This was an observational analysis of all patients referred for TPE from 2018 to 2020 following laboratory confirmation of SFN with TS-HDS autoantibodies; a loading course of 3 to 5 procedures over 2\u2009weeks was completed, with some patients returning for monthly procedures. The following data were collected: demographics, symptoms and duration, TS-HDS levels, skin biopsy results, reported responses to TPE, and TPE-associated adverse events. Of the 17 subjects, 12 (71%) were female and the mean age was 57.5\u2009years (range 27-94). The most common reported symptom was lower extremity paresthesia (88% of subjects). The mean number of TPE procedures completed per subject was 9 (range 3-18), with 71% (12/17) reporting symptomatic improvement or slowed disease progression. About 15% of procedures were associated with an adverse event, with vasovagal reactions being the most common; 53% of patients had at least one adverse event. Given a reported symptomatic response rate of more than 70%, TPE may be a treatment option for individuals with autoimmune-mediated SFN associated with increased titers of TS-HDS IgM autoantibodies. Since TPE-associated adverse events appear common in this population, close monitoring during procedures is warranted.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"mall fiber neuropathy (SFN) can be associated with autoantibodies, including those of IgM class with specificity for the trisulfated heparan disaccharide (TS-HDS) antigen.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relative contributions of body iron status and uremia severity to anemia in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Anemia in chronic renal failure is predominantly caused by diminished erythropoietin synthesis by diseased kidneys. While iron deficiency is often stated as a cause of anemia in chronic renal failure prior to end-stage renal disease, its relative contribution is debated. It is speculated that rather than frank 'iron deficiency', many patients with chronic renal failure may indeed have impaired utilization of iron. We analyzed 139 consecutive patients with chronic renal failure starting maintenance hemodialysis to determine the relationship between hematocrit, measures of renal function (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentration), and measures of iron availability (serum transferrin saturation, serum iron level and serum ferritin). The 139 study subjects (60 men, 79 women) comprised 116 blacks (83%), 15 hispanics (11%), and 8 whites (6%) of a mean age 56 +/- 15 years. Only 23 (17%) of 139 subjects had positive hemoccult stool test for blood. Their mean hematocrit was 24 +/- 4.5%, mean blood urea nitrogen concentration was 121 +/- 38, mean serum creatinine concentration was 12.6 +/- 5.2 mg/dl, mean serum transferrin saturation was 22 +/- 14%, mean serum ferritin level was 235 +/- 194 U/l, mean serum iron level was 55 +/- 40 U/l, and mean total iron binding capacity was 254 +/- 93%. Multiple regression analysis with hematocrit as the outcome variable, and blood urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine concentration, serum albumin concentration, serum transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin level as the independent variables, showed an inverse correlation between hematocrit and serum creatinine concentration (p = 0.002). We conclude that in patients with chronic renal failure starting uremia therapy, anemia does not correlate with any of the commonly measured indices of body iron stores. We infer that impaired utilization of iron may be a significant factor in the anemia of chronic renal failure.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"While iron deficiency is often stated as a cause of anemia in chronic renal failure prior to end-stage renal disease, its relative contribution is debated.\", \"Anemia in chronic renal failure is predominantly caused by diminished erythropoietin synthesis by diseased kidneys.\", \"We infer that impaired utilization of iron may be a significant factor in the anemia of chronic renal failure.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Prosopagnosia: is it a single or a multiple entity?]. The prosopagnosia has generally been defined as an incapacity to recognize familiar faces, or faces previously known, due to certain lesions to certain areas of the cerebral cortex. Yet it seems that there is no universal consensus neither on its definition nor in relation to the specific lesions that might cause it. There seems to be no consensus either around the criteria that might enable us to identify different types of prosopagnosia. We make an attempt to revise the definition of prosopagnosia and to see if it is appropriate to consider it as a single entity or, on the contrary, we are able to differentiate specific types of prosopagnosia according to its origin, brain lesion associated with it or the patients characteristics. On the other hand, we questioned ourselves whether different exams usually utilized for the identification of prosopagnosia in fact measure the same concept. We propose that we could distinguish different types of prosopagnosia with different clinical characteristics. Then we went on to differentiate between developed prosopagnosias and acquired prosopagnosias by bilateral brain lesion as opposed with those associated with a fundamentally aperceptive deficit, as opposed to those linked with a fundamentally associative deficit. Lastly, we propose that different types of exams of recognition and identification can measure distinct aspects linked to prosopagnosia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTRODUCTION: The prosopagnosia has generally been defined as an incapacity to recognize familiar faces, or faces previously known, due to certain lesions to certain areas of the ce\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Personalized Pancreatic Cancer Management: A Systematic Review of How Machine Learning Is Supporting Decision-making. This review critically analyzes how machine learning is being used to support clinical decision-making in the management of potentially resectable pancreatic cancer. Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, electronic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Database were undertaken. Studies were assessed using the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist. In total 89,959 citations were retrieved. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Three studies were Markov decision-analysis models comparing neoadjuvant therapy versus upfront surgery. Three studies predicted survival time using Bayesian modeling (n = 1) and artificial neural network (n = 1), and one study explored machine learning algorithms including Bayesian network, decision trees, k-nearest neighbor, and artificial neural networks. The main methodological issues identified were limited data sources, which limits generalizability and potentiates bias; lack of external validation; and the need for transparency in methods of internal validation, consecutive sampling, and selection of candidate predictors. The future direction of research relies on expanding our view of the multidisciplinary team to include professionals from computing and data science with algorithms developed in conjunction with clinicians and viewed as aids, not replacement, to traditional clinical decision-making.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Studies were assessed using the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist.\", \"ist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist. In total 89,959 citations wer\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-1 pathway inhibitors: the next generation of immunotherapy for advanced melanoma. Checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionizing treatment options and expectations for patients with melanoma. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), was the first approved checkpoint inhibitor. Emerging long-term data indicate that approximately 20% of ipilimumab-treated patients achieve long-term survival. The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. PD-1 inhibitors are also poised to become standard of care treatment for other cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibition is a different treatment approach to chemotherapy and targeted agents: instead of directly acting on the tumor to induce tumor cell death, checkpoint inhibitors enhance or de novo stimulate antitumor immune responses to eliminate cancer cells. Initial data suggest that objective anti-tumor response rates may be higher with anti-PD-1 agents compared with ipilimumab and the safety profile may be more tolerable. This review explores the development and next steps for PD-1 pathway inhibitors, including discussion of their novel mechanism of action and clinical data to-date, with a focus on melanoma. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. \", \"The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cloning of murine CDK9/PITALRE and its tissue-specific expression in development. The cdc2-family of serine/threonine kinases and their binding partners recently were implicated in developmental roles. We previously cloned a cdc2-related kinase, cdk9/PITALRE, that is able to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein in vitro. We describe here the cloning and the characterization of the mouse homolog of cdk9/PITALRE. The murine cDNA is 98% identical with humans and is expressed at high levels in brain and kidney tissues. The kinase activity and protein expression of cdk9/PITALRE were highest in terminally differentiated tissues such as the muscle and brain. In situ immunohistology and immunofluorescence detected cdk9/PITALRE protein not only within terminally differentiated cells such as muscle and neuronal cells, but also in proliferating cells. C2C12 and P19 cells induced to differentiate along muscle and neural lineages peaked in cdk9/PITALRE kinase activity at the end of differentiation. These results suggest that, among other roles, cdk9/PITALRE plays a role not unlike cdk5 in the differentiation of certain cell types.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We previously cloned a cdc2-related kinase, cdk9/PITALRE, that is able to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein i\", \"hese results suggest that, among other roles, cdk9/PITALRE plays a role not unlike cdk5 in the differentiation of certain cell types.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effect of Different Corticosteroid Dosing Regimens on Clinical Outcomes in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Corticosteroids improve strength and function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, there is uncertainty regarding the optimum regimen and dosage. To compare efficacy and adverse effects of the 3 most frequently prescribed corticosteroid regimens in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Double-blind, parallel-group randomized clinical trial including 196 boys aged 4 to 7 years with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who had not previously been treated with corticosteroids; enrollment occurred between January 30, 2013, and September 17, 2016, at 32 clinic sites in 5 countries. The boys were assessed for 3 years (last participant visit on October 16, 2019). Participants were randomized to daily prednisone (0.75 mg/kg) (n\u2009=\u200965), daily deflazacort (0.90 mg/kg) (n\u2009=\u200965), or intermittent prednisone (0.75 mg/kg for 10 days on and then 10 days off) (n\u2009=\u200966). The global primary outcome comprised 3 end points: rise from the floor velocity (in rise/seconds), forced vital capacity (in liters), and participant or parent global satisfaction with treatment measured by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM; score range, 0 to 100), each averaged across all study visits after baseline. Pairwise group comparisons used a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of .017. Among the 196 boys randomized (mean age, 5.8 years [SD, 1.0 years]), 164 (84%) completed the trial. Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\u2009<\u2009.001 for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone using a global test; P\u2009=\u2009.017 for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone using a global test) and the daily regimens did not differ significantly (P\u2009=\u2009.38 for daily prednisone vs daily deflazacort using a global test). The between-group differences were principally attributable to rise from the floor velocity (0.06 rise/s [98.3% CI, 0.03 to 0.08 rise/s] for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone [P\u2009=\u2009.003]; 0.06 rise/s [98.3% CI, 0.03 to 0.09 rise/s] for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone [P\u2009=\u2009.017]; and -0.004 rise/s [98.3% CI, -0.03 to 0.02 rise/s] for daily prednisone vs daily deflazacort [P\u2009=\u2009.75]). The pairwise comparisons for forced vital capacity and TSQM global satisfaction subscale score were not statistically significant. The most common adverse events were abnormal behavior (22 [34%] in the daily prednisone group, 25 [38%] in the daily deflazacort group, and 24 [36%] in the intermittent prednisone group), upper respiratory tract infection (24 [37%], 19 [29%], and 24 [36%], respectively), and vomiting (19 [29%], 17 [26%], and 15 [23%]). Among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treatment with daily prednisone or daily deflazacort, compared with intermittent prednisone alternating 10 days on and 10 days off, resulted in significant improvement over 3 years in a composite outcome comprising measures of motor function, pulmonary function, and satisfaction with treatment; there was no significant difference between the 2 daily corticosteroid regimens. The findings support the use of a daily corticosteroid regimen over the intermittent prednisone regimen tested in this study as initial treatment for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01603407.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001 for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone using a global test; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.017 for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone using a global test)\", \"Among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treatment with daily prednisone or daily deflazacort, compared with intermittent prednisone alternating 10 days on and 10 days off, resulted in significant improvement over 3 years in a composite outcome comprising measures of motor function, pulmonary function, and satisfaction with treatment\", \" trial. Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001 for daily predn\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of Litifilimab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antibody-binding of blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA2), which is expressed exclusively on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, suppresses the production of type I interferon that is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to BDCA2, in patients with SLE have not been extensively studied. We conducted a phase 2 trial of litifilimab involving participants with SLE. The initial trial design called for randomly assigning participants to receive litifilimab (at a dose of 50, 150, or 450 mg) or placebo administered subcutaneously at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20, with the primary end point of evaluating cutaneous lupus activity. The trial design was subsequently modified; adults with SLE, arthritis, and active skin disease were randomly assigned to receive either litifilimab at a dose of 450 mg or placebo. The revised primary end point was the change from baseline in the total number of active joints (defined as the sum of the swollen joints and the tender joints) at week 24. Secondary end points were changes in cutaneous and global disease activity. Safety was also assessed. A total of 334 adults were assessed for eligibility, and 132 underwent randomization (64 were assigned to receive 450-mg litifilimab, 6 to receive 150-mg litifilimab, 6 to receive 50-mg litifilimab, and 56 to receive placebo). The primary analysis was conducted in the 102 participants who had received 450-mg litifilimab or placebo and had at least four tender and at least four swollen joints. The mean (\u00b1SD) baseline number of active joints was 19.0\u00b18.4 in the litifilimab group and 21.6\u00b18.5 in the placebo group. The least-squares mean (\u00b1SE) change from baseline to week 24 in the total number of active joints was -15.0\u00b11.2 with litifilimab and -11.6\u00b11.3 with placebo (mean difference, -3.4; 95% confidence interval, -6.7 to -0.2; P\u2009=\u20090.04). Most of the secondary end points did not support the results of the analysis of the primary end point. Receipt of litifilimab was associated with adverse events, including two cases of herpes zoster and one case of herpes keratitis. In a phase 2 trial involving participants with SLE, litifilimab was associated with a greater reduction from baseline in the number of swollen and tender joints than placebo over a period of 24 weeks. Longer and larger trials are required to determine the safety and efficacy of litifilimab for the treatment of SLE. (Funded by Biogen; LILAC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02847598.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.\", \" The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to BDCA2, in patients with SLE have not been extensively studied.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```SRRM4 Expands the Repertoire of Circular RNAs by Regulating Microexon Inclusion. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and dedicated bioinformatics pipelines have synergized to identify an expansive repertoire of unique circular RNAs (circRNAs), exceeding 100,000 variants. While the vast majority of these circRNAs comprise canonical exonic and intronic sequences, microexons (MEs)-which occur in 30% of functional mRNA transcripts-have been entirely overlooked. CircRNAs which contain these known MEs (ME-circRNAs) could be identified with commonly utilized circRNA prediction pipelines, CIRCexplorer2 and CIRI2, but were not previously recognized as ME-circRNAs. In addition, when employing a bespoke bioinformatics pipeline for identifying RNA chimeras, called Hyb, we could also identify over 2000 ME-circRNAs which contain novel MEs at their backsplice junctions, that are uncalled by either CIRCexplorer2 or CIRI2. Analysis of circRNA-seq datasets from gliomas of varying clinical grades compared with matched control tissue has shown circRNAs have potential as prognostic markers for stratifying tumor from healthy tissue. Furthermore, the abundance of microexon-containing circRNAs (ME-circRNAs) between tumor and normal tissues is correlated with the expression of a splicing associated factor, Serine/arginine repetitive matrix 4 (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"SRRM4 Expands the Repertoire of Circular RNAs by Regulating Microexon Inclusion.\", \"Overexpressing SRRM4, known for regulating ME inclusion in mRNAs critical for neural differentiation, in human HEK293 cells resulted in the biogenesis of over 2000 novel ME-circRNAs, including ME-circEIF4G3, and changes in the abundance of many canonical circRNAs, including circSETDB2 and circLBRA. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Etiological spectrum of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: A single-center study from India. A retrospective study was conducted over seven years and it aimed to find out various causes of anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study included nondialysis-dependent adult CKD patients who underwent anemia evaluation. A total of 584 patients were studied. Three hundred and twenty-one (55%) patients were male and 263 (45%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 55.5 \u00b1 14 years. One hundred and seventy-eight (30.5%) had a diabetic CKD and 406 (69.5%) had a nondiabetic CKD. Seventy-two (12.3%) patients were in CKD Stage 3, 193 (33%) patients in CKD Stage 4, and 319 (54.6%) patients in CKD Stage 5. The mean hemoglobin was 9.2 \u00b1 2.2 g/dL. There was a progressive fall in hemoglobin with increasing severity of CKD and in CKD Stage 3, 4, and 5 the mean hemoglobin was 10 \u00b1 2.2, 9.4 \u00b1 2.1, and 8.4 \u00b1 1.9 g/dL, respectively (P = 0.001). Most (47.4%) patients had moderate anemia followed by anemia of mild (31.4%) and severe (21.4%) degrees. Three hundred and seven (52.6%) patients had percent transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20% (functional iron deficiency). One hundred and sixty-two (27.7%) patients had serum ferritin <100 ng/mL (absolute iron deficiency); 334 (57.2%) patients had serum ferritin 100-500 ng/mL, but in 175 (52.4%) of them, TSAT was <20%; 88 (15.1%) patients had serum ferritin >500 ng/mL (58 (65.6%) were C-reactive protein (CRP) + and 55 (62.5%) had TSAT <20%). Overall, 392 (67.1%) patients had functional or absolute iron deficiency. One-third of the patients had elevated CRP levels. The anemia was macrocytic in 20.4% suggesting deficiency of folic acid and/or Vitamin B```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"spectrum of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease\", \" retrospective study was conducted over seven years and it aimed to find out various causes of anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. The c statistic, or area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, achieved popularity in diagnostic testing, in which the test characteristics of sensitivity and specificity are relevant to discriminating diseased versus nondiseased patients. The c statistic, however, may not be optimal in assessing models that predict future risk or stratify individuals into risk categories. In this setting, calibration is as important to the accurate assessment of risk. For example, a biomarker with an odds ratio of 3 may have little effect on the c statistic, yet an increased level could shift estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk for an individual patient from 8% to 24%, which would lead to different treatment recommendations under current Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Accepted risk factors such as lipids, hypertension, and smoking have only marginal impact on the c statistic individually yet lead to more accurate reclassification of large proportions of patients into higher-risk or lower-risk categories. Perfectly calibrated models for complex disease can, in fact, only achieve values for the c statistic well below the theoretical maximum of 1. Use of the c statistic for model selection could thus naively eliminate established risk factors from cardiovascular risk prediction scores. As novel risk factors are discovered, sole reliance on the c statistic to evaluate their utility as risk predictors thus seems ill-advised.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The c statistic, or area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, achieved popularity in diagnostic testing, in which the test characteristics of sensitivity and specificity are relevant to discriminating diseased versus nondiseased patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Translational Modeling Predicts Efficacious Therapeutic Dosing Range of Teclistamab for Multiple Myeloma. Teclistamab (JNJ-64007957), a B-cell maturation antigen \u00d7 CD3 bispecific antibody, displayed potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies. A first-in-human, Phase I, dose escalation study (MajesTEC-1) is evaluating teclistamab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. To estimate the efficacious therapeutic dosing range of teclistamab, pharmacokinetic (PK) data following the first cycle doses in the low-dose cohorts in the Phase I study were modeled using a 2-compartment model and simulated to predict the doses that would have average and trough serum teclistamab concentrations in the expected therapeutic range (between EC The doses predicted to have average serum concentrations between the EC Our findings show that PK simulations of early clinical data together with ex vivo cytotoxicity estimates can inform the identification of a bispecific antibody's therapeutic range. NCT03145181, date of registration: May 9, 2017.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Teclistamab (JNJ-64007957), a B-cell maturation antigen \\u00c3\\u2014 CD3 bispecific antibody, displayed potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mantle cell lymphoma in leukemic phase: characterization of its broad cytologic spectrum with emphasis on the importance of distinction from other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and genetically by t(11;14)(q13;q32) with overexpression of the cyclin D1 (bcl-1) gene. It usually presents as advanced stage disease, involving lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and extranodal sites, particularly the gastrointestinal tract. However, frank leukemic presentation with high white cell counts is uncommon and can be difficult to distinguish from other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphologic spectrum of leukemic mantle cell lymphoma. During the period July 1994 through October 1998, 14 patients with mantle cell lymphoma in leukemic phase were diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong. The diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma was based on histologic and immunocytochemical findings and was confirmed by cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in all cases. The clinical records and laboratory results were reviewed. Peripheral blood smears, bone marrow, and other tissue biopsies were examined, with particular attention to the cytologic features of the leukemic mantle cells. Mantle cell lymphoma in leukemic phase showed a very aggressive clinical course. Eight patients died at a mean of 13 months, and only 1 patient was disease free. Morphologically, the leukemic mantle cells exhibited a broad morphologic spectrum, with several cytologic patterns identified: 1) mixed small and medium-sized cells, 2) predominantly medium-sized cells, 3) predominantly large cells, and 4) giant cells. Despite variations in the size and nuclear shape, the leukemic mantle cells could usually be recognized by the nuclear irregularity and clefting, moderately dense but evenly distributed chromatin, small nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. Recognition of the characteristic cytologic features of leukemic mantle cells can help to distinguish them from other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. In contrast to the latter, the clinical course is aggressive and response to conventional chemotherapy is poor.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and g\", \"BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and genetically by t(11;14)(q13;q32) with overexpression of the cyclin D1 (bcl-1) gene\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Proteolysis-targeting chimeras: A promising technique in cancer therapy for gaining insights into tumor development. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are small molecules that specifically link E3 ubiquitin ligases to proteins of interest to mediate targeted ubiquitination and degradation. PROTACs are advantageous since they can target undruggable proteins with multiple domains, particularly those with smooth surfaces that lack a common binding domain for small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs). This review provides an overview of PROTAC technology and third-generation PROTAC development. We focused on designing and executing the most recent clinical trials involving PROTACs in cancer therapy. Additionally, we summarized novel findings regarding the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in cancer development, such as the scaffolding function of certain proteins ignored by traditional SMIs and several recognized oncoproteins that participate in novel signaling pathways. We also discussed strategies for enhancing PROTAC antitumor activity and specificity.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are small molecules that specifically link E3 ubiquitin ligases to proteins of interest to mediate targeted ubiquitination and degradation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PD-1 Pathway Inhibitors: Immuno-Oncology Agents for Restoring Antitumor Immune Responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are designed to restore a patient's own antitumor immune response that has been suppressed during tumor development. The first monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are now approved for clinical use. Both agents are indicated for the treatment of advanced melanoma, as well as for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nivolumab is also approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. In patients with melanoma, these agents result in objective response rates of ~25-40%, with durable responses lasting more than 2\u00a0years in some cases. Results from phase III trials have shown improved survival with nivolumab versus standard-of-care chemotherapy in both patients with advanced melanoma and those with advanced NSCLC. In patients with advanced melanoma, both PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have shown improved survival versus ipilimumab. PD-1 inhibitors are associated with adverse events that have immune etiologies, with grade greater than 3 adverse events typically reported in 16% or less of patients. However, most immune-mediated adverse events (including grade 3-4 adverse events) can be managed by using published management algorithms without permanent discontinuation of the agent. As nivolumab and pembrolizumab enter the clinic, and with more PD-1 pathway agents in development for a range of tumor types, this review aims to provide pharmacists with a basic understanding of the role of PD-1 in modulating the immune system and their use in the cancer treatment. The most recent clinical efficacy and safety data are discussed, highlighting the response characteristics distinctive to immune checkpoint inhibitors, along with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data and cost considerations. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The first monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are now approved for clinical use\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Androgen receptor axis-targeted agents for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer impact on overall survival and safety profile. The management of non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) has undergone a paradigm shift with the development of androgen receptor axis-targeted (ARAT) agents. The updated results with final overall survival (OS) data of the phase III PROSPER, SPARTAN, and ARAMIS trials have recently been reported. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis and network meta-analysis to indirectly compare the efficacy and safety of currently available treatments. Multiple databases were searched for articles published before January 2021. Studies that compared OS and adverse events (AEs) in patients with nmCRPC were considered eligible. Three studies (N.=4117) met our eligibility criteria. Formal network meta-analyses were conducted. ARAT agent is associated with significantly longer OS compared to placebo (pooled hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.83, P<0.001), with similar results shown for patients with both N1 and N0 disease (pooled HR 0.61 and pooled HR 0.76, respectively). In the network meta-analysis, apalutamide, darolutamide, and enzalutamide were more effective than placebo, with similar efficacies in terms of OS. For AEs (including any AEs, grade 3 or grade 4 AEs, grade 5 AEs, serious AEs, and AEs leading to treatment discontinuation), darolutamide was shown to be likely well tolerated. Quality of Life was preserved in treatment arms irrespective of the drug. All three ARAT agents are efficacious options for the treatment of nmCRPC, whereas darolutamide appears to have the most favorable tolerability profile. These findings may facilitate individualized treatment strategies and inform future direct comparative trials.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CONCLUSIONS: All three ARAT agents are efficacious options for the treatment of nmCRPC, whereas darolutamide appears to have the most favorable tolerability profile. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Iron supplementation in chronic kidney disease]. Treatment with iron preparations remains one of the main directions in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Intravenous agents, although effective, may have serious adverse effects, while oral iron supplementation may be ineffective due to malabsorption and gastrointestinal side effects. The solution may be modern drugs such as ferric pyrophosphate added to dialysis fluid or liposomal iron without gastrointestinal adverse effects.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Treatment with iron preparations remains one of the main directions in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effect of non-linearity of a predictor on the shape and magnitude of its receiver-operating-characteristic curve in predicting a binary outcome. Area under a receiver-operating-characteristic (AUROC) curve is widely used in medicine to summarize the ability of a continuous predictive marker to predict a binary outcome. This study illustrated how a U-shaped or inverted U-shaped continuous predictor would affect the shape and magnitude of its AUROC curve in predicting a binary outcome by comparing the ROC curves of the worst first 24-hour arterial pH values of 9549 consecutive critically ill patients in predicting hospital mortality before and after centering the predictor by its mean or median. A simulation dataset with an inverted U-shaped predictor was used to assess how this would affect the shape and magnitude of the AUROC curve. An asymmetrical U-shaped relationship between pH and hospital mortality, resulting in an inverse-sigmoidal ROC curve, was observed. The AUROC substantially increased after centering the predictor by its mean (0.611 vs 0.722, difference\u2009=\u20090.111, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.087-0.135), and was further improved after centering by its median (0.611 vs 0.745, difference\u2009=\u20090.133, 95%CI 0.110-0.157). A sigmoidal-shaped ROC curve was observed for an inverted U-shaped predictor. In summary, a non-linear predictor can result in a biphasic-shaped ROC curve; and centering the predictor can reduce its bias towards null predictive ability.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Area under a receiver-operating-characteristic (AUROC) curve is widely used in medicine to summarize the ability of a continuous predictive marker to predict a binary outcome.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```CDK9: from basal transcription to cancer and AIDS. Cdk9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a and T2b) and cyclin K. The Cdk9/cyclin T complexes appear to be involved in regulating several physiological processes. Cdk9/cyclin T1 belongs to the P-TEFb complex, and is responsible for the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA Polymerase II, thus promoting general elongation. Cdk9 has also been described as the kinase of the TAK complex, which is homologous to the P-TEFb complex and involved in HIV replication. Cdk9 also appears to be involved in the differentiation program of several cell types, such as muscle cells, monocytes and neurons, suggesting that it may have a function in controlling specific differentiative pathways. In addition, Cdk9 seems to have an anti-apoptotic function in monocytes, that may be related to its control over differentiation of monocytes. This data suggests the involvement of Cdk9 in several physiological processes in the cell, the deregulation of which may be related to the genesis of transforming events, that may in turn lead to the onset of cancer. In addition, since the complex Cdk9/cyclin T1 is able to bind to the HIV-1 product Tat, the study of the functions of Cdk9/cyclin T may be of interest in understanding the basal mechanisms that regulate HIV replication.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cdk9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a and T2b) and cyclin K. The Cdk9/cyclin T complexes appear to be involved in regulating several physiological processes\", \"Cdk9/cyclin T1 belongs to the P-TEFb complex, and is responsible for the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA Polymerase II, thus promoting general elongation.\", \"This data suggests the involvement of Cdk9 in several physiological processes in the cell, the deregulation of which may be related to the genesis of transforming events, that may in turn lead to the onset of cancer.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Systematic review of prediction models in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. The natural history of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is variable and prediction of individual prognosis challenging. The inability to reliably predict prognosis at diagnosis has important implications for informed decision making especially in relation to disease modifying therapies. We conducted a systematic review in order to collate, describe and assess the methodological quality of published prediction models in RRMS. We searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full text for eligibility and assessed risk of bias. Studies reporting development or validation of prediction models for RRMS in adults were included. Data collection was guided by the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews (CHARMS) and applicability and methodological quality assessment by the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST). 30 studies were included in the review. Applicability was assessed as high risk of concern in 27 studies. Risk of bias was assessed as high for all studies. The single most frequently included predictor was baseline EDSS (n = 11). T2 Lesion volume or number and brain atrophy were each retained in seven studies. Five studies included external validation and none included impact analysis. Although a number of prediction models for RRMS have been reported, most are at high risk of bias and lack external validation and impact analysis, restricting their application to routine clinical practice.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Data collection was guided by the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews (CHARMS) and applicability and methodological quality assessment by the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in CKD and End-Stage Kidney Disease. Iron deficiency is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and plays a major role in the development of anemia. Oral and intravenous iron agents are both available to replete iron in patients with chronic kidney disease diagnosed with iron deficiency. The choice of which agent to use is most often dictated by goals of therapy, tolerability, convenience, and response to prior therapy. Diminished absorption of iron in the gastrointestinal tract and a high incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects can reduce the efficacy of oral iron agents, necessitating the use of i.v. iron formulations to treat iron deficiency anemia, particularly in patients requiring kidney replacement therapy. Newer oral agents may help to overcome these limitations and help treat iron deficiency in those not requiring kidney replacement therapy. Recent studies have provided new evidence that more aggressive repletion of iron in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring kidney replacement therapy may provide benefits with respect to anemia management and hard clinical outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and survival.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and plays a major role in the development of anemia.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Current status and future prospects of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treatment]. R-CHOP therapy (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) has been used as the standard treatment regimen for patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), since the introduction of rituximab in the early 2000s. Recently, polatuzumab vedotin and anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have been introduced as potential treatment options for relapsed or refractory DLBCL. The effectiveness of polatuzumab vedotin, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone for newly diagnosed CD20-positive DLBCL, except for the low-risk group of the international prognostic index, was reported in 2022. Bispecific antibodies such as epcoritamab, mosunetuzumab, and glofitamab, anti-CD19 antibody drug tafasitamab combined with lenalidomide, CD19 antibody drug conjugate loncastuximab tesirine, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export selinexor, and several new agents have been investigated for DLBCL. For non-germinal center B-cell type DLBCL, R-CHOP combined with acalabrutinib is being evaluated. This review summarizes the current standard of care for DLBCL and outlines the recently introduced therapeutic agents or those that are under development in Japan.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Bispecific antibodies such as epcoritamab, mosunetuzumab, and glofitamab, anti-CD19 antibody drug tafasitamab combined with lenalidomide, CD19 antibody drug conjugate loncastuximab tesirine, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export selinexor, and several new agents have been investigated for DLBCL. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Expression and role of MIG/CXCR3 axis in mantle cell lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a generally aggressive and heterogeneous clinical course. Chemokines are one of the complex components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis. There is no information about the monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)/CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) axis in patients with MCL. In the present study, we discovered that CXCR3 was highly expressed in MCL tissues and some cell lines including Maver, Z138, and Jeko-1, and significantly associated with clinical factors reflecting high tumor burden in MCL patients. Moreover, elevated serum MIG at diagnosis showed a close relationship with advanced disease and poor prognosis in MCL patients. Additionally, the role of CXCR3 in promoting the proliferation and inhibiting the apoptosis of primary MCL cells and Jeko-1\u00a0cells was validated by in vitro experiments. Further research indicated that the MIG/CXCR3 axis mediated MCL cell migration to the TME through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, the MIG/CXCR3 axis might be a potential target with fewer off-target side effects than other targets in MCL.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a generally aggressive and heterogeneous clinical course. Chemokines are one of the complex components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```An immunoglobulin-like receptor, Allergin-1, inhibits immunoglobulin E-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered by antigen capture by immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcvarepsilonRI) on mast cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of mast cell activation is not completely understood. Here we identify an immunoglobulin-like receptor, Allergin-1, that contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-like domain, and show it was preferentially expressed on mast cells. Mouse Allergin-1 recruited the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP. Coligation of Allergin-1 and FcvarepsilonRI suppressed IgE-mediated degranulation of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells. Moreover, mice deficient in Allergin-1 developed enhanced passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis. Thus, Allergin-1 suppresses IgE-mediated, mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis in mice.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"arepsilonRI) on mast cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of mast cell activation i\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Red blood cell abnormalities and the pathogenesis of anemia in end-stage renal disease. Anemia is the most common hematologic complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation. Uremic toxins severely affect RBC lifespan; however, the implicated molecular pathways are poorly understood. Moreover, current management of anemia in ESRD is controversial due to the \"anemia paradox\" phenomenon, which underlines the need for a more individualized approach to therapy. RBCs imprint the adverse effects of uremic, inflammatory, and oxidative stresses in a context of structural and functional deterioration that is associated with RBC removal signaling and morbidity risk. RBCs circulate in hostile plasma by raising elegant homeostatic defenses. Variability in primary defect, co-morbidity, and therapeutic approaches add complexity to the pathophysiological background of the anemic ESRD patient. Several blood components have been suggested as biomarkers of anemia-related morbidity and mortality risk in ESRD. However, a holistic view of blood cell and plasma modifications through integrated omics approaches and high-throughput studies might assist the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies that will target the underlying pathophysiologic processes of ESRD anemia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is the most common hematologic complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Wilkie's Weight Loss Wonder, A Case Series. Wilkie's Syndrome, also known as Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS), is a rare cause of bowel obstruction that can contribute to vague abdominal symptoms on clinical presentation. This syndrome occurs when the aortomesenteric angle decreases, compressing the third portion of the duodenum between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. An acute decrease in the mesenteric fat pad cushion between these two blood vessels is the primary etiology, although other causes (e.g., anatomical, postoperative, functional, and pubescent etiologies) have also been described. In the present cases, 2 females with a common history of recent weight loss presented to our institution with similar symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Each patient was subsequently diagnosed with SMAS following imaging studies. Both patients experienced successful resolution of symptoms with conservative nutritional management. Common presenting complaints of SMAS include nausea, vomiting, early satiety and postprandial pain. These symptoms overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders (i.e., mesenteric ischemia, intestinal volvulus, peptic ulcer disease) making diagnosis difficult. SMAS can be identified through imaging modalities including barium studies and computer tomography. First line therapies typically include conservative nutritional support and promotion of weight gain. If conservative therapies fail, various surgical procedures can be pursued. Delayed diagnosis can lead to further pathological sequelae, including duodenal compromise, ischemia and necrosis. As the syndrome progresses, success of conservative nutritional support is less likely, and surgical correction becomes increasingly necessary. Therefore, a clinical goal for SMAS should include as swift a recognition and diagnosis as possible.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTRODUCTION: Wilkie's Syndrome, also known as Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS), is a rare cause of bowel obstruction that can contribute to vague abdominal symptoms on clinical presentation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A Dual Color Immunohistochemistry Assay for Measurement of Cereblon in Multiple Myeloma Patient Samples. Clinical interest in the measurement of Cereblon (CRBN), the primary target of the IMiDs immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has been fueled by its essential requirement for antitumor or immunomodulatory activity of both drugs in multiple myeloma (MM). However, limited analyses of clinical samples for CRBN gene expression or protein levels have utilized unvalidated reagents and assays, raising uncertainty about the interpretation of these results. We previously described a highly specific rabbit monoclonal antibody CRBN65 against 65-76 AA of human Cereblon. Here we describe a validated dual color bright-field Cereblon/CD138 immunohistochemical (IHC) assay utilizing CRBN65 and a commercial mouse monoclonal CD138 antibody. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay was determined and assay precision was shown for both cytoplasmic and nuclear Cereblon in MM bone marrow samples with coefficient of variation values of 5% and 2%, respectively. The dual IHC assay was effective for detecting a continuous range of Cereblon levels in 22 MM patient bone marrow core biopsies and aspirate clots, as shown by average cytoplasmic H-scores ranging from 63 to 267 and nuclear H-scores ranging from 17 to 250. Interpathologist comparison of MM sample H-scores by 3 pathologists demonstrated good concordance (R=0.73). This dual assay demonstrated superior Cereblon IHC measurement in MM samples compared with the single IHC assay using a published commercial rabbit polyclonal Cereblon antibody and could be used to explore the potential utility of Cereblon as a biomarker in the clinic.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Clinical interest in the measurement of Cereblon (CRBN), the primary target of the IMiDs immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has been fueled by its essential requirement for antitumor or immunomodulatory activity of both drugs in multiple myeloma (MM).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Publication activity in water treatments: Web of Science-based bibliometric analysis of the last two decades. We evaluated the quantity and quality of scientific publications linked with water treatments using the Web of Science (WoS) database. The WoS was searching by using the following terms \"hydrotherapy,\" \"balneotherapy,\" \"spa therapy,\" \"spa treatment,\" \"creno-balneotherapy,\" \"water treatments,\" and \"aqua therapy,\" on February 10th, 2022. The recorded data were the total number of articles, year of articles, country of articles, journal, document type, index data, and citation data. Also, the studies performed with natural source mineral water were marked to make a further subgroup analysis through quality and quantity. We obtained 816 articles; 667 (81.74%) were original research articles, and 149 (18.26%) were review articles. A statistically significant and increasing trend was shown in the publication about water treatments (p\u2009<\u20090.01). About three-quarters of the trials were sourced from high-income countries. Italy (n\u2009=\u200998; 12.01%); Turkey (n\u2009=\u200975; 9.19%); Australia (n\u2009=\u200965; 7.97%); Brazil (n\u2009=\u200946; 5.64%); and France (n\u2009=\u200938; 4.66%) were the most productive countries. Calculating the number of articles per million population, Hungary (3.38), Australia (2.53), and Italy (1.64) ranked in the top three. According to 100 billion dollars GDP, the top three countries were Brazil (24.41), Hungary (21.15), and Turkey (10.41). In the average citation calculation, the Netherlands (60.84), Israel (29.86), and Australia (29.06) were in the top three. The International Journal of Biometeorology was the leading journal for publication trials about water treatments. In the subgroup analysis, we found the total number of studies performed with natural source mineral water and non-specified source water trials as 430 and 386, respectively. We also presented that the natural source and non-specified water trials had a statistically significant and increasing trend between 2000 and 2021 (p\u2009<\u20090.01 and p\u2009<\u20090.01, respectively). The trials performed with natural source water mainly were sourced from Italy (n\u2009=\u200979; 18.37%), Turkey (n\u2009=\u200961; 14.19%), France (n\u2009=\u200938; 8.84%), Poland (n\u2009=\u200930; 6.98%), and Hungary (n\u2009=\u200929; 6.74%), the trials performed with non-specified water were sourced from Australia (n\u2009=\u200961; 15.80%), Brazil (n\u2009=\u200946; 11.92%), USA (n\u2009=\u200927; 6.99%), Italy (n\u2009=\u200919; 4.92%), and England (n\u2009=\u200918; 4.66%). The top journal of the natural source water trials was the International Journal of Biometeorology (n\u2009=\u200965; 15.12%), and for the non-specified water trials, it was the International Journal of Sports Physiology (n\u2009=\u200912; 3.11%).Our study presented an increasing trend in trial publications regarding water treatments between 2000 and 2021. Most of the trials were from high and upper-middle-income countries. We suggest that by demonstrating global productivity worldwide, our results can create more scientific attention on this topic and may promote the quantity and quality of the trials.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"hydrotherapy,\\\" \\\"balneotherapy,\\\" \\\"spa therapy,\\\" \\\"spa treatment,\\\" \\\"creno-balneotherapy,\\\" \\\"water treatments,\\\" and \\\"aqua therapy,\\\" o\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint in female athletes during tasks associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. This study was designed to compare biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint for several athletic tasks to elucidate their effects and to examine what tasks pose a risk for ACL injury. Three athletic tasks were performed by 24 female athletes: single-limb landing, plant and cutting, and both-limb jump landing. Angular displacements of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and external/internal tibial rotation were calculated. Angular excursion and the rate of excursion of abduction and internal tibial rotation were also calculated. During plant and cutting, from foot contact, subjects rotated the tibia more rapidly and to a greater degree toward internal tibial rotation. Moreover, excursion of knee abduction is greater than that during single-limb landing. During both-limb jump landing, the knee flexion at foot contact was greater than for either single-limb landing or plant and cutting; peak knee abduction was greater than for either single-limb landing or plant and cutting. In plant and cutting, the risk of ACL injury is increased by greater excursion and more rapid knee abduction than that which occurs in single-limb landing, in addition to greater internal tibial rotation. Although single-limb tasks apparently pose a greater risk for ACL injury than bilateral landings, both-limb landing with greater knee abduction might also risk ACL injury.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of Litifilimab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA2) is a receptor that is exclusively expressed on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus. Whether treatment with litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against BDCA2, would be efficacious in reducing disease activity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus has not been extensively studied. In this phase 2 trial, we randomly assigned adults with histologically confirmed cutaneous lupus erythematosus with or without systemic manifestations in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous litifilimab (at a dose of 50, 150, or 450 mg) or placebo at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12. We used a dose-response model to assess whether there was a response across the four groups on the basis of the primary end point, which was the percent change from baseline to 16 weeks in the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index-Activity score (CLASI-A; scores range from 0 to 70, with higher scores indicating more widespread or severe skin involvement). Safety was also assessed. A total of 132 participants were enrolled; 26 were assigned to the 50-mg litifilimab group, 25 to the 150-mg litifilimab group, 48 to the 450-mg litifilimab group, and 33 to the placebo group. Mean CLASI-A scores for the groups at baseline were 15.2, 18.4, 16.5, and 16.5, respectively. The difference from placebo in the change from baseline in CLASI-A score at week 16 was -24.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] -43.7 to -4.9) in the 50-mg litifilimab group, -33.4 percentage points (95% CI, -52.7 to -14.1) in the 150-mg group, and -28.0 percentage points (95% CI, -44.6 to -11.4) in the 450-mg group. The least squares mean changes were used in the primary analysis of a best-fitting dose-response model across the three drug-dose levels and placebo, which showed a significant effect. Most of the secondary end points did not support the results of the primary analysis. Litifilimab was associated with three cases each of hypersensitivity and oral herpes infection and one case of herpes zoster infection. One case of herpes zoster meningitis occurred 4 months after the participant received the last dose of litifilimab. In a phase 2 trial involving participants with cutaneous lupus erythematosus, treatment with litifilimab was superior to placebo with regard to a measure of skin disease activity over a period of 16 weeks. Larger and longer trials are needed to determine the effect and safety of litifilimab for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. (Funded by Biogen; LILAC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02847598.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.\", \"Whether treatment with litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against BDCA2, would be efficacious in reducing disease activity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus has not been extensively studied.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Positive and negative regulatory mechanisms in high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation. Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. The aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex cascade of signaling events that ultimately leads to the release of various mediators involved in allergic inflammation and anaphylactic reactions. The release of these mediators is tightly controlled by signaling pathways that are propagated through the cell by specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. These events are controlled by protein kinases and protein phosphatases which either positively or negatively regulate the propagation of the signal through the cell. This review summarizes the role of both positive and negative regulators of FcepsilonRI-induced mast cell activation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. The aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex cascade of signaling events that ultimately leads to the release of various mediators involved in allergic inflammation and anaphylactic reactions\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Common genetic variations of the cytochrome P450 1A1 gene and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is a major enzyme in the bioactivation of exogenous procarcinogens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of common genetic variants in CYP1A1 to the HCC risk in Chinese populations has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the association between HCC and four selected tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1, and the risk of CYP1A1 haplotypes/diplotypes in 1006 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 1015 cancer-free controls, from a Han Chinese population. Haplotypes/diplotypes were constructed from observed genotypes using the Haplo.Stats program. Relative risk was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression method. To summarise, we detected an increased HCC risk in rs4646421 variant carriers (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61) and rs2198843 variant carriers (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69), and a reduced risk of HCC (OR 0.70. 95% CI 0.52-0.94) associated with homozygote carriers of rs4886605 variant. These association signals were also observed in non-smokers with rs4646421 (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) and rs4886605 (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.91). Compared to the most common CYP1A1 haplotype CCAG, the haplotype TTGC conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52). Similarly, the TTGC/TTGC diplotype conferred an increased risk of HCC compared with diplotype CCAG/CCAG (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45, P=0.006). Interestingly, the diplotype TTAC/CCAG also conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.22-2.54, P=0.003). Our results suggested that common genetic variants in CYP1A1 may modulate the risk of developing HCC in the study population, particularly in non-smokers. However, our findings need to be validated in at least one independent study of Han Chinese population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In persons at risk for poor vaccination response or COVID-19 exposure, tixagevimab + cilgavimab reduced COVID-19. Levin MJ, Ustianowski A, De Wit S, et al. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular classification and stratification of adult diffuse gliomas: A tertiary care center study. Diffuse gliomas in the adult population are the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The World Health Organization incorporated isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and 1p/19q co-deletion with histopathological features into an \"integrated diagnosis\" in the revised classification of tumors of CNS. These molecular subgroups of diffuse gliomas are found to stratify patients into prognostically distinct groups better than the histological classification. The objectives of the current study were to assess the frequency of IDH mutation, ATRX expression loss, p53 overexpression, and 1p/19q co-deletion detection in adult diffuse gliomas (Grade II, III, and IV) and to correlate them with clinicopathological and histopathological features. The current study was a tertiary care hospital-based retrospective case series of 112 cases of adult diffuse gliomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based molecular detection was performed for IDH-1, ATRX, and p53 and fluorescent IDH-1 mutation was present in 30.4% ( The results of the present study indicate that IHC including IDH1/2, ATRX, and p53 is useful for the molecular classification of diffuse gliomas, which could be useful for the evaluation of prognosis, especially Grade III and II. Although the immunohistochemical approach does not replace genetic testing completely, it is a practical and powerful means of assessing molecular genetic changes. IDH mutations are the established markers of better prognosis in diffuse gliomas.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ssion, and 1p/19q co-deletion detection in adult diffuse gliomas (Grade II, III, and IV) and to correlate them with clinicopathological and histopatho\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```TROAP switches DYRK1 activity to drive hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the common malignancy and lacks effective therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) dramatically drove HCC cell growth assessed by foci formation in monolayer culture, colony formation in soft agar and orthotopic liver transplantation in nude mice. Inversely, silencing TROAP expression with short-hairpin RNA attenuated the malignant proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Next, mechanistic investigation revealed that TROAP directly bound to dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A/B (DYRK1A/B), resulting in the cytoplasmic retention of proteins DYRK1A/B and promoting cell cycle process via activation of Akt/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling. Combination of cisplatin with an inhibitor of DYRK1 AZ191 effectively inhibited tumor growth in mouse model for HCC cells with high level of TROAP. Clinically, TROAP was significantly upregulated by miR-142-5p in HCC tissues, which predicted the poor survival of patients with HCC. Therefore, TROAP/DYRK1/Akt axis may be a promising therapeutic target and prognostic indicator for patients with HCC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ctopic expression of trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) dramatically drove HCC cell growth assessed by foci formation in monolayer culture, colony f\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Drug allergy in mast cell disease. Mastocytosis in adults is associated with a history of anaphylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis. Data on patients with drug hypersensitivity and mast cell diseases are scarce. Drugs are elicitors of anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis. Drug hypersensitivity is only seldom described as associated with undetected mast cell disease in the literature. Together with a single-centred retrospective study, this data suggests that from all patients with drug-induced anaphylaxis, probably only a minority are associated with mast cell disease. Most of these cases in the literature are related to general anaesthesia. Thus, for patients with mastocytosis, general anaesthesia appears to be a procedure associated with risk of mast cell degranulation, and special precautions should be considered. The association between immediate drug hypersensitivity and undetected mast cell diseases appears to be moderate, but nevertheless basal serum tryptase determination and examination for skin signs of mast cell disorders are recommended. An ongoing European multicenter study by the European Network for Drug Allergy will provide more information on this topic.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with \", \"phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with hymenopter\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pathology and genetics of diffuse gliomas in adults. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is essentially a lineage-oriented classification based on a presumable developmental tree of CNS. A four-tiered WHO grading scheme has been successfully applied to a spectrum of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas, but it is not fully applicable to other gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas. Recent genetic studies have revealed that the major categories of gliomas, such as circumscribe astrocytomas, infiltrating astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma, roughly correspond to major genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and BRAF mutation/fusion. These genetic alterations are clinically significant in terms of the response to treatment(s) and/or the prognosis. It is, thus, rational that future classification of gliomas should be based on genotypes, rather than phenotypes, although the genetic features of each tumor are not sufficiently understood at present to draw a complete map of the gliomas, and genetic testing is not yet available worldwide, particularly in Asian and African countries. This review summarizes the current concepts of the WHO classification, as well as the current understanding of the major genetic alterations in glioma and the potential use of these alterations as diagnostic criteria.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Recent genetic studies have revealed that the major categories of gliomas, such as circumscribe astrocytomas, infiltrating astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma, roughly correspond to major genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and BRAF mutation/fusion.\", \"A four-tiered WHO grading scheme has been successfully applied to a spectrum of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas, but it is not fully applicable to other gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prosopagnosia in biographies and autobiographies. Prosopagnosia is a selective impairment of the visual learning and recognition of faces. The congenital type, which is not accompanied by detectable brain damage or malformation, was recently found to be far more common than previously known. Therefore, one should expect that at least a few biographies or autobiographies would reveal a prosopagnosia. In this paper we present an autobiography and a biography describing five cases of congenital prosopagnosia. These biographic descriptions of prosopagnosia add further evidence to the assumption that the congenital type of prosopagnosia is not a rare condition, and not as socially crippling as one might expect.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia is a selective impairment of the visual learning and recognition of faces.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article \"PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry\" in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020-2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and antifungal activity of 1,2,3-triazole containing fluconazole analogues. Fluconazole based novel mimics containing 1,2,3-triazole were designed and synthesized as antifungal agents. Their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Compounds 12, 15, and 16 were found to be more potent against Candida fungal pathogens than control drugs fluconazole and amphotericin B. The studies presented here provide structural modification of fluconazole to give 1,2,3-trazole containing molecules. Furthermore, these molecules were evaluated in vivo against Candida albicans intravenous challenge in Swiss mice and antiproliferative activities were tested against human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B and human epithelial carcinoma A431. It was found that compound 12 resulted in 97.4% reduction in fungal load in mice and did not show any profound proliferative effect at lower dose (0.001 mg/ml).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Mast Cell, Contact, and Coagulation System Connection in Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction, resulting from the effect of mediators and chemotactic substances released by activated cells. Mast cells and basophils are considered key players in IgE-mediated human anaphylaxis. Beyond IgE-mediated activation of mast cells/basophils, further mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of anaphylaxis. New insights into the potential relevance of pathways other than mast cell and basophil degranulation have been unraveled, such as the activation of the contact and the coagulation systems. Mast cell heparin released upon activation provides negatively charged surfaces for factor XII (FXII) binding and auto-activation. Activated FXII, the initiating serine protease in both the contact and the intrinsic coagulation system, activates factor XI and prekallikrein, respectively. FXII-mediated bradykinin (BK) formation has been proven in the human plasma of anaphylactic patients as well as in experimental models of anaphylaxis. Moreover, the severity of anaphylaxis is correlated with the increase in plasma heparin, BK formation and the intensity of contact system activation. FXII also activates plasminogen in the fibrinolysis system. Mast cell tryptase has been shown to participate in fibrinolysis through plasmin activation and by facilitating the degradation of fibrinogen. Some usual clinical manifestations in anaphylaxis, such as angioedema or hypotension, or other less common, such as metrorrhagia, may be explained by the direct effect of the activation of the coagulation and contact system driven by mast cell mediators.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Some usual clinical manifestations in anaphylaxis, such as angioedema or hypotension, or other less common, such as metrorrhagia, may be explained by the direct effect of the activation of the coagulation and contact system driven by mast cell mediators.\", \" Beyond IgE-mediated activation of mast cells/basophils, further mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of anaphylaxis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The safety and efficacy of ferumoxytol therapy in anemic chronic kidney disease patients. Administration of safe and effective iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease is a time consuming process. This phase II clinical trial studied ferumoxytol, a semi-synthetic carbohydrate-coated iron oxide administered by rapid intravenous injection to anemic chronic kidney disease patients (predialysis or undergoing peritoneal dialysis). Inclusion criteria included hemoglobin < or =12.5 g/dL and transferrin saturation < or =35%. Twenty-one adult patients were randomized to receive ferumoxytol in a regimen of 4 doses of 255 mg iron in 2 weeks or 2 doses of 510 mg iron in 1 to 2 weeks. Ferumoxytol was administered at a rate of up to 30 mg iron/sec. The maximum hemoglobin response following ferumoxytol administration occurred at 6 weeks, increasing from a baseline of 10.4 +/- 1.3 g/dL to 11.4 +/- 1.2 g/dL (P < 0.05). Ferritin increased from a baseline of 232 +/- 216 ng/mL to a maximum of 931 +/- 361 ng/mL at 2 weeks (P < 0.05), while the baseline transferrin saturation increased from 21 +/- 10% to 37 +/- 22% at 1 week (P < 0.05). Seven adverse events in 5 patients during this trial were deemed possibly related to ferumoxytol, none serious. These events included constipation, chills, tingling, a gastrointestinal viral syndrome, delayed pruritic erythematous rash, and transient pain at the injection site. Although larger studies are required, this small study demonstrates that ferumoxytol can be safe and effective in increasing iron stores, is associated with an increased hemoglobin response, and is well tolerated at a rapid infusion rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"safety and efficacy of ferumoxytol therapy in anemic chronic kidney disease patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the circulation. Foods and medications cause most anaphylaxis for which a cause can be identified, but virtually any agent capable of directly or indirectly activating mast cells or basophils can cause this syndrome. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms of anaphylaxis, its causes, and its treatment.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the circulation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeted protein degradation: elements of PROTAC design. Targeted protein degradation using Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality in drug discovery. PROTACs mediate the degradation of select proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases for POI ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. This hijacking mechanism has been used to degrade various types of disease-relevant POIs. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in targeted protein degradation and describe the challenges that need to be addressed in order to efficiently develop potent PROTACs.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Targeted protein degradation using Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality in drug discovery. PROTACs mediate the degradation of select proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases for POI ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antitumoral Activity of a CDK9 PROTAC Compound in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a broad family of proteins involved in the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. In this article, we explore the antitumoral activity of a novel proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) compound against CDK9. Breast cancer cell lines from different subtypes were used. Transcriptomic mapping of CDKs in breast cancer demonstrated that the expression of CDK9 predicted a detrimental outcome in basal-like tumors (HR = 1.51, CI = 1.08-2.11, ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a broad family of proteins involved in the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. In this article, we explore the antitumoral activity of a novel proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) compound against CDK9\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```5-Substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor against three receptor tyrosine kinases. NP506, the 3-{2,4-dimethyl-5-[2-oxo-5-(N'-phenylhydrazinocarbonyl)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl}-propionic acid, was designed as FGF receptor 1 inhibitor by computational study and found to be more active against endothelial proliferation of HUVEC after the rhFGF-2 stimulation than SU6668 with minimum effective dose of 10 microM. NP506 inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation in FGF, VEGF, and PDGF receptors and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) and AKT after the rhFGF-2 stimulation. The introduction of the phenyl hydrazide motif to the position 5 of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold led to the inhibitory effect in two signaling pathways: inhibition of AKT activation in the phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI13K)/AKT signaling pathway and the inhibition of ERK and JNK activation in MAPK pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Aptamer-PROTAC Conjugates (APCs) for Tumor-Specific Targeting in Breast Cancer. Development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is emerging as a promising strategy for targeted protein degradation. However, the drug development using the heterobifunctional PROTAC molecules is generally limited by poor membrane permeability, low in vivo efficacy and indiscriminate distribution. Herein an aptamer-PROTAC conjugation approach was developed as a novel strategy to improve the tumor-specific targeting ability and in vivo antitumor potency of conventional PROTACs. As proof of concept, the first aptamer-PROTAC conjugate (APC) was designed by conjugating a BET-targeting PROTAC to the nucleic acid aptamer AS1411 (AS) via a cleavable linker. Compared with the unmodified BET PROTAC, the designed molecule (APR) showed improved tumor targeting ability in a MCF-7 xenograft model, leading to enhanced in vivo BET degradation and antitumor potency and decreased toxicity. Thus, the APC strategy may pave the way for the design of tumor-specific targeting PROTACs and have broad applications in the development of PROTAC-based drugs.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is emerging as a promising strategy for targeted protein degradation. However, the drug develo\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron management in nondialysis-dependent CKD. Iron deficiency has been studied extensively in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis therapy. However, few studies looked at iron treatment in the nondialysis chronic kidney disease population. Limited data suggest that iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic kidney disease with anemia; this lack of iron can hinder the effectiveness of erythropoiesis. The diagnosis of iron deficiency should involve clinical judgment, with an emphasis on clinical characteristics of the patient because of the limited amount of literature examining the interpretation of iron testing results. When iron deficiency is diagnosed in nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease, a search must be initiated for any sources of blood loss. After addressing any blood loss, the preferred route of iron treatment must be determined. To date, no clear advantage was shown with intravenous versus oral administration in nondialysis patients, as shown in the hemodialysis setting. Thus, oral iron therapy may be a more reasonable option unless oral therapy previously failed. Additional research is needed to support evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of iron deficiency in the nondialysis chronic kidney disease population because this population differs from hemodialysis patients in the decreased extent of blood loss.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Limited data suggest that iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic kidney disease with anemia; this lack of iron can hinder the effectiveness of erythropoiesis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A small molecule inhibitor selective for a variant ATP-binding site of the chaperonin GroEL. The chaperonin GroEL is a megadalton-sized molecular machine that plays an essential role in the bacterial cell assisting protein folding to the native state through actions requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis. A combination of medicinal chemistry and genetics has been employed to generate an orthogonal pair, a small molecule that selectively inhibits ATPase activity of a GroEL ATP-binding pocket variant. An initial screen of kinase-directed inhibitors identified an active pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold that was iteratively modified and screened against a collective of GroEL nucleotide pocket variants to identify a cyclopentyl carboxamide derivative, EC3016, that specifically inhibits ATPase activity and protein folding by the GroEL mutant, I493C, involving a side chain positioned near the base of ATP. This orthogonal pair will enable in vitro studies of the action of ATP in triggering activation of GroEL-mediated protein folding and might enable further studies of GroEL action in vivo. The approach originated for studying kinases by Shokat and his colleagues may thus also be used to study large macromolecular machines.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```5-Substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor against three receptor tyrosine kinases. NP506, the 3-{2,4-dimethyl-5-[2-oxo-5-(N'-phenylhydrazinocarbonyl)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl}-propionic acid, was designed as FGF receptor 1 inhibitor by computational study and found to be more active against endothelial proliferation of HUVEC after the rhFGF-2 stimulation than SU6668 with minimum effective dose of 10 microM. NP506 inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation in FGF, VEGF, and PDGF receptors and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) and AKT after the rhFGF-2 stimulation. The introduction of the phenyl hydrazide motif to the position 5 of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold led to the inhibitory effect in two signaling pathways: inhibition of AKT activation in the phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI13K)/AKT signaling pathway and the inhibition of ERK and JNK activation in MAPK pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reliability and validity analyses of the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian Portuguese. The North Star Ambulatory Assessment measures motor performance in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a hereditary and degenerative muscle disorder. To use the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian boys, we performed the cross-cultural adaptation to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil and evaluated the reliability and validity of the instrument. Cross-cultural adaptation included: independent translations, synthesis, committee review, pre-testing in 12 boys, back-translation and comparison with the original instrument. Thirty-five boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and 38 healthy age-matched controls were recruited for further analyses. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and reproducibility. Validity studies included face, content, construct and known-groups analyses. Cross-cultural adaptation resulted in an adequate instrument. Reliability studies demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha\u2009=\u20090.935) and adequate intra and inter-rater reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient\u2009=\u20090.988 and 0.962). Validation analyses indicated satisfactory content, face and convergent construct validities, with positive correlations with the Motor Function Measure total score (r\u2009=\u20090.863) and the 6-minute walk test (r\u2009=\u20090.433). The known group validity was demonstrated by higher scores in younger boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (p\u2009=\u20090.005). North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian Portuguese is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional capacity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian Portuguese is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional capacity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of lignans isolated from Magnolia fargesii. The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) causes neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Four lignans, (+)-eudesmin (1), (+)-magnolin (2), (+)-yangambin (3) and a new structure named as epimagnolin B (4) were isolated from Magnolia fargesii (Magnoliaceae) as the inhibitors of NO production in LPS-activated microglia. The most potent compound 4 inhibited the production of NO and PGE(2) and the expression of respective enzyme iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of I-kappaB-alpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like dermatosis associated with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The urea cycle is the major metabolic pathway for excretion of waste nitrogen. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is the most frequent urea cycle disorder. It is a hereditary-X-linked disease with over 150 mutations described. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency causes vomiting, lethargy, hyperventilation, and even death, mainly in the neonatal period. Ammonia, an extremely toxic molecule for the organism, is generated during protein catabolism and is accumulated in patients with this deficiency. Part of the treatment consists of a low-protein diet, to avoid hyperammonemia episodes, which can even have a fatal outcome. Patients can become deficient in several amino acids, either through the low-protein diet or directly through the primary enzyme deficiency; this in turn can cause an acrodermatitis enteropathica-like dermatosis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency causes vomiting, lethargy, hyperventilation, and even death, mainly in the neonatal period.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A systematic review of prediction models for prevalent pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. A systematic review was conducted to describe the quality and characteristics of prediction models for prevalent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in adults at routine TB care settings. A prediction model was defined as the combination of two or more clinical predictors designed to estimate the probability of having TB. Studies using culture-confirmed PTB as reference standard were included. Models for in-patients, children or specific patient populations were excluded. PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library and abstracts from the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society conferences were searched. The CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) checklist was used for data extraction and quality assessment. From 13\u2009671 identified records, six were included for data extraction; three assessed smear-negative, culture-positive PTB as outcome and three focused on human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals only. Reporting of model development, performance and evaluation was poor. In four studies, predictive performance was evaluated using the development data set (apparent performance), one study did an internal validation and one study did an external validation. Results were not pooled due to heterogeneity. Existing prediction models for estimating prevalent PTB in adults at primary care level are poorly reported and validated and are not useful for TB screening. The World Health Organization symptom screen is recommended.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) checklist was used for data extraction and quality assessment.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predicting outcome on admission and post-admission for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure using classification and regression tree models. Assessing prognosis for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (APAP-ALF) patients often presents significant challenges. King's College (KCC) has been validated on hospital admission, but little has been published on later phases of illness. We aimed to improve determinations of prognosis both at the time of and following admission for APAP-ALF using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models. CART models were applied to US ALFSG registry data to predict 21-day death or liver transplant early (on admission) and post-admission (days 3-7) for 803 APAP-ALF patients enrolled 01/1998-09/2013. Accuracy in prediction of outcome (AC), sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and area under receiver-operating curve (AUROC) were compared between 3 models: KCC (INR, creatinine, coma grade, pH), CART analysis using only KCC variables (KCC-CART) and a CART model using new variables (NEW-CART). Traditional KCC yielded 69% AC, 90% SP, 27% SN, and 0.58 AUROC on admission, with similar performance post-admission. KCC-CART at admission offered predictive 66% AC, 65% SP, 67% SN, and 0.74 AUROC. Post-admission, KCC-CART had predictive 82% AC, 86% SP, 46% SN and 0.81 AUROC. NEW-CART models using MELD (Model for end stage liver disease), lactate and mechanical ventilation on admission yielded predictive 72% AC, 71% SP, 77% SN and AUROC 0.79. For later stages, NEW-CART (MELD, lactate, coma grade) offered predictive AC 86%, SP 91%, SN 46%, AUROC 0.73. CARTs offer simple prognostic models for APAP-ALF patients, which have higher AUROC and SN than KCC, with similar AC and negligibly worse SP. Admission and post-admission predictions were developed. \u2022 Prognostication in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (APAP-ALF) is challenging beyond admission \u2022 Little has been published regarding the use of King's College Criteria (KCC) beyond admission and KCC has shown limited sensitivity in subsequent studies \u2022 Classification and Regression Tree (CART) methodology allows the development of predictive models using binary splits and offers an intuitive method for predicting outcome, using processes familiar to clinicians \u2022 Data from the ALFSG registry suggested that CART prognosis models for the APAP population offer improved sensitivity and model performance over traditional regression-based KCC, while maintaining similar accuracy and negligibly worse specificity \u2022 KCC-CART models offered modest improvement over traditional KCC, with NEW-CART models performing better than KCC-CART particularly at late time points.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"of outcome (AC), sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and area under receiver-operating curve (AUROC) were compared between 3 models: KCC (INR, creatinine, coma grade, pH), CART analysis using only KCC variables (KCC-CART) and a CART model using new variables (NEW-CART).RESULTS: Traditional KC\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries. Clinicians are required to assess abnormal liver chemistries on a daily basis. The most common liver chemistries ordered are serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. The majority of bilirubin circulates as unconjugated bilirubin and an elevated conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or cholestasis. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the presence of an elevated ALT has been associated with increased liver-related mortality. A true healthy normal ALT level ranges from 29 to 33\u2009IU/l for males, 19 to 25\u2009IU/l for females and levels above this should be assessed. The degree of elevation of ALT and or AST in the clinical setting helps guide the evaluation. The evaluation of hepatocellular injury includes testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C, assessment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, screening for hereditary hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson's disease, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In addition, a history of prescribed and over-the-counter medicines should be sought. For the evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase elevation determined to be of hepatic origin, testing for primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis should be undertaken. Total bilirubin elevation can occur in either cholestatic or hepatocellular diseases. Elevated total serum bilirubin levels should be fractionated to direct and indirect bilirubin fractions and an elevated serum conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or biliary obstruction in most settings. A liver biopsy may be considered when serologic testing and imaging fails to elucidate a diagnosis, to stage a condition, or when multiple diagnoses are possible.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. Th\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Anemia is a common and clinically important consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is most commonly a result of decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys and/or iron deficiency. Deciding on the appropriate treatment for anemia associated with CKD with iron replacement and erythropoietic-stimulating agents requires an ability to accurately diagnose iron-deficiency anemia. However, the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in CKD patients is complicated by the relatively poor predictive ability of easily obtained routine serum iron indices (eg, ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive gold standard measures of iron deficiency (eg, bone marrow iron stores) or erythropoietic response to supplemental iron. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic utility of currently used serum iron indices and emerging alternative markers of iron stores.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a common and clinically important consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).\", \"However, the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in CKD patients is complicated by the relatively poor predictive ability of easily obtained routine serum iron indices (eg, ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive gold standard measures of iron deficiency (eg, bone marrow iron stores) or erythropoietic response to supplemental iron.\", \" Deciding on the appropriate treatment for anemia associated with CKD\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predicting the disease severity in male individuals with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC-D) is an X-linked metabolic disease and the most common urea cycle disorder. Due to high phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from lethal neonatal hyperammonemic events to moderate symptoms and even asymptomatic individuals, the prediction of the disease course at an early disease stage is very important to individually adjust therapies such as medical treatment or liver transplantation. In this translational study, we developed a severity-adjusted classification system based on in\u00a0vitro residual enzymatic OTC activity. Applying a cell-based expression system, residual enzymatic OTC activities of 71 pathogenic OTC variants were spectrophotometrically determined and subsequently correlated with clinical and biochemical outcome parameters of 119 male individuals with OTC-D (mOTC-D) as reported in the UCDC and E-IMD registries. Integration of multiple data sources enabled the establishment of a robust disease prediction model for mOTC-D. Residual enzymatic OTC activity not only correlates with age at first symptoms, initial peak plasma ammonium concentration and frequency of metabolic decompensations but also predicts mortality. The critical threshold of 4.3% residual enzymatic activity distinguishes a severe from an attenuated phenotype. Residual enzymatic OTC activity reliably predicts the disease severity in mOTC-D and could thus serve as a tool for severity-adjusted evaluation of therapeutic strategies and counselling patients and parents.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC-D) is an X-linked metabolic disease and the most common urea cycle disorder. Due to high phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from lethal neonatal hyperammonemic events to moderate symptoms and even asymptomatic individual\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Perception of musical pitch in developmental prosopagnosia. Studies of developmental prosopagnosia have often shown that developmental prosopagnosia differentially affects human face processing over non-face object processing. However, little consideration has been given to whether this condition is associated with perceptual or sensorimotor impairments in other modalities. Comorbidities have played a role in theories of other developmental disorders such as dyslexia, but studies of developmental prosopagnosia have often focused on the nature of the visual recognition impairment despite evidence for widespread neural anomalies that might affect other sensorimotor systems. We studied 12 subjects with developmental prosopagnosia with a battery of auditory tests evaluating pitch and rhythm processing as well as voice perception and recognition. Overall, three subjects were impaired in fine pitch discrimination, a prevalence of 25% that is higher than the estimated 4% prevalence of congenital amusia in the general population. This was a selective deficit, as rhythm perception was unaffected in all 12 subjects. Furthermore, two of the three prosopagnosic subjects who were impaired in pitch discrimination had intact voice perception and recognition, while two of the remaining nine subjects had impaired voice recognition but intact pitch perception. These results indicate that, in some subjects with developmental prosopagnosia, the face recognition deficit is not an isolated impairment but is associated with deficits in other domains, such as auditory perception. These deficits may form part of a broader syndrome which could be due to distributed microstructural anomalies in various brain networks, possibly with a common theme of right hemispheric predominance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"These results indicate that, in some subjects with developmental prosopagnosia, the face recognition deficit is not an isolated impairment but is associated with deficits in other domains, such as auditory perception.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparison of Treatments for Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison and Network Meta-Analysis. For nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), 3 drugs under patent protection-apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide-were approved based on randomized, placebo-controlled trials; 1 drug with generic availability, abiraterone acetate, showed efficacy in a single-arm trial and is commonly prescribed. Lacking head-to-head trials, the optimal treatment for nmCRPC is unknown, despite widely varied treatment costs. We compared the efficacy and safety of nmCRPC treatments. We searched bibliographic databases, regulatory documents, and trial registries for nmCRPC trials. We included published results and, when available, original data. We performed matching-adjusted indirect comparison and network meta-analysis and compared treatments regarding metastasis-free survival, overall survival, and serious adverse events. We analyzed 5 trials with 4360 participants. Compared with placebo, abiraterone acetate engendered the lowest hazard of metastasis and death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.22, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.12-0.41), followed by apalutamide (HR\u2009=\u20090.28, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20090.23-0.34), enzalutamide (HR\u2009=\u20090.30, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20090.25-0.36), and darolutamide (HR\u2009=\u20090.41, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20090.34-0.49); darolutamide led to the lowest hazard of death (HR\u2009=\u20090.69, 95% CrI = 0.53-0.90), followed by enzalutamide (HR\u2009=\u20090.73, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20090.61-0.87) and apalutamide (HR\u2009=\u20090.75, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20090.59-0.95); darolutamide resulted in the lowest odds of serious adverse events (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% CrI = 1.02-1.70), followed by enzalutamide (OR =1.43, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20091.08-1.89), apalutamide (OR\u2009=\u20091.58, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20091.23-2.03), and abiraterone acetate (OR\u2009=\u20091.94, 95% CrI\u2009=\u20091.17-3.22). For nmCRPC, darolutamide offered optimal efficacy and safety among approved drugs, and abiraterone acetate may offer comparable metastasis-free survival benefit with cost savings from generic availability. Future research is needed to more fully examine the benefit of abiraterone acetate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: For nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), 3 drugs under patent protection-apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide-were approved based on randomized, placebo-controlled trials; 1 drug with generic availability, abiraterone acetate, showed efficacy in a single-arm trial and is commonly prescribed.\", \"CONCLUSIONS: For nmCRPC, darolutamide offered optimal efficacy and safety among approved drugs, and abiraterone acetate may offer comparable metastasis-free survival benefit with cost savings from generic availability. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A small molecule inhibitor selective for a variant ATP-binding site of the chaperonin GroEL. The chaperonin GroEL is a megadalton-sized molecular machine that plays an essential role in the bacterial cell assisting protein folding to the native state through actions requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis. A combination of medicinal chemistry and genetics has been employed to generate an orthogonal pair, a small molecule that selectively inhibits ATPase activity of a GroEL ATP-binding pocket variant. An initial screen of kinase-directed inhibitors identified an active pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold that was iteratively modified and screened against a collective of GroEL nucleotide pocket variants to identify a cyclopentyl carboxamide derivative, EC3016, that specifically inhibits ATPase activity and protein folding by the GroEL mutant, I493C, involving a side chain positioned near the base of ATP. This orthogonal pair will enable in vitro studies of the action of ATP in triggering activation of GroEL-mediated protein folding and might enable further studies of GroEL action in vivo. The approach originated for studying kinases by Shokat and his colleagues may thus also be used to study large macromolecular machines.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors as a form of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of registration trials and future considerations. Early preclinical evidence provided the rationale for programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade as a potential form of cancer immunotherapy given that activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis putatively served as a mechanism for tumor evasion of host tumor antigen-specific T-cell immunity. Early-phase studies investigating several humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in advanced solid tumors paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014. The number of FDA-approved agents of this class is rapidly enlarging with indications for treatment spanning across a spectrum of malignancies. The purpose of this review is to highlight the clinical development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer therapy to date. In particular, we focus on detailing the registration trials that have led to FDA-approved indications of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies in cancer. As the number of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors continues to grow, predictive biomarkers, mechanisms of resistance, hyperprogressors, treatment duration and treatment beyond progression, immune-related toxicities, and clinical trial design are key concepts in need of further consideration to optimize the anticancer potential of this class of immunotherapy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Early-phase studies investigating several humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in advanced solid tumors paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.\", \"s paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High Trophinin-Associated Protein Expression Is an Independent Predictor of Poor Survival in Liver Cancer. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer. To evaluate the relationship of TROAP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue with clinicopathologic parameters and survival time in liver cancer patients based on an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) data. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data and clinical information were downloaded for the TCGA-LIHC cohort. Associations between TROAP expression in HCC tissues and clinical parameters were evaluated by Chi-square tests. Differences in survival between high and low expression groups (median expression cutoff) from Cox regression analysis were compared, and P values were calculated by a log-rank test. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared with the log-rank test. Analysis of RNA-Seq gene expression data for 373 patients with primary tumors revealed overexpression of TROAP in liver cancer. High TROAP expression was associated with survival status (P\u2009=\u20090.015), T stage (P\u2009=\u20090.049), clinical stage (P\u2009=\u20090.048), and gender (P\u2009=\u20090.033). Patients with high TROAP-expressing liver cancers had a shorter median overall survival of 3.83\u00a0years compared with 5.80\u00a0years for patients with low TROAP-expressing liver cancers (P\u2009=\u20090.00422). Multivariate analysis identified TROAP expression as an independent prognostic variable for overall survival in liver cancer patients. TROAP expression is an independent predictor of poor survival in liver cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of TROAP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue with clinicopathologic parameters and survival time in liver cancer patients based on an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) data.METHODS: RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data and clinical information were down\", \"ciated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate th\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Spliceosomal component PRP-40 is a central regulator of microexon splicing. Microexons (\u226427 nt) play critical roles in nervous system development and function but create unique challenges for the splicing machinery. The mechanisms of microexon regulation are therefore of great interest. We performed a genetic screen for alternative splicing regulators in the C.\u00a0elegans nervous system and identify PRP-40, a core component of the U1 snRNP. RNA-seq reveals that PRP-40 is required for inclusion of alternatively spliced, but not constitutively spliced, exons. PRP-40 is particularly required for inclusion of neuronal microexons, and our data indicate that PRP-40 is a central regulator of microexon splicing. Microexons can be relieved from PRP-40 dependence by artificially increasing exon size or reducing flanking intron size, indicating that PRP-40 is specifically required for microexons surrounded by conventionally sized introns. Knockdown of the orthologous PRPF40A in mouse neuroblastoma cells causes widespread dysregulation of microexons but not conventionally sized exons. PRP-40 regulation of neuronal microexons is therefore a widely conserved phenomenon.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PRP-40 regulation of neuronal microexons is therefore a widely conserved phenomenon.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Etiology and pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In clinical routine, adverse drug reactions (ADR) are common, and they should be included in the differential diagnosis in all patients undergoing drug treatment. Only part of those ADR are immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions and thus true drug allergies. Far more common are non-immune-mediated ADR, e.g. due to the pharmacological properties of the drug or to the individual predisposition of the patient (enzymopathies, cytokine dysbalance, mast cell hyperreactivity). In true drug allergiesT cell- and immunoglobulin E (lgE)-mediated reactions dominate the clinical presentation. T cell-mediated ADR usually have a delayed appearance and include skin eruptions in most cases. Nevertheless, it should not be forgotten that they may involve systemic T cell activation and thus take a severe, sometimes lethal turn. Clinical danger signs are involvement of mucosal surfaces, blistering within the exanthematous skin areas and systemic symptoms, e.g. fever or malaise. Drug presentation via antigen-presenting cells to T cells can either involve the classical pathway of haptenization of endogenous proteins or be directly mediated via noncovalent binding to immune receptors (MHC molecules or T cell receptors), the so-called p-i concept. Flare-up reactions during the acute phase of T cell-mediated ADR should not be mistaken for true drug allergies, as they only occur in the setting of a highly activated T cell pool. IgE-mediated ADR are less frequent and involve mast cells and/or basophils as peripheral effector cells. Recent data suggest that certain patients with drug allergy have a preexistent sensitization although they have never been exposed to the culprit drug, probably due to cross-reactivity. Thus, allergic drug reactions on first encounter are possible. In general, the extent of cross-reactivity is higher in IgE-compared to T cell-mediated ADR. Based on a specific ethnic background and only for severe T cell-mediated ADR to certain drugs, a strong HLA association has been established recently.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Drug presentation via antigen-presenting cells to T cells can either involve the classical pathway of haptenization of endogenous proteins or be directly mediated via noncovalent binding to immune receptors (MHC molecules or T cell receptors), t\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: adult onset of severe symptoms. Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme in the urea cycle, results in hyperammonemia. The X-linked recessive inheritance results in neonatal death of affected males but a variable symptomatic pattern in females, with onset of symptoms in childhood. We report the cases of two heterozygous women with onset of severe symptoms (encephalopathy and focal neurologic deficits) in adulthood.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme in the urea cycle, results in hyperammonemia\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Selective fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp by 8-oxodeoxyguanosine in ODN. The 8-oxoG-clamp, a specific fluorescent probe for 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), was incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) within or at the 3'-end of the purine and the pyrimidine sequences. Based on the UV-melting temperature, the 8-oxoG-clamp showed slightly lower stabilizing effects on the duplexes containing 8-oxo-dG at the complementary site than that with dG. On the other hand, 8-oxo-dG in DNA was selectively detected by fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparisons of Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency risk management implementation for recent pharmaceutical approvals: report of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research risk benefit management working group. 1) To compare the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) and European Medicines Agency's (EMA's) Risk Management Plan (RMP) guidances and 2) to compare REMS and RMPs for specific chemical entities and biological products. FDA, EMA, and pharmaceutical company Web sites were consulted for details pertaining to REMS and RMPs. REMS requirements include medication guides, communication plans, elements to ensure safe use, implementation systems, and specified assessment intervals. RMP requirements are increased pharmacovigilance and risk minimization activities. We compared these requirements for drugs requiring both REMS and RMPs. We identified 95 drugs on FDA's REMS list as of March 2010. Of these, there were 29 drugs (11 biologics and 18 new chemical entities) with EMA RMPs. REMS and RMPs are similar in objectives, with comparable toolkits. Both allow flexibility in product-specific actions, recognizing adverse effects of potential concern. Of the 29 drugs reviewed, REMS requirements not included in RMPs were patient medication guides (100% of the drugs), provider communication plans (38%), and routine monitoring of REMS (66%). RMP requirements not included in REMS were specific adverse event reporting (45% of the drugs), prospective registry studies (34%), prospective epidemiology studies (24%), additional trial data (28%), and Summary of Product Characteristics contraindications (76%). Both REMS and RMPs provide positive guidance for identification, monitoring, and minimization of risk to patient safety. Currently, neither agency provides specific guidance on how risk should be related to benefit either qualitatively or quantitatively.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Both REMS and RMPs provide positive guidance for identification, monitoring, and minimization of risk to patient safety. Currently, neither agency provides specific guidance on how risk should be related to benefit either qualitatively or quantitatively.\", \"REMS requirements include medication guides, communication plans, elements to ensure safe use, implementation systems, and specified assessment intervals. RMP requirements are increased pharmacovigilance and risk minimization activities.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-Term Functional Efficacy and Safety of Viltolarsen in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, genetic disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene resulting in an absence of functional dystrophin protein. Viltolarsen, an exon 53 skipping therapy, has been shown to increase endogenous dystrophin levels. Herein, long-term (>2 years) functional outcomes in viltolarsen treated patients were compared to a matched historical control group. To evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of the anti-sense oligonucleotide viltolarsen in the treatment of patients with DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping therapy. This trial (NCT03167255) is the extension of a previously published 24-week trial in North America (NCT02740972) that examined dystrophin levels, timed function tests compared to a matched historical control group (Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Duchenne Natural History Study, CINRG DNHS), and safety in boys 4 to\u200a<\u200a10 years (N\u200a=\u200a16) with DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping who were treated with viltolarsen. Both groups were treated with glucocorticoids. All 16 participants elected to enroll in this long-term trial (up to 192 weeks) to continue evaluation of motor function and safety. Time to stand from supine and time to run/walk 10 meters showed stabilization from baseline through week 109 for viltolarsen-treated participants whereas the historical control group showed decline (statistically significant differences for multiple timepoints). Safety was similar to that observed in the previous 24-week trial, which was predominantly mild. There have been no treatment-related serious adverse events and no discontinuations. Based on these results at over 2 years, viltolarsen can be a new treatment option for patients with DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"esulting in an absence of functional dystrophin protein. Viltolarsen, an exon 53 skipping therapy, has been shown to increase endogenous dystrophin levels. Herein, long-term (>2 years) functional outcomes in viltolarsen treated pati\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Development of an open stand-alone platform for regenerable automated microarrays. A novel automated chemiluminescence (CL) read-out system for analytical flow-through microarrays based on multiplexed immunoassays has been developed. The microarray chip reader (MCR 3) is designed as a stand-alone platform, with the goal to quantify multiple analytes in complex matrices of food and liquid samples for field analysis or for routine analytical laboratories. The CL microarray platform is a self-contained system for the fully automated multiplexed immunoanalysis: the microarray chip, the fluidic system and the software module enable automated calibration and determination of analyte concentrations during a whole working day. The detection of antibiotics in milk was demonstrated to validate this device. There are few quantitative multi-residue detection methods for routine analysis although the EU has defined maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a number of antibacterial reagents. Therefore, an automated multianalyte detection instrument is needed quantifying simultaneously antibiotics within some minutes. Also regeneration is required to avoid replacing the assay surface. The MCR 3 uses a microarray chip, which consists of two channels for parallel measurement and regeneration. The microarray chip is designed for parallel analysis of up to 13 different antibiotics in milk applying an indirect competitive microarray immunoassay (MIA). Microspotted antibiotics are directly coupled to epoxylated PEG surfaces. As an initial example, penicillin G is quantified in milk on the MCR 3. The penicillin G surface is regenerable for 47 measurement cycles per channel. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 microg/L is achieved by an assay time of 6 min.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Darolutamide and survival in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a patient and caregiver perspective and plain language summary of the ARASENS trial. This is a summary of a publication about the ARASENS trial, which was published in the The trial results showed that combining darolutamide with ADT and docetaxel increased the chance of survival and lowered the risk of death by 32.5% compared to combining ADT and docetaxel with placebo instead. Compared to patients who received the placebo, patients who received darolutamide had a delay in: their cancer becoming castration-resistant worsening pain having cancer-related bone fractures or related symptoms needing additional therapies for cancer The percentage of trial patients who had medical problems during the trial, also called adverse events, was similar between trial patients who received darolutamide and those who received the placebo. Combining darolutamide with ADT and docetaxel helped treat trial patients with mHSPC better than placebo with ADT and docetaxel. Darolutamide in combination with ADT and docetaxel could be a treatment option for patients with mHSPC. Patients should always talk to their doctors and nurses before making any decisions about their treatment. This summary also includes perspectives on the ARASENS trial and prostate cancer from 3 members of the patient community. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT number: NCT02799602.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Darolutamide and survival in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a patient and caregiver perspective and plain language summary of the ARASENS trial.\", \"Darolutamide is an approved treatment for a different type of prostate cancer called non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (also called nmCRPC).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prosopagnosia: current perspectives. Prosopagnosia is a selective visual agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize the identity of faces. There are both acquired forms secondary to brain damage and developmental forms without obvious structural lesions. In this review, we first discuss the diagnosis of acquired and developmental prosopagnosia, and the challenges present in the latter case. Second, we discuss the evidence regarding the selectivity of the prosopagnosic defect, particularly in relation to the recognition of other objects, written words (another visual object category requiring high expertise), and voices. Third, we summarize recent findings about the structural and functional basis of prosopagnosia from studies using magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and event-related potentials. Finally, we discuss recent attempts at rehabilitation of face recognition in prosopagnosia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia is a selective visual agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize the identity of faces.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Common genetic variations of the cytochrome P450 1A1 gene and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cytochrome P450 1A1 is a major enzyme in the bioactivation of exogenous procarcinogens of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of common genetic variants in CYP1A1 to the HCC risk in Chinese populations has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the association between HCC and four selected tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP1A1, and the risk of CYP1A1 haplotypes/diplotypes in 1006 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 1015 cancer-free controls, from a Han Chinese population. Haplotypes/diplotypes were constructed from observed genotypes using the Haplo.Stats program. Relative risk was estimated by using multivariable logistic regression method. To summarise, we detected an increased HCC risk in rs4646421 variant carriers (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61) and rs2198843 variant carriers (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69), and a reduced risk of HCC (OR 0.70. 95% CI 0.52-0.94) associated with homozygote carriers of rs4886605 variant. These association signals were also observed in non-smokers with rs4646421 (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) and rs4886605 (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.91). Compared to the most common CYP1A1 haplotype CCAG, the haplotype TTGC conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.52). Similarly, the TTGC/TTGC diplotype conferred an increased risk of HCC compared with diplotype CCAG/CCAG (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45, P=0.006). Interestingly, the diplotype TTAC/CCAG also conferred an increased risk of HCC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.22-2.54, P=0.003). Our results suggested that common genetic variants in CYP1A1 may modulate the risk of developing HCC in the study population, particularly in non-smokers. However, our findings need to be validated in at least one independent study of Han Chinese population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In Silico Modeling and Scoring of PROTAC-Mediated Ternary Complex Poses. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that induce protein degradation via formation of ternary complexes between an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein. The rational design of PROTACs requires accurate knowledge of the native configuration of the PROTAC-induced ternary complex. This study demonstrates that native and non-native ternary complex poses can be distinguished based on the pose occupancy time in MD, where native poses exhibit longer occupancy times at both room and higher temperatures. Candidate poses are generated by MD sampling and pre-ranked by classic MM/GBSA. A specific heating scheme is then applied to accelerate ternary pose departure, with the pose occupancy time and fraction being measured. This scoring identifies the native pose in all systems tested. Its success is partially attributed to the dynamic nature of pose departure analyses, which accounts for entropic effects typically neglected in the faster static scoring methods, while entropy plays a greater role in protein-protein than in protein-ligand systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that induce protein degradation via formation of ternary complexes between an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Gaze behaviour in hereditary prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual impairment. In contrast to the acquired form of prosopagnosia we studied the congenital form. Since we could recently show that this form is inherited as a simple monogenic trait we called it hereditary form. To determine whether not only face recognition and neuronal processing but also the perceptual acquisition of facial information is specific to prosopagnosia, we studied the gaze behaviour of four hereditary prosopagnosics in comparison to matched control subjects. This rarely studied form of prosopagnosia ensures that deficits are limited to face recognition. Whereas the control participants focused their gaze on the central facial features, the hereditary prosopagnosics showed a significantly different gaze behaviour. They had a more dispersed gaze and also fixated external facial features. Thus, the face recognition impairment of the hereditary prosopagnosics is reflected in their gaze behaviour.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" This rarely studied form of prosopagnosia ensures that deficits are limited to face recognition.\", \"Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual impairment. In contrast to the acquire\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Tissue expression of PD-L1 mediates peripheral T cell tolerance. Programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated lymphocytes, regulates tolerance and autoimmunity. PD-1 has two ligands: PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed broadly on hematopoietic and parenchymal cells, including pancreatic islet cells; and PD-L2, which is restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells. To investigate whether PD-L1 and PD-L2 have synergistic or unique roles in regulating T cell activation and tolerance, we generated mice lacking PD-L1 and PD-L2 (PD-L1/PD-L2(-/-) mice) and compared them to mice lacking either PD-L. PD-L1 and PD-L2 have overlapping functions in inhibiting interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production during T cell activation. However, PD-L1 has a unique and critical role in controlling self-reactive T cells in the pancreas. Our studies with bone marrow chimeras demonstrate that PD-L1/PD-L2 expression only on antigen-presenting cells is insufficient to prevent the early onset diabetes that develops in PD-L1/PD-L2(-/-) non-obese diabetic mice. PD-L1 expression in islets protects against immunopathology after transplantation of syngeneic islets into diabetic recipients. PD-L1 inhibits pathogenic self-reactive CD4+ T cell-mediated tissue destruction and effector cytokine production. These data provide evidence that PD-L1 expression on parenchymal cells rather than hematopoietic cells protects against autoimmune diabetes and point to a novel role for PD-1-PD-L1 interactions in mediating tissue tolerance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PD-1 has two ligands: PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed broadly on hematopoietic and parenchymal cells, including pancreatic islet cells; and PD-L2, which is restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Oligonucleotide-mediated gene therapy for muscular dystrophies. Several new approaches to gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies involve oligonucleotides as targeting vectors. These oligonucleotides are designed to repair genetic mutations, to modify genomic sequences in order to compensate for gene deletions, or to modify RNA processing in order to ameliorate the effects of the underlying gene mutation. Among the various approaches currently under investigation for dystrophin mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the use of chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (\"chimeraplasts\") to repair point mutations. Studies in the mdx mouse and the GRMD dog have demonstrated that point mutations in the dystrophin gene can be corrected by chimeraplasts that have been injected into muscles. The scope of this review includes a summary of the current status of chimeraplast-mediated gene repair for dystrophin mutations, ongoing studies to apply chimeraplast-mediated gene repair to frame-shift deletions of the dystrophin gene, and major hurdles that need to be overcome to translate current experimental successes into a viable therapeutic modality for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Several new approaches to gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies involve oligonucleotides as targeting vectors.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A systematic review of methodological quality of model development studies predicting prognostic outcome for resectable pancreatic cancer. To assess the methodological quality of prognostic model development studies pertaining to post resection prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A narrative systematic review of international peer reviewed journals DATA SOURCE: Searches were conducted of: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane database and Google Scholar for predictive modelling studies applied to the outcome of prognosis for patients with PDAC post resection. Predictive modelling studies in this context included prediction model development studies with and without external validation and external validation studies with model updating. Data was extracted following the Checklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist. Primary outcomes were all components of the CHARMS checklist. Secondary outcomes included frequency of variables included across predictive models. 263 studies underwent full text review. 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. 3 studies underwent external validation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was the most commonly employed modelling method (n=13). 10 studies were based on single centre databases. Five used prospective databases, seven used retrospective databases and three used cancer data registry. The mean number of candidate predictors was 19.47 (range 7 to 50). The most commonly included variables were tumour grade (n=9), age (n=8), tumour stage (n=7) and tumour size (n=5). Mean sample size was 1367 (range 50 to 6400). 5 studies reached statistical power. None of the studies reported blinding of outcome measurement for predictor values. The most common form of presentation was nomograms (n=5) and prognostic scores (n=5) followed by prognostic calculators (n=3) and prognostic index (n=2). Areas for improvement in future predictive model development have been highlighted relating to: general aspects of model development and reporting, applicability of models and sources of bias. CRD42018105942.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"tudies with model updating. Data was extracted following the Checklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEA\", \"t for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME M\", \"t for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: P\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pathogenesis of renal anemia. Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Although mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal anemia include chronic inflammation, iron deficiency, and shortened half-life of erythrocytes, the primary cause is deficiency of erythropoietin (EPO). Serum EPO levels in patients with chronic kidney disease are usually within the normal range and thus fail to show an appropriate increase with decreasing hemoglobin levels, as found in nonrenal anemias. Studies elucidating the regulation of EPO expression led to the identification of the hypoxia inducible factor-hypoxia responsive element system. However, despite much progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms through which cells can sense oxygen availability and translate this information into altered gene expression, the reason why EPO production is inappropriately low in diseased kidneys remains incompletely understood. Both alterations in the function of EPO-producing cells and perturbations of the oxygen-sensing mechanism in the kidney may contribute. As with other anemias, the consequences of renal anemia are a moderate decrease in tissue oxygen tensions and counterregulatory mechanisms that maintain total oxygen consumption, including a persistent increase in cardiac output.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: the CORGI-L Study. This study assessed radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with primary, inextirpable colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-nine patients entered the trial. Two cycles of XELOX (capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid d1-14+oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) d1, q3w) were followed by radiotherapy (50.4 Gy), combined with capecitabine 825 mg/m(2) bid every radiotherapy day and oxaliplatin 60 mg/m(2) once weekly. The primary end-point was objective response. Forty-seven patients were evaluable. Twenty-nine (62% [95% CI: 46-75%]) achieved complete or partial response. Thirty-eight (81%) went through surgery of whom 37 (97%) had an R0 resection and five (13%) had a pathological complete response. Seventy-eight percent were alive and estimated local progression rate was 11% at 2 years. The most common grade 3+ toxicity during chemoradiotherapy was diarrhoea (24%). XELOX-RT was feasible and showed promising efficacy when treating patients with primary inextirpable colorectal cancer, establishing high local control rate.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Molecular mechanism of action of immune-modulatory drugs thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the activity of thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma (MM), including demonstrable anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effects, the precise cellular targets and molecular mechanisms have only recently become clear. A landmark study recently identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Subsequently it was demonstrated that CRBN is also required for the anti-myeloma activity of thalidomide and related drugs, the so-called immune-modulatory drugs (IMiDs). Low CRBN expression was found to correlate with drug resistance in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. One of the downstream targets of CRBN identified is interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), which is critical for myeloma cell survival and is down-regulated by IMiD treatment. CRBN is also implicated in several effects of IMiDs, such as down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and T cell immunomodulatory activity, demonstrating that the pleotropic actions of the IMiDs are initiated by binding to CRBN. Future dissection of CRBN downstream signaling will help to delineate the underlying mechanisms for IMiD action and eventually lead to development of new drugs with more specific anti-myeloma activities. It may also provide a biomarker to predict IMiD response and resistance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"dy recently identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Subsequently it was demonstrated that CRBN is also required \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Teclistamab is a T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody that targets both CD3 expressed on the surface of T cells and B-cell maturation antigen expressed on the surface of myeloma cells. In the phase 1 dose-defining portion of the study, teclistamab showed promising efficacy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. In this phase 1-2 study, we enrolled patients who had relapsed or refractory myeloma after at least three therapy lines, including triple-class exposure to an immunomodulatory drug, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 antibody. Patients received a weekly subcutaneous injection of teclistamab (at a dose of 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight) after receiving step-up doses of 0.06 mg and 0.3 mg per kilogram. The primary end point was the overall response (partial response or better). Among 165 patients who received teclistamab, 77.6% had triple-class refractory disease (median, five previous therapy lines). With a median follow-up of 14.1 months, the overall response rate was 63.0%, with 65 patients (39.4%) having a complete response or better. A total of 44 patients (26.7%) were found to have no minimal residual disease (MRD); the MRD-negativity rate among the patients with a complete response or better was 46%. The median duration of response was 18.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9 to not estimable). The median duration of progression-free survival was 11.3 months (95% CI, 8.8 to 17.1). Common adverse events included cytokine release syndrome (in 72.1% of the patients; grade 3, 0.6%; no grade 4), neutropenia (in 70.9%; grade 3 or 4, 64.2%), anemia (in 52.1%; grade 3 or 4, 37.0%), and thrombocytopenia (in 40.0%; grade 3 or 4, 21.2%). Infections were frequent (in 76.4%; grade 3 or 4, 44.8%). Neurotoxic events occurred in 24 patients (14.5%), including immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome in 5 patients (3.0%; all grade 1 or 2). Teclistamab resulted in a high rate of deep and durable response in patients with triple-class-exposed relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Cytopenias and infections were common; toxic effects that were consistent with T-cell redirection were mostly grade 1 or 2. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; MajesTEC-1 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT03145181 and NCT04557098.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Teclistamab is a T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody that targets both CD3 expressed on the surface of T cells and B-cell maturation antigen expressed on the surface of myeloma cells.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Current and Emerging Drugs in the Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence has shown a tendency to increase in many countries. Anemia is associated with incident heart failure and increases mortality in CKD patients, garnering public attention. Here, we reviewed recent studies about CKD with anemia, and tried to summarize the risks and causes and new progress in the treatment of renal anemia. Among the risks and causes, calcium\u00a0and phosphorus\u00a0metabolism\u00a0disorders should be pointed out along with common causes such as iron and erythropoietin deficiencies, hypoxia, inflammation and uremic toxins, and so on. The new anti-anemia treatments mainly include hematopoietic materials supplementation, erythropoietin-stimulating agents, calcium and phosphorus regulators and hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease\", \"nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence has shown a tendency to increase in many countries.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Non-verbal facial and topographic visual object agnosia--a problem of familiarity in prosopagnosia and topographic disorientation]. In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the \"loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy.\" There are many reports based on this definition. However, from the viewpoint of symptomatology, there are many problems not entirely solved yet. And the mechanism of its manifestation is not clearly explained. Topographic disorientation, which often accompanies prosopagnosia, is studied even less. From the results of the postmortem examination in the literature, bilateral occipito-temporal lesions have been known to cause prosopagnosia. However, the recent radiographical examination by the computed tomography revealed that the prosopagnosia is also caused by the right occipito-temporal lesions only. We experienced a case with prosopagnosia and topographic disorientation which were considered to be caused by infarction in the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery. Detailed symptomatological, morphological and functional examinations were carried out by means of various psychological testing, X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). The patient was a 70-year-old right-handed man who suffered from sudden visual loss on both eyes, and was admitted to our hospital after four weeks. On examination, a decrease of visual acuity and right homonymous hemianopsia were recognized. When visual acuity was recovered, he was unable to recognize the faces of his relatives and friends, with whom he has been well acquainted for many years. He also found his own house, the buildings and streets around it as entirely unfamiliar. Seven months after the onset of the disease, examination showed he had definite prosopagnosia and topographic disorientation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the \\\"loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy.\\\"\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Anemia is a very common clinical problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in these patients. Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized that is deficient in the majority of patients with advanced kidney disease, thereby predisposing these patients to anemia. The other cause of anemia is deficiency of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with CKD and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned, especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin. Intravenous iron is frequently used to treat anemia in CKD patients and is very efficacious in increasing hemoglobin but at the same time there are some safety issues associated with it. The objective of this review is to assess the frequency of adverse drug events associated with four different iron formulations: two iron dextran products known as high and low molecular weight iron dextran, iron sucrose, and sodium ferric gluconate complex. Several electronic databases were searched. In general, with the exception of high molecular weight iron dextran, serious or life-threatening adverse events appeared rare. Iron sucrose has the least reported adverse events and high molecular weight iron dextran has the highest number of reported adverse events. Low molecular weight iron dextran and ferric gluconate fall in between these two for number of adverse drug events.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"o anemia. The other cause of anemia is deficiency of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with CKD and its importance in supporting erythr\", \"Anemia is a very common clinical problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in these patients.\", \"Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease: Uncertainties and cautions. Anemia in chronic kidney disease is common and iron deficiency is an important cause. To repair iron-deficiency anemia, replacement of iron is needed. Iron can be replaced either by the oral route or by the intravenous route. In a meta-analysis, 5 of the 6 trials were short-term, 1 to 3 months, and compared to oral iron, the mean increase in hemoglobin with intravenous iron was only 0.31 g/dL. However, one of the studies included in this meta-analysis was 6 months long and had a mean decline in hemoglobin of 0.52 g/dL associated with intravenous iron administration. Given the short duration of most of the clinical trials comparing oral with intravenous administration of iron the long-term safety of these modes of administration of supplemental iron could not be assessed. Replacement of iron by the oral route is associated with mostly minor complications such as black stools, constipation, and abdominal discomfort. In contrast, intravenous administration of iron may lead to severe adverse events such as anaphylaxis and, as a more recent randomized trial has suggested, delayed complications such as infections and cardiovascular disease. Delayed complications of repeated intravenous iron use are difficult to recognize at an individual level therefore inpatients who have had recent cardiovascular events or are infected, intravenous iron should probably be avoided. Balancing safety and efficacy would require clinical judgment because 1 size may not fit all till we have better data to support the liberal use of parenteral iron.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia in chronic kidney disease is common and iron deficiency is an important cause.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A phase 1 dose escalation study of the pyruvate kinase activator mitapivat (AG-348) in sickle cell disease. Polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin S underlies the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD). In activating red blood cell pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, mitapivat (AG-348) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and decreases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, an upstream precursor in glycolysis. Both changes have therapeutic potential for patients with SCD. Here, we evaluated the safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of mitapivat in adults with SCD with no recent blood transfusions or changes in hydroxyurea or l-glutamine therapy. Seventeen subjects were enrolled; 1 subject was withdrawn shortly after starting the study. Sixteen subjects completed 3 ascending dose levels of mitapivat (5, 20, and 50 mg, twice daily [BID]) for 2\u00a0weeks each; following a protocol amendment, the dose was escalated to 100 mg BID in 9 subjects. Mitapivat was well tolerated at all dose levels, with the most common treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) being insomnia, headache, and hypertension. Six serious AEs (SAEs) included 4 vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs), non-VOC-related shoulder pain, and a preexisting pulmonary embolism. Two VOCs occurred during drug taper and were possibly drug related; no other SAEs were drug related. Mean hemoglobin increase at the 50 mg BID dose level was 1.2 g/dL, with 9 of 16 (56.3%) patients achieving a hemoglobin response of a \u22651 g/dL increase compared with baseline. Mean reductions in hemolytic markers and dose-dependent decreases in 2,3-DPG and increases in ATP were also observed. This study provides proof of concept that mitapivat has disease-modifying potential in patients with SCD. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04000165.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"A phase 1 dose escalation study of the pyruvate kinase activator mitapivat (AG-348) in sickle cell disease.\", \"In activating red blood cell pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, mitapivat (AG-348) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and decreases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, an upstream precursor in glycolysis. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion dependent \u03b1-thalassaemia or \u03b2-thalassaemia: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (NTDT), although they do not require regular blood transfusions for survival, can still accrue a heavy burden of comorbidities. No approved disease-modifying therapies exist for these patients. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of mitapivat (Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA), a pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) \u03b1-thalassaemia or NTD \u03b2-thalassaemia. In this open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study, patients were recruited from four academic clinical study sites in Oakland, CA, and Boston, MA, USA; Toronto, ON, Canada; and London, UK. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, with NTDT (including \u03b2-thalassaemia with or without \u03b1-globin gene mutations, haemoglobin E \u03b2-thalassaemia, or \u03b1-thalassaemia), and a baseline haemoglobin concentration of 10\u00b70 g/dL or lower. During a 24-week core period, mitapivat was administered orally at 50 mg twice daily for the first 6 weeks followed by an escalation to 100 mg twice daily for 18 weeks thereafter. The primary endpoint was haemoglobin response (a \u22651\u00b70 g/dL increase in haemoglobin concentration from baseline at one or more assessments between weeks 4 and 12). Efficacy and safety were assessed in the full analysis set (ie, all patients who received at least one dose of study drug). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03692052, and is closed to accrual. Between Dec 28, 2018, and Feb 6, 2020, 27 patients were screened, of whom 20 were enrolled (15 [75%] with \u03b2-thalassaemia and five [25%] with \u03b1-thalassaemia) and received mitapivat. The median age of patients was 44 years (IQR 35-56), 15 (75%) of 20 patients were female, five (25%) were male, and ten (50%) identified as Asian. 16 (80% [90% CI 60-93]) of 20 patients had a haemoglobin response (p<0\u00b70001), five (100%) of five with \u03b1-thalassaemia and 11 (73%) of 15 with \u03b2-thalassaemia. 17 (85%) patients had a treatment-emergent adverse event, and 13 had a treatment-emergent event that was considered to be treatment related. One serious treatment-emergent adverse event occurred (grade 3 renal impairment), which was considered unrelated to study drug, resulting in discontinuation of treatment. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were initial insomnia (ten [50%] patients), dizziness (six [30%]), and headache (five [25%]). No patients died during the 24-week core period. These efficacy and safety results support the continued investigation of mitapivat for the treatment of both \u03b1-thalassaemia and \u03b2-thalassaemia. Agios Pharmaceuticals.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion dependent \\u00ce\\u00b1-thalassaemia or \\u00ce\\u00b2-thalassaemia: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study.\", \"We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of mitapivat (Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA), a pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) \\u00ce\\u00b1-thalassaemia or NTD \\u00ce\\u00b2-thalassaemia.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```General Stepwise Approach to Optimize a TR-FRET Assay for Characterizing the BRD/PROTAC/CRBN Ternary Complex. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) degrade target proteins by engaging the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Assays detecting target-PROTAC-E3 ligase ternary complexes are critical for PROTAC development. Both time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assays and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assays can characterize ternary complexes and assess PROTAC efficacy; stepwise optimization protocols for these assays are lacking. To identify assay conditions that can be applied to various targets and PROTACs, we used a stepwise approach to optimize a TR-FRET assay of BRD2(BD1)/PROTACs/CRBN ternary complexes. This assay is sensitive and specific and responds to the bivalent PROTACs dBET1, PROTAC BET Degrader-1, and PROTAC BET Degrader-2 but not to non-PROTAC ligands of BRD2(BD1) or CRBN. The activity rank order of dBET1, PROTAC BET Degrader-1, and PROTAC BET Degrader-2 in the TR-FRET assay corresponded with previously reported cell growth inhibition assays, indicating the effectiveness of our assay for predicting PROTAC cellular activity. The TR-FRET ternary complex formation assay for BRD2(BD1)/PROTAC/CRBN can be configured to characterize the binding activities of BRD2(BD1) and CRBN ligands with the same compound activity rank order as that of previously reported binary binding assays for individual targets but with the advantage of simultaneously assessing the ligand activities for both targets. Our assay is modular in nature, as BRD2(BD1) can be replaced with other BRDs and successfully detect ternary complexes without modifying other assay conditions. Therefore, the TR-FRET ternary complex assay for BRDs provides a general assay protocol for establishing assays for other targets and bivalent molecules.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) degrade target proteins by engaging the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Assays detecting target-PROTAC-E3 ligase\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Safety and efficacy of oral levosimendan in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (the REFALS study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. There is an urgent unmet need for new therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In a clinical study with healthy volunteers, levosimendan, a calcium sensitiser, was shown to improve neuromechanical efficiency and contractile function of the human diaphragm. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral levosimendan in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with a focus on respiratory function. The REFALS study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial at 99 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis specialist centres in 14 countries worldwide. People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were eligible for participation if they were at least 18 years of age and had a sitting slow vital capacity (SVC) of 60-90% predicted. Participants were randomly assigned (2:1) by interactive web-response system to receive either levosimendan or placebo. The capsules for oral administration were identical in appearance to maintain blinding of participants and investigators. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in supine SVC at 12 weeks, assessed as the percentage of predicted normal sitting SVC. The key secondary endpoint was the combined assessment of function and survival (CAFS) up to 48 weeks. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population, comprising all participants who were randomly assigned. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03505021) and has been completed. An extension study (REFALS-ES; NCT03948178) has also been completed, but will be reported separately. Between June 21, 2018, and June 28, 2019, 871 people were screened for the study, of whom 496 were randomly assigned either levosimendan (n=329) or placebo (n=167). Participants were followed up between June 27, 2018 and June 26, 2020, for a median duration of 50\u00b71 (IQR 37\u00b75-51\u00b71) weeks. The median duration of treatment was 47\u00b79 (IQR 26\u00b74-48\u00b71) weeks. Change from baseline in supine SVC at 12 weeks was -6\u00b773% with levosimendan and -6\u00b799% with placebo, with no significant difference between the treatments (estimated treatment difference 0\u00b726%, 95% CI -2\u00b703 to 2\u00b755, p=0\u00b783). Similarly, at week 48, CAFS did not differ between treatment groups (least squares mean change from baseline 10\u00b769, 95% CI -15\u00b774 to 37\u00b712; nominal p value=0\u00b743). The most frequent adverse events were increased heart rate (106 [33%] of 326 receiving levosimendan vs 12 [7%] of 166 receiving placebo), fall (85 [26%] vs 48 [29%]), headache (93 [29%] vs 36 [22%]), and dyspnoea (59 [18%] vs 32 [19%]). 33 (10%) participants allocated levosimendan and 20 (12%) assigned placebo died during the trial, mainly due to respiratory failure or progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Levosimendan was not superior to placebo in maintaining respiratory function in a broad population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although levosimendan was generally well tolerated, increased heart rate and headache occurred more frequently with levosimendan than with placebo. The possibility of a clinically relevant subgroup of responsive individuals requires further evaluation. Orion Corporation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"INTERPRETATION: Levosimendan was not superior to placebo in maintaining respiratory function in a broad population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although levosimendan was generally well tolerated, increased heart rate and headache occurred more frequently with levosimendan than with placebo.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Recent Advances of Degradation Technologies Based on PROTAC Mechanism. PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in recent years. Here, we introduce the history of PROTAC, and summarize the recent advances in novel types of degradation technologies based on the PROTAC mechanism, including TF-PROTAC, Light-controllable PROTAC, PhosphoTAC, LYTAC, AUTAC, ATTEC, CMA, RNA-PROTAC and RIBOTACs. In addition, the clinical progress, current challenges and future prospects of degradation technologies based on PROTAC mechanism are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in re\", \"PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in recent years.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy: expectations and challenges. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a debilitating X-linked disease with limited treatment options. We examined the possibility of moving forward with gene therapy, an approach that demonstrates promise for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene therapy is not limited to replacement of defective genes but also includes strategies using surrogate genes with alternative but effective means of improving cellular function or repairing gene mutations. The first viral-mediated gene transfer for any muscle disease was carried out at Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State University for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D, and the first viral-mediated trial of gene transfer for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is under way at the same institutions. These studies, consisting of intramuscular injection of virus into a single muscle, are limited in scope and represent phase 1 clinical trials with safety as the primary end point. These initial clinical studies lay the foundation for future studies, providing important information about dosing, immunogenicity, and viral serotype in humans. This article highlights the challenges and potential pitfalls as the field advances this treatment modality to clinical reality.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The first viral-mediated gene transfer for any muscle disease was carried out at Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State University for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D, and the first viral-mediated trial of gene transfer for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is under way at the same institutions.\", \"gene therapy, an approach that demonstrates promise for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene therapy is not limited to replacement of defective genes but also includes strategies using surrogate genes with alternative but effective means of improving cellular function or repairing gene mutations\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prediction Models for Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no cure, and available treatments are only able to postpone the progression of the disease. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be a transitional stage preceding AD. Therefore, prediction models for conversion from MCI to AD are desperately required. These will allow early treatment of patients with MCI before they develop AD. This study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the reported risk prediction models and identify the most prevalent factors for conversion from MCI to AD. We systematically reviewed the studies from the databases of PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, which were searched through September 2021. Two reviewers independently identified eligible articles and extracted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the risk of bias assessment. In total, 18 articles describing the prediction models for conversion from MCI to AD were identified. The dementia conversion rate of elderly patients with MCI ranged from 14.49 to 87%. Models in 12 studies were developed using the data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). C-index/area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of development models were 0.67-0.98, and the validation models were 0.62-0.96. MRI, apolipoprotein E genotype 4 (APOE4), older age, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive (ADAS-cog) score were the most common and strongest predictors included in the models. In this systematic review, many prediction models have been developed and have good predictive performance, but the lack of external validation of models limited the extensive application in the general population. In clinical practice, it is recommended that medical professionals adopt a comprehensive forecasting method rather than a single predictive factor to screen patients with a high risk of MCI. Future research should pay attention to the improvement, calibration, and validation of existing models while considering new variables, new methods, and differences in risk profiles across populations.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS)\", \"acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the ri\", \"acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the risk of \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A thorough QTc study to evaluate the effects of oral rilzabrutinib administered alone and with ritonavir in healthy subjects. This study aimed to define the clinically relevant supratherapeutic dose of rilzabrutinib, an oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, and evaluate potential effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic exposures on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects. This was a two-part phase I study (anzctr.org.au ACTRN12618001036202). Part A was a randomized, open-label, three-period, single-dose crossover study (n\u00a0=\u200912) with rilzabrutinib 100\u2009mg\u2009\u00b1\u2009ritonavir 100\u2009mg or rilzabrutinib 1200\u2009mg. Part B was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way, single-dose crossover study (n\u00a0=\u200939) with matched placebo, rilzabrutinib 400\u2009mg\u2009\u00b1\u2009ritonavir 100\u2009mg, or moxifloxacin (positive control). Primary objectives: part A - pharmacokinetics (PK) of rilzabrutinib \u00b1 ritonavir, safety, and optimal dose for Part B; Part B - effect of rilzabrutinib therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentration on electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters. ECGs and PK samples were serially recorded before and post-dose. In part A, rilzabrutinib 100\u2009mg\u2009+\u2009ritonavir led to 17-fold area under the concentration-time curve (AUC```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This study aimed to define the clinically relevant supratherapeutic dose of rilzabrutinib, an oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, and evaluate potential effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic exposures on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Oral levosimendan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase II multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral levosimendan in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, three-period study with 6 months open-label follow-up enrolled adults with ALS and sitting slow vital capacity (SVC) 60%-90 % of predicted from 11 sites in four countries. Patients received levosimendan 1\u2009mg daily, 1\u2009mg two times a day or placebo during three 14-day crossover periods and levosimendan 1-2\u2009mg daily during open-label follow-up. Primary endpoint was sitting SVC; secondary endpoints included supine SVC, ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), tolerability and safety. Of 66 patients randomised, 59 contributed to the double-blind results and 50 entered open-label follow-up. Sitting SVC was not significantly different between the treatments. In post hoc analysis using period-wise baselines, supine SVC favoured levosimendan over placebo, estimated mean differences from baseline being -3.62% on placebo, +0.77% on levosimendan 1\u2009mg daily (p=0.018) and +2.38% on 1\u2009mg two times a day (p=0.001). Headache occurred in 16.7% of patients during levosimendan 1\u2009mg daily (p=0.030), 28.6% during 1\u2009mg two times a day (p=0.002) and 3.3% during placebo. The respective frequencies for increased heart rate were 5.1% (p=0.337), 18.5% (p=0.018) and 1.7%. No significant differences between the treatments were seen for other adverse events. Levosimendan did not achieve the primary endpoint of improving sitting SVC in ALS. Headache and increased heart rate were increased on levosimendan, although it was otherwise well tolerated. A phase III study to evaluate the longer term effects of oral levosimendan in ALS is ongoing.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CONCLUSIONS: Levosimendan did not achieve the primary endpoint of improving sitting SVC in ALS. Headache and increased heart rate were increased on levosimendan, although it was otherwise well tolerated. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome-Associated Small Fiber Neuropathy: Characterization From a Prospective Series of 40 Cases. We conducted the current study to analyze the clinical, immunologic, and neurophysiologic features of primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome (pSS)-associated sensory small fiber neuropathies (SFNs). Forty consecutive pSS patients with SFN were included. SFN was defined by the presence of suggestive sensory painful symptoms with normal nerve conduction studies and abnormal neurophysiologic tests for small nerve fibers or a low intraepidermal nerve fiber density at skin biopsy. Included patients were compared to 100 pSS patients without peripheral neuropathy.SFN patients were mainly female (92.5%). Age at pSS diagnosis was 55.3 \u00b1 13.1 years, and at SFN diagnosis, 58.9 \u00b1 11.8 years, with a median time to SFN diagnosis after symptom onset of 3.4 years. Clinical symptoms included burning pains (90%), numbness (87.5%), tingling (82.5%), pins and needles (72.5%), electric discharges (70%), and allodynia (55%). Dysautonomia included vasomotor symptoms (66%) and hyperhidrosis (47%). Abnormal neurophysiologic tests included laser evoked potentials (97.5%), thermal quantitative sensory testing (67.5%), and sympathetic skin reflex (40%). A skin biopsy revealed low intraepidermal nerve fiber density in 76% of the 17 tested patients.Compared to the 100 pSS patients without peripheral neuropathy, the 40 pSS-SFN patients were older at pSS diagnosis (55.3 \u00b1 13.1 vs. 49.5 \u00b1 14.9 yr; p = 0.03), and more often had xerostomia (97.5% vs. 81%; p = 0.01) and arthralgia (82.5% vs. 65.0%; p = 0.04). Immunologically, they were characterized by a lower prevalence of serum B-cell activation markers, that is, antinuclear antibodies (65% vs. 85%; p = 0.01), anti-SSA (42.5% vs. 71%; p = 0.002), and anti-SSB (17.5% vs. 39%; p = 0.017); rheumatoid factor (32.5% vs. 66%; p = 0.0005); and hypergammaglobulinemia (35% vs. 62%; p = 0.005).In conclusion, we report the main features of SFN in patients with pSS, the first such study to our knowledge. Our results show that patients with pSS-associated SFN are characterized by an older age at pSS diagnosis and a distinctive immunologic profile hallmarked by a lower frequency of serum B-cell activation markers.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"SFN was defined by the presence of suggestive sensory painful symptoms with normal nerve conduction studies and abnormal neurophysiologic tests for small nerve fibers or a low intraepidermal nerve fiber density at skin biopsy.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mantle zone lymphoma: an immunohistologic study of skin lesions. Mantle zone lymphoma (MZL) is a B-cell proliferation regarded as the follicular variant of intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL). Neoplastic small lymphoid cells proliferate as wide mantles around atrophic centers of benign appearance. The clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of four cases of MZL, heralded by cutaneous lesions, are described and correlated with the lymph node pattern. All specimens showed extensive nodules in the reticular dermis invading the subcutaneous tissue. They were mainly composed of a proliferation of small lymphocytes with slightly irregular nuclear contours and clumped chromatin, forming wide mantles around small atrophic germinal centers. Serial biopsy specimens in case 1 revealed evolution of the skin lesions from pseudolymphoma into MZL. Their immunohistochemistry was similar to that of lymph nodes and showed that the neoplastic cells were CD5+, CD20+, CD22+, CD25+, CD74+, Leu-8+, HLA-DR+, IgM+, IgD+ with restriction for the lambda light chain, CD10-, and CD71-, whereas the germinal center cells were polyclonal. In three cases many CD38+, PCA-1+ plasma cells were present both in the grenz zone and in bordering neoplastic nodules. The clinical course was chronic. The only death occurred from unrelated causes; one patient is still alive 17 years after onset. Skin lesions may be the only manifestation of MZL for an extended period. The differentiation between pseudolymphoma and other lymphoma subtypes is based not only on the histologic and cytologic features but also on the architecture, followed by immunohistochemical confirmation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Mantle zone lymphoma (MZL) is a B-cell proliferation regarded as the follicular variant of intermediate lymphocytic lym\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Advances in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetically determined disease, linked to the X chromosome, c haracterized clinically by producing progressive muscle weakness, with an incidence of 1 per 3500-6000 males born. It is caused by the mutation of the DMD gene, which encodes dystrophin, a sub-sarcolemmal protein essential for structural muscle stability. The genetic defects in the DMD gene are divided into: deletions (65%) duplications (5.10%) and point mutations (10-15%). At present there is no curative treatment, the only drug that has been shown to modify the natural history of the disease (independently of the genetic mutation) are corticosteroids, currently indicated in early stages of the disease. In relation to clinical trials, in the last ten years, has experienced great advances in the field of therapeutic options, divided into two major therapeutic targets: 1) the area of gene therapies and 2) trying to reverse or block the pathophysiological processes of the disease, such as inflammation, fibrosis, muscle regeneration, etc. It is likely that an effective treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy requires combinations of therapies that address both the primary defect and its secondary pathophysiological consequences.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" In relation to clinical trials, in the last ten years, has experienced great advances in the field of therapeutic options, divided into two major therapeutic targets: 1) the area of gene therapies and 2) trying to reverse or block the pathophysiological processes of the disease, such as inflammation, fibrosis, muscle regeneration, etc. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Flotillin-mediated endocytosis and ALIX-syntenin-1-mediated exocytosis protect the cell membrane from damage caused by necroptosis. Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis that is implicated in various human diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Necroptosis requires the translocation of the pseudokinase MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane after its phosphorylation by the kinase RIPK3. Using protein cross-linking followed by affinity purification, we detected the lipid raft-associated proteins flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 and the ESCRT-associated proteins ALIX and syntenin-1 in membrane-localized MLKL immunoprecipitates. Phosphorylated MLKL was removed from membranes through either flotillin-mediated endocytosis followed by lysosomal degradation or ALIX-syntenin-1-mediated exocytosis. Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.\", \" Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-Term Response and Possible Cure of Patients With B-Cell Malignancies With Dose-Escalated Rituximab. Rituximab (R), a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 antigen on B-cells, has become a standard of care in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, most often in conjunction with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Activity has been demonstrated in many subtypes of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia (WM). Additionally, dose escalation of R as a single agent has demonstrated improved activity in previously treated/poor prognosis CLL. We present 4 cases of B-cell malignancy (2 CLL variants/MCL, 1 FL, 1 WM) who received dose-escalated R as a single agent and achieved complete response (3 patients) and stable disease/partial response (1 patient) of 6.5+ to 15+ years duration. They have been off treatment for 6.5+ to 15+ years. Toxicity was minimal, with initial infusion reactions similar to those observed with standard dose infusions. There were no serious treatment-related adverse events or infections. Dose escalated R as a single agent may possibly be curative for some patients with B-cell malignancies, unlike the standard empiric dose of 375 mg/m```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Activity has been demonstrated in many subtypes of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and Waldenstr\\u00c3\\u00b6m macroglobulinemia (WM)\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Regulation of LKB1/STRAD localization and function by E-cadherin. LKB1 kinase is a tumor suppressor that is causally linked to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. In complex with the pseudokinase STRAD and the scaffolding protein MO25, LKB1 phosphorylates and activates AMPK family kinases, which mediate many cellular processes. The prototypical family member AMPK regulates cell energy metabolism and epithelial apicobasal polarity. This latter event is also dependent on E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions (AJs) at lateral borders. Strikingly, overexpression of LKB1/STRAD can also trigger establishment of epithelial polarity in the absence of cell-cell or cell-matrix contacts. However, the upstream factors that normally govern LKB1/STRAD function are unknown. Here we show by immunostaining and fluorescence resonance energy transfer that active LKB1/STRAD kinase complex colocalizes with E-cadherin at AJs. LKB1/STRAD localization and AMPK phosphorylation require E-cadherin-dependent maturation of AJs. However, LKB1/STRAD complex kinase activity is E-cadherin independent. These data suggest that in polarized epithelial cells, E-cadherin regulates AMPK phosphorylation by controlling the localization of the LKB1 complex. The LKB1 complex therefore appears to function downstream of E-cadherin in tumor suppression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Superior voice recognition in a patient with acquired prosopagnosia and object agnosia. Anecdotally, it has been reported that individuals with acquired prosopagnosia compensate for their inability to recognize faces by using other person identity cues such as hair, gait or the voice. Are they therefore superior at the use of non-face cues, specifically voices, to person identity? Here, we empirically measure person and object identity recognition in a patient with acquired prosopagnosia and object agnosia. We quantify person identity (face and voice) and object identity (car and horn) recognition for visual, auditory, and bimodal (visual and auditory) stimuli. The patient is unable to recognize faces or cars, consistent with his prosopagnosia and object agnosia, respectively. He is perfectly able to recognize people's voices and car horns and bimodal stimuli. These data show a reverse shift in the typical weighting of visual over auditory information for audiovisual stimuli in a compromised visual recognition system. Moreover, the patient shows selectively superior voice recognition compared to the controls revealing that two different stimulus domains, persons and objects, may not be equally affected by sensory adaptation effects. This also implies that person and object identity recognition are processed in separate pathways. These data demonstrate that an individual with acquired prosopagnosia and object agnosia can compensate for the visual impairment and become quite skilled at using spared aspects of sensory processing. In the case of acquired prosopagnosia it is advantageous to develop a superior use of voices for person identity recognition in everyday life.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The patient is unable to recognize faces or cars, consistent with his prosopagnosia and object agnosia, respectively.\", \"Anecdotally, it has been reported that individuals with acquired prosopagnosia compensate for their inability to recognize faces by using other person identity cues such as hair, gait or the voice.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Growth Characteristics of Rickettsia Species LON Strains Closely Related to Rickettsia japonica Isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks in Mouse Derived L929 and Human-Derived THP-1 Host Cell Lines. Non-pathogenic Rickettsia species LON strains closely related to an agent of Japanese spotted fever (JSF), R. japonica, were isolated in Japan from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in 2001. However, the biological properties of LONs in mammalian host cells are poorly understood. In this study, microscopic analysis showed that LONs in a mouse-derived L929 host cell line were rod shaped with sizes of 0.3-0.5 \u00d7 0.5-2.0 \u03bcm. Molecular analysis revealed the existence of a LON-specific disrupted open reading frame in R. japonica-related group-specific DNA regions. Growth kinetics of LON-2 and LON-13 strains analyzed by a quantitative real-time PCR showed 100-fold or more increment of LONs cultured in L929 host cells at 30\u00b0C and slightly less increment at 33\u00b0C, and 25-fold increment in human-derived THP-1 host cells at 35\u00b0C on day 7 (168 h) post infection. The generation times of the two LON strains cultured in L929 and THP-1 were estimated to be 9.4-12.9 h and 9.6-10.9 h, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological characteristics of Rickettsia sp. LON strains in mammalian cells, which may provide significant information for the experimental approaches for other rickettsiae.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Non-pathogenic Rickettsia species LON strains closely related to an agent of Japanese spotted fever (JSF), R. japonica, were isolated in Japan from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in 2001. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```World Health Organization 2021 Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors and Implications for Therapy for Adult-Type Gliomas: A Review. Previous histologic classifications of brain tumors have been limited by discrepancies in diagnoses reported by neuropathologists and variability in outcomes and response to therapies. Such diagnostic discrepancies have impaired clinicians' ability to select the most appropriate therapies for patients and have allowed heterogeneous populations of patients to be enrolled in clinical trials, hindering the development of more effective therapies. In adult-type diffuse gliomas, histologic classification has a particularly important effect on clinical care. In 2021, the World Health Organization published the fifth edition of the Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. This classification incorporates advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of brain tumors with histopathology in order to group tumors into more biologically and molecularly defined entities. As such, tumor classification is significantly improved through better characterized natural histories. These changes have particularly important implications for gliomas. For the first time, adult- and pediatric-type gliomas are classified separately on the basis of differences in molecular pathogenesis and prognosis. Furthermore, the previous broad category of adult-type diffuse gliomas has been consolidated into 3 types: astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted; and glioblastoma, IDH wild type. These major changes are driven by IDH mutation status and include the restriction of the diagnosis of glioblastoma to tumors that are IDH wild type; the reclassification of tumors previously diagnosed as IDH-mutated glioblastomas as astrocytomas IDH mutated, grade 4; and the requirement for the presence of IDH mutations to classify tumors as astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas. The 2021 World Health Organization central nervous system tumor classification is a major advance toward improving the diagnosis of brain tumors. It will provide clinicians with more accurate guidance on prognosis and optimal therapy for patients and ensure that more homogenous patient populations are enrolled in clinical trials, potentially facilitating the development of more effective therapies.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"thogenesis and prognosis. Furthermore, the previous broad category of adult-type diffuse gliomas has been consolidated into 3 types: astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted; and gl\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Pharmacodynamics and molecular correlates of response to glofitamab in relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Glofitamab, a novel CD20xCD3, T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, exhibited single-agent activity in Study NP30179, a first-in-human, phase 1 trial in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Preclinical studies showed that glofitamab leads to T-cell activation, proliferation, and tumor cell killing upon binding to CD20 on malignant cells. Here, we provide evidence of glofitamab's clinical activity, including pharmacodynamic profile, mode of action, and factors associated with clinical response, by evaluating biomarkers in patient samples from the dose-escalation part of this trial. Patients enrolled in Study NP30179 received single-dose obinutuzumab pretreatment (1000 mg) 7\u00a0days before IV glofitamab (5 \u00b5g-25 mg). Glofitamab treatment lasted \u226412 cycles once every 2 or 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected at predefined time points per the clinical protocol; T-cell populations were evaluated centrally by flow cytometry, and cytokine profiles were analyzed. Immunohistochemical and genomic biomarker analyses were performed on tumor biopsy samples. Pharmacodynamic modulation was observed with glofitamab treatment, including dose-dependent induction of cytokines, and T-cell margination, proliferation, and activation in peripheral blood. Gene expression analysis of pretreatment tumor biopsy samples indicated that tumor cell intrinsic factors such as TP53 signaling are associated with resistance to glofitamab, but they may also be interlinked with a diminished effector T-cell profile in resistant tumors and thus represent a poor prognostic factor per se. This integrative biomarker data analysis provides clinical evidence regarding glofitamab's mode of action, supports optimal biological dose selection, and will further guide clinical development. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03075696.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Glofitamab, a novel CD20xCD3, T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, exhibited single-agent activity in Study NP30179, a first-in-human, phase 1 trial in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predictive models of infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic literature review. Having reliable predictive models of prognosis/the risk of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients would allow this problem to be addressed on an individual basis to study and implement possible preventive or therapeutic interventions. To identify and analyze all predictive models of prognosis/the risk of infection in patients with SLE that exist in medical literature. A structured search in PubMed, Embase, and LILACS databases was carried out until May 9, 2020. In addition, a search for abstracts in the American Congress of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) annual meetings' archives published over the past eight years was also conducted. Studies on developing, validating or updating predictive prognostic models carried out in patients with SLE, in which the outcome to be predicted is some type of infection, that were generated in any clinical context and with any time horizon were included. There were no restrictions on language, date, or status of the publication. To carry out the systematic review, the CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) guideline recommendations were followed. The PROBAST tool (A Tool to Assess the Risk of Bias and Applicability of Prediction Model Studies) was used to assess the risk of bias and the applicability of each model. We identified four models of infection prognosis in patients with SLE. Mostly, there were very few events per candidate predictor. In addition, to construct the models, an initial selection was made based on univariate analyses with no contraction of the estimated coefficients being carried out. This suggests that the proposed models have a high probability of overfitting and being optimistic. To date, very few prognostic models have been published on the infection of SLE patients. These models are very heterogeneous and are rated as having a high risk of bias and methodological weaknesses. Despite the widespread recognition of the frequency and severity of infections in SLE patients, there is no reliable predictive prognostic model that facilitates the study and implementation of personalized preventive or therapeutic measures.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"te, or status of the publication. To carry out the systematic review, the CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) guidel\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```FibroGENE: A gene-based model for staging liver fibrosis. The extent of liver fibrosis predicts long-term outcomes, and hence impacts management and therapy. We developed a non-invasive algorithm to stage fibrosis using non-parametric, machine learning methods designed for predictive modeling, and incorporated an invariant genetic marker of liver fibrosis risk. Of 4277 patients with chronic liver disease, 1992 with chronic hepatitis C (derivation cohort) were analyzed to develop the model, and subsequently validated in an independent cohort of 1242 patients. The model was assessed in cohorts with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n=555) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n=488). Model performance was compared to FIB-4 and APRI, and also to the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) and Forns' index, in those with NAFLD. Significant fibrosis (\u2a7eF2) was similar in the derivation (48.4%) and validation (47.4%) cohorts. The FibroGENE-DT yielded the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.804 for the prediction of fast fibrosis progression, cirrhosis and significant fibrosis risk, respectively, with comparable results in the validation cohort. The model performed well in NAFLD and CHB with AUROCs of 0.791, and 0.726, respectively. The negative predictive value to exclude cirrhosis was>0.96 in all three liver diseases. The AUROC of the FibroGENE-DT performed better than FIB-4, APRI, and NFS and Forns' index in most comparisons. A non-invasive decision tree model can predict liver fibrosis risk and aid decision making.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\".4%) and validation (47.4%) cohorts. The FibroGENE-DT yielded the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.804 for the prediction of fast fibrosis progression, cirrhosis and significant fibrosis risk, respectively, with compara\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```TROAP Promotes Breast Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for microtubular cytoskeleton regulation and spindle assembly, and its expression plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. However, little is known about the role of TROAP in breast cancer (BC). TROAP mRNA expression levels and clinical data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE42568, 104 BC patients; GSE1456, 159 BC patients; and GSE21653, 266 BC patients) were analyzed by the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform to estimate overall survival (OS). We also analyzed the genes correlated with TROAP by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to predict potential relationships between TROAP and other genes in BC. Our study verified that both TROAP mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated in human BC samples and cell lines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TROAP knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation, the G1 to S phase transition, and the migration and invasion abilities of BC cells. The present study suggests that TROAP plays an important role in promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of BC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for microtubular cytoskeleton regulation and spindle assembly, and its expression plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cereblon-Based Small-Molecule Compounds to Control Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in Regenerative Medicine. Thalidomide, a sedative drug that was once excluded from the market owing to its teratogenic properties, was later found to be effective in treating multiple myeloma. We had previously demonstrated that cereblon (CRBN) is the target of thalidomide embryopathy and acts as a substrate receptor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, Cullin-Ring ligase 4 (CRL4```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"d previously demonstrated that cereblon (CRBN) is the target of thalidomide embryopathy and acts as a substrate receptor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase c\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predictors of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: Evidence from a Case-Control Study. Introduction Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare condition arising due to compression of the third part of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.\u00a0It is important to explore factors which help in suspicion and early diagnosis of the condition. The aim of this study was to find out if measurements of aortomesenteric angle and distance can predict the occurrence of SMA syndrome. Another objective was to find out if the BMI was correlated with the aortomesenteric angle and distance of the patients. Methods A retrospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Qimat Rai Gupta Central hospital, Haryana, India from 2018-2020. Out of total 2100 records of acute and chronic abdominal pain patients, only seven cases of Wilkie's syndrome were confirmed via Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT). Information on age, gender, BMI, duration of symptoms, clinical presentation, aortomesenteric angle, and distance was compared among three groups: Group I-SMA syndrome patients (N=7), Group II- acute abdominal pain patients (N=14) and Group III- chronic abdominal pain patients (N=14). Results The hospital prevalence of Wilkie's was found to be 0.3%.\u00a0The median age of patients in Group I corresponded to 26 years as opposed to Group II (31.5years) and Group III (30.5 years). There was a statistically significant reduction in the aortomesenteric angle and distance of Group I patients (22\u00ba, 6mm) as compared to both Group II (52.5\u00ba, 11mm) and Group III patients (52\u00ba, 11mm). A moderate correlation of BMI was found with aortomesenteric angle (r=0.479) and distance (r=0.357). Conclusions There was a significant reduction in the aortomesenteric angle and distance of the SMA patients as compared to both patients having acute and chronic abdominal pain. The BMI of patients was positively correlated to aortomesenteric angle and distance to the moderate level. Thus BMI along with aortomesenteric angle and distance can predict the presence of SMA syndrome.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Introduction Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare condition arising due to compression of the third part of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.\\u00c2\\u00a0\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling rescues renal anemia. Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease. The cause of renal anemia is multifactorial and includes decreased erythropoietin (Epo) production, iron deficiency, and inflammation, and it is currently treated with injections of synthetic Epo. However, the use of recombinant Epo has several adverse effects. We previously reported that high fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in mice are associated with decreased red blood cell production, whereas genetic inactivation of Fgf23 results in expansion of the erythroid lineage. The present study is the first to show that high FGF23 levels in a mouse model of renal failure contribute to renal anemia, and inhibiting FGF23 signaling stimulates erythropoiesis and abolishes anemia and iron deficiency. Moreover, we show that inhibition of FGF23 signaling significantly decreases erythroid cell apoptosis and influences the commitment of hematopoietic stem cells toward the erythroid linage. Furthermore, we show that blocking FGF23 signaling attenuates inflammation, resulting in increased serum iron and ferritin levels. Our data clearly demonstrate that elevated FGF23 is a causative factor in the development of renal anemia and iron deficiency, and importantly, blocking FGF23 signaling represents a novel approach to stimulate erythropoiesis and possibly improve survival for millions of chronic kidney disease patients worldwide.-Agoro, R., Montagna, A., Goetz, R., Aligbe, O., Singh, G., Coe, L. M., Mohammadi, M., Rivella, S., Sitara, D. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling rescues renal anemia.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease.\", \"Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease. The cause of renal anemia is multifactorial and includes decreas\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Phase I studies of BI 1015550, a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BI 1015550 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that has antifibrotic properties. Phase I and Ic studies were conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BI 1015550 in healthy male subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In the phase I study, 42 subjects were partially randomised to receive placebo or BI 1015550 in single rising doses of 36\u2005mg and 48\u2005mg, or multiple rising doses of 6\u2005mg and 12\u2005mg twice daily over 14\u2005days. In the phase Ic study, 15 patients with IPF were randomised to receive 18\u2005mg BI 1015550 or placebo twice daily for up to 12\u2005weeks. For both studies, the primary endpoint was the number of subjects with drug-related adverse events (AEs). In the Phase I study, drug-related AEs were reported for 50.0% of healthy male subjects treated with a single dose of BI 1015550, compared with 16.7% receiving placebo. For those receiving multiple doses, drug-related AEs were reported for 37.5% of those treated with BI 1015550 and 12.5% receiving placebo. The most frequently reported AEs by organ class were nervous system disorders, which were largely driven by headache. In the Phase Ic study, drug-related AEs were reported in 90.0% of patients treated with BI 1015550, compared with 60.0% of those receiving placebo. The most frequent AEs by organ class were gastrointestinal AEs. BI 1015550 had an acceptable safety profile in healthy male subjects and male and female patients with IPF, supporting further development in larger trials.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Phase I studies of BI 1015550, a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.\", \"Introduction: BI 1015550 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that has antifibrotic properties. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTACs: past, present and future. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of one ligand that binds to a protein of interest (POI) and another that can recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The chemically-induced proximity between the POI and E3 ligase results in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the POI by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The event-driven mechanism of action (MOA) of PROTACs offers several advantages compared to traditional occupancy-driven small molecule inhibitors, such as a catalytic nature, reduced dosing and dosing frequency, a more potent and longer-lasting effect, an added layer of selectivity to reduce potential toxicity, efficacy in the face of drug-resistance mechanisms, targeting nonenzymatic functions, and expanded target space. Here, we highlight important milestones and briefly discuss lessons learned about targeted protein degradation (TPD) in recent years and conjecture on the efforts still needed to expand the toolbox for PROTAC discovery to ultimately provide promising therapeutics.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of one ligand that binds to a protein of interest (POI) and another that can recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The chemically-induced proximity between the POI and E3 ligase results in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the POI by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immunomodulatory drugs disrupt the cereblon-CD147-MCT1 axis to exert antitumor activity and teratogenicity. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), such as thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and pomalidomide, are key treatment modalities for hematologic malignancies, particularly multiple myeloma (MM) and del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the primary target by which IMiDs mediate anticancer and teratogenic effects. Here we identify a ubiquitin-independent physiological chaperone-like function of CRBN that promotes maturation of the basigin (BSG; also known as CD147) and solute carrier family 16 member 1 (SLC16A1; also known as MCT1) proteins. This process allows for the formation and activation of the CD147-MCT1 transmembrane complex, which promotes various biological functions, including angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion and lactate export. We found that IMiDs outcompete CRBN for binding to CD147 and MCT1, leading to destabilization of the CD147-MCT1 complex. Accordingly, IMiD-sensitive MM cells lose CD147 and MCT1 expression after being exposed to IMiDs, whereas IMiD-resistant cells retain their expression. Furthermore, del(5q) MDS cells have elevated CD147 expression, which is attenuated after IMiD treatment. Finally, we show that BSG (CD147) knockdown phenocopies the teratogenic effects of thalidomide exposure in zebrafish. These findings provide a common mechanistic framework to explain both the teratogenic and pleiotropic antitumor effects of IMiDs.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the primary target by which IMiDs mediate anticancer and teratogenic effects.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Imaging of adult brainstem gliomas. Brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are uncommon in adults accounting for about 2% of all intracranial neoplasms. They are often phenotypically low-grade as compared to their more common paediatric counterparts. Since brainstem biopsies are rarely performed, these tumours are commonly classified according to their MR imaging characteristics into 4 subgroups: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, (b) enhancing malignant gliomas, (c) focal tectal gliomas and (d) exophytic gliomas/other subtypes. The prognosis and treatment is variable for the different types and is almost similar to adult supratentorial gliomas. Radiotherapy (RT) with adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment of diffuse low-grade and malignant BSGs, whereas, surgical resection is limited to the exophytic subtypes. Review of previous literature shows that the detailed imaging of adult BSGs has not received significant attention. This review illustrates in detail the imaging features of adult BSGs using conventional and advanced MR techniques like diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), MR perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), as well as 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine positron emission tomography (18F-FET/PET). We have discussed the pertinent differences between childhood and adult BSGs, imaging mimics, prognostic factors and briefly reviewed the treatment options of these tumours.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Since brainstem biopsies are rarely performed, these tumours are commonly classified according to their MR imaging characteristics into 4 subgroups: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, (b) enhancing malignant gliomas, (c) focal tectal gliomas and (d) exophytic gliomas/other subtypes.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Important and specific role for basophils in acute allergic reactions. IgE-mediated allergic reactions involve the activation of effector cells, predominantly through the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc\u03b5RI) on mast cells and basophils. Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis. We review the evidence for a role of basophils in contributing to clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis and discuss the possibility that basophil trafficking during anaphylaxis might be a pathogenic (to target organs) or protective (preventing degranulation in circulation) response. Finally, we examine the potential role of basophils in asthma exacerbations. Understanding the factors that regulate basophil trafficking and activation might lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in anaphylaxis and asthma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibodies, have revolutionized cancer therapy. A PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, was the first of these agents to be approved by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan, as a new cancer drug for melanoma, in July 2014. While PD-1 mAb therapy has so far been approved only for untreated malignant melanomas and non-small cell lung cancer, many clinical studies on various types of cancer have been conducted worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors target lymphocytes rather than cancer cells, and evoke an anti-tumor immune reaction. Since the activated lymphocytes recognize various tumor-associated antigens including a mutated antigen, immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibit continuous long-term effectiveness, despite the generation of genetic mutations in cancer cells. As compared with previous cancer treatments, immune checkpoint inhibitors show superior efficacy against tumors with fewer side effects. Therefore, these novel immune checkpoint inhibitor agents are anticipated to become a 4```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" A PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, was the first of these agents to be approved by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan, as a new cancer drug for melanoma, in July 2014.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Gene editing and modulation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle disease caused by loss of dystrophin protein, encoded by the DMD gene. DMD manifests early in childhood as difficulty walking, progresses to loss of ambulation by the teens, and leads to death in early adulthood. Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases. While this first-generation of DMD therapies are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials, uncertainties regarding durability and therapeutic efficacy prompted the development of new experimental therapies for DMD that take advantage of somatic cell gene editing. These experimental therapies continue to advance toward clinic trials, but questions remain unanswered regarding safety and translatable efficacy. Here we review the advancements toward treatment of DMD using gene editing and modulation therapies, with an emphasis on those nearest to clinical applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases\", \"Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```TF-PROTACs Enable Targeted Degradation of Transcription Factors. Transcription factors (TFs) represent a major class of therapeutic targets for the treatment of human diseases including cancer. Although the biological functions and even crystal structures of many TFs have been clearly elucidated, there is still no viable approach to target the majority of TFs, thus rendering them undruggable for decades. PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) emerge as a powerful class of therapeutic modalities, which rely on induced protein-protein interactions between the proteins of interest (POIs) and E3 ubiquitin ligases to aid the degradation of POIs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here, we report the development of a platform termed TF-PROTAC, which links an DNA oligonucleotide to an E3 ligase ligand via a click reaction, to selectively degrade the TF of interest. The selectivity of these TF-PROTACs depends on the DNA oligonucleotides utilized that can be specific to the TFs of interest. We have developed two series of VHL-based TF-PROTACs, NF-\u03baB-PROTAC (dNF-\u03baB) and E2F-PROTAC (dE2F), which effectively degrade endogenous p65 and E2F1 proteins in cells, respectively, and subsequently display superior antiproliferative effects in cells. Collectively, our results suggest that TF-PROTACs provide a generalizable platform to achieve selective degradation of TFs and a universal strategy for targeting most \"undruggable\" TFs.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) emerge as a powerful class of therapeutic modalities, which rely on induced protein-protein interactions between the proteins of interest (POIs) and E3 ubiquitin ligases to aid the degradation of POIs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Application of machine learning methods for predicting infant mortality in Rwanda: analysis of Rwanda demographic health survey 2014-15 dataset. Extensive research on infant mortality (IM) exists in developing countries; however, most of the methods applied thus far relied on conventional regression analyses with limited prediction capability. Advanced of Machine Learning (AML) methods provide accurate prediction of IM; however, there is no study conducted using ML methods in Rwanda. This study, therefore, applied Machine Learning Methods for predicting infant mortality in Rwanda.\u00a0 METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted using the 2014-15 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Python software version 3.8 was employed to test and apply ML methods through Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and Logistic regression. STATA version 13 was used for analysing conventional methods. Evaluation metrics methods specifically confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\u00a0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models. Ability of prediction was between 68.6% and 61.5% for AML. We preferred with the RF model (61.5%) presenting the best performance. The RF model was the best predictive model of IM with accuracy (84.3%), recall (91.3%), precision (80.3%), F1 score (85.5%), and AUROC (84.2%); followed by decision tree model with model accuracy (83%), recall (91%), precision (79%), F1 score (84.67%) and AUROC(82.9%), followed by support vector machine with model accuracy (68.6%), recall (74.9%), precision(67%), F1 score (70.73%) and AUROC (68.6%) and last was a logistic regression with the low accuracy of prediction (61.5%), recall (61.1%), precision (62.2%), F1 score (61.6%) and AUROC (61.5%) compared to other predictive models. Our predictive models showed that marital status, children ever born, birth order and wealth index are the 4 top predictors of IM. In developing a predictive model, ML methods are used to classify certain hidden information that could not be detected by traditional statistical methods. Random Forest was classified as the best classifier to be used for the predictive models of IM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\u00c2\\u00a0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% \", \" accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\u00c2\\u00a0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% and 61.5\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Febrile neutropenia and related complications in breast cancer patients receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis versus current practice neutropaenia management: results from an integrated analysis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce febrile neutropaenia (FN) incidence but may be used inconsistently in current practice (CP). This study compared the efficacy of pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis (PPP) with CP neutropaenia management in breast cancer. Individual patient data (N=2282) from 11 clinical trials and observational studies using chemotherapy regimens with > or =15% FN risk and PPP (6 mg, all cycles) or CP (no G-CSF or any cycle G-CSF/pegfilgrastim) were included in an integrated analysis. Most patients received docetaxel-containing regimens. A generalised linear mixed model was fitted (N=2210). Neutropaenia prophylaxis (PPP versus CP), age and disease stage influenced the incidence of FN. Overall, FN was less frequent with PPP than with CP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.194; P<0.0001). Odds for cycle 1 FN, dose reductions > or =15% and FN-related hospitalisation were also significantly lower with PPP. These data support PPP in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with moderately high/high FN risk.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Thoracic Endometriosis: A Review Comparing 480 Patients Based on Catamenial and Noncatamenial Symptoms. This review aimed to categorize thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) according to whether the presenting symptoms were catamenial and to evaluate whether such a categorization enables a better management strategy. An electronic search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline database. The following keywords were used in combination with the Boolean operators AND OR: \"thoracic endometriosis syndrome,\" \"thoracic endometriosis,\" \"diaphragm endometriosis,\" and \"catamenial pneumothorax.\" The initial search yielded 445 articles. Articles in non-English languages, those whose full texts were unavailable, and those that did not present the symptomatology clearly were further excluded. After these exclusions, the review included 240 articles and 480 patients: 61 patients in the noncatamenial group and 419 patients in the catamenial group. The groups differed significantly in presenting symptoms, surgical treatment techniques, and observed localization of endometriotic loci (p <.05). This review points out the significant differences between patients with TES with catamenial and noncatamenial symptoms. Such categorization and awareness by clinicians of these differences among patients with TES can be helpful in designing a management strategy. When constructing management guidelines, these differences between patients with catamenial and noncatamenial symptoms should be taken into consideration.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to categorize thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) according to whether the presenting symptoms were catamenial and to evaluate whether such a categorization enables a better management strategy.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Online genetic counseling from the providers' perspective: counselors' evaluations and a time and cost analysis. Telemedicine applications are increasingly being introduced in patient care in various disciplines, including clinical genetics, mainly to increase access to care and to reduce time and costs for patients and professionals. Most telegenetics reports describe applications in large geographical areas, showing positive patients' and professionals' satisfaction. One economic analysis published thus far reported lower costs than in-person care. We hypothesized that telegenetics can also be beneficial from the professional's view in relatively small geographical areas. We performed a pilot study in the Northern Netherlands of 51 home-based online counseling sessions for cardiogenetic and oncogenetic cascade screening, and urgent prenatal counseling. Previously, we showed patient satisfaction, anxiety, and perceived control of online counseling to be comparable to in-person counseling. This study focuses on expectations, satisfaction, and practical evaluations of the involved counselors, and the impact in terms of time and costs. Most counselors expected disadvantages of online counseling for themselves and their patients, mainly concerning insufficient non-verbal communication; few expected advantages for themselves. Afterwards, counselors additionally raised the disadvantage of insufficient verbal communication, and reported frequent technical problems. Their overall mean telemedicine satisfaction itemscore was 3.38 before, and 2.95 afterwards, being afterwards slightly below the minimum level we set for a satisfactory result. We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively. We showed online genetic counseling to be effective, feasible and cost-efficient, but technical improvements are needed to increase counselors' satisfaction.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Risk of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-related hepatitis in MP pneumonia pediatric patients: a predictive model construction and assessment. A predictive model for risk of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP)-related hepatitis in MP pneumonia pediatric patients can improve treatment selection and therapeutic effect. However, currently, no predictive model is available. Three hundred seventy-four pneumonia pediatric patients with/without serologically-confirmed MP infection and ninety-three health controls were enrolled. Logistic regressions were performed to identify the determinant variables and develop predictive model. Predictive performance and optimal diagnostic threshold were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Stratification analysis by age and MP-IgM titer was used to optimize model's clinical utility. An external validation set, including 84 MP pneumonia pediatric patients, was used to verify the predictive efficiency. After univariate analysis to screen significant variables, monocyte count (MO), erythrocyte distribution width (RDW) and platelet count (PLT) were identified as independent predictors in multivariate analysis. We constructed MRP model: MO [^10 MRP is an effective predictive model for risk of MP-related hepatitis in MP pneumonia pediatric patients, especially infants and toddlers with low MP-IgM titer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"agnostic threshold were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Stratification analysis by age and MP-IgM tite\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta for anemia with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for end-stage renal failure and cardiovascular events. In patients with CKD, anemia is often caused by decreased erythropoietin production relative to hemoglobin levels. As correction of anemia is associated with improved cardiac and renal function and quality of life, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are standard therapy for anemia in CKD patients. However, traditional ESAs such as epoetin or darbepoetin have short half-lives and require frequent administration, dose changes, and close monitoring of hemoglobin concentration to maintain target hemoglobin levels. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (MPG-EPO) is the only ESA that is generated by chemical modification of glycosylated erythropoietin through the integration of one specific, long, linear chain of polyethylene glycol. This ESA induces continuous erythropoietin receptor activation and has a long half-life (approximately 130 hours). Subcutaneous or intravenous administration of MPG-EPO once every 2 weeks or monthly achieved a high hemoglobin response rate in patients with anemia associated with CKD, regardless of whether the patient was undergoing dialysis. According to data from an observational time and motion study, MPG-EPO maintains hemoglobin levels when the same dose is administered, however infrequently. This suggests that compared with the use of traditional ESAs, administration of MPG-EPO reduces the overall time and cost associated with the management of anemia in CKD patients undergoing dialysis. MPG-EPO is generally well tolerated and most adverse events are of mild to moderate severity. The most commonly reported adverse effects are hypertension, nasopharyngitis, and diarrhea. Subcutaneous injection of MPG-EPO is significantly less painful than subcutaneous injection of darbepoetin. In conclusion, MPG-EPO is as effective and safe as traditional ESAs in managing renal anemia, irrespective of whether the patient is undergoing dialysis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"In patients with CKD, anemia is often caused by decreased erythropoietin production relative to hemoglobin levels.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Association of CRBN Gene with Immunomodulatory Drug Resis- tance in Multiple Myeloma]. Human CRBN (cereblon) gene is located on chromosome 3 at 3p26 and its encoding protein is a member of E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (composed of CRBN, DDB1, CUL4A and ROC1). The E3 ubiquitin ligase complex functions in the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway and attaches polyubiquitin chains to substrate proteins for degradation via the protease complex. Currently, there are no standardized assays for CRBN gene and protein measurement although quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and Western blot are widely used. CRBN has been identified as a direct target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) and plays a significant role in anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, anti-angiogenic activities, immunomodulatory activities and intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells. Recently, clinical data show that majority of the multiple myeloma patients treated with IMiD develop drug-resistance over time by unknown mechanisms. Fortunately, various in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the decreased CRBN expression or CRBN deletion is associated with resistance to IMiD in treating multiple myeloma, and CRBN expression levels may have a prognostic significance. Furthermore, the most recently discovered protein IKZF1, IKZF3, IRF4, C/EBP\u03b2 and Wnt/catenin signaling pathways may also be closely related to IMiD resistance in myeloma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CRBN has been identified as a direct target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) and plays a significant role in anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, anti-angiogenic activities, immunomodulatory activities and intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The diagnostic criteria for small fibre neuropathy: from symptoms to neuropathology. Small fibre neuropathy (SFN), a condition dominated by neuropathic pain, is frequently encountered in clinical practise either as prevalent manifestation of more diffuse neuropathy or distinct nosologic entity. Aetiology of SFN includes pre-diabetes status and immune-mediated diseases, though it remains frequently unknown. Due to their physiologic characteristics, small nerve fibres cannot be investigated by routine electrophysiological tests, making the diagnosis particularly difficult. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) to assess the psychophysical thresholds for cold and warm sensations and skin biopsy with quantification of somatic intraepidermal nerve fibres (IENF) have been used to determine the damage to small nerve fibres. Nevertheless, the diagnostic criteria for SFN have not been defined yet and a 'gold standard' for clinical practise and research is not available. We screened 486 patients referred to our institutions and collected 124 patients with sensory neuropathy. Among them, we identified 67 patients with pure SFN using a new diagnostic 'gold standard', based on the presence of at least two abnormal results at clinical, QST and skin biopsy examination. The diagnosis of SFN was achieved by abnormal clinical and skin biopsy findings in 43.3% of patients, abnormal skin biopsy and QST findings in 37.3% of patients, abnormal clinical and QST findings in 11.9% of patients, whereas 7.5% patients had abnormal results at all the examinations. Skin biopsy showed a diagnostic efficiency of 88.4%, clinical examination of 54.6% and QST of 46.9%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed the significantly higher performance of skin biopsy comparing with QST. However, we found a significant inverse correlation between IENF density and both cold and warm thresholds at the leg. Clinical examination revealed pinprick and thermal hypoesthesia in about 50% patients, and signs of peripheral vascular autonomic dysfunction in about 70% of patients. Spontaneous pain dominated the clinical picture in most SFN patients. Neuropathic pain intensity was more severe in patients with SFN than in patients with large or mixed fibre neuropathy, but there was no significant correlation with IENF density. The aetiology of SFN was initially unknown in 41.8% of patients and at 2-year follow-up a potential cause could be determined in 25% of them. Over the same period, 13% of SFN patients showed the involvement of large nerve fibres, whereas in 45.6% of them the clinical picture did not change. Spontaneous remission of neuropathic pain occurred in 10.9% of SFN patients, while it worsened in 30.4% of them.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Small fibre neuropathy (SFN), a condition dominated by neuropathic pain, is frequently encountered in clinical practise either as prevalent manifestation of more diffuse neuropathy or distinct nosologic entity.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```T2-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) Mismatch as a Novel Specific MRI Marker for Adult Low-Grade Glioma (LGG): A Case Report. Astrocytic tumors are primary central nervous system tumors. They are the most common tumors arising from glial cells. In the new WHO classification 2021, adult-type diffuse astrocytic gliomas subdivide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. The T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) mismatch sign describes the MRI appearance of IDH-mutant astrocytoma, it is considered a highly specific radiogenomic signature for diffuse astrocytoma, as opposed to other lower-grade. MRI is the first and most accurate diagnostic tool for low-grade gliomas (LGGs). It is particularly helpful in distinguishing a diffuse astrocytoma from an oligodendroglioma that will not demonstrate T2-FLAIR mismatch. The tumor displays a hyperintense signal on T2-weighted images and a hypointense signal on T2-weighted FLAIR images, which distinguishes it from other types of diffuse gliomas. We report a case of a 29-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with IDH-mutant 1p/19q-non-codeleted diffuse astrocytoma based on MRI T-2 FLAIR mismatch sign, which is confirmed by the molecular analysis in the pathology lab. Our aim of this report is to confirm the power of the MRI findings in the diagnosis of glioma genotypes and to assess neurosurgeons in the preoperative surgical planning.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"In the new WHO classification 2021, adult-type diffuse astrocytic gliomas subdivide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.\", \"vide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. The T2-\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A new record of Rickettsia japonica in ticks infesting a Burmese ferret-badger in Thailand. Ticks are important vectors of arthropod-borne diseases and they can transmit a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Rickettsia japonica is a member of SFG rickettsiae causing Japanese spotted fever (JSF) and can transmit to humans via infected ticks. In this study, we report the first case of Rickettsia japonica in Haemaphysalis hystricis tick collected from a roadkill Burmese ferret-badger ( Melogale personata ) in Loei province, northeastern Thailand. According to the DNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the outer membrane protein A and B genes ( ompA and ompB), the detected R. japonica was identical to those found in JSF patients in Korea, Japan, and China, and closely related to Rickettsia detected by ompA in a tick from Thailand. Further study on the prevalence of R. japonica and diversity of mammalian reservoir hosts will be useful to gain a better understanding of JSF epidemiology.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Rickettsia japonica is a member of SFG rickettsiae causing Japanese spotted fever (JSF) and can transmit to humans via infected ticks. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```N.O.T.E.S.: the progression of a novel and emerging technique. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is the latest and perhaps most significant innovation in surgery since Phillipe Mouret of France performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1987. This new \"minimum-invasive\" concept that promises scar-free surgery is steadily gathering momentum. It is another milestone in our quest to eliminate surgical trauma, speed patient recovery time and decrease surgical wound-related complications. On 22 July 2005, the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR) published a white paper highlighting the barriers to NOTES development, which included the need for appropriate selection of access points, effective closure of the enterotomy site, innovative tools, stable platforms and improved endoscopic orientation. These are just some of the many issues that need to be resolved before the NOTES concept and technique could become a common feature of modern surgery. The publication of the white paper ushered in the beginning of multiple research projects using animal models to test the application of NOTES and its newly developed instruments. The success in animal models was followed by several highly selected successful human trials. National and international surgical innovation departments should now be created where medical industry personnel including inventors, designers and engineers can work together with the medical and surgical providers to address all the limitations affecting NOTES progress.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The role of RAGE in aminoguanidine-induced suppression of venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. Intimal hyperplasia is one of the major pathological processes in vein graft failure with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the suppressive effect of aminoguanidine on intimal hyperplasia is mediated by downregulated expression of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To induce intimal hyperplasia, autologous external jugular vein was grafted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In diabetic rats, distilled water with or without aminoguanidine was administrated, whereas nondiabetic rats were given distilled water alone. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 4 weeks after surgery for morphological analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for RAGE and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65. Serum AGE level was determined by fluorospectrophotometry. Compared to nondiabetic rats, serum levels of AGE in diabetic rats administrated distilled water were significantly increased. The expression of RAGE and NF-kappaB p65, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly increased in the vein graft. In diabetic rats treated with aminoguanidine, serum AGE level NF-kappaB p65 expression, the ratio of intima to media area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the vein graft were all significantly decreased. However, no difference in the expression of RAGE was found compared to the diabetic group given distilled water. Our data suggest that AGE-RAGE may play a key role in venous intimal hyperplasia in diabetes mellitus and aminoguanidine suppressed intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting this pathway.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Myodys, a full-length dystrophin plasmid vector for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene therapy. Transgene SA is developing Myodys, a non-viral plasmid gene therapy for the potential treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy. Phase I clinical trials have been completed, and a phase II clinical trial is planned.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Myodys, a full-length dystrophin plasmid vector for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene therapy.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Designing a Dual GLP-1R/GIPR Agonist from Tirzepatide: Comparing Residues Between Tirzepatide, GLP-1, and GIP. Improving type 2 diabetes using incretin analogues is becoming increasingly plausible. Currently, tirzepatide is the most promising listed incretin analogue. Here, I briefly explain the evolution of drugs of this kind, analyze the residue discrepancies between tirzepatide and endogenous incretins, summarize some existing strategies for prolonging half-life, and present suggestions for future research, mainly involving biased functions. This review aims to present some useful information for designing a dual glucagon like peptide-1 receptor/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Designing a Dual GLP-1R/GIPR Agonist from Tirzepatide: Comparing Residues Between Tirzepatide, GLP-1, and GIP.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron therapy in chronic kidney disease: Recent changes, benefits and risks. Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), mainly due to inadequate renal production of erythropoietin. In hemodialysis (HD) patients this condition may be aggravated by iron deficiency (absolute or functional). The correction of this anemia is usually achieved by treatment with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron (oral or intravenous). Studies questioning the safety of ESAs (especially at higher doses) changed the pattern of anemia treatment in CKD patients. According to the new guidelines, when transferrin saturation is lower than 30% and ferritin lower than 500 ng/mL, a trial with iron should be started, to avoid therapy with ESAs or at least to reduce the doses needed to treat the anemia. Recent reports showed increasing ferritin levels, towards values above 800 ng/mL, in CKD patients treated according to the guidelines. In this review we focus on the risks of the increased iron use to treat CKD anemia, namely, iron overload and toxicity, increased risk of infections, as well as mortality.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), mainly due to inadequate renal production of erythropoietin. In hemodia\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Nivolumab and pembrolizumab: Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) that are interchangeable. Nivolumab (Opdivo, Bristol Meyer Squibb, New York, NY) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck, Kenilworth, NJ) are the first two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1). Nivolumab and pembrolizumab work by interfering with the interaction between PD-1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), whose unimpeded interaction downregulates T cells allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. These drugs have earned a series of FDA approvals for melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), urothelial cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and renal cell cancer. In this review we will summarize the data for efficacy and toxicity for these two agents. We conclude that they represent two valuable but interchangeable alternatives to target their approved indications. We will discuss how this can help global payers seeking to contain the cost of cancer therapeutics that continues to spiral out of control.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Nivolumab (Opdivo, Bristol Meyer Squibb, New York, NY) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck, Kenilworth, NJ) are the first two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Comparison of Two Predictive Models for Short-Term Mortality in Patients after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the Abbreviated Injury Score of the head region (HAIS) are validated prognostic factors in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to compare the prognostic performance of an alternative predictive model including motor GCS, pupillary reactivity, age, HAIS, and presence of multi-trauma for short-term mortality with a reference predictive model including motor GCS, pupil reaction, and age (IMPACT core model). A secondary analysis of a prospective epidemiological cohort study in Switzerland including patients after severe TBI (HAIS >3) with the outcome death at 14 days was performed. Performance of prediction, accuracy of discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]), calibration, and validity of the two predictive models were investigated. The cohort included 808 patients (median age, 56; interquartile range, 33-71), median GCS at hospital admission 3 (3-14), abnormal pupil reaction 29%, with a death rate of 29.7% at 14 days. The alternative predictive model had a higher accuracy of discrimination to predict death at 14 days than the reference predictive model (AUROC 0.852, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.824-0.880 vs. AUROC 0.826, 95% CI 0.795-0.857; p\u2009<\u20090.0001). The alternative predictive model had an equivalent calibration, compared with the reference predictive model Hosmer-Lemeshow p values (Chi2 8.52, Hosmer-Lemeshow p\u2009=\u20090.345 vs. Chi2 8.66, Hosmer-Lemeshow p\u2009=\u20090.372). The optimism-corrected value of AUROC for the alternative predictive model was 0.845. After severe TBI, a higher performance of prediction for short-term mortality was observed with the alternative predictive model, compared with the reference predictive model.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ance of prediction, accuracy of discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]), calibration, and validity of the two predictive models were investigated. The co\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```NOVEL IRON BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CKD is one of the fastest growing causes of death in the world and in 2040, it is estimated that it will be in the top five causes of death. In order to slow down this process, it is necessary to improve prevention, inhibit development and treat complications including anemia. Anemia is one of the common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a significant clinical problem. It is most often the result of decreased renal production of erythropoietin and / or iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common problems in CKD that increases mortality. In order to successfully treat anemia in CKD with erythropoiesis-stimulating agentsand (ESA) and iron substitution, it is necessary to determine iron iron level. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD is complicated due to the relatively low predictive ability of routine serum iron markers (e.g., ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive measurements such as bone marrow iron stores. In the review novel biomarkers of iron metabolism are discussed such as hypoxia-inducible factor, erythroferon, growth differentiation factor 15 etc. with their possible clinical relevance.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" development and treat complications including anemia. Anemia is one of the common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a significan\", \"The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD is complicated due to the relatively low predictive ability of routine serum iron markers (e.g., ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive measurements such as bone marrow iron stores.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Cribriform Appearance of White Matter in Canavan Disease Associated with Novel Mutations of Cribriform appearance of the brain in Canavan disease is a rare finding. The two presented cases broaden the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotype wherein numerous oval, cystic structures, a few resembling dilated ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cribriform Appearance of White Matter in Canavan Disease Associated with Novel Mutations of ASPA Gene.\", \"Genetic analysis revealed novel mutations in the aspartoacylase or ASPA gene that possibly accounts for the severe form of Canavan disease, which probably explains the imaging findings.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neutrophil activation during acute human anaphylaxis: analysis of MPO and sCD62L. The mechanisms involved in the amplification of the mast cell response during anaphylaxis are unclear. Mouse models of anaphylaxis demonstrate the critical involvement of neutrophils. These innate immune cells are highly abundant in peripheral blood and can be rapidly activated to trigger both local and systemic inflammation. To investigate neutrophil activation in peripheral blood during acute human anaphylaxis. Patients presenting to the emergency department with anaphylaxis underwent blood sampling upon enrolment and at up to three subsequent time-points. Traditional anaphylaxis biomarkers, histamine and mast cell tryptase, were measured by ELISA and ImmunoCAP, respectively. Plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations were measured by ELISA, serum soluble CD62L concentrations by cytometric bead array, and both compared to healthy controls. In 72 patients, 37 (51%) had severe anaphylaxis, 33 (60%) were histamine positive, and 47 (70%) were mast cell tryptase positive. At enrolment, myeloperoxidase concentrations were 2.9- (95% CI: 1.3, 6.5) and 5.0- (95% CI: 2.4, 10.5) fold higher in moderate and severe patients, respectively, compared with healthy controls, and remained stable over the first 5 h following symptom onset. At enrolment, soluble CD62L was 29% (95% CI: 19, 38) and 31% (95% CI: 22, 40) lower in moderate and severe patients, respectively, than healthy controls, and was stable over the first 5 h. There were no associations between myeloperoxidase or soluble CD62L concentrations and either histamine or mast cell tryptase concentrations. These results provide compelling evidence for the involvement of neutrophils during acute human anaphylaxis, suggesting they are activated early in the reaction, regardless of mast cell activation. This important finding increases our understanding of the basic mechanisms of anaphylaxis, a necessary precursor to improving treatment and prevention.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ed in the amplification of the mast cell response during anaphylaxis are unclear. Mouse models of anaphylaxis demonstrate the critical involvement of \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: potential role for intravenous iron therapy independent of erythropoietin. The prevalence of iron deficiency and its contribution to the anemia of end stage renal disease has been extensively studied, but much less is known about the role of iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic kidney disease in predialysis patients. All new hemodialysis patients entering a single hemodialysis unit between July 1999 and April 2002 were included in the study. The admission laboratory tests and the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) 2728 form were examined to determine the prevalence of erythropoietin use, anemia (Hb<11 g/dl), and iron deficiency (ferritin<100 ng/ml and transferrin saturation %<20%). In a second part of the study, the effect of intravenous iron gluconate replacement in patients with stage III & IV chronic kidney disease was examined. Anemia was present in 68% of all patients starting hemodialysis. Iron deficiency was a common feature occurring in 29% of patients taking erythropoietin (49% of all patients) and 26% of patients without erythropoietin (51% of all patients). Following the administration of intravenous iron gluconate to four patients, there was a significant rise in hemoglobin levels from 10.6+/-0.19 to 11.7+/-g/dl (p=0.02). Iron deficiency is common in predialysis patients. Replenishing iron stores in anemic patients with chronic kidney disease significantly increases hemoglobin levels and should be considered as an integral part of the therapy for treating anemia in the predialysis population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: potential role for intravenous iron therapy independent of erythropoietin.\", \"he prevalence of iron deficiency and its contribution to the anemia of end stage renal disease has been extensively studied, but much less is known about the role of iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic kidney disease in predialysis patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy: current progress and future prospects. Muscular dystrophies refer to a group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness, wasting and degeneration. So far, there is no effective treatment but new gene-based therapies are currently being developed with particular noted advances in using conventional gene replacement strategies, RNA-based approaches, or cell-based gene therapy with a main focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy and current treatments are far from adequate. However, genetic and cell-based therapies, in particular exon skipping induced by antisense strategies, and corrective gene therapy via functionally engineered dystrophin genes hold great promise, with several clinical trials ongoing. Proof-of-concept of exon skipping has been obtained in animal models, and most recently in clinical trials; this approach represents a promising therapy for a subset of patients. In addition, gene-delivery-based strategies exist both for antisense-induced reading frame restoration, and for highly efficient delivery of functional dystrophin mini- and micro-genes to muscle fibres in vivo and muscle stem cells ex-vivo. In particular, AAV-based vectors show efficient systemic gene delivery to skeletal muscle directly in vivo, and lentivirus-based vectors show promise of combining ex vivo gene modification strategies with cell-mediated therapies.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"So far, there is no effective treatment but new gene-based therapies are currently being developed with particular noted advances in using conventional gene replacement strategies, RNA-based approaches, or cell-based gene therapy with a main focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Agnosia]. The term agnosia defines an impairment of stimulus recognition, limited to one modality and not explainable in terms of sensory deficits or general mental deterioration. Visual object agnosia refers to the inability to recognize objects and prosopagnosia to the failure to recognize faces that are well familiar to the patient, when stimuli are visually perceived. Both deficits may appear in an apperceptive form, where it is the internal and external structure of the stimulus to be unrecognized and an associative form where the patient achieves a good percept, but cannot assign it a meaning. Apperceptive forms are preferentially associated with bilateral occipital damage, object associative agnosia with left occipital damage and associative prosopagnosia with right occipital damage.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Visual object agnosia refers to the inability to recognize objects and prosopagnosia to the failure to recognize faces that are well familiar to the patient, when stimuli are visually perceived.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera (PROTAC): Is the Technology Looking at the Treatment of Brain Tumors? Post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitylation, need to be tightly controlled to guarantee the accurate localization and activity of proteins. Ubiquitylation is a dynamic process primarily responsible for proteasome-mediated degradation of substrate proteins and crucial for both normal homeostasis and disease. Alterations in ubiquitylation lead to the upregulation of oncoproteins and/or downregulation of tumor suppressors, thus concurring in tumorigenesis. PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) is an innovative strategy that takes advantage by the cell's own Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS). Each PROTAC molecule is composed by a ligand that recruits the target protein of interest (POI), a ligand specific for an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme, and a linker that connects these units. Upon binding to the POI, the PROTAC recruits the E3 inducing ubiquitylation-dependent proteasome degradation of the POI. To date, PROTAC technology has entered in clinical trials for several human cancers. Here, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of PROTACs development and safety considerations for their clinical application. Furthermore, we will review the potential of PROTAC strategy as therapeutic option in brain tumor, focusing on glioblastoma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) is an innovative strategy that takes advantage by the cell's own Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Predictive models for patients with lung carcinomas to identify EGFR mutation status via an artificial neural network based on multiple clinical information. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing has several limitations. Therefore, we built predictive models to determine the EGFR mutation status of patients and guide therapeutic decision-making. We collected data from 320 patients with lung carcinoma, including sex, age, smoking history, serum tumour marker levels, maximum standardized uptake value, pathological results, computed tomography images, and EGFR mutation status. Artificial neural network (ANN) models based on multiple clinical characteristics were proposed to predict EGFR mutation status. A training set (n\u2009=\u2009200) was used to develop predictive models of the EGFR mutation status (Model 1: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]\u2009=\u20090.910, 95% CI 0.861-0.945; Model 2: AUROC\u2009=\u20090.859, 95% CI 0.803-0.904; Model 3: AUROC\u2009=\u20090.711, 95% CI 0.643-0.773). A testing set (n\u2009=\u200950) and temporal validation data set (n\u2009=\u200970) were used to evaluate the generalisation performance of the established models (testing set: Model 1, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.845, 95% CI 0.715-0.932; Model 2, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.882, 95% CI 0.759-0.956; Model 3, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.817, 95% CI 0.682-0.912; temporal validation dataset: Model 1, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.909, 95% CI 0.816-0.964; Model 2, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.855, 95% CI 0.751-0.928; Model 3, AUROC\u2009=\u20090.831, 95% CI 0.723-0.910). The predictive abilities of the three ANN models were superior to that of a previous logistic regression model (P\u2009<\u20090.001, 0.027, and 0.050, respectively). ANN models provide a non-invasive and readily available method for EGFR mutation status prediction.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"models of the EGFR mutation status (Model 1: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.910, 95% CI 0.861-0.945; Model 2: AUROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.859, 95% CI 0.803-0.904; Model 3: AUROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.711, 95% CI 0.643-0.773). A testing set (n\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u203050) and temporal validation data set (n\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u203070\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Novel Oral Iron Therapies for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse outcomes in these patients. Patients with CKD and IDA remain largely undertreated. Conventional oral iron agents are insufficiently effective due to poor absorption and cause gastrointestinal side effects; thus, novel oral iron preparations are needed. This article covers current treatment guidelines for patients with anemia and CKD and clinical trial data for iron-repletion agents currently in use, as well as for novel oral iron therapies in development. Ferric citrate, a novel oral iron-repletion agent approved for patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD and IDA, demonstrated improvements in hemoglobin levels and iron parameters, with good tolerability in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD. When used as a phosphate binder, ferric citrate also improves hemoglobin and iron parameters in dialysis-dependent CKD, but additional trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy as an iron-repletion agent in this setting. Other novel oral iron preparations in development for IDA in patients with CKD include ferric maltol, which is approved in Europe and the United States for IDA in adult patients, and sucrosomial iron, which has been evaluated in IDA associated with CKD and several other clinical settings.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse outcomes in these patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Targeted intracellular protein degradation induced by a small molecule: En route to chemical proteomics. We have developed a heterobifunctional all-small molecule PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera) capable of inducing proteasomal degradation of the androgen receptor. This cell permeable PROTAC consists of a non-steroidal androgen receptor ligand (SARM) and the MDM2 ligand known as nutlin, connected by a PEG-based linker. The SARM-nutlin PROTAC recruits the androgen receptor to MDM2, which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. This leads to the ubiquitination of the androgen receptor, and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Upon treatment of HeLa cells with 10microM PROTAC for 7h, we were able to observe a decrease in androgen receptor levels. This degradation is proteasome dependent, as it is mitigated in cells pre-treated with 10microM epoxomicin, a specific proteasome inhibitor. These results have implications for the potential study and treatment of various cancers with increased androgen receptor levels.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We have developed a heterobifunctional all-small molecule PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera) capable of inducing proteasomal degradation of the androgen receptor.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Angiopoietin1 inhibits mast cell activation and protects against anaphylaxis. Since morbidity and mortality rates of anaphylaxis diseases have been increasing year by year, how to prevent and manage these diseases effectively has become an important issue. Mast cells play a central regulatory role in allergic diseases. Angiopoietin1 (Ang-1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and cytokine production. However, Ang-1's function in mast cell activation and anaphylaxis diseases is unknown. The results of our study suggest that Ang-1 decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production of mast cells by suppressing I\u03baB phosphorylation and NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation. Ang-1 also strongly inhibited compound 48/80 induced and Fc\u03b5RI-mediated mast cells degranulation by decreasing intracellular calcium levels in vitro. In vivo lentivirus-mediated delivery of Ang-1 in mice exhibited alleviated leakage in IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). Furthermore, exogenous Ang-1 intervention treatment prevented mice from compound 48/80-induced mesentery mast cell degranulation, attenuated increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, relieved lung injury, and improved survival in anaphylaxis shock. The results of our study reveal, for the first time, the important role of Ang-1 in the activation of mast cells, and identify a therapeutic effect of Ang-1 on anaphylaxis diseases. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"r, Ang-1's function in mast cell activation and anaphylaxis diseases is unknown. The results of our study suggest that Ang-1 decreased lipopolysacchar\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mast cells: emerging sentinel innate immune cells with diverse role in immunity. Mast cells are phylogenetically old innate immune cells with less recognition in normal function of immune system as no such disease has been observed in humans due to their deficiency or inadequate function. Earlier mast cells were only known for their important role in the type 1 allergic reactions (i.e. anaphylaxis or some contact hypersensitivity reactions) due to release of various biochemical mediators (i.e. cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators, proteases and biologic amines). Several studies indicated that they do not only come in action upon binding of IgE to its corresponding receptors expressed by them but also play an important role in host immunity. Recent development in understanding the mast cell biology has established various important roles of these cells in regulating both innate as well as adaptive immune response under normal or pathophysiological conditions (i.e. acute or chronic bacterial or parasitic infections, various autoimmune disease, pregnancy, etc.). Present review is designed to accommodate up to date information regarding mast cell development (i.e. factors governing mast cell development and their homing to various compartments (i.e. skin, lungs, intestine, uterus, etc.) along with their role in innate immunity, human pregnancy and future immunomodulatory approach comprising of targeting mast cells.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Earlier mast cells were only known for their important role in the type 1 allergic reactions (i.e. anaphylaxis or some contact hypersensitivity reactions) \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Factors Associated With Recovery Room Intravenous Opiate Requirement After Pediatric Outpatient Operations. Many children recovering from anesthesia experience pain that is severe enough to warrant intravenous (IV) opioid treatment within moments of admission to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Postoperative pain has several negative consequences; therefore, preventing significant PACU pain in children is both a major clinical goal and a moral/ethical imperative. This requires identifying patient-level and perioperative factors that may be used to predict PACU IV opioid requirement. This should allow for the development of personalized care protocols to prevent clinically significant PACU pain in children. Our objective was to develop prediction models enabling practitioners to identify children at risk for PACU IV opioid requirement after various painful ambulatory surgical procedures. After Institutional Review Board approval, clinical, demographic, and anthropometric data were prospectively collected on 1256 children 4-17 years of age scheduled for painful ambulatory surgery (defined as intraoperative administration of analgesia or local anesthetic infiltration). Three multivariable logistic regression models to determine possible predictors of PACU IV opioid requirement were constructed based on (1) preoperative history; (2) history + intraoperative variables; and (3) history + intraoperative variables + PACU variables. Candidate predictors were chosen from readily obtainable parameters routinely collected during the surgical visit. Predictive performance of each model was assessed by calculating the area under the respective receiver operating characteristic curves. Overall, 29.5% of patients required a PACU IV opioid, while total PACU analgesia requirement (oral or IV) was 41.1%. Independent predictors using history alone were female sex, decreasing age, surgical history, and non-Caucasian ethnicity (model area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.59 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.55-0.63]). Adding a few intraoperative variables improved the discriminant ability of the model (AUROC for the history + intraoperative variables model, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.67-0.74]). Addition of first-documented PACU pain score produced a substantially improved model (AUROC, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.82-0.87]). Postoperative pain requiring PACU IV opioid in children may be determined using a small set of easily obtainable perioperative variables. Our models require validation in other settings to determine their clinical usefulness.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ement (oral or IV) was 41.1%. Independent predictors using history alone were female sex, decreasing age, surgical history, and non-Caucasian ethnicity (model area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.59 [95% confiden\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exhaled cysteinyl-leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in patients with asthma and their relation to clinical severity. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a safe, non-invasive method to collect droplets of the airway surface liquid and measure mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane. The aim of our study was to investigate baseline values of inflammatory lipid mediators in EBC and their relation to asthma severity. Nineteen healthy subjects, 16 mild, 12 moderate and 15 severe asthmatics were studied. All subjects attended a clinic visit for spirometry and EBC collection. The concentrations of exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were measured by means of specific enzyme immunoassays. 8-isoprostane levels were significantly increased in mild (49.1+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), moderate (49.7+/-5.2 pg/mL, p<0.001) and severe asthmatics (77.7+/-7.3 pg/mL, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls (16.4+/-1.6 pg/mL). Moreover, 8-isoprostane levels were significantly higher in severe compared to mild and moderate asthmatics (p<0.01). Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in moderate (34.6+/-4.4 pg/mL, p<0.05) and severe asthmatics (47.9+/-6.0 pg/mL, p<0.001), while no significant difference was found between healthy controls and mild asthmatics. 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of asthmatics strongly correlated with cys-LT levels (r=0.61, p<0.0001). 8-isoprostane and cys-LT are detectable in EBC of healthy subjects and their levels progressively increase in asthmatic patients according to disease severity. The correlation found between these two lipid mediators indicating a link between oxidative stress and airway inflammation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Methods for assessing fracture risk prediction models: experience with FRAX in a large integrated health care delivery system. Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve is often used to evaluate risk models. However, reclassification tests provide an alternative assessment of model performance. We performed both evaluations on results from FRAX (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK), a fracture risk tool, using Kaiser Permanente Northern California women older than 50yr with bone mineral density (BMD) measured during 1997-2003. We compared FRAX performance with and without BMD in the model. Among 94,489 women with mean follow-up of 6.6yr, 1579 (1.7%) sustained a hip fracture. Overall, AUROCs were 0.83 and 0.84 for FRAX without and with BMD, suggesting that BMD did not contribute to model performance. AUROC decreased with increasing age, and BMD contributed significantly to higher AUROC among those aged 70yr and older. Using an 81% sensitivity threshold (optimum level from receiver operating characteristic curve, corresponding to 1.2% cutoff), 35% of those categorized above were reassigned below when BMD was added. In contrast, only 10% of those categorized below were reassigned to the higher risk category when BMD was added. The net reclassification improvement was 5.5% (p<0.01). Two versions of this risk tool have similar AUROCs, but alternative assessments indicate that addition of BMD improves performance. Multiple methods should be used to evaluate risk tool performance with less reliance on AUROC alone.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve is often used to evaluate risk models.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: First-Line Therapy and Beyond. On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \u226550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor ( This is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of a checkpoint inhibitor for first-line treatment of lung cancer. This approval expands the pembrolizumab indication in second-line treatment of lung cancer to include all patients with programmed death-ligand 1-expressing non-small cell lung cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Approval was based on two randomized, open-label, active-controlled trials demonstrating statistically significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients randomized to pembrolizumab compared with chemotherapy. In KEYNOTE-024, patients with previously untreated mNSCLC who received pembrolizumab (200 mg intravenously [IV] every 3 weeks) had a statistically significant improvement in OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41-0.89; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.005), and significant improvement in PFS (HR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.37-0.68; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001). In KEYNOTE-010, patients with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy received pembrolizumab IV 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Peripheral Ion Channel Genes Screening in Painful Small Fiber Neuropathy. Neuropathic pain is a characteristic feature of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which in 18% of the cases is caused by genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium ion channels. In this study, we assessed the role of fifteen other ion channels in neuropathic pain. Patients with SFN (n = 414) were analyzed for ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Neuropathic pain is a characteristic feature of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which in 18% of the cases is caused by genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium ion channels.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Antisickling properties of divanilloylquinic acids isolated from Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. (syn. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides) (Rutaceae) is the most cited Fagara species for the treatment and the prevention of sickle cell disease crisis. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a public health problem in many countries particularly in Africa. The present study was designed to evaluate the antisickling properties of three isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A; 3,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin B and 4,5-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin C) identified previously by LC/MS/NMR analysis in the root bark of F. zanthoxyloides [Ouattara et al., 2004. LC/MS/NMR analysis of isomeric divanilloylquinic acids from the root bark of Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam. Phytochemistry 65, 1145-1151]. The three isomers showed interesting antisickling properties which increased from burkinabins A to C.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Mast cell activation syndrome: is anaphylaxis part of the phenotype? A systematic review. Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and anaphylaxis are the result of a spontaneous or triggered pathological degranulation of mast cells (MCs) and might have as substrate normal or pathological MCs (increased burden, aberrant MCs or both). This review summarizes the most recent evidence on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and non IgE-mediated mechanisms underlying MC activation and degranulation and highlights the importance of standardized diagnostic criteria for MCAS. Application of these criteria implies that in most cases the clinical presentation of MCAS meets the diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis. Integrating clinical parameters and diagnostic test recognition and underlying clonal MC disease are of utmost importance for a patient-tailored approach. Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia can be encountered in context of anaphylaxis, MCAS and primary MC disorders.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and anaphylaxis are the result of a spontaneous or triggered pathological degranulation of mast cells (MCs) and might have as substrate normal or pathological MCs (increased burden, aberrant MCs or both).RECENT FINDINGS: This review summarizes the most recent evidence on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and non IgE-mediated mechanisms underlying MC activation and degranulation and highlights the importance of standa\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Selective fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp by 8-oxodeoxyguanosine in ODN. The 8-oxoG-clamp, a specific fluorescent probe for 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), was incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) within or at the 3'-end of the purine and the pyrimidine sequences. Based on the UV-melting temperature, the 8-oxoG-clamp showed slightly lower stabilizing effects on the duplexes containing 8-oxo-dG at the complementary site than that with dG. On the other hand, 8-oxo-dG in DNA was selectively detected by fluorescence quenching of the 8-oxoG-clamp.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore modeling, docking study reveals 2-[[4-[6-(isopropylamino) pyrimidin-4-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridin-6-yl] amino] ethanol as a potential anticancer agent of CDK9/cyclin T1 kinase. CDK9/Cyclin T1 kinase is a protein kinase, indirectly involved in the cell cycle progression in the form of transcription elongation, CDK9 specific inhibitors may be a potential alternative treatment not only for cancer but also other life-threatening diseases. Ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore model was developed for discovering of the new anticancer agents. These models used as three-dimensional query for virtual screening against the chemical structure databases such as Maybridge HitFinder, MDPI, and ZINC. Subsequently, the potential hit compound was filtered by the ADMET and docking score. After applying all filtration, 11 hits were found as potential hits based on good docking scores as well as good ADMET properties. Compound 2-[4-[6-(isopropylamino) pyrimidin-4-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridin-6-yl] amino] ethanol was found to be most potent among all the potential hits. These hits could be used as an anticancer agent in near future. So many advances in the treatment of death leading diseases have been made over the past few decades, However, looking for the development in this research ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore modeling was done, hit1 2-[4-[6-(isopropylamino) pyrimidin-4-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3 b] pyridin-6 yl] amino] ethanol was found to be more potent and selective. It is understandable that these hits could be as selective and potent anticancer agents of cyclin-dependent kinase complex.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" CDK9/Cyclin T1 kinase is a protein kinase, indirectly involved in the cell cycle progression in the form of transcription elongation\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-Term Safety and Efficacy Data of Golodirsen in Ambulatory Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Amenable to Exon 53 Skipping: A First-in-human, Multicenter, Two-Part, Open-Label, Phase 1/2 Trial. The aim of this Phase 1/2, 2-part, multicenter trial was to report clinical safety and efficacy of long-term golodirsen treatment among ambulatory patients with exon 53 skip-amenable Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Part 1 was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study followed by 9-week safety review. Part 2 was a 168-week, open-label evaluation of golodirsen 30\u2009mg/kg. Part 1 primary endpoint was safety. Part 2 primary endpoints were dystrophin protein expression and 6-minute walk test (6MWT); secondary endpoints were percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%p) and safety. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Golodirsen increased dystrophin protein (16.0-fold; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001) and exon skipping (28.9-fold; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001).\", \"This study provides evidence for golodirsen biologic activity and long-term safety in a declining DMD population and suggests functional benefit versus external controls. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Is green tea a potential trigger for autoimmune hepatitis? A case of autoimmune liver hepatitis is reported: the onset was triggered by consumption of green tea infusion in a patient taking oral contraceptives and irbesartan. We hypothesize that our patient, carrying genetic variant of hepatic metabolism making her particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, developed an abnormal response to a mild toxic insult, afforded by a combination of agents (oral contraceptives+irbesartan+green tea) that normally would not be able to cause damage. Her particular hepatic metabolism further increased the drugs' concentration, favoring the haptenization of liver proteins, eventually leading to the development of an autoimmune hepatitis. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Her particular hepatic metabolism further increased the drugs' concentration, favoring the haptenization of liver proteins, eventually leading to the development of an autoimmune hepatitis.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Characteristics of disease progression and genetic correlation in ambulatory Iranian boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy in the pediatric population. The manifestations of this disease include progressive muscle weakness, gait dysfunction, and motor impairment, leading to a loss of ambulation by the age of 13\u2009years. Molecular diagnosis is the standard diagnostic tool for DMD. This study aimed to investigate disease progression and genetic patterns in Iranian ambulant boys and to find the correlation between genotypes and motor function phenotypes. This study was performed on 152 DMD patients. Clinical history, including the disease phenotype, steroid therapy, and the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) score, was taken for all the patients. Molecular diagnoses were confirmed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and next-generation sequencing tests. A total of 152 Iranian DMD patients were examined in this study. The mean age at the time of disease onset was 4.04\u2009\u00b1\u20092.00\u2009years, and the mean age at diagnosis was 5.05\u2009\u00b1\u20092.08\u2009years. The mean age of ambulation loss was 10.9\u2009years. Contracture was reported in 38.9% of cases. In terms of age, the mean total NSAA score showed a peak at 4 years of age, with a mean NSAA score of 24. Annual changes in the NSAA score were determined for all cases, based on the mutation type and exon site. Deletion mutation was found in 79.1% of cases, duplication in 6.8%, nonsense in 12.8%, and splice site in 1.4%. The most common single exon deletion was exon 44 (5.3%), and the most common multiexon deletions were attributed to exons 45-50 and exons 45-52 (4.6%). The results did not indicate any correlation between the mutation type and age at the time of disease onset, loss of ambulation age, and wheelchair dependence; however, a significant association was found between contracture and mutation type. The results showed a significant difference in the NSAA score between the deletion and nonsense groups at the age of 3 years (P\u2009=\u20090.04). No significant correlation was found between the phenotype and exon site. Overall, 91.1% of the study population had a history of corticosteroid use, and 54.1% showed compliance with rehabilitation therapy. This study demonstrated the phenotypes and mutational features of Iranian DMD boys and provided information regarding the natural motor history of the disease, disease progression, diagnosis, and status of DMD management in Iran. The present findings can promote the development of clinical trials and future advanced molecular therapies in Iran.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The results showed a significant difference in the NSAA score between the deletion and nonsense groups at the age of 3 years (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.04).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of lignans isolated from Magnolia fargesii. The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) causes neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Four lignans, (+)-eudesmin (1), (+)-magnolin (2), (+)-yangambin (3) and a new structure named as epimagnolin B (4) were isolated from Magnolia fargesii (Magnoliaceae) as the inhibitors of NO production in LPS-activated microglia. The most potent compound 4 inhibited the production of NO and PGE(2) and the expression of respective enzyme iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of I-kappaB-alpha degradation and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ``` Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) comprise a clinical syndrome typically associated with acral burning pain, where the pathophysiological processes affect the thinly myelinated A-delta and the unmyelinated C nerve fibers. Neurological examination thus reveals merely thermal sensory deficits. Nerve conduction studies in SFN are normal to marginally abnormal. To underpin suspicion of SFN, special psychophysical and neurophysiological examinations or a skin punch biopsy are needed. The search for the etiology of SFN is crucial and most frequently reveals diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Mutations in genes encoding voltage-gated sodium channels and other genetic alterations are being increasingly reported. Treatment depends on the underlying disease and follows the guidelines on the treatment of neuropathic pain.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) comprise a clinical syndrome typically associated with acral burning pain, where the pathophysiological processes affect the thinly myelinated A-delta and the unmyelinated C nerve fibers.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators: Implication in central nervous system diseases. Microexons are small sized (\u226451\u2009bp) exons which undergo extensive alternative splicing in neurons, microglia, embryonic stem cells, and cancer cells, giving rise to cell type specific protein isoforms. Due to their small sizes, microexons provide a unique challenge for the splicing machinery. They frequently lack exon splicer enhancers/repressors and require specialized neighboring trans-regulatory and cis-regulatory elements bound by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) for their inclusion. The functional consequences of including microexons within mRNAs have been extensively documented in the central nervous system (CNS) and aberrations in their inclusion have been observed to lead to abnormal processes. Despite the increasing evidence for microexons impacting cellular physiology within CNS, mechanistic details illustrating their functional importance in diseases of the CNS is still limited. In this review, we discuss the unique characteristics of microexons, and how RBPs participate in regulating their inclusion and exclusion during splicing. We consider recent findings of microexon alternative splicing and their implication for regulating the function of small GTPases in the context of the microglia, and we extrapolate these findings to what is known in neurons. We further discuss the emerging evidence for dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway in CNS diseases and the consequences contributed by the mis-splicing of microexons. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators: Implication in central nervous system diseases.\", \"We further discuss the emerging evidence for dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway in CNS diseases and the consequences contributed by the mis-splicing of microexons. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The \"Virtual Digital Twins\" Concept in Precision Nutrition. Nutritional and lifestyle changes remain at the core of healthy aging and disease prevention. Accumulating evidence underscores the impact of genetic, metabolic, and host gut microbial factors on individual responses to nutrients, paving the way for the stratification of nutritional guidelines. However, technological advances that incorporate biological, nutritional, lifestyle, and health data at an unprecedented scale and depth conceptualize a future where preventative dietary interventions will exceed stratification and will be highly individualized. We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \"virtual digital twin,\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner. Such a model may revolutionize the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and provide a pillar for healthy aging.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \\\"virtual digital twin,\\\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner. Such a model may revolutionize the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and provide a pillar for healthy aging.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The Upregulation of Trophinin-Associated Protein (TROAP) Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Purpose: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a significant role in the processes of embryo transplantation and microtubule regulation.\", \"Conclusions: Elevated TROAP expression predicted a poor prognosis, and TROAP may serve as a potential biomarker for application in oncotherapy.\", \"The Upregulation of Trophinin-Associated Protein (TROAP) Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.\", \"Altogether, our results show that TROAP is a novel crucial regulator of HCC progression and is a potential therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A small molecule inhibitor selective for a variant ATP-binding site of the chaperonin GroEL. The chaperonin GroEL is a megadalton-sized molecular machine that plays an essential role in the bacterial cell assisting protein folding to the native state through actions requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis. A combination of medicinal chemistry and genetics has been employed to generate an orthogonal pair, a small molecule that selectively inhibits ATPase activity of a GroEL ATP-binding pocket variant. An initial screen of kinase-directed inhibitors identified an active pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold that was iteratively modified and screened against a collective of GroEL nucleotide pocket variants to identify a cyclopentyl carboxamide derivative, EC3016, that specifically inhibits ATPase activity and protein folding by the GroEL mutant, I493C, involving a side chain positioned near the base of ATP. This orthogonal pair will enable in vitro studies of the action of ATP in triggering activation of GroEL-mediated protein folding and might enable further studies of GroEL action in vivo. The approach originated for studying kinases by Shokat and his colleagues may thus also be used to study large macromolecular machines.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Immune-Mediated Small Fiber Neuropathy With Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3, or Plexin D1 Antibodies: Presentation and Treatment With Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Up to 50% of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases are idiopathic, but novel antibodies to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been implicated in half of these cases; the role of anti-Plexin D1 is less clear. We aimed to clarify presentation and management of these patients. An 18-month retrospective analysis revealed 54 cases of cryptogenic SFN who had testing for the 3 autoantibodies. Demographics, clinical features, epidermal nerve fiber density, and Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test results were analyzed. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment response was assessed. In total, 44.4% of patients had antibodies (62.5% TS-HDS, 29.2% FGFR-3, and 20.8% Plexin D1). Male patients were more likely to be FGFR-3 positive (P = 0.014). Facial involvement was more common in seropositive patients (P = 0.034), and patients with a higher Utah Early Neuropathy Scale score had a higher TS-HDS titer (P = 0.0469), but other clinical features were not significantly different. Seropositive patients trended toward a higher SFN screening list score (P = 0.16), abnormal Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (P = 0.052), and prior erroneous diagnosis (P = 0.19). In patients who completed IVIG, examinations and questionnaires improved and mean epidermal nerve fiber density increased by 297%. TS-HDS, FGFR-3, and Plexin D1 antibodies are present in a high proportion of cryptogenic SFN cases with more facial involvement, and greater disease severity is associated with higher antibody titers. They are often misdiagnosed but may respond subjectively and objectively to IVIG.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Up to 50% of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases are idiopathic, but novel antibodies to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been implicated in half of these cases\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```AZD5438-PROTAC: A selective CDK2 degrader that protects against cisplatin- and noise-induced hearing loss. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hearing loss and cancer. Previously, we identified AZD5438 and AT7519-7 as potent inhibitors of CDK2, however, they also targeted additional kinases, leading to unwanted toxicities. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are a new promising class of small molecules that can effectively direct specific proteins to proteasomal degradation. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of PROTACs of AT7519-7 and AZD5438 and the identification of PROTAC-8, an AZD5438-PROTAC, that exhibits selective, partial CDK2 degradation. Furthermore, PROTAC-8 protects against cisplatin ototoxicity and kainic acid excitotoxicity in zebrafish. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the structural requirements for CDK2 degradation. Together, PROTAC-8 is among the first-in-class PROTACs with in\u00a0vivo therapeutic activities and represents a new lead compound that can be further developed for better efficacy and selectivity for CDK2 degradation against hearing loss and cancer.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are a new promising class of small molecules that can effectively direct specific proteins to proteasomal degradation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In domestic ruminants, the stratification of forestomach contents - the results of flotation and sedimentation processes - is an important prerequisite for the selective particle retention in this organ. A series of anatomical and physiological measurements suggests that the degree of this stratification varies between browsing and grazing wild ruminants. We investigated the forestomach contents of free-ranging mouflon and roe deer shot during regular hunting procedures. There was no difference between the species in the degree by which forestomach ingesta separated according to size due to buoyancy characteristics in vitro. However, forestomach fluid of roe deer was more viscous than that of mouflon, and no difference in moisture content was evident between the dorsal and the ventral rumen in roe deer, in contrast to mouflon. Hence, the forestomach milieu in roe deer appears less favourable for gas or particle separation due to buoyancy characteristics. These findings are in accord with notable differences in forestomach papillation between the two species. In roe deer, particle separation is most likely restricted to the reticulum, whereas in mouflon, the whole rumen may pre-sort particles to a higher degree. The results suggest that differences in forestomach physiology may occur across ruminant species.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A review of adult-type diffuse gliomas in the WHO CNS5 classification with special reference to Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5) features several changes in the classification, diagnostic criteria, nomenclature, and grading of diffuse gliomas. Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. This review briefly discusses two tumor types: astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, and oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, with emphasis on relevant changes in their classification and defining molecular genetic alterations. A simplified approach to the diagnosis of these tumors is provided.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype\", \"Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.\", \"A review of adult-type diffuse gliomas in the WHO CNS5 classification with special reference to Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted.\", \"This review briefly discusses two tumor types: astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, and oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, with emphasis on relevant changes in their classification and defining molecular genetic alterations.\", \"include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. This r\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Hemodynamic changes evaluated by Doppler ultrasonographic technology in the ovaries and uterus of dairy cattle after the puerperium. The present detailed study aimed to establish for the first time the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic change in dairy cows after the end of the puerperal period to investigate a possible association between Doppler indices and volume of blood flow. Twenty cows weighing 500-600\u202fkg (mean 400\u202f\u00b1\u202f50\u202fkg) and 4-5 years of age (mean 3.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5 years) categorized into two main groups (true anestrum, with corpus luteum, n\u202f=\u202f10) and (normal cyclic, n\u202f=\u202f10), The period of examination started from day 39 till day 70 after calving with day after day routinely examination by b-mode and Doppler performed on both ovaries with ovarian arteries (OA) and uterus with uterine arteries (MUA) in the ipsilateral (ipsi) and contralateral (contra) side to ovulation, in addition to a thickness in horns and body was measured. Estradiol and progesterone were also measured. Results showed that both Doppler indices in the OA and MUA ipsi and contra had a positive (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.001) correlation with contra Doppler indices, but revealed a negative (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) correlation with ipsi and contra Doppler velocities, blood flow rate and volume in anestrum cows. Both ovarian and uterine ipsi indices showed an increase (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) in the anestrum cows, and both PSV and EDV of both arteries ipsilateral showed (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) a decrease in the anestrum cows, the ipsi and contra ovarian and uterine colored % were lower in anestrum group than the normal group. Estradiol (P\u202f\u2264\u202f0.05) decreased in anestrum cows than the normal, while progesterone increased in the anestrum group. Conclusion, although uterine and ovarian morphology were changed in anestrum cows, the vascular system of the ovary as well as uterus underwent much more marked vascular changes, the most significant being that of blood flow velocities and volume.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The correction of anemia in patients with the combination of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure may prevent progression of both conditions. It has recently been recognized that many patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are anemic. The anemia is very often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The more severe the anemia the more severe the CHF, with higher mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization rate. The only way to prove that the anemia is itself a causative factor in the progression of both the CKD and the CHF is to correct it. In this paper we review the results of published papers and some preliminary reports about correction of this anemia in CHF. These studies frequently showed that erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESA) with oral or IV iron often resulted in improvement in left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, dilation, and hypertrophy, stabilization or improvement in renal function, reduced hospitalizations, diuretic dose, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary artery pressure, plasma volume, heart rate, serum brain natriuretic peptide levels, and the inflammatory markers C reactive protein and Interleukin 6, and an improvement in New York Heart Association class, exercise capacity, oxygen utilization during exercise, sleep apnea, caloric intake, depression, and quality of life. The activity of endothelial progenitor cells was also increased. Iron deficiency may also play an important role in the anemia, because significant improvement of cardiac, renal, and functional status in these anemic CKD-CHF has been seen after treatment with IV iron alone. Clearly more work is needed to clarify the relationship between anemia, CKD and CHF.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"The anemia is very often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).\", \"The correction of anemia in patients with the combination of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure may prevent progression of both conditions.\", \"Clearly more work is needed to clarify the relationship between anemia, CKD and CHF.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease that results in substantial global morbidity and mortality. The efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in people with obesity are not known. In this phase 3 double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned 2539 adults with a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or more, or 27 or more and at least one weight-related complication, excluding diabetes, in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive once-weekly, subcutaneous tirzepatide (5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg) or placebo for 72 weeks, including a 20-week dose-escalation period. Coprimary end points were the percentage change in weight from baseline and a weight reduction of 5% or more. The treatment-regimen estimand assessed effects regardless of treatment discontinuation in the intention-to-treat population. At baseline, the mean body weight was 104.8 kg, the mean BMI was 38.0, and 94.5% of participants had a BMI of 30 or higher. The mean percentage change in weight at week 72 was -15.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], -15.9 to -14.2) with 5-mg weekly doses of tirzepatide, -19.5% (95% CI, -20.4 to -18.5) with 10-mg doses, and -20.9% (95% CI, -21.8 to -19.9) with 15-mg doses and -3.1% (95% CI, -4.3 to -1.9) with placebo (P<0.001 for all comparisons with placebo). The percentage of participants who had weight reduction of 5% or more was 85% (95% CI, 82 to 89), 89% (95% CI, 86 to 92), and 91% (95% CI, 88 to 94) with 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg of tirzepatide, respectively, and 35% (95% CI, 30 to 39) with placebo; 50% (95% CI, 46 to 54) and 57% (95% CI, 53 to 61) of participants in the 10-mg and 15-mg groups had a reduction in body weight of 20% or more, as compared with 3% (95% CI, 1 to 5) in the placebo group (P<0.001 for all comparisons with placebo). Improvements in all prespecified cardiometabolic measures were observed with tirzepatide. The most common adverse events with tirzepatide were gastrointestinal, and most were mild to moderate in severity, occurring primarily during dose escalation. Adverse events caused treatment discontinuation in 4.3%, 7.1%, 6.2%, and 2.6% of participants receiving 5-mg, 10-mg, and 15-mg tirzepatide doses and placebo, respectively. In this 72-week trial in participants with obesity, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg of tirzepatide once weekly provided substantial and sustained reductions in body weight. (Supported by Eli Lilly; SURMOUNT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04184622.).```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"he efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in people with obesity are not known.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Commentary: Amiodarone and anticoagulation in postoperative atrial fibrillation: Less is more?```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Iron replacement therapy in the management of anaemia in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients: Perspective of the Spanish Nephrology Society Anaemia Group. This work presents an update on the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), either with or without anaemia. A review is made of the recommendations of the guidelines for the treatment of iron deficiency in CRF. It also presents new studies on iron deficiency in patients with CRF, as well as new findings about iron deficiency and its impact on clinical outcomes. Anaemia is a common complication of CRF, and is associated with a decrease in the quality of life of the patients, as well as an increase in morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency (absolute or functional) is common in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients, and may cause anaemia or a low response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. For this reason, the clinical guidelines for the treatment of the anaemia in Nephrology advise the correction of the deficiency in the presence of anaemia. Iron replacement therapy is indicated in patients with CRF and anaemia (Hb < 12 g/dL) in accordance with the guidelines. There is no unanimity in the indication of iron replacement therapy in patients with Hb>12 g/dL, regardless of whether they have an absolute or functional iron deficiency. Intravenous iron replacement therapy is safe, more efficient and rapid than oral therapy for achieving an increase haemoglobin levels and reducing the dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. For the administration of intravenous iron in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients a strategy of high doses and low frequency would be preferred on being more convenient for the patient, better conserving of the venous tree, and on being safe and cost-effective. Iron plays an essential role in energy metabolism and other body functions beyond the synthesis of haemoglobin synthesis, for which the iron deficiency, even in the absence of anaemia, could have a harmful effect in patients with CRF. The correction of the iron deficiency, in the absence of anaemia is associated with functional improvement in patients with heart failure, and in muscle function or fatigue in patients without CRF. Despite the evidence of benefits in the correction of iron deficiency in patients with CRF, more studies are required to evaluate the impact of the correction of the iron deficiency in the absence of anaemia on morbidity and mortality, quality of life and physical capacity, as well as the long-term effect of oral and intravenous iron replacement therapy in this population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"This work presents an update on the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), either with or without anaemia.\", \"ron replacement therapy in the management of anaemia in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients:\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Update on idiopathic anaphylaxis. Idiopathic anaphylaxis (AI) refers to anaphylaxis without a recognizable cause after a comprehensive allergic workup. The diagnostic approach usually includes an accurate clinical history aimed at excluding both the most and the less frequent causes of anaphylaxis and all pathologies that may resemble anaphylaxis. AI is more common in adults than in children. The epidemiology of AI has been reduced in recent years, probably to increase knowledge and discover new clinical entities, such as the \u03b1-gal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs). Thus, it is also necessary to exclude MC disorders, such as mastocytosis and mast cell activation syndrome, and \u03b1-tryptasemia, which may manifest with IA symptoms.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs).\", \"w clinical entities, such as the \\u00ce\\u00b1-gal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs). Thus, it is also necessar\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Protein acylation by saturated very long chain fatty acids and endocytosis are involved in necroptosis. Necroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by receptor-interacting protein kinase activity and plasma membrane permeabilization via mixed-lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). This permeabilization is responsible for the inflammatory properties of necroptosis. We previously showed that very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are functionally involved in necroptosis, potentially through protein fatty acylation. Here, we define the scope of protein acylation by saturated VLCFAs during necroptosis. We show that MLKL and phosphoMLKL, key for membrane permeabilization, are exclusively acylated during necroptosis. Reducing the levels of VLCFAs decreases their membrane recruitment, suggesting that acylation by VLCFAs contributes to their membrane localization. Acylation of phosphoMLKL occurs downstream of phosphorylation and oligomerization and appears to be, in part, mediated by ZDHHC5 (a palmitoyl transferase). We also show that disruption of endosomal trafficking increases cell viability during necroptosis, possibly by preventing recruitment, or removal, of phosphoMLKL from the plasma membrane.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"uring necroptosis. We show that MLKL and phosphoMLKL, key for membrane permeabilization, are exclusively acylated during necroptosis. Reducing the lev\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement, 70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for masonry applications.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Exploiting ubiquitin ligase cereblon as a target for small-molecule compounds in medicine and chemical biology. Cereblon (CRBN), originally identified as a gene associated with intellectual disability, was identified as primary target of thalidomide. Accumulating evidence has shown that CRBN is a substrate receptor of Cullin Ring E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) containing DDB1, CUL4, and RBX1, which recognizes specific neosubstrates in the presence of thalidomide or its analogs and induces their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. A set of small-molecule, CRBN-binding drugs are known as molecular glue degraders because these compounds promote the interaction between CRBN and its neosubstrates. Moreover, CRBN-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras, heterobifunctional molecules hijacking CRBN and inducing degradation of proteins of interest, have emerged as a promising modality in drug development and are being actively investigated. Meanwhile, the original functions and regulations of CRBN are still largely elusive. In this review, we describe key findings surrounding CRBN since its discovery and then discuss a few unanswered issues.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cereblon (CRBN), originally identified as a gene associated with intellectual disability, was identified as primary target of thalidomide.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Qualification of a Biolayer Interferometry Assay to Support AZD7442 Resistance Monitoring. AZD7442, a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab [AZD8895] and cilgavimab [AZD1061]), has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The rapid emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants requires methods capable of quickly characterizing resistance to AZD7442. To support AZD7442 resistance monitoring, a biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay was developed to screen the binding of tixagevimab and cilgavimab to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins to reduce the number of viral variants for neutralization susceptibility verification. Six spike variants were chosen to assess the assay's performance: four with decreased affinity for tixagevimab (F486S:D614G and F486W:D614G proteins) or cilgavimab (S494L:D614G and K444R:D614G proteins) and two reference proteins (wild-type HexaPro and D614G protein). Equilibrium dissociation constant (```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"AZD7442, a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab [AZD8895] and cilgavimab [AZD1061]), has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Alternative splicing during mammalian organ development. Alternative splicing (AS) is pervasive in mammalian genomes, yet cross-species comparisons have been largely restricted to adult tissues and the functionality of most AS events remains unclear. We assessed AS patterns across pre- and postnatal development of seven organs in six mammals and a bird. Our analyses revealed that developmentally dynamic AS events, which are especially prevalent in the brain, are substantially more conserved than nondynamic ones. Cassette exons with increasing inclusion frequencies during development show the strongest signals of conserved and regulated AS. Newly emerged cassette exons are typically incorporated late in testis development, but those retained during evolution are predominantly brain specific. Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart. In these regulatory networks, AS affords substantial functional diversification of genes through the generation of tissue- and time-specific isoforms from broadly expressed genes.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem characterized by progressive kidney failure due to uremic toxicity and the complications that arise from it. Anemia consecutive to CKD is one of its most common complications affecting nearly all patients with end-stage renal disease. Anemia is a potential cause of cardiovascular disease, faster deterioration of renal failure and mortality. Erythropoietin (produced by the kidney) and iron (provided from recycled senescent red cells) deficiencies are the main reasons that contribute to CKD-associated anemia. Indeed, accumulation of uremic toxins in blood impairs erythropoietin synthesis, compromising the growth and differentiation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to a subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis. In this review, we mainly focus on the most representative uremic toxins and their effects on the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD that have been studied so far. Understanding molecular mechanisms leading to anemia due to uremic toxins could lead to the development of new treatments that will specifically target the pathophysiologic processes of anemia consecutive to CKD, such as the newly marketed erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```PROTAC-DB 2.0: an updated database of PROTACs. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent an emerging therapeutic technology with the potential to modulate traditional undruggable targets. Over the past few years, this technology has moved from academia to industry and more than 10 PROTACs have been advanced into clinical trials. However, designing potent PROTACs with desirable drug-like properties still remains a great challenge. Here, we report an updated online database, PROTAC-DB 2.0, which is a repository of structural and experimental data about PROTACs. In this 2nd release, we expanded the number of PROTACs to 3270, which corresponds to a 96% expansion over the first version. Meanwhile, the numbers of warheads (small molecules targeting the proteins of interest), linkers, and E3 ligands (small molecules recruiting E3 ligases) have increased to over 360, 1500\u00a0and 80, respectively. In addition, given the importance and the limited number of the crystal target-PROTAC-E3 ternary complex structures, we provide the predicted ternary complex structures for PROTACs with good degradation capability using our PROTAC-Model method. To further facilitate the analysis of PROTAC data, a new filtering strategy based on the E3 ligases is also added. PROTAC-DB 2.0 is available online at http://cadd.zju.edu.cn/protacdb/.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent \", \"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent an emerging therapeutic technology with the potential to modulate traditional undruggable targets.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Association of kidney function with anemia: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Kidney failure is known to cause anemia, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiac failure and mortality. The impact of milder decreases in kidney function on hemoglobin levels and anemia in the US population, however, is unknown. We analyzed a population-based sample of 15419 participants 20 years and older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1994. Lower kidney function was associated with a lower hemoglobin level and a higher prevalence and severity of anemia below, but not above, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). Adjusted to the age of 60 years, the predicted median hemoglobin level among men (women) decreased from 14.9 (13.5) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) to 13.8 (12.2) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and to 12.0 (10.3) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin level <12 g/dL in men and <11 g/dL in women) increased from 1% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%-2%) at an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) to 9% (95% confidence interval, 4%-19%) at an estimated GFR of 30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and to 33% (95% confidence interval, 11%-67%) at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) among men and to 67% (95% confidence interval, 30%-90%) at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) among women. An estimated GFR of 15 to 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) was present in 4% of the entire population and in 17% of the individuals with anemia. Below an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), lower kidney function is strongly associated with a higher prevalence of anemia among the US adult population.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BACKGROUND: Kidney failure is known to cause anemia, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiac failure an\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Determination and pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taxifolin has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction and sequelae, cerebral thrombus, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. A reliable sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection for the pharmacokinetic study of taxifolin in rabbit plasma after enzymatic hydrolysis was developed and validated for the first time. Taxifolin, with biochanin A as the internal standard, was extracted from plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Luna C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm particle size) and pre-column (2.0 mm, the same sorbent). Two-step linear gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.03% water solution of trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. The UV detector is set at 290 nm. The elution time for taxifolin and biochanin A was approximately 7.9 and 18.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin was linear (r > 0.9997) over the range of 0.03-5.0 microg/ml in rabbit plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for taxifolin were 0.03 and 0.11 microg/ml, respectively. The present method was successfully applied for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of taxifolin following intravenous and oral administration of lipid solution to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin after oral administration of lipid solution was 36%.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Developmental prosopagnosia and adaptative compensatory strategies: Case study. Prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia with inability to identify faces, usually secondary to brain lesion in associative cortex areas, but there is also a congenital form known as developmental prosopagnosia. To describe a case of developmental prosopagnosia that illustrates the specificity of the pathways for perception of faces in the visual system. Also, we will describe possible mechanisms of recognition used by this patient. R.S., a 50 year-old woman, was referred for neuropsychological assessment due to difficulties in perception of familiar faces since childhood, unexplained by any loss of visual acuity. The exam showed good performance for comprehension, reasoning, concept formation, constructional abilities, criticism, judgment, mental control, memory and visual perception for other kinds of stimuli. No difficulties were seen regarding identification of ethnicity, age and types of animals. The patient was able to match celebrities' faces in different positions, but could not identify the matching pictures for unknown people. These findings indicate the patient had developed strategies, throughout life, to recognize familiar faces (relatives, celebrities) from memorized fragments, but still had difficulties in identifying non-familiar faces holistically.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia with inability to identify faces, usually secondary to brain lesion in associative cortex areas, but there is also a congenital form known as developmental prosopagnosia.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles. We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 microM to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12nM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: renewed optimism from genetic approaches. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating progressive disease for which there is currently no effective treatment except palliative therapy. There are several promising genetic approaches, including viral delivery of the missing dystrophin gene, read-through of translation stop codons, exon skipping to restore the reading frame and increased expression of the compensatory utrophin gene. The lessons learned from these approaches will be applicable to many other disorders.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"There are several promising genetic approaches, including viral delivery of the missing dystrophin gene, read-through of translation stop codons, exon skipping to restore the reading frame and increased expression of the compensatory utrophin gene.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Quantitative analysis of enhanced light irradiance in waveguide-based fluorescent microarrays. Probing microarray assays in the presence of a hybridization mix retrieves precious information on hybridization kinetics. However, in common detection schemes, useful surface signals compete with the high supernatant background from labelled targets in the mix. A known solution consists in exciting specifically the microarray surface with evanescent fields. Configurations using planar optical waveguides to produce such fields are shown here to present also a dramatic excitation irradiance enhancement at the guide/surrounding matter interface. We compare theoretically and experimentally a guided excitation with a classical external excitation. A full electromagnetic analysis predicts an irradiance increase higher than 10(4) for adequately tailored waveguides. We deposited high-index TiO(2) sol-gel waveguides on glass substrates according to best simulations. Quantitative enhancement analysis exploiting actual biological fluorescent spots perfectly confirms the irradiance amplification effect of a thin waveguide. The impact of amplification on the design of biochip readers is discussed since it leaves ample margin for simple and low-cost light couplers, advantageous in affordable readers and sensor systems.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and apetite?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```CYP1A2 polymorphisms modify the association of habitual coffee consumption with appetite, macronutrient intake, and body mass index: results from an observational cohort and a cross-over randomized study. Evidence regarding the influence of coffee on appetite and weight control is equivocal and the influence of covariates, such as genetic variation in caffeine metabolism, remains unknown. Herein, we addressed the novel hypothesis that genetic variation in CYP1A2, a gene responsible for more than 95% of caffeine metabolism, differentially impacts the association of coffee consumption with appetite and BMI among individuals with different genetic predispositions to obesity. A cross-over randomized intervention study involving 18 volunteers assessed the effects of coffee consumption on dietary intake, appetite, and levels of the appetite-controlling hormones asprosin and leptin. Data on habitual coffee intake, BMI, and perceived appetite were obtained from an observational cohort of 284 volunteers using validated questionnaires. Participants were stratified according to a validated genetic risk score (GRS) for obesity and to the -163C\u2009>\u2009A (rs762551) polymorphism of CYP1A2 as rapid (AA), intermediate (AC), or slow (CC) caffeine metabolizers. Coffee consumption led to lower energy and dietary fat intake and circulating asprosin levels (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption=0.056, 0.039, and 0.043, respectively) as compared to slow/intermediate metabolizers. High coffee consumption was more prevalent in rapid compared to slow metabolizers (P\u2009=\u20090.008 after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI) and was associated with lower appetite perception and lower BMI only in rapid metabolizers (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption\u2009=\u20090.002 and 0.048, respectively). This differential association of rs762551 genotype and coffee consumption with BMI was more evident in individuals at higher genetic risk of obesity (mean adjusted difference in BMI\u2009=\u2009-5.82\u2009kg/m CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism modifies the association of habitual coffee consumption with BMI, in part by influencing appetite, energy intake and circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone asprosin. This association is more evident in subjects with high genetic predisposition to obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov: registered Clinical Trial NCT04514588.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"CYP1A2 polymorphisms modify the association of habitual coffee consumption with appetite, macronutrient intake, and body mass index: results from an observational cohort and a cross-over randomized study.\", \"High coffee consumption was more prevalent in rapid compared to slow metabolizers (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.008 after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI) and was associated with lower appetite perception and lower BMI only in rapid metabolizers (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.002 and 0.048, respectively). This differential association of rs762551 genotype and coffee consumption with BMI was more evident in individuals at higher genetic risk of obesity (mean adjusted difference in BMI\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030-5.82\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030kg/m2 for rapid versus slow/intermediate metabolizers who consumed more than 14 cups of coffee per week).\", \"CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism modifies the association of habitual coffee consumption with BMI, in part by influencing appetite, energy intake and circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone asprosin. This association is more evident in subjects with high genetic predisposition to obesity. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Plasma biomarkers inclusive of \u03b1-synuclein/amyloid-beta40 ratio strongly correlate with Mini-Mental State Examination score in Parkinson's disease and predict cognitive impairment. Plasma biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis that carry predictive value for cognitive impairment are valuable. We explored the relationship of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score with plasma biomarkers in PD patients and compared results to vascular dementia (VaD) and normal controls. The predictive accuracy of an individual biomarker on cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate predictive accuracy of biomarkers on cognitive impairment; 178 subjects (41 PD, 31 VaD and 106 normal controls) were included. In multiple linear regression analysis of PD patients, \u03b1-synuclein, anti-\u03b1-synuclein, \u03b1-synuclein/A\u03b240 and anti-\u03b1-synuclein/A\u03b240 were highly predictive of MMSE score in both full model and parsimonious model (R```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was appl\", \"cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate predictive accuracy of biomarkers on cognitive impairment; 178 subjects (41 PD, 31 VaD and 106 normal controls) were included. In multiple linear regression analysis of PD patients\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel, substituted 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium P2X7 antagonists. Iminium quaternary protoberberine alkaloids (QPA) have been found to be novel P2X(7) antagonists. To assess their structure-activity relationships, these compounds were modified at their R(1) and R(2) groups and assayed for their ability to inhibit the 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP)-induced uptake of fluorescent ethidium by HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human P2X(7) receptor, and their ability to inhibit BzATP-induced IL-1beta release by differentiated THP-1 cells. Compounds 15a and 15d, with alkyl groups at the R(1) position, and especially compound 19h, with the 2-NO(2)-4,5-dimethoxy-benzyl group at the R(2) position, had potent inhibitory efficacy as P2X(7) antagonists.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Direct evidence for distance measurement via flexible stride integration in the fiddler crab. While on foraging excursions, fiddler crabs track their burrow location despite having no visual contact with it . They do this by path integration, a common navigational process in which motion vectors (the direction and distance of animals' movements) are summed to form a single \"home vector\" linking the current location with the point of origin. Here, we identify the mechanism by which the integrator measures distance, by decoupling motor output from both inertial and visual feedback. Fiddler crabs were passively translated to a position such that the home vector lay across an acetate sheet on the ground. After being frightened, crabs tried to escape but slipped as they did so. Detailed high-speed video analysis reveals that crabs measure distance by integrating strides, rather than linear acceleration or optic flow: the number of steps they took depended on both the length of the home vector and how large their steps were, whether they slipped and fell short or not. This is the most direct evidence to date of a stride integrator that is flexible enough to account for significant variation in stride length and frequency.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A conserved endocrine mechanism controls the formation of dauer and infective larvae in nematodes. Under harsh environmental conditions, Caenorhabditis elegans larvae undergo arrest and form dauer larvae that can attach to other animals to facilitate dispersal. It has been argued that this phenomenon, called phoresy, represents an intermediate step toward parasitism. Indeed, parasitic nematodes invade their hosts as infective larvae, a stage that shows striking morphological similarities to dauer larvae. Although the molecular regulation of dauer entry in C. elegans involves insulin and TGF-beta signaling, studies of TGF-beta orthologs in parasitic nematodes didn't provide evidence for a common origin of dauer and infective larvae. To identify conserved regulators between Caenorhabditis and parasitic nematodes, we used an evolutionary approach involving Pristionchus pacificus as an intermediate. We show by mutational and pharmacological analysis that Pristionchus and Caenorhabditis share the dafachronic acid-DAF-12 system as the core endocrine module for dauer formation. One dafachronic acid, Delta7-DA, has a conserved role in the mammalian parasite Strongyloides papillosus by controlling entry into the infective stage. Application of Delta7-DA blocks formation of infective larvae and results in free-living animals. Conservation of this small molecule ligand represents a fundamental link between dauer and infective larvae and might provide a general strategy for nematode parasitism.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does RBM24 control QT interval?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Myofiber necroptosis promotes muscle stem cell proliferation via releasing Tenascin-C during regeneration. Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the loss of membrane integrity and release of intracellular contents, the execution of which depends on the membrane-disrupting activity of the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein (MLKL) upon its phosphorylation. Here we found myofibers committed MLKL-dependent necroptosis after muscle injury. Either pharmacological inhibition of the necroptosis upstream kinase Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases 1 (RIPK1) or genetic ablation of MLKL expression in myofibers led to significant muscle regeneration defects. By releasing factors into the muscle stem cell (MuSC) microenvironment, necroptotic myofibers facilitated muscle regeneration. Tenascin-C (TNC), released by necroptotic myofibers, was found to be critical for MuSC proliferation. The temporary expression of TNC in myofibers is tightly controlled by necroptosis; the extracellular release of TNC depends on necroptotic membrane rupture. TNC directly activated EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in MuSCs through its N-terminus assembly domain together with the EGF-like domain. These findings indicate that necroptosis plays a key role in promoting MuSC proliferation to facilitate muscle regeneration.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the loss of membrane integrity and release of intracellular contents, the execution of which depends on the membrane-disrupting activity of the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein (MLKL) upon its phosphorylation.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Small-fiber neuropathy: Expanding the clinical pain universe. Small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of thinly myelinated A\u03b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life. According to international criteria, the diagnosis is established by the assessment of intraepidermal nerve fiber density and/or quantitative sensory testing. SFN is mainly associated with autoimmune diseases, sodium channel gene variants, diabetes mellitus, and vitamin B12 deficiencies, although in more than one half of patients no etiology can be identified. Recently, gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding for the Na```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.\", \"Small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of thinly myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Identification of Factors Associated With Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Kidney Transplant in Northern Mexico: Increased Risk With Cold Ischemia After 8 Hours. To identify potential risk factors associated with the incidence of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following kidney transplant in a sample of patients from northern Mexico. Secondary analysis of data extracted from clinical files of patients who underwent a kidney transplant between 2000 and 2017 at Christus Muguerza Hospital in the city of Chihuahua. The final sample with complete data included 485 patients. ATN was diagnosed in 13.2% of patients using pathologic, clinical, and laboratory criteria. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% CIs from multivariate binary logistic regression were used to identify predictors of ATN. Only 4 of 21 variables analyzed remained statistically significant in the final adjusted model. Cold and warm ischemia followed time-trend patterns with higher odds with longer ischemia times. For cold ischemia, compared with 0 to 240 minutes, ORs were 1.32 (95% CI, 0.49-3.51) for 241-480 minutes, 4.87 (95% CI, 2.29-10.3) for 481-960 minutes, and 10.0 (95% CI, 2.86-35.0) for > 960 minutes; for warm ischemia, compared with 40 to 59 minutes, these were 6.27 (95% CI, 1.95-20.8) for 60-70 minutes and 10.32\u00a0(95% CI, 1.95-54.4) for 71-110 minutes. Hypotension during surgery was associated with a higher chance of ATN (OR, 15.9; 95% CI, 4.97-50.9). When the recipients' age was 30 years or older, the probability also increased significantly (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.09-7.57). The final model fitted well and explained 27% of the probability to develop ATN after a kidney transplant. Shortening the duration of ischemia and avoiding hypotension during surgery is essential to prevent ATN following a kidney transplant.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Tirzepatide - a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist - a new antidiabetic drug with potential metabolic activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are responsible for up to 65% of postprandial insulin secretion. Tirzepatide, developed by Eli Lilly, is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist in the form of a synthetic linear peptide; its acylation technology allows it to bind to albumin, thus making it possible to dose the drug once a week. This review summarizes the key characteristics and pharmacokinetics of tirzepatide. The authors present the results of a phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trial on the effects of tirzepatide on glycaemic and lipid control and the beneficial effects on body weight in a dose-dependent manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tirzepatide has the ability to reduce glycaemic levels, improve insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight, and improve lipid metabolism, which is critically important in T2DM. Tirzepatide administered by weekly subcutaneous injections appears to be a promising drug for the treatment of T2DM as well as cardiometabolic disorders. The mechanism of action and safety profile of tirzepatide potentially fills important gaps in the current treatment of T2DM.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Tirzepatide - a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist - a new antidiabetic drug with potential metabolic activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.\", \"The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are responsible for up to 65% of postprandial insulin secretion. Tirzepatide, developed by Eli Lilly, is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist in the form of a synthetic linear peptide; its acylation technology allows it to bind to albumin, thus making it possible to dose the drug once a week. \"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Reply from the authors: The race for the second best\u2026continues-The no-touch saphenous vein versus the radial artery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Acquired Resistance to BET-PROTACs (Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras) Caused by Genomic Alterations in Core Components of E3 Ligase Complexes. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are bifunctional molecules that hijack endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligases to induce ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of protein of interest. Recently, it has been shown that PROTACs with robust ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are bifunctional molecules that hijack endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligases to induce ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of protein of interest.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A small molecule inhibitor selective for a variant ATP-binding site of the chaperonin GroEL. The chaperonin GroEL is a megadalton-sized molecular machine that plays an essential role in the bacterial cell assisting protein folding to the native state through actions requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis. A combination of medicinal chemistry and genetics has been employed to generate an orthogonal pair, a small molecule that selectively inhibits ATPase activity of a GroEL ATP-binding pocket variant. An initial screen of kinase-directed inhibitors identified an active pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold that was iteratively modified and screened against a collective of GroEL nucleotide pocket variants to identify a cyclopentyl carboxamide derivative, EC3016, that specifically inhibits ATPase activity and protein folding by the GroEL mutant, I493C, involving a side chain positioned near the base of ATP. This orthogonal pair will enable in vitro studies of the action of ATP in triggering activation of GroEL-mediated protein folding and might enable further studies of GroEL action in vivo. The approach originated for studying kinases by Shokat and his colleagues may thus also be used to study large macromolecular machines.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A role for CDK9-cyclin K in maintaining genome integrity. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), with its cyclin T regulatory subunit, is a component of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex, which stimulates transcription elongation and also functions in co-transcriptional histone modification, mRNA processing, and mRNA export. CDK9 also binds to cyclin K but the function of this CDK9-cyclin K complex is less clear. We and others have recently shown that CDK9 functions directly in maintaining genome integrity. This activity is restricted to CDK9-cyclin K. Depletion of CDK9 or its cyclin K but not cyclin T regulatory subunit impairs cell cycle recovery in response to replication stress and induces spontaneous DNA damage in replicating cells. CDK9-cyclin K also interacts with ATR and other DNA damage response and DNA repair proteins. CDK9 accumulates on chromatin and limits the amount of single-stranded DNA in response to replication stress. Collectively, these data are consistent with a model in which CDK9 responds to replication stress by localizing to chromatin to reduce the breakdown of stalled replication forks and promote recovery from replication arrest. The direct role of CDK9-cyclin K in pathways that maintain genome integrity in response to replication stress appear to be evolutionarily conserved.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), with its cyclin T regulatory subunit, is a component of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex, which stimulates transcription elongation and also functions in co-transcriptional histone modification, mRNA processing, and mRNA export.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities of oral selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors enabled the approval of roflumilast and apremilast for use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, respectively. However, the antifibrotic potential of PDE4 inhibitors has not yet been explored clinically. BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.\", \"BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B.\", \"In summary, the unique preferential inhibition of PDE4B by BI 1015550 and its anticipated improved tolerability in humans, plus its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic potential, suggest BI 1015550 to be a promising oral clinical candidate for the treatment of IPF and other fibro-proliferative diseases.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Anemia in kidney diseases as a cardiovascular risk factor]. Cardiovascular mortality is increased in chronic kidney diseases. Patients' survival correlates with hemoglobin concentration. Anemia significantly affects cardiovascular system, especially the heart. Heart failure, anemia and chronic renal failure are mutually related. Recently, cardio-renal-anemia syndrome (CRAS) was defined. Iron replacement and EPO treatment can break the pathogenetic circle of events leading to heart failure. Increased hemoglobin concentration can also induce a positive impact on renal function. Early diagnosis and correction of anemia has a substantial role in prophylaxis of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Heart failure, anemia and chronic renal failure are mutually related.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Development of novel cereblon modulators and their target molecules]. Thalidomide was developed as a sedative drug during the 1950s. Unfortunately, it has serious teratogenic properties. When pregnant women ingested thalidomide, their infants developed serious malformations such as short limbs. However, thalidomide is now recognized as a clinically useful drug, with several countries approving it as an anti-myeloma treatment. Although the direct target of thalidomide was largely debated until recently, our groups discovered cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a primary target of thalidomide in 2010. CRBN binds not only to thalidomide, but also to various thalidomide derivatives such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, as well as compounds containing a thalidomide moiety. These compounds are known as cereblon modulators, which induced specific neosubstrates of CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase such as Ikaros and Aiolos. Several groups have now joined the CRBN research and have reported the basic mechanism of CRBN and its binding compounds. In this review, we present our findings as well as recent advances in this subject area.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Although the direct target of thalidomide was largely debated until recently, our groups discovered cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a primary target of thalidomide in 2010.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Management of a ruptured infected abdominal aortic aneurysm and a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. Infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon and highly lethal disease, with a >80% rate of death. It is uncommonly associated with spondylodiscitis. Management of this rare association of pathology remains controversial. This report details the case of a patient with a large vascular past history, presenting a scarce association of disease: a ruptured infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a spondylodiscitis due to Gemella haemolysans. The patient recovered quickly and durably, thanks to an unusual cooperation of both vascular surgeons and orthopedists: He underwent an in situ graft replacement and a front vertebral fixation in a single-step surgery. Good immediate and midterm outcome shows a new way of treatment in this rare but severe situation.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Anemia of Inflammation with An Emphasis on Chronic Kidney Disease. Iron is vital for a vast variety of cellular processes and its homeostasis is strictly controlled and regulated. Nevertheless, disorders of iron metabolism are diverse and can be caused by insufficiency, overload or iron mal-distribution in tissues. Iron deficiency (ID) progresses to iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) after iron stores are depleted. Inflammation is of diverse etiology in anemia of chronic disease (ACD). It results in serum hypoferremia and tissue hyperferritinemia, which are caused by elevated serum hepcidin levels, and this underlies the onset of functional iron-deficiency anemia. Inflammation is also inhibitory to erythropoietin function and may directly increase hepcidin level, which influences iron metabolism. Consequently, immune responses orchestrate iron metabolism, aggravate iron sequestration and, ultimately, impair the processes of erythropoiesis. Hence, functional iron-deficiency anemia is a risk factor for several ailments, disorders and diseases. Therefore, therapeutic strategies depend on the symptoms, severity, comorbidities and the associated risk factors of anemia. Oral iron supplements can be employed to treat ID and mild anemia particularly, when gastrointestinal intolerance is minimal. Intravenous (IV) iron is the option in moderate and severe anemic conditions, for patients with compromised intestinal integrity, or when oral iron is refractory. Erythropoietin (EPO) is used to treat functional iron deficiency, and blood transfusion is restricted to refractory patients or in life-threatening emergency situations. Despite these interventions, many patients remain anemic and do not respond to conventional treatment approaches. However, various novel therapies are being developed to treat persistent anemia in patients.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"nemia of Inflammation with An Emphasis on Chronic Kidney Disease\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Design of a PROTAC that antagonizes and destroys the cancer-forming X-protein of the hepatitis B virus. The X-protein of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is essential for virus infection and contributes to the development of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a disease which causes more than one million deaths each year. Here we describe the design of a novel PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule) capable of simultaneously inducing the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizing its function. The PROTAC was constructed by fusing the N-terminal oligomerization and C-terminal instability domains of the X-protein to each other, and rendering them cell-permeable by the inclusion of a polyarginine cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). It was predicted that the oligomerization domain would bind the X-protein, and that the instability domain would cause the X-protein to be targeted for proteasomal degradation. Addition of the PROTAC to HepG2 liver cancer cells, engineered to express full-length and C-terminally truncated forms of the X-protein, resulted in the degradation of both forms of the X-protein. A cell-permeable stand-alone form of the oligomerization domain was taken up by HepG2 cells, and acted as a dominant-negative inhibitor, causing inhibition of X-protein-induced apoptosis. In summary, the PROTAC described here induces the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizes its function, and warrants investigation in a preclinical study for its ability to prevent or treat HBV infection and/or the development of HCC.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Here we describe the design of a novel PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule) capable of simultaneously inducing the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizing its function.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Plasma contact system activation drives anaphylaxis in severe mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially lethal, multisystem syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell-derived mediators into the circulation. We report here that a plasma protease cascade, the factor XII-driven contact system, critically contributes to the pathogenesis of anaphylaxis in both murine models and human subjects. Deficiency in or pharmacologic inhibition of factor XII, plasma kallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen, or the bradykinin B2 receptor, but not the B1 receptor, largely attenuated allergen/IgE-mediated mast cell hyperresponsiveness in mice. Reconstitutions of factor XII null mice with human factor XII restored susceptibility for allergen/IgE-mediated hypotension. Activated mast cells systemically released heparin, which provided a negatively charged surface for factor XII autoactivation. Activated factor XII generates plasma kallikrein, which proteolyzes kininogen, leading to the liberation of bradykinin. We evaluated the contact system in patients with anaphylaxis. In all 10 plasma samples immunoblotting revealed activation of factor XII, plasma kallikrein, and kininogen during the acute phase of anaphylaxis but not at basal conditions or in healthy control subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system activation, and bradykinin formation. In summary, the data collectively show a role of the contact system in patients with anaphylaxis and support the hypothesis that targeting bradykinin generation and signaling provides a novel and alternative treatment strategy for anaphylactic attacks.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system\", \"ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system activation, and bradykin\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```The effects and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors on head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been increasingly used in head and neck cancer therapy and reported to improve the outcomes with an acceptable safety profile. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the benefit and risk of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with head and neck cancer. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to find potentially eligible studies up to May 30, 2019. Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events. Overall, this analysis consisted of nine eligible studies, with two randomized controlled trials and seven single arm trials. In the treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer, PD-1 inhibitors showed significantly lower relative risk of death than standard-of-care therapy (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a00.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.82, I Programmed cell death-1 inhibitors prolonged OS in comparison with standard-of-care therapy in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer patients. Human papillomavirus positive patients were superior to HPV negative patients in the treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. More phase III randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm our findings.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\" Inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been increasingly used in head and neck cancer therapy and reported to improve the outcomes with an acceptable safety profile.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis. Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane. Necroptosis is an inflammatory pathway associated with multiple pathologies including autoimmunity, infectious and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we describe protocols that can be used to characterize MLKL as the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. We visualize the process of necroptosis in cells using live-cell imaging with conventional and confocal fluorescence\u00a0microscopy, and in fixed cells using electron microscopy, which together revealed the redistribution of MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane prior to induction of large holes in the plasma membrane. We present in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using lipids to identify putative modulators of MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Based on this method, we identified quantitative lipid-binding preferences and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphates (PIPs) as critical binders of MLKL that are required for plasma membrane targeting and permeabilization in necroptosis.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC. Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Relations between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: examination of specificity among the dimensions. There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism-depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as \"adaptive\" perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Combined scaffold hopping, molecular screening with dynamic simulation to screen potent CRBN ligands. Thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and\u00a0pomalidomide, known as immunomodulatory drugs, (IMiDs)\u00a0bind\u00a0directly to cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in the rapid ubiquitination and degradation of the substrate protein. With the discovery of the protein degradation mechanism of IMiDs, targeted protein degradation mediated by IMiDs via CRBN emerged and developed rapidly for the advantages of overcoming drug resistance and targeting undruggable. To date, almost all CRBN ligands are derived from thalidomide and there are few structural differences between them. Hence, we employed an accurate, effective, and rational approach to screen novel and potential CRBN ligands. In this study, we have built a molecular library by scaffold hopping with thalidomide. ADMET screening, virtual screening, and visual inspection screening\u00a0were performed step-by-step to screen the molecular library and five molecules were hit. Furthermore, docking analysis and a period of 150\u2009ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation were performed to validate the accuracy of our screen. The docking results showed that molecular A (-10.42\u2009kcal/mol), molecular B (-9.73\u2009kcal/mol), molecular C (-9.25\u2009kcal/mol), molecular D (-9.09\u2009kcal/mol), and molecular E (-10.16\u2009kcal/mol) have lower binding energy than thalidomide (-5.42\u2009kcal/mol), lenalidomide (-5.74\u2009kcal/mol), and pomalidomide (-5.51\u2009kcal/mol). In the MD simulation, all the five screened molecules form key interactions with the active site amino acid residues (Trp380, Trp386, and Trp400) as well as the three marketed IMiDs. Besides, we found and explained that Pro352 was positive for ligand binding to CRBN and Glu377 in reverse, which has not been reported before. We believe that our findings and those five molecules can serve as further optimization of CRBN ligands and development of proteolysis targeting chimeras.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and\\u00c2\\u00a0pomalidomide, known as immunomodulatory drugs, (IMiDs)\\u00c2\\u00a0bind\\u00c2\\u00a0directly to cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in the rapid ubiquitination and degradation of the substrate protein.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```[Association of mutation types and distribution characteristics of dystrophin gene with clinical symptoms in Chinese population]. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. To investigate mutation types and distribution characteristics of dystrophin gene in Chinese DMD patients, we used Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) to analyze the dystrophin gene in 720 DMD patients, their mothers, and 20 normal adult males. Results showed that detection rate was 64.9% (467/720) in all the patients, gene deletion rate was 54.3% (391/720), and gene duplication rate was 10.6% (76/720). The rate of deletion mutant occurred in Exon 45-54 was 71.9% (281/391) in all gene deletion patients; meanwhile, the rate of gene duplication occurred in Exon 1-40 was 82.9% (63/76) in all gene duplication ones. In all the patients with gene deletion and duplication, the rate of DMD and IMD was 90.6% (423/467), and BMD, 9.4% (44/467). This indicates that the main reason of duchenne muscular dystrophy is dystrophin gene deletion mutation, which would occur in any gene unevenly with hot spots of mutation. The location and fragment length of gene deletion and duplication cannot decide the severity of clinical symptoms directly.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"gene deletion rate was 54.3% (391/720), and gene duplication rate was 10.6% (76/720)\", \"The rate of deletion mutant occurred in Exon 45-54 was 71.9% (281/391) in all gene deletion patients; meanwhile, the rate of gene duplication occurred in Exon 1-40 was 82.9% (63/76) in all gene duplication ones.\", \"In all the patients with gene deletion and duplication, the rate of DMD and IMD was 90.6% (423/467), and BMD, 9.4% (44/467).\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Long-term follow-up of 168 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia reveals increased morbidity and mortality. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the prototype of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Long-term follow-up studies regarding disease-related complications and outcome are scarce. Our aim was to describe the natural history of XLA. A nationwide multicenter study based on the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry was established in 2000 in Italy. Affected patients were enrolled by documenting centers, and the patients' laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were recorded on an annual base. Data on the patients (N\u00a0= 168) were derived from a cumulative follow-up of 1370 patient-years, with a mean follow-up of 8.35 years per patient. The mean age at diagnosis decreased after establishment of the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network registry (84 months before vs 23 months after). Respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal manifestations were the most frequent clinical symptoms at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. Regular immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduced the incidence of invasive infections. Affected patients developed chronic lung disease over time (47% after 40 years of follow-up) in the presence of chronic sinusitis (84%). Malignancies were documented in a minority of cases (3.7%). Overall survival for affected patients was significantly reduced when compared with that for the healthy male Italian population, and it further deteriorated in the presence of chronic lung disease. This is the first detailed long-term follow-up study for patients with XLA, revealing that although immunoglobulin replacement treatment reduces the incidence of invasive infections, it does not appear to influence the development of chronic lung disease. The overall survival of affected patients is reduced. Further studies are warranted to improve patients' clinical management and increase awareness among physicians.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in cancer therapy. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule with two covalently-linked ligands recruits target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase together to trigger proteasomal degradation of target protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTAC has emerged as a promising approach for targeted therapy in various diseases, particularly in cancers. In this review, we introduce the principle and development of PROTAC technology, as well as the advantages of PROTACs over traditional anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, we summarize the application of PROTACs in targeting critical oncoproteins, provide the guidelines for the molecular design of PROTACs and discuss the challenges in the targeted degradation by PROTACs.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation.\", \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule with two covalently-linked ligands recruits target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase together to trigger proteasomal degradation of target protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article that help answer the question. \nIf no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Prevalence of mental health conditions after military blast exposure, their co-occurrence, and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury. To measure common psychiatric conditions after military deployment with blast exposure and test relationships to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history. Cross-sectional. Service members or Veterans (n\u2009=\u2009107) within 2 years of blast exposure underwent structured interviews for mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and multiple mood and anxiety diagnoses. MTBI history and active PTSD were both common, additionally 61% had at least one post-deployment mood or anxiety disorder episode. Psychiatric diagnoses had a high degree of comorbidity. Most dramatically, depression was 43-times (95% CI\u2009=\u200911-165) more likely if an individual had PTSD. PCS symptoms were greater in those with post-deployment PTSD or mood diagnosis. However, neither mTBI nor blast exposure history had an effect on the odds of having PTSD, mood or anxiety condition. These findings support that psychiatric conditions beyond PTSD are common after military combat deployment with blast exposure. They also highlight the non-specificity of post-concussion type symptoms. While some researchers have implicated mTBI history as a contributor to post-deployment mental health conditions, no clear association was found. This may partly be due to the more rigorous method of retrospective mTBI diagnosis determination.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": []}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist. Carl Moons and colleagues provide a checklist and background explanation for critically appraising and extracting data from systematic reviews of prognostic and diagnostic prediction modelling studies. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. ```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist.\"]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' extract relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following \n article that help answer the question. If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. \n Return the extracted snippets as a json string array called 'snippets'. ```A Combined Prospective and Retrospective Comparison of Long-Term Functional Outcomes Suggests Delayed Loss of Ambulation and Pulmonary Decline with Long-Term Eteplirsen Treatment. Studies 4658-201/202 (201/202) evaluated treatment effects of eteplirsen over 4 years in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and confirmed exon-51 amenable genetic mutations. Chart review Study 4658-405 (405) further followed these patients while receiving eteplirsen during usual clinical care. To compare long-term clinical outcomes of eteplirsen-treated patients from Studies 201/202/405 with those of external controls. Median total follow-up time was approximately 6 years of eteplirsen treatment. Outcomes included loss of ambulation (LOA) and percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%p). Time to LOA was compared between eteplirsen-treated patients and standard of care (SOC) external controls and was measured from eteplirsen initiation in 201/202 or, in the SOC group, from the first study visit. Comparisons were conducted using univariate Kaplan-Meier analyses and log-rank tests, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models with regression adjustment for baseline characteristics. Annual change in FVC%p was compared between eteplirsen-treated patients and natural history study patients using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Data were included from all 12 patients in Studies 201/202 and the 10 patients with available data from 405. Median age at LOA was 15.16 years. Eteplirsen-treated patients experienced a statistically significant longer median time to LOA by 2.09 years (5.09 vs. 3.00 years, p\u200a<\u200a0.01) and significantly attenuated rates of pulmonary decline vs. natural history patients (FVC%p change: -3.3 vs. -6.0 percentage points annually, p\u200a<\u200a0.0001). Study 405 highlights the functional benefits of eteplirsen on ambulatory and pulmonary function outcomes up to 7 years of follow-up in comparison to external controls.```"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [\"Eteplirsen-treated patients experienced a statistically significant longer median time to LOA by 2.09 years (5.09 vs. 3.00 years, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.01) and significantly attenuated rates of pulmonary decline vs. natural history patients (FVC%p change: -3.3 vs. -6.0 percentage points annually, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.0001).\"]}"}]} diff --git a/app/Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl b/app/Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..110e126 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can losartan reduce brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"INTERPRETATION: 12 months of treatment with losartan was well tolerated but was not effective in reducing the rate of brain atrophy in individuals with clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is CHARMS with respect to medical review of predictive modeling?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used for the data extraction process and critical appraisal.RESULTS: From the 29\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"However, these models should be developed appropriately (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool [PROBAST] statements).\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"The authors did not put any restrictions on the models included in their study regarding the model setting, prediction horizon or outcomes.Data extraction and synthesis Checklists of critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies (CHARMS) and prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) were used to guide developing of a standardised data extraction form.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"We critically appraised these models by means of criteria derived from the CHARMS (CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies) and PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool).\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"ical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) and the prediction model risk of bias assessment too\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"Studies were assessed using the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"ion making. Systematic reviews of prognostic model studies can help identify prognostic models that need to further be validated or are ready to be implemented in healthcare.OBJECTIVES: To provide a step-by-step guidance on how to conduct and read a systematic review of prognostic model studies and to provide an overview of methodology and guidance available for every step of the review progress.SOURCES: Published, peer-reviewed guidance articles.CONTENT: We describe the following steps for conducting a systematic review of prognosis studies: 1) Developing the review question using the Population, Index model, Comparator model, Outcome(s), Timing, Setting format, 2) Searching and selection of articles, 3) Data extraction using the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist, 4) Quality and risk of bias assessment using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment (PROBAST) tool, 5) Analysing data and undertaking quantitative meta-analysis, and 6) Presenting summary of findings, inte\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"ist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modeling studies (CHARMS) checklist. In total 89,959 citations wer\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS-PF).\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Data collection was guided by the checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews (CHARMS) and applicability and methodological quality assessment by the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST).\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodolog\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"The CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) checklist was used for data extraction and quality assessment.\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"t for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME M\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of data, participants, outcome to be predicted, candidate predictors, sample size, missing data, model development, model performance, model evaluation, results and interpretation and discussion.RESULTS: We found tw\"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the risk of \"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"nalysed (domains of CHARMS, Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) the following: source of da\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"We will extract data based on the Checklist for\\u00c2\\u00a0Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS), \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS).\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"te, or status of the publication. To carry out the systematic review, the CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) guidel\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS)\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"inclusion criteria). We followed the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"methods in oncology. We used the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) to assess the methodological conduct of i\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"The CHARMS (critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies) checklist was created to provide methodological appraisals of predictive models, based on the best available scientific evidence and through systematic reviews.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"ist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies [CHARMS] and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsess\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist.\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"t for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: P\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"acted the data. We used the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS) checklist for the ri\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"the CHARMS recommendations (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies), extracting the information from its 11 domains (Source of data, Participants, etc). We determin\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"tudies with model updating. Data was extracted following the Checklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEA\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 5, 19, 12, 13, 29, 27, 1, 10, 16, 14, 8, 24, 6, 11, 22, 2, 9, 28, 20, 15, 4, 21, 18, 17, 23, 7, 25, 3, 26]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which splicing factors have been associated with alternative splicing in PLN R14del hearts?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Bioinformatical analysis pointed to the tissue-specific splicing factors Srrm4 and Nova1 as likely upstream regulators of the observed splicing changes in the PLN-R14del cardiomyocytes. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the most common mutation types in Duchenne muscular Dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"l spectrum. This information is extremely beneficial for basic scientific research, genetic diagnosis, trial planning, clinical care, and gene therapy.METHODS: We collected data from 1400 patients (1042 patients with confirmed unrelated Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] or Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]) registered in the Chinese Genetic Disease Registry from March 2012 to August 2017 and analyzed the genetic mutational characteristics of these patients.RESULTS: Large deletions were the most frequent type of mutation (72.2%), followed by nonsense mutations (11.9%), exon duplications (8.8%), small deletions (3.0%), splice-site mutations (2.1%), small insertions (1.3%), missense mutations (0.6%), and a combination mutation of a dele\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Of these, 406 (70.5%) were exonic deletions, 64 (11.1%) were exonic duplications, and one was a deletion/duplication complex rearrangement (0.2%). Small mutations were identified in 105 cases (18.2%), most being nonsense/frameshift types (75.2%). Mutations in splice sites, however, were relatively frequent (20%). \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Deletions were the most common mutation type (256, 79%), followed by point mutations (45, 13.9%) and duplications (23, 7.1%).\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \" 64% deletions, 18% duplications and 18% point mutations. \"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"In all the patients with gene deletion and duplication, the rate of DMD and IMD was 90.6% (423/467), and BMD, 9.4% (44/467).\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"While in earlier studies equal mutation rates in males and females had been reported, a breakdown by mutation types can better explain the sex ratio of mutations: Point mutations and duplications arise preferentially during spermatogenesis whereas deletions mostly arise in oogenesis.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations). \"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"gene deletion rate was 54.3% (391/720), and gene duplication rate was 10.6% (76/720)\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"The rate of deletion mutant occurred in Exon 45-54 was 71.9% (281/391) in all gene deletion patients; meanwhile, the rate of gene duplication occurred in Exon 1-40 was 82.9% (63/76) in all gene duplication ones.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"The Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscle disorder in childhood caused by mutations in the Xlinked dystrophin gene (about 65% deletions, about 7% duplications, about 26% point mutations and about 2% unknown mutations).\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 1, 5, 9, 6, 7, 3, 0, 8, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of Litifilimab?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Whether treatment with litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against BDCA2, would be efficacious in reducing disease activity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus has not been extensively studied.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \" The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous litifilimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to BDCA2, in patients with SLE have not been extensively studied.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 2, 1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is AUROC in context of predictive modeling?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) sc\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) an\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is commonly used for assessing the discriminative ability of prediction models even though the measure is criticized for being clinically irrelevant and lacking an intuitive interpretation. Every tutorial explains how the coordinates of the ROC curve are obtained from the risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals, but it has not become common sense that therewith the ROC plot is just another way of presenting these risk distributions. We show how the ROC curve is an alternative way to present risk distributions of diseased and non-diseased individuals and how the shape of the ROC curve informs about the overlap of the risk distributions.\"}, {\"id\": 37, \"text\": \"models of the EGFR mutation status (Model 1: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.910, 95% CI 0.861-0.945; Model 2: AUROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.859, 95% CI 0.803-0.904; Model 3: AUROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.711, 95% CI 0.643-0.773). A testing set (n\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u203050) and temporal validation data set (n\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u203070\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was appl\"}, {\"id\": 32, \"text\": \" accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\u00c2\\u00a0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% and 61.5\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"of outcome (AC), sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and area under receiver-operating curve (AUROC) were compared between 3 models: KCC (INR, creatinine, coma grade, pH), CART analysis using only KCC variables (KCC-CART) and a CART model using new variables (NEW-CART).RESULTS: Traditional KC\"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"s). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determined.RESUL\"}, {\"id\": 35, \"text\": \"The two approaches were explored and validated within the context of mRNA expression level prediction and have the area under the ROC curve (auROC) values ranging from 0.75 to 0.94.\"}, {\"id\": 36, \"text\": \"nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to \"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"Our models predict GDM with high accuracy even at pregnancy initiation (area under the receiver operating curve (auROC)\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.85), substantially outperforming a baseline risk score (auROC\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.68).\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"Area under a receiver-operating-characteristic (AUROC) curve is widely used in medicine to summarize the ability of a continuous predictive marker to predict a binary outcome.\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"s). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and area under receiving operating curves (AUROC) of RBUS for VCUG abnormalities were determi\"}, {\"id\": 34, \"text\": \" learning algorithms was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The conventional scoring models had various p\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"Using a standard multivariate approach to combine predictors, the PPIN model achieved an AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.81 with a sensitivity of 48% given a specificity of 90%.\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"s), positive predictive values (PPVs), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), of machine learning models when predicting \"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve is often used to evaluate risk models.\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"ssion, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81.15%) and pancreatic cancer (80.53%) tasks. For recurrent neural netw\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive per\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"-day mortality, respectively. When using only baseline variables to predict mortality, all algorithms except SVM (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.83 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.69-0.97]) had AUROC >0.9: GBM (AUROC, 0.96 [0.94-1.0]), RF (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-1.0]), CNN (AUROC, 0.96 [0.92-0.99]), and logistic regress\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"The model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \" matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and Area under the\\u00c2\\u00a0Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) were used to evaluate the performance of predictive models.RESULTS: Ability of prediction was between 68.6% \"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"ement (oral or IV) was 41.1%. Independent predictors using history alone were female sex, decreasing age, surgical history, and non-Caucasian ethnicity (model area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.59 [95% confiden\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"ys). Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Pre-N8-GP prophylaxis models learned from dat\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"rognostic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \"sing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Papers with area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) scores reported were included in the analysis.\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"agnostic threshold were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Stratification analysis by age and MP-IgM tite\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \".4%) and validation (47.4%) cohorts. The FibroGENE-DT yielded the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.804 for the prediction of fast fibrosis progression, cirrhosis and significant fibrosis risk, respectively, with compara\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \" prediction of pancreatic cancer. Two popular models were evaluated: logistic regression and a recurrent neural network.RESULTS: For logistic regression, using UMLS delivered the optimal area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) results in both dengue hemorrhagic fever (81\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"ance of prediction, accuracy of discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]), calibration, and validity of the two predictive models were investigated. The co\"}, {\"id\": 38, \"text\": \"cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readm\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \" reduction of at least I\\u00c2\\u00b0 MR. One-year mortality was 28.2%.In Kaplan-Meier analysis, one- year mortality was significantly higher in RVD-pts (34.8% vs 2.8%, p\\u00c2\\u00a0=\\u00c2\\u00a00.009).Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) for SHFM and MAGGIC were comparable for both scores\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \". The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC)\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"The c statistic, or area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, achieved popularity in diagnostic testing, in which the test characteristics of sensitivity and specificity are relevant to discriminating diseased versus nondiseased patients.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"area under receiver operator curve [AUROC] \"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"cy for tasks such as predicting: in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operator curve [AUROC] across sites 0.93-0.94), 30-day unplanned readmission (AUROC 0.75-0.76), prolonged length of stay (AUROC 0.85-0.86), and all of a patient's final discharge diagnoses (frequency-weighted AUROC 0.90). These models outperformed traditional, c\"}, {\"id\": 33, \"text\": \"nstruct the prediction model. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to compare the model performance.RE\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"We assessed model performance using two metrics, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC), to illustrate the differences in information they convey in the setting of class imbalance.\"}, {\"id\": 39, \"text\": \"stic tests. Rather, researchers use the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) as the key metric to gauge and report predictive performa\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"cognitive impairment was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate predictive accuracy of biomarkers on cognitive impairment; 178 subjects (41 PD, 31 VaD and 106 normal controls) were included. In multiple linear regression analysis of PD patients\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [18, 3, 7, 25, 9, 20, 39, 28, 4, 27, 1, 35, 11, 6, 15, 10, 5, 2, 31, 21, 24, 34, 30, 33, 38, 0, 22, 17, 23, 36, 16, 26, 12, 37, 14, 8, 32, 19, 13, 29]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is PRP-40 regulation of microexons a conserved phenomenon?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"PRP-40 regulation of neuronal microexons is therefore a widely conserved phenomenon.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is casimersen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Casimersen received its first approval on 25\\u00c2\\u00a0February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\\u00c2\\u00a045 skipping. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"he approval, granted under the US FDA Accelerated Approval Program, was based on an observed increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle in patients treated with casimersen\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which are the targets of Tirzepatide?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Tirzepatide - a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist - a new antidiabetic drug with potential metabolic activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"he efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in people with obesity are not known.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are responsible for up to 65% of postprandial insulin secretion. Tirzepatide, developed by Eli Lilly, is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist in the form of a synthetic linear peptide; its acylation technology allows it to bind to albumin, thus making it possible to dose the drug once a week. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Designing a Dual GLP-1R/GIPR Agonist from Tirzepatide: Comparing Residues Between Tirzepatide, GLP-1, and GIP.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 1, 2, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"hydrotherapy,\\\" \\\"balneotherapy,\\\" \\\"spa therapy,\\\" \\\"spa treatment,\\\" \\\"creno-balneotherapy,\\\" \\\"water treatments,\\\" and \\\"aqua therapy,\\\" o\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Spa therapy is an integral part of the treatment of burn scars. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the spa therapy used in the treatment of burn scars and analyze its effects reported in clinical studies. We used the PRISMA checklist and queried 8 scientific databases from August 2019 to July 2020 for articles referenced with the specific key words: (burn) AND ((spa) OR (crenotherap*) OR (sulfur bath) OR (balneo*) OR (hydrotherap*) OR (mineral water) OR (thermal water) OR (spring water) OR (health resort medicine))\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Soon after qualification, Fortescue Fox (1858-1940) began practice in a Scottish spa where he acquired a lifelong interest in chronic disorders, especially arthritis. He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \" He worked to improve the status of spa medicine, recasting it as medical hydrology.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 3, 0, 2, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does CYP1A2 relate to coffee consumption and apetite?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"High coffee consumption was more prevalent in rapid compared to slow metabolizers (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.008 after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI) and was associated with lower appetite perception and lower BMI only in rapid metabolizers (P for interaction of rs762551 genotype*coffee consumption\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.002 and 0.048, respectively). This differential association of rs762551 genotype and coffee consumption with BMI was more evident in individuals at higher genetic risk of obesity (mean adjusted difference in BMI\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030-5.82\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030kg/m2 for rapid versus slow/intermediate metabolizers who consumed more than 14 cups of coffee per week).\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"CYP1A2 polymorphisms modify the association of habitual coffee consumption with appetite, macronutrient intake, and body mass index: results from an observational cohort and a cross-over randomized study.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism modifies the association of habitual coffee consumption with BMI, in part by influencing appetite, energy intake and circulating levels of the orexigenic hormone asprosin. This association is more evident in subjects with high genetic predisposition to obesity. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is eteplirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \" In this retrospective matched control study, eteplirsen treatment resulted in attenuation of ambulatory decline over a 4-year observation period, supporting long-term benefit in patients with DMD.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Eteplirsen-treated patients experienced a statistically significant longer median time to LOA by 2.09 years (5.09 vs. 3.00 years, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.01) and significantly attenuated rates of pulmonary decline vs. natural history patients (FVC%p change: -3.3 vs. -6.0 percentage points annually, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.0001).\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"At Years 3 and 4, eteplirsen-treated patients demonstrated markedly greater mean 6MWT than controls (difference in change from baseline of 132 m [95%CI (29, 235), p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.015] at Year 3 and 159\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160m [95%CI (66, 253), p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.002] at Year 4)\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"At Year 4, a significantly greater proportion of eteplirsen-treated patients were still ambulant versus controls (10/12 vs 3/11; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u0160=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u01600.020)\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 3, 1, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the use of darolutamide?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: For nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), 3 drugs under patent protection-apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide-were approved based on randomized, placebo-controlled trials; 1 drug with generic availability, abiraterone acetate, showed efficacy in a single-arm trial and is commonly prescribed.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Darolutamide and survival in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a patient and caregiver perspective and plain language summary of the ARASENS trial.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: For nmCRPC, darolutamide offered optimal efficacy and safety among approved drugs, and abiraterone acetate may offer comparable metastasis-free survival benefit with cost savings from generic availability. \"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Darolutamide is an approved treatment for a different type of prostate cancer called non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (also called nmCRPC).\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: All three ARAT agents are efficacious options for the treatment of nmCRPC, whereas darolutamide appears to have the most favorable tolerability profile. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1, 3, 2, 4]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the main clinical features of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) comprise a clinical syndrome typically associated with acral burning pain, where the pathophysiological processes affect the thinly myelinated A-delta and the unmyelinated C nerve fibers.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Up to 50% of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases are idiopathic, but novel antibodies to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been implicated in half of these cases\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thin myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. Common symptoms include neuropathic pain and autonomic disturbances, and the typical clinical presentation is that of a length-dependent polyneuropathy, although other distributions could be present.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \" Selective SFN (without large fiber affection) manifests with pain, sensory disturbances, or autonomic dysfunction. T\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"mall fiber neuropathy (SFN) can be associated with autoantibodies, including those of IgM class with specificity for the trisulfated heparan disaccharide (TS-HDS) antigen.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Small fibre neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting thinly myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4-fibres and unmyelinated C-fibres. Although multiple causes of small nerve fibre degeneration have been reported, including via genetic mutations, the cause of small fibre neuropathy remains unknown in up to 50% of cases. The typical clinical presentation of small fibre neuropathy is that of a symmetrical, length-dependent polyneuropathy associated with sensory or autonomic symptoms.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"an the patients without SFN. Restless leg syndrome was also more frequently observed in patients with SFN, who had pain aggravated at rest that improved by moving.CONCLUSIONS: These findings are in favor of the sensitization of relatively spared large A\\u00ce\\u00b2-fibers and second-order\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Neuropathic pain is a characteristic feature of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which in 18% of the cases is caused by genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium ion channels.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Neuropathic pain (NP) is a main feature of Fabry disease (FD) as consequence of small fiber neuropathy. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) in FD was not described, but it is an important feature in other small fiber neuropathies\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"SFN was defined by the presence of suggestive sensory painful symptoms with normal nerve conduction studies and abnormal neurophysiologic tests for small nerve fibers or a low intraepidermal nerve fiber density at skin biopsy.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a peripheral nervous system disease due to affection of A-delta or C-fibers in a proximal, distal, or diffuse distribution. Selective SFN (without large fiber affection) manifests with pain, sensory disturbances, or autonomic dysfunction. Though uniform diagnostic criteria are unavailable, most of them request typical clinical features and reduced intra-epidermal nerve fiber density on proximal or distal skin biopsy.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Small fibre neuropathy (SFN), a condition dominated by neuropathic pain, is frequently encountered in clinical practise either as prevalent manifestation of more diffuse neuropathy or distinct nosologic entity.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of thinly myelinated A\\u00ce\\u00b4 and unmyelinated C fibers. SFN is clinically dominated by neuropathic pain and autonomic complaints, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [12, 9, 10, 3, 11, 8, 5, 2, 6, 13, 1, 4, 0, 7]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'When was Keytruda approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a51%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene therapies are under investigation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 5, \"text\": \" In relation to clinical trials, in the last ten years, has experienced great advances in the field of therapeutic options, divided into two major therapeutic targets: 1) the area of gene therapies and 2) trying to reverse or block the pathophysiological processes of the disease, such as inflammation, fibrosis, muscle regeneration, etc. \"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"The success of induced exon skipping has spawned a number of \\\"fusion therapies\\\", including vector-mediated dystrophin exon skipping and ex vivo viral delivery of splice-switching antisense molecules into myogenic stem cells, followed by implantation, which may address long term oligomer delivery issues.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"So far, there is no effective treatment but new gene-based therapies are currently being developed with particular noted advances in using conventional gene replacement strategies, RNA-based approaches, or cell-based gene therapy with a main focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"gene therapy, an approach that demonstrates promise for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene therapy is not limited to replacement of defective genes but also includes strategies using surrogate genes with alternative but effective means of improving cellular function or repairing gene mutations\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Adeno-associated virus-vectorized gene therapies to restore dystrophin protein expression using gene replacement or antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pre-mRNA splicing modulation have emerged, making great strides in uncovering barriers to gene therapies for DMD and other genetic diseases.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"There are several promising genetic approaches, including viral delivery of the missing dystrophin gene, read-through of translation stop codons, exon skipping to restore the reading frame and increased expression of the compensatory utrophin gene.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Myodys, a full-length dystrophin plasmid vector for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene therapy.\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Several promising gene therapies are currently under investigation. These include gene replacement, exon skipping, suppression of stop codons.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Several new approaches to gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies involve oligonucleotides as targeting vectors.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"We recently showed that antisense oligoribonucleotide-mediated skipping of exon 46 efficiently induced dystrophin synthesis in cultured muscle cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients carrying an exon 45 deletion.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"More recently, a promising gene editing tool referred to as CRISPR/Cas9 offers exciting perspectives for restoring dystrophin expression in patients with DMD.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"These strategies include gene replacement with adeno-associated virus, exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides, and mutation suppression with compounds that \\\"read through\\\" stop codon mutations.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Targeted exon skipping as a potential gene correction therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"The first viral-mediated gene transfer for any muscle disease was carried out at Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State University for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D, and the first viral-mediated trial of gene transfer for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is under way at the same institutions.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Several clinical trials have recently demonstrated that oligonucleotide-based drugs induced targeted exon skipping in dystrophin pre-mRNA in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, resulting in novel expression of a truncated but functional isoform of the dystrophin protein.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"on gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on \"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"rophy gene which abort dystrophin synthesis. We have explored a gene correction therapy aimed at restoration of the reading frame in Duchenne muscular\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Of all novel molecular interventions currently being investigated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, perhaps the most promising method aiming to restore dystrophin expression to diseased cells is known as 'exon skipping' or splice-modulation, whereby antisense oligonucleotides eliminate the deleterious effects of DMD mutations by modulating dystrophin pre-messenger RNA splicing, such that functional dystrophin protein is produced.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [5, 16, 13, 6, 10, 18, 0, 11, 12, 8, 1, 2, 4, 15, 7, 9, 3, 17, 14]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does CIDEB mutation protect from liver disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We also found that variants in CIDEB, which encodes a structural protein found in hepatic lipid droplets, had a protective effect. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Germline Mutations in CIDEB and Protection against Liver Disease.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: Rare germline mutations in CIDEB conferred substantial protection from liver disease.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can you summarize the function of CDK9?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a broad family of proteins involved in the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. In this article, we explore the antitumoral activity of a novel proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) compound against CDK9\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"This data suggests the involvement of Cdk9 in several physiological processes in the cell, the deregulation of which may be related to the genesis of transforming events, that may in turn lead to the onset of cancer.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \" CDK9/Cyclin T1 kinase is a protein kinase, indirectly involved in the cell cycle progression in the form of transcription elongation\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Among various clinically validated kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are one of the extensively studied drug targets for clinical developmen\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), with its cyclin T regulatory subunit, is a component of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex, which stimulates transcription elongation and also functions in co-transcriptional histone modification, mRNA processing, and mRNA export.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Cdk9 function depends on its kinase activity and also on its regulatory units: the T-family cyclins and cyclin K. Recently, several studies confirmed the role of cdk9 in different cellular processes such as signal transduction, basal transcription, HIV-Tat- and MyoD-mediated transcription and differentiation.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner-Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II).\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Cdk9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a and T2b) and cyclin K. The Cdk9/cyclin T complexes appear to be involved in regulating several physiological processes\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. As a cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK9 activation in vivo depends upon its association with T-type cyclins to assemble the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb).\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"hese results suggest that, among other roles, cdk9/PITALRE plays a role not unlike cdk5 in the differentiation of certain cell types.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), the kinase component of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), is essential for transcription of most protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"CDK9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We previously cloned a cdc2-related kinase, cdk9/PITALRE, that is able to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein i\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Cdk9/cyclin T1 belongs to the P-TEFb complex, and is responsible for the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA Polymerase II, thus promoting general elongation.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [6, 0, 12, 13, 1, 7, 3, 2, 10, 11, 5, 8, 4, 9]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does RBM24 control QT interval?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Thus, our data suggest that RBM24 is a critical regulator of CaMKII\\u00ce\\u00b4 to control the cardiac QT interval, highlighting the key role of splicing regulation in cardiac rhythm.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"RBM24 controls cardiac QT interval through CaMKII\\u00ce\\u00b4 splicing.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is North Star Ambulatory Assessment score a reliable clinical outcome for disease progression assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Functional variability among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well recognised and complicates interpretation of clinical studies. We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"The boys were evaluated with standardized assessments at the screening and baseline visits at 32 sites in 5 countries (US, UK, Canada, Italy, Germany). Assessments included timed rise from floor, timed 10\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u00afm walk/run, six-minute walk distance, North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mean age at baseline was 5.9 years (range 4.1-8.1 years). Test-retest reliability was high for functional assessments, regardless of time lag between assessments (up to 90 days) and for the majority of age groups. Correlations were strong among the functional measures and timed tests, less so with FVC.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"measurement. All analyses were performed using the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model.RESULTS: Overall, Rasch analysis supported the NSAA as being a reliable (high Person Separation Index of 0.91) and valid (good targeting, little misfit, no reversed thresholds) measure of ambul\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"The North Star Ambulatory Assessment is a functional scale specifically designed for ambulant boys affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"hese exploratory analyses reveal additional approaches to interpreting the NSAA data beyond just change in NSAA total score. These observations also highlight the importance of reporting items as \\\"not obtainable\\\" for a patient with a temporary/transient physical disability that impacts their ability to perform the NSAA test.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \" North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Brazilian Portuguese is a reliable and valid instrument to measure functional capacity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"The results showed a significant difference in the NSAA score between the deletion and nonsense groups at the age of 3 years (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.04).\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a validated 17-item functional rating scale and widely used to assess motor function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) tool is a key instrument for measuring clinical outcomes in patients with Duchenne muscular dy\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [8, 6, 7, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 9, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of rilzabrutinib?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Herein, we describe the design of covalent reversible BTK inhibitors and the discoveries of PRN473 (11) and rilzabrutinib (PRN1008, 12). \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Discovery of Reversible Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors PRN473 and PRN1008 (Rilzabrutinib).\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Ongoing trials include new B-cell/plasma-cell targeting agents such as the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and rilzabrutinib, and the anti-CD38 MoAbs daratumumab and its analogue isatuximab. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"This study aimed to define the clinically relevant supratherapeutic dose of rilzabrutinib, an oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, and evaluate potential effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic exposures on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 2, 0, 3]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the types/categories of adult diffuse gliomas.' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 15, \"text\": \" The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"This has resulted in a major revision of the WHO classification, which is now for adult diffuse glioma centered around isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q diagnostics.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"This review briefly discusses two tumor types: astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, and oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, with emphasis on relevant changes in their classification and defining molecular genetic alterations.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Adult gliomas are most often infiltrative. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classed them into three major groups according to the presomptive cell of origin: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. Depending on the presence or absence of a small number of signs of anaplasia (mitosis, nuclear atypia, cell density, microvascular proliferation and necrosis) the WHO distinguishes grade II (LGG), III (anaplastic), and IV (glioblastomas, GBM).\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"C\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030>\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.5, k\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030>\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.6, p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001). IBGS type-I, type-II, and type-III gliomas had good specificity in identifying IDHmut 1p19q-codel oligodendroglioma (training - 97%, validation - 85%); IDHmut 1p19q non-codel astrocytoma (training - 80%, validation - 85.9%); and IDHwt glioblastoma (training - 76.5%, validation- 87.3%) respectively (p-value\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.01).CONCLUSIONS: Imaging-based stratification of adult diffuse gliomas predicted patient survival and correlate\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"A four-tiered WHO grading scheme has been successfully applied to a spectrum of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas, but it is not fully applicable to other gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"O classification, five main molecular subgroups of adult diffuse gliomas can be distinguished based on the 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and histone H3.3 mutation status. In the future, this cla\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \" According to the 2021 World Health Organization classification, the three risk types included (1) low-risk, expecting oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted; (2) intermediate-risk, expecting astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; and (3) high-risk, expecting glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \" Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"vide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. The T2-\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Adult-type diffuse gliomas are genetically defined and include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"A review of adult-type diffuse gliomas in the WHO CNS5 classification with special reference to Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted.\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"This improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostication: oligo-astrocytoma no longer exists as a clinical entity; isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is a smaller category with better prognosis; IDH wild-type 'low-grade' glioma has a much poorer prognosis; and glioblastoma is divided into IDH mutant (with an better prognosis than pre-2016 glioblastoma) and IDH wild type (with a poorer prognosis).\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"Recent genetic studies have revealed that the major categories of gliomas, such as circumscribe astrocytomas, infiltrating astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma, roughly correspond to major genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and BRAF mutation/fusion.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"thogenesis and prognosis. Furthermore, the previous broad category of adult-type diffuse gliomas has been consolidated into 3 types: astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted; and gl\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"In the new WHO classification 2021, adult-type diffuse astrocytic gliomas subdivide into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"include astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. This r\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Since brainstem biopsies are rarely performed, these tumours are commonly classified according to their MR imaging characteristics into 4 subgroups: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, (b) enhancing malignant gliomas, (c) focal tectal gliomas and (d) exophytic gliomas/other subtypes.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"The major representatives in this subgroup are the diffuse astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors.\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"hese changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the ma\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"ssion, and 1p/19q co-deletion detection in adult diffuse gliomas (Grade II, III, and IV) and to correlate them with clinicopathological and histopatho\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [5, 7, 6, 4, 8, 9, 16, 12, 17, 19, 20, 1, 14, 13, 15, 0, 2, 10, 18, 11, 3]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Have chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Engineered T cells have achieved success in the treatment of blood cancers, with four chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies now approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies based on their unprecedented efficacy in clinical trials. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is golodirsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"To date, four PMOs, including eteplirsen, casimersen, viltolarsen, and golodirsen, have been conditionally approved by the FDA for the treatment of DMD.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"This study provides evidence for golodirsen biologic activity and long-term safety in a declining DMD population and suggests functional benefit versus external controls. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Golodirsen increased dystrophin protein (16.0-fold; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001) and exon skipping (28.9-fold; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u20300.001).\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"This article summarizes the milestones in the development of golodirsen leading to this first approval for DMD.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Golodirsen is a provisionally approved PMO-based drug for approx. 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping. \"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"n December 2019, intravenous golodirsen received its first global approval in the USA for the treatment of DMD in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping, based on positive results from a phase I/II clinical trial\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 2, 5, 3, 0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Baricitinib effective for Alopecia Areata?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We reviewed the application, efficacy, side effects, precautions, limitations and prospect of baricitinib in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) in recent 5 years including clinical trials and case reports. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Thus far, it has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, an increasing number of studies have suggested that baricitinib can be used to treat dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Two Phase 3 Trials of Baricitinib for Alopecia Areata.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: In two phase 3 trials involving patients with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth at 36 weeks. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0, 3, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Anemia is not associated with chronic kidney failure' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 18, \"text\": \" The high prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease is explained by a combination of erythropoietin and iron deficiency.\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"Correction of the anemia with erythropoietin and intravenous iron led to a marked improvement in patients' functional status and their cardiac function, and to a marked fall in the need for hospitalization and for high-dose diuretics; renal function usually improved or at least stabilized.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Use of EPOGEN for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in ESRD is complex and not fully understood. However, it appears that the two major determinants of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction are anemia and hypertension, both of which are very common in ESRD patients.\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"We call this interrelationship between congestive heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and anemia the Cardio-Renal Anemia syndrome.\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"End stage renal disease (ESRD) invariably leads to anemia which has been mainly attributed to compromised release of erythropoietin from the defective kidneys with subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"This study was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of darbepoetin alfa injection replacing epoetin alfa injection (recombinant human erythropoietin injection, rHuEPO) for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney failure\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \" This analysis was conducted to evaluate whether anemia is a risk factor for kidney function decrease in patients with heart failure.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"In patients with CKD, anemia is often caused by decreased erythropoietin production relative to hemoglobin levels.\"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"Anemia in chronic renal failure is predominantly caused by diminished erythropoietin synthesis by diseased kidneys.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"The anemia is very often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"Anemia as a risk factor for kidney function decline in individuals with heart failure.\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"The correction of anemia in patients with the combination of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure may prevent progression of both conditions.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"The role of anemia in congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency: the cardio renal anemia syndrome.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Kidney failure is known to cause anemia, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiac failure an\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Anemia is one of the most characteristic and visable manifestations of chronic renal failure. Investigators in the past decade have provided a better understanding of this anemia. The etiology of the anemia of chronic renal failure has three facets: first is reduced erythropoietin production by damaged kidneys; second is the presence of inhibitors to red blood cell (RBC) production in uremic serum; and third is red blood cell hemolysis.\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"We infer that impaired utilization of iron may be a significant factor in the anemia of chronic renal failure.\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Kidney failure causes anemia and is associated with a very high risk of coronary heart di\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Anemia is the most common hematologic complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation.\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \" In conclusion, anemia is associated with a rapid decrease in kidney function in patients with heart failure, particularly in those with underlying CKD.\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"Anemia is a major problem in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency.\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"Anaemia is a common manifestation ofa chronic kidney failure. \"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"NGAL, also known as lipocalin 2, is a stress protein located on the cell surface that is known for its involvement in iron transport. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between the iron profile and NGAL concentration in serum among chronic kidney disease patients under dialysis in order to find its diagnostic value with regards to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \" Partial, but not complete, correction of anemia is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CKD.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"While iron deficiency is often stated as a cause of anemia in chronic renal failure prior to end-stage renal disease, its relative contribution is debated.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Clearly more work is needed to clarify the relationship between anemia, CKD and CHF.\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \" Heart failure, anemia and chronic renal failure are mutually related.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"The hormone deficiency that underlies anemia in chronic kidney failure can now be corrected\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, usually develops as a consequence of erythropoietin\"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anaemia of renal origin is a common problem.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \" Many advanced chronic kidney disease patients have both anemia and chronic heart failure.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [7, 17, 10, 20, 29, 28, 5, 6, 0, 25, 21, 19, 3, 22, 12, 11, 4, 1, 26, 8, 2, 18, 13, 30, 27, 24, 23, 31, 16, 15, 9, 14]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated reduction in time when using online genetic counseling?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is deflazacort more efficient than prednisone/prednisolone for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \" trial. Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001 for daily predn\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone are the current standard of care for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) based on evidence that they improve muscle strength, improve timed motor function, delay loss of ambulation, improve pulmonary function, reduce the need for scoliosis surgery, delay onset of cardiomyopathy, and increase survival.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Though Deflazacort and prednisone improve clinical endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, Deflazacort produces fewer side effects.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001 for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone using a global test; P\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.017 for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone using a global test)\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Evidence from randomized clinical trials, prospective studies, meta-analyses, and post-hoc analyses suggests that patients receiving deflazacort experience similar or slower rates of functional decline compared with those receiving prednisone/prednisolone. \"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treatment with daily prednisone or daily deflazacort, compared with intermittent prednisone alternating 10 days on and 10 days off, resulted in significant improvement over 3 years in a composite outcome comprising measures of motor function, pulmonary function, and satisfaction with treatment\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 5, 2, 4, 0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the targets of Mosunetuzumab?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Mosunetuzumab is a CD20\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030\\u00c3\\u2014\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody that redirects T cells to eliminate malignant B cells. I\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"They combine two different monospecific antigen-binding regions that target CD20 on B cells and engage T cells via CD3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 CD20:CD3 antigen binding fragment (Fab) format. The results of different phase 1 trials with BsAbs, including mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, epcoritamab and odeonextamab, have been recently published.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"However, several CD20 \\u00c3\\u2014 CD3 BsAbs including odronextamab, mosunetuzumab, glofitamab, and epcoritamab emerged recently. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio\\u00c2\\u00ae), an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody, is being developed by Roche for the treatment of relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 3, 2, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is anaphylaxis a results of mast cell activation?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: A Form of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome.\"}, {\"id\": 37, \"text\": \" types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in diff\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \" When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"Elevated mast cell mediators such as tryptase and histamine have been reported during episodes, and mast cells are considered the primary cells responsible for driving anaphylaxis in humans.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis is a rapidly evolving, acute, life-threatening reaction that occurs rapidly on contact with a trigger. Anaphylaxis is classically defined as an allergen-driven process that induces specific IgE and the activation of mast cells and basophils through the cross-linking of IgE receptors.\"}, {\"id\": 36, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the circulation.\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \" A precondition for the unfolding of the anaphylactic shock is the secretion of inflammatory mediators from mast cells in response to an allergen, mostly through activation of the cells via the IgE-dependent pathway.\"}, {\"id\": 39, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell\"}, {\"id\": 43, \"text\": \"Idiopathic anaphylaxis involves mast cell activation (acutely elevated urine histamine or serum tryptase) and activated lymphocytes.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"During the IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction mast cells release proteases such as tryptase, histamine and vasoactive mediators\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"For half a century, it has been known that the mast cell is the cell responsible for the majority of anaphylactic events. Its mediators, taken as a whole, are capable of producing all of the clinical manifestations of these events.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Extensive activation of mast cells is the major switch that triggers systemic anaphylaxis, resulting in the subsequent release of anaphylactic mediators into circulation.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"r, Ang-1's function in mast cell activation and anaphylaxis diseases is unknown. The results of our study suggest that Ang-1 decreased lipopolysacchar\"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. The aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex cascade of signaling events that ultimately leads to the release of various mediators involved in allergic inflammation and anaphylactic reactions\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"s not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence \"}, {\"id\": 33, \"text\": \"\\u00ce\\u00b5RI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis that were insensitive to U0126 or activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-\\u00ce\\u00b2-4-ribofuranoside, suggesting that the suppression of Fc\\u00ce\\u00b5RI signals by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway relies largely on AMPK activation. ERK1/2 controlled AMPK activity by regulating its subcellul\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system activation, and bradykin\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"In this chapter, we will describe the mechanisms of mast cell (and basophil) activation in anaphylaxis, with a focus on IgE-dependent activation, which is thought to be responsible for most examples of antigen-induced anaphylaxis in humans.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Some usual clinical manifestations in anaphylaxis, such as angioedema or hypotension, or other less common, such as metrorrhagia, may be explained by the direct effect of the activation of the coagulation and contact system driven by mast cell mediators.\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"Systemic anaphylaxis arises when mast cells, possibly along with other cell types, are provoked to secrete mediators that evoke a systemic response.\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"Earlier mast cells were only known for their important role in the type 1 allergic reactions (i.e. anaphylaxis or some contact hypersensitivity reactions) \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \" Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"ted that mast cell activation and anaphylaxis are negatively regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, little is known about the rela\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \" types. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the mast cell to utilize compound exocytosis during anaphylaxis, the conflicting evidence in different mast cell models, and the open questions in the field which remain to be a\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"arepsilonRI) on mast cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of mast cell activation i\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc\\u00ce\\u00b5RI on mast cells and basophils.\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"Anaphylactic Degranulation of Mast Cells: Focus on Compound Exocytosis.\"}, {\"id\": 38, \"text\": \"Mast cell activation syndromes presenting as anaphylaxis.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and anaphylaxis are the result of a spontaneous or triggered pathological degranulation of mast cells (MCs) and might have as substrate normal or pathological MCs (increased burden, aberrant MCs or both).RECENT FINDINGS: This review summarizes the most recent evidence on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated and non IgE-mediated mechanisms underlying MC activation and degranulation and highlights the importance of standa\"}, {\"id\": 32, \"text\": \"Acute anaphylaxis to small molecule drugs is largely considered to be antibody-mediated with immunogloblin E (IgE) and mast cell activation being key.\"}, {\"id\": 34, \"text\": \"phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with \"}, {\"id\": 35, \"text\": \"ol subjects. The severity of anaphylaxis was associated with mast cell degranulation, increased plasma heparin levels, the intensity of contact system\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \" Beyond IgE-mediated activation of mast cells/basophils, further mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of anaphylaxis.\"}, {\"id\": 40, \"text\": \"Human mast cells, by elaborating vasoactive mediators and cytokines, are the primary effector cells of anaphylaxis.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Histamine and other deleterious inflammatory mediators promote vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction; they are readily released from sensitized mast cells and basophils challenged with antigen. Anaphylaxis may be triggered by a variety of antigens including insect and reptile venom, a variety of drugs, vaccines, and food\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"In IgE-dependent and other examples of anaphylaxis, tissue mast cells and circulating basophilic granulocytes (basophils) are thought to represent major (if not the major) sources of the biologically active mediators that contribute to the pathology and, in unfortunate individuals, fatal outcome, of anaphylaxis.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"s not affected. Calcium-independent early activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence of PK-treatment. Inhibition of \"}, {\"id\": 42, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs).\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"Anaphylaxis results from severe systemic mast cell activation. In addition to IgE-mediated and physical triggers, it may occur with a clonal mast cell disease and in an idiopathic fashion without clear provoking factors.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"w clinical entities, such as the \\u00ce\\u00b1-gal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs). Thus, it is also necessar\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"ed in the amplification of the mast cell response during anaphylaxis are unclear. Mouse models of anaphylaxis demonstrate the critical involvement of \"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"phylaxis in 22-49%. In addition, monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome has been described presenting with anaphylaxis, especially in patients with hymenopter\"}, {\"id\": 41, \"text\": \"When there is activation of mast cells and basophils in anaphylaxis, chemical mediators are detectable.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [31, 13, 7, 28, 12, 20, 38, 5, 14, 16, 36, 4, 43, 41, 21, 42, 40, 0, 32, 26, 25, 17, 30, 18, 3, 1, 34, 35, 37, 9, 10, 15, 23, 11, 24, 19, 22, 6, 33, 39, 27, 29, 2, 8]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'On which two clinical trials was the approval of Keytruda based?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Approval was based on two randomized, open-label, active-controlled trials demonstrating statistically significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients randomized to pembrolizumab compared with chemotherapy. In KEYNOTE-024, patients with previously untreated mNSCLC who received pembrolizumab (200 mg intravenously [IV] every 3 weeks) had a statistically significant improvement in OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41-0.89; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030=\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.005), and significant improvement in PFS (HR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.37-0.68; p\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030<\\u00e2\\u20ac\\u2030.001). In KEYNOTE-010, patients with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy received pembrolizumab IV 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\u00c2\\u00a0exon 53\\u00c2\\u00a0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene\\u00c2\\u00a0for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"After showing hopeful results in pre-clinical trials and several clinical trials across North America and Japan, it received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for DMD\\u00c2\\u00a0in 2020.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"esulting in an absence of functional dystrophin protein. Viltolarsen, an exon 53 skipping therapy, has been shown to increase endogenous dystrophin levels. Herein, long-term (>2 years) functional outcomes in viltolarsen treated pati\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Viltolarsen restores the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping \\u00c2\\u00a0exon 53\\u00c2\\u00a0and produces a truncated but functional form of dystrophin.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"ucleotide viltolarsen targets exon 53 of the dystrophin gene, and could be an effective treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Wilkie's syndrome?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA syndrome) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare etiology of duodenal obstruction due to compression of the third portion of the duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Introduction Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or Wilkie's syndrome is a rare condition arising due to compression of the third part of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.\\u00c2\\u00a0\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie's syndrome, is one of the rarest causes of small bowel obstruction.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or Wilkie's syndrome, is an unexpected cause of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: Wilkie's Syndrome, also known as Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS), is a rare cause of bowel obstruction that can contribute to vague abdominal symptoms on clinical presentation.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie's syndrome are rare vascular diseases due to the abnormal course of the superior mesenteric artery originating from the abdominal aorta with reduced angle (<22\\u00c2\\u00b0) and consequent compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker) and duodenum (Wilkie). \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [5, 4, 3, 0, 1, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is a PROTAC?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of one ligand that binds to a protein of interest (POI) and another that can recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The chemically-induced proximity between the POI and E3 ligase results in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the POI by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent an emerging therapeutic technology with the potential to modulate traditional undruggable targets.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) degrade target proteins by engaging the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Assays detecting target-PROTAC-E3 ligase\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"We have developed a heterobifunctional all-small molecule PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera) capable of inducing proteasomal degradation of the androgen receptor.\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"PROTACs are the heterobifunctional nano molecules with size range of about 10 nanometres find application to eliminate the protein complexes formed by protein-protein interaction through large and flat surface generally defined as \\\"undruggable\\\" in conventional drug delivery system, which include around 85 % of proteins present in humans, suggesting their wide application in the field of drug development.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"uary 2013 through June 2020. Only English-language patent applications with exemplified PROTACs reported to degrade a target protein(s) were deemed in scope, and the definition of 'PROTAC' was restricted to a bifunctional molecule which contains a discrete binding element for a specific degradation target(s), as well as a separate discrete E3 ligase-binding moiety.EXPERT OPINION: Delivering on the enormous potential of PROTACs will require the development of PROTAC medicines that are differentiate\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Here we describe the design of a novel PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule) capable of simultaneously inducing the degradation of the X-protein, and antagonizing its function.\"}, {\"id\": 36, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that induce protein degradation via formation of ternary complexes between an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein. \"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are a new promising class of small molecules that can effectively direct specific proteins to proteasomal degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years.\"}, {\"id\": 37, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are small molecules that specifically link E3 ubiquitin ligases to proteins of interest to mediate targeted ubiquitination and degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 33, \"text\": \"We assembled proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) from a cereblon (CRBN) and a von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ligase ligand and demonstrated a PROTAC-induced heterodimerization of the two E3 ligases leading to unidirectional and efficient degradation of CRBN.\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"Conversion of a FLT-3 inhibitor (quizartinib) into a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) results in a compound that induces degradation of FLT-3 ITD mutant at low nanomolar concentrations.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule consists of a ligand (mostly small-molecule inhibitor) of the protein of interest (POI) and a covalently linked ligand of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). Upon binding to the POI, the PROTAC can recruit E3 for POI ubiquitination, which is subjected to proteasome-mediated degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule with two covalently-linked ligands recruits target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase together to trigger proteasomal degradation of target protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel therapeutic technology with potential advantages over traditional inhibition strategies.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 32, \"text\": \" PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) is an innovative strategy that takes advantage by the cell's own Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS).\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"Here we report the development of a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based on the combination of the unique features of the sirtuin rearranging ligands (SirReals) as highly potent and isotype-selective Sirt2 inhibitors with thalidomide, a bona fide cereblon ligand.\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new direction in small-molecule therapeutics whereby a heterobifunctional linker to a protein of interest (POI) induces its ubiquitination-based proteolysis by recruiting an E3 ligase.\"}, {\"id\": 34, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are hetero-bifunctional molecules that could simultaneously bind to the target protein and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to selective degradation of the target protein.\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"Development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is emerging as a promising strategy for targeted protein degradation. However, the drug develo\"}, {\"id\": 38, \"text\": \"A parallel, one-pot assembly approach to proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is demonstrated utilizing activated esters generated in situ, and traceless Staudinger ligation chemistry.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are bifunctional molecules that hijack endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligases to induce ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of protein of interest.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in re\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), which selectively degrades target proteins, has become the most popular technology for drug development in recent years.\"}, {\"id\": 35, \"text\": \"Targeted protein degradation using Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality in drug discovery. PROTACs mediate the degradation of select proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases for POI ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.\"}, {\"id\": 39, \"text\": \"A technology was developed known as Protac (Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric Molecule) that acts as a bridge, bringing together the SCF ubiquitin ligase with a protein target, resulting in its ubiquitination and degradation.\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"We developed a first-in-class proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for selective degradation of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8).\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteaso\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel drug discovery paradigm which has been widely used as biological tools and medicinal molecules with the potential of clinical application value.\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively induce targeted protein degradation, represent \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which selectively degrade targeted proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have emerged as a novel ther\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: PROTACs represent a novel class of heterobifunctional molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and to an E3 ligase complex, resulting in the transfer of ubiquitin and initiating a process ultimately causing the proteasomal degradation of the t\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) has been developed to be a useful technology for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule c\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for targeted protein degradation and cancer therapy.\"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) emerge as a powerful class of therapeutic modalities, which rely on induced protein-protein interactions between the proteins of interest (POIs) and E3 ubiquitin ligases to aid the degradation of POIs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [24, 31, 36, 29, 5, 1, 14, 4, 23, 37, 12, 21, 7, 8, 16, 30, 39, 11, 34, 25, 33, 26, 32, 28, 18, 0, 15, 9, 3, 22, 20, 10, 2, 6, 19, 38, 27, 13, 35, 17]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can the concept of digital twins be applied in Precision Nutrition?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \\\"virtual digital twin,\\\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"The \\\"Virtual Digital Twins\\\" Concept in Precision Nutrition\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Teclistamab?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Teclistamab is a T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody that targets both CD3 expressed on the surface of T cells and B-cell maturation antigen expressed on the surface of myeloma cells.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Teclistamab (JNJ-64007957), a B-cell maturation antigen \\u00c3\\u2014 CD3 bispecific antibody, displayed potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells in preclinical studies.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"The bispecific antibodies teclistamab (BCMA\\u00c3\\u2014CD3) and talquetamab (G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D [GPRC5D]\\u00c3\\u2014CD3) are in clinical development as therapies for MM. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Teclistamab (TECVAYLI\\u00c2\\u00ae), a bispecific antibody that targets CD3 and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), is being developed by Janssen Research and Development for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 2, 1, 3]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'The diagnosis of cholestasis is based on the elevations seen in what liver function tests?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"diagnosis of liver disease when conventional liver function test such as SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and albumin are still normal. Serum bile acid determinations have been shown to be particularly useful in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis and cholestasis of intra- and extrahepatic origin. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \" The liver function test revealed elevated levels of serum total bile acids, bilirubin, and transaminases; however, the \\u00ce\\u00b3-glutamyl transferase level was norma\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \" bilirubin proved to be the best laboratory test in differentiating patients (p=0.001 vs. alkaline phosphatase, p<0.001 vs. alanine aminotransferase and p<0.001 vs. gamma-glutamyltransferase). With a plasma bilirubin cutoff value of 145 micromol/L, four out of five patients were categorized \"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Cholestasis of pregnancy is the commonest liver disease unique to pregnancy and is characterized by pruritus in the mother in late pregnancy, without any skin rashes. This is accompanied by an elevation of the serum bile acids. \"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"ase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. Th\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Plasma alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin values were determined in the morning before ERCP\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Cholestasis is usually suspected clinically when a patient presenting with jaundice or pruritus is found to have an elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity disproportionate to increases in serum aminotransferase levels.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: Plasma bilirubin seems to be the best liver function test in distinguishing patients with malignant bile duct strictures from those with bile duct stones. This routine test should receive more attention in clinical decision-making than has previously been given.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"The biochemical parameters traditionally used for the assessment of extrahepatic cholestasis, AP, GGT, and bilirubin, do not support the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis caused by cirrhosis.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most frequent pregnancy-specific liver disease. It is characterized by pruritus and an accompanying elevation of serum bile acid concentrations and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which are the key parameters in the diagnosis.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Plasma bilirubin (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (p=0.040) levels were significantly higher in patients with malignant bile duct strictures than in those with bile duct stones.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [7, 10, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 1, 0, 9, 8]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which company produces Keytruda?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"On October 24, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck & Co., Inc., https://www.merck.com) for treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as determined by an FDA-approved test, as follows: (a) first-line treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a550%), with no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genomic tumor aberrations, and (b) treatment of patients with mNSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 (TPS \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a51%), with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Based on clinical trial data, can pioglitazone delay cognitive impairment for people at risk for Alzheimer's disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"INTERPRETATION: Pioglitazone did not delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as the target for what type of drug?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Clinical interest in the measurement of Cereblon (CRBN), the primary target of the IMiDs immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has been fueled by its essential requirement for antitumor or immunomodulatory activity of both drugs in multiple myeloma (MM).\"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \". Cereblon (CRBN)-targeting immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs\\u00c2\\u00ae) lenalidomide (LEN) and pomalidomide (POM) play a central role in combination regimens due to their pleiotropic antitumor/immunomodulatory mechanisms that synergize with many anti-myeloma approved or developmental agents.\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"We have identified novel CRBN inhibitors, namely DHFO and its analogs, with structural features that are slightly different from thalidomide but stronger cereblon-binding affinity. \"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(C\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"ubiquitin ligase complex component. Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives. Cereblon is involved in multiple myeloma cell \"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \"cluding multiple myeloma. Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs. It works as a substrate receptor of CRL4. Accumulating evidence has sh\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \" Cereblon (CRBN) is a common primary target for IMiDs.\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"Thalidomide, well known for its potent teratogenicity, has been re-evaluated as a clinically effective drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Although the direct target of thalidomide had been unclear until recently, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary direct target of this drug b\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \" It additionally modulates the anti-myeloma effect of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4(CRBN) .\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Cereblon is a well-known target of thalidomide and its derivatives.\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"The molecular mechanism of action of IMiDs remained unclear for a long time until 2010 when the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a primary direct target. IMiDs binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, \"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to le\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN) has recently been identified as a target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and its downregulation has been linked to resistance to lenalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Cereblon was identified as a direct target of thalidomide by Prof. H. Handa, and this pioneering work triggered active research on IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs), which include thalidomide-derivatives, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the primary target by which IMiDs mediate anticancer and teratogenic effects.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"The Cullin-RING ligase 4 E3 ubiquitin ligase component Cereblon (CRBN) is a well-established target for a class of small molecules termed immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"Thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and\\u00c2\\u00a0pomalidomide, known as immunomodulatory drugs, (IMiDs)\\u00c2\\u00a0bind\\u00c2\\u00a0directly to cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in the rapid ubiquitination and degradation of the substrate protein.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Our biophysical, biochemical and gene silencing studies show that CRBN is a proximate, therapeutically important molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"eblon (CRBN) has been identified as the primary teratogenic target of thalidomide. Our studies demonstrate that thalidomide, lenalidomide and another \"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \" Although the direct target of thalidomide was largely debated until recently, our groups discovered cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a primary target of thalidomide in 2010.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), originally identified as a gene associated with intellectual disability, was identified as primary target of thalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the Cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is the target of the immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) complex, is a direct protein target for thalidomide teratogenicity and antitumor activity of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"d previously demonstrated that cereblon (CRBN) is the target of thalidomide embryopathy and acts as a substrate receptor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase c\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"dy recently identified cereblon (CRBN) as a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Subsequently it was demonstrated that CRBN is also required \"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \" We identified a thalidomide-binding protein, cereblon (CRBN), as a primary target for thalidomide teratogenicity.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"CRBN has been identified as a direct target for immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) and plays a significant role in anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, anti-angiogenic activities, immunomodulatory activities and intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells.\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"These results strongly suggest that increased BK channel activity is the pathological mechanism of intellectual disability in CRBN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCereblon (CRBN), a well known target of the immunomodulatory drug thalidomide, was originally identified as a gene that causes human intellectual disability when mutated.\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL), is a major target protein of immunomodulatory drugs.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [7, 28, 19, 25, 22, 24, 23, 5, 8, 12, 2, 27, 13, 26, 29, 11, 9, 21, 20, 3, 1, 10, 6, 17, 16, 0, 18, 31, 14, 4, 30, 15]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does silencing of SRRM4 promote microexon inclusion?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Overexpressing SRRM4, known for regulating ME inclusion in mRNAs critical for neural differentiation, in human HEK293 cells resulted in the biogenesis of over 2000 novel ME-circRNAs, including ME-circEIF4G3, and changes in the abundance of many canonical circRNAs, including circSETDB2 and circLBRA. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"SRRM4 Expands the Repertoire of Circular RNAs by Regulating Microexon Inclusion.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which drugs are included in the AZD7442?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab, (Evusheld)) has been found effective among immunocompromised individuals (ICI) in reducing Sars-Cov-2 infection and severe disease in ICIs. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"AZD7442, a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab [AZD8895] and cilgavimab [AZD1061]), has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Association Between AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) Administration and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 2, 0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What were the first 2 PD-1 inhibitors approved by the FDA in 2014?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"s paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and several others are under investigation.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"The first monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are now approved for clinical use\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \" Pembrolizumab is one of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors approved by the FDA to treat NSCLC and is currently the only immunotherapy drug approved for first-line treatment of NSCLC in immune checkpoint inhibitors.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \" A PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, was the first of these agents to be approved by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan, as a new cancer drug for melanoma, in July 2014.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"2 different programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"other tumors. In 2014, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two checkpoint inhibitors binding to PD-1, were approved for the treatment of metast\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"e programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have quickly been incorporated into clinical trials for first- and second-line therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"Early-phase studies investigating several humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in advanced solid tumors paved way for the development of the first PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"ministration (FDA) approved the first PD-1 targeting agent, namely pembrolizumab, shortly followed by nivolumab. Areas covered: Nivolumab is a fully h\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. \"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Nivolumab (Opdivo, Bristol Meyer Squibb, New York, NY) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck, Kenilworth, NJ) are the first two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1).\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 2, 1, 0, 11, 8, 9, 10, 7, 3, 6, 5, 12]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between dermatillomania and skin picking disorder?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What causes Japanese Spotted Fever?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Japanese spotted fever (JSF; a spotted fever group rickettsiosis) are tick-borne zoonoses that are becoming a significant public health threat in Japan and East Asia.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Rickettsia japonica is a member of SFG rickettsiae causing Japanese spotted fever (JSF) and can transmit to humans via infected ticks. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Non-pathogenic Rickettsia species LON strains closely related to an agent of Japanese spotted fever (JSF), R. japonica, were isolated in Japan from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in 2001. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0, 2]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the difference between PD-1 and PD-L1?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"PD-1 has two ligands: PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed broadly on hematopoietic and parenchymal cells, including pancreatic islet cells; and PD-L2, which is restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its two ligands [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2] has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells; however, the underlying mechanism for this T-cell dysfunction is not clear.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) is used to select patients and analyze responses to anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"PD-1 has two ligands: PD-L1, expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and PD-L2, limited to DCs and macrophages.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands for PD-1, a costimulatory molecule that plays an inhibitory role in regulating T cell activation in the periphery.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"osuppression. Programmed death-1 (PD1) and its ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) exert inhibitory function by regulating the balance among T cell activation, tolerance, and im\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"Programmed Cell Death Receptor (PD-1) and its Ligand (PD-L1) pathway inhibitor therapy has been explored in the field of oncology treatment mainly for solid tumors.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"PD-1 interacts with two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Finally, we could demonstrate that PD-L1 and PD-L2 competed for PD-1 binding and conversely, an antagonist PD-1 mAb blocked both PD-L1 and PD-L2 binding to PD-1 and strongly enhanced T-cell proliferation.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint that is able to inhibit the immune system by binding to its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \" Inhibitors of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have been increasingly used in head and neck cancer therapy and reported to improve the outcomes with an acceptable safety profile.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are effective therapies in patients with non-small cell lung can\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have led to a paradigm shift in cance\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"To compare the real-world safety profile of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors between younger and older patients\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"ast cancer. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1\\u00c2\\u00a0(PD-L1), seem to have prognostic and predictive values in a variety of cancers, including female br\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"PD-1 has two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [6, 14, 1, 13, 10, 12, 9, 8, 3, 15, 4, 7, 2, 11, 0, 5]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What would be the benefits of using a virtual digital twin in nutrition?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We herein discuss how genetic information combined with longitudinal metabolomic, immune, behavioral, and gut microbial parameters, and bioclinical variables could define a digital replica of oneself, a \\\"virtual digital twin,\\\" which could serve to guide nutrition in a personalized manner. Such a model may revolutionize the management of obesity and its comorbidities, and provide a pillar for healthy aging.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is levosimendan effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"INTERPRETATION: Levosimendan was not superior to placebo in maintaining respiratory function in a broad population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although levosimendan was generally well tolerated, increased heart rate and headache occurred more frequently with levosimendan than with placebo.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: Levosimendan did not achieve the primary endpoint of improving sitting SVC in ALS. Headache and increased heart rate were increased on levosimendan, although it was otherwise well tolerated. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What are the clinical symptoms of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"extreme irritability (100 percent), episodic vomiting and lethargy (100 percent), protein avoidance (92 percent), ataxia (77 percent), Stage II coma (46 percent), delayed physical growth (38 percent), developmental delay (38 percent), and seizures\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme in the urea cycle, results in hyperammonemia\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency causes vomiting, lethargy, hyperventilation, and even death, mainly in the neonatal period.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC-D) is an X-linked metabolic disease and the most common urea cycle disorder. Due to high phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from lethal neonatal hyperammonemic events to moderate symptoms and even asymptomatic individual\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle defect. The disease severity ranges from asymptomatic carrier state to severe neonatal presentation with hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 1, 0, 2, 4]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 contribute to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Olokizumab is tested for which disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olokizumab (OKZ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate (MTX).\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with OKZ was associated with significant improvement in signs, symptoms and physical function of rheumatoid arthritis without discernible differences between the two regimens. \"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Olokizumab, a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis inadequately controlled by methotrexate: efficacy and safety results of a randomised controlled phase III study.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving maintenance methotrexate, olokizumab was superior to placebo and noninferior to adalimumab in producing an ACR20 response at 12 weeks. Larger and longer trials are required to determine the efficacy and safety of olokizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Olokizumab versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: The cytokine interleukin-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Olokizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 cytokine directly, is being tested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 2, 0, 3, 1, 5]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP)' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"Altogether, our results show that TROAP is a novel crucial regulator of HCC progression and is a potential therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"on subtype. Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) was a protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation and later found to be involved in microtubule regulation.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"TROAP regulates prostate cancer progression via the WNT3/survivin signalling pathways.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior o\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \"ophinin-associated protein expression is an independent prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for microtubular cytoskeleton regulation and spindle assembly, and its expression plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer.\"}, {\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"Purpose: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a significant role in the processes of embryo transplantation and microtubule regulation.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of TROAP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue with clinicopathologic parameters and survival time in liver cancer patients based on an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) data.METHODS: RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data and clinical information were down\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors.\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"The Upregulation of Trophinin-Associated Protein (TROAP) Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled.\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"ctopic expression of trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) dramatically drove HCC cell growth assessed by foci formation in monolayer culture, colony f\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of vari\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"Downregulated Trophinin-Associated Protein Plays a Critical Role in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Upregulation of Tumor Cell Growth and Migration.\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"TROAP depletion significantly enhanced the proliferation and colony formation abilities, whereas TROAP overexpression had an inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC cells.\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in \"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC.\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"AIMS: Experimental evidence demonstrated a crucial role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma.\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \"n (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein first identified to mediate the process of embryo transplantation, which has been recently found to be involved in microtubule regulation. However, limited informati\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Trophinin and tastin, a novel cell adhesion molecule complex with potential involvement in embryo implantation.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \". Taken together, these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in HCC. This discovery will further our understanding of \"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"ROAP regulates cell cycle and promotes tumor progression through Wnt/\\u00ce\\u00b2-Catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"ciated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that functions as an adhesion molecule in processes such as embryo implantation, spindle formation, and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate th\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) mediates embryonic transfer, regulates microtubules, and is associated with the biological behavior of various cancers\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"sociated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors. We performed this study to assess the biolo\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \": Our results suggested that TROAP is an independent prognostic biomarker of poor survival in LAC\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein required for spindle assembly and cell invasion; however, its biological function in cancer remains to be elucidated.\"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Conclusions: Elevated TROAP expression predicted a poor prognosis, and TROAP may serve as a potential biomarker for application in oncotherapy.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Trophinin associated protein (TROAP) is essential for centrosome integrity and proper bipolar organisation of spindle assembly during mitosis and plays an essential role in proliferation.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"l role of TROAP (Trophinin-associated protein) in regulating the cell proliferation of multiple tumors, while TROAP expression and function were largely unknown in glioma. We aimed to investigate the oncogenic role of T\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [18, 27, 21, 20, 2, 8, 23, 25, 28, 16, 3, 12, 7, 13, 31, 26, 19, 5, 6, 14, 11, 24, 0, 29, 17, 30, 9, 10, 4, 15, 22, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'How does SRSF11 promote metastasis of colon cancer?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"SRSF11 exerts pro-metastatic effects in CRC by inhibiting the AS of HSPA12A pre-RNA. Our findings point to SRSF11-regulated HSPA12A splicing as a novel relationship between SRSF11-regulated splicing and CRC metastasis and suggest a PAK5/SRSF11/HSPA12A axis as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Lenacapavir?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Structural and Mechanistic Bases of Viral Resistance to HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"The investigational drug lenacapavir accesses unoccupied hydrophobic pockets in the complex to potently impair HIV-1 inside the nucleus without displacing the tightly bound cellular cofactor from virus cores. \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes available data for lenacapavir, an investigational first-in-class agent that disrupts functioning of HIV capsid protein across multiple steps in the viral life cycle.RECENT FINDINGS: Lenacapavir demonstrated picomolar potency in vitro with no cross resistance to existing antiretroviral classes and potent antiviral activity in persons with HIV-1. In persons with HIV-1, there was no preexisting resistance to lenacapavir regardless of treatment history.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Lenacapavir (LEN) is a long-acting, highly potent HIV-1 capsid (CA) inhibitor. \"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"In heavily treatment-experienced persons with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 and in treatment-naive persons with HIV-1, lenacapavir in combination with other antiretroviral agents led to high rates of virologic suppression and was well tolerated.SUMMARY: Ongoing studies are evaluating long-acting dosing of lenacapavir for treating HIV-1 in combination with other antiretrovirals and preventing HIV-1 as a single agent.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Lenacapavir (Sunlenca\\u00c2\\u00ae) is a long-acting capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type\\u00c2\\u00a01 (HIV-1) being developed by Gilead Sciences Inc. \"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"In August 2022, lenacapavir received its first approval in the EU for use in combination with other antiretroviral(s) in adults with multi-drug resistant HIV infection, for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive anti-viral regimen. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of lenacapavir leading to this first approval for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Lenacapavir: a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [5, 3, 1, 4, 6, 0, 2, 7]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 20, \"text\": \"e treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Anemia resulting from iron and erythropoietin deficiencies is a common complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"}, {\"id\": 76, \"text\": \"he current management of patients with anemia in CKD is controversial, with recent c\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"safety and efficacy of ferumoxytol therapy in anemic chronic kidney disease patients.\"}, {\"id\": 47, \"text\": \"The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD is complicated due to the relatively low predictive ability of routine serum iron markers (e.g., ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive measurements such as bone marrow iron stores.\"}, {\"id\": 33, \"text\": \"nemia in diabetic kidney disease - underappreciated but still clinically relevant proble\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and impairs the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin.\"}, {\"id\": 42, \"text\": \"However, the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in CKD patients is complicated by the relatively poor predictive ability of easily obtained routine serum iron indices (eg, ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive gold standard measures of iron deficiency (eg, bone marrow iron stores) or erythropoietic response to supplemental iron.\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia and serum phosphate levels > 4.0mg/dL are relatively common in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5 and are associated with higher risks of progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular events, and mortality.STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 149 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin, 9.0-12.0 g/dL; transferrin saturation [TSAT]\\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4 30%, serum ferritin \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4 300 ng/\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"nemia in chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 80, \"text\": \"he prevalence of iron deficiency and its contribution to the anemia of end stage renal disease has been extensively studied, but much less is known about the role of iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic kidney disease in predialysis patients.\"}, {\"id\": 26, \"text\": \"Urology and nephrology update: anemia of chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 23, \"text\": \" Deciding on the appropriate treatment for anemia associated with CKD\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Anemia in CKD is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.\"}, {\"id\": 60, \"text\": \"Treatment with iron preparations remains one of the main directions in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 21, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"}, {\"id\": 75, \"text\": \"ythropoietin resistance in the treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure\"}, {\"id\": 31, \"text\": \"Anemia is a common feature of CKD associated with poor outcomes.\"}, {\"id\": 46, \"text\": \" Ferumoxytol for Anemia of CKD Trial \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \" diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of CKD. One of the most common complications of CKD is anemia, the frequency and severity of which increase a\"}, {\"id\": 43, \"text\": \"Anemia is an adverse outcome and common complication in chronic kidney disease patient\"}, {\"id\": 55, \"text\": \"Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"nemia in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common secondary to inadequate erythropoietin production\"}, {\"id\": 34, \"text\": \"nemia in renal disease: diagnosis and manageme\"}, {\"id\": 35, \"text\": \"nemia in chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 56, \"text\": \"Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 49, \"text\": \"o anemia. The other cause of anemia is deficiency of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with CKD and its importance in supporting erythr\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"esistance to erythropoietin therapy is a common complication of the modern management of anemia in chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 73, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting most patients on hemodialysis and imposing a substantial clin\"}, {\"id\": 28, \"text\": \"nemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life,\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"f Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Beyond Erythropoietin\"}, {\"id\": 29, \"text\": \"Anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.\"}, {\"id\": 62, \"text\": \"Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.\"}, {\"id\": 38, \"text\": \"echanisms of anemia in CKD\"}, {\"id\": 67, \"text\": \"Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in predialysis stage.\"}, {\"id\": 61, \"text\": \" anemia and reduction of serum phosphate in patients with CKD\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency.\"}, {\"id\": 50, \"text\": \" iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), either with or without anaemia. \"}, {\"id\": 72, \"text\": \"Anemia is a frequent complication during the later stages of chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 41, \"text\": \"nemia of Inflammation with An Emphasis on Chronic Kidney Disease\"}, {\"id\": 27, \"text\": \"Among CKD patients, absolute iron deficiency is defined when the transferrin saturation (TSAT) is \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a420% and the serum ferritin concentration is \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4100 ng/mL among predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients or \\u00e2\\u2030\\u00a4200 ng/mL among hemodialysis patients.\"}, {\"id\": 74, \"text\": \" retrospective study was conducted over seven years and it aimed to find out various causes of anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"}, {\"id\": 77, \"text\": \"Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal diseas\"}, {\"id\": 79, \"text\": \"nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 78, \"text\": \"Anemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages, and it is nearly universal among patients with stage 5 CKD\"}, {\"id\": 32, \"text\": \"Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 30, \"text\": \" development and treat complications including anemia. Anemia is one of the common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a significan\"}, {\"id\": 58, \"text\": \" Limited data suggest that iron deficiency is common in patients with chronic kidney disease with anemia; this lack of iron can hinder the effectiveness of erythropoiesis.\"}, {\"id\": 40, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency, both functional and absolute, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those requiring dialysis.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Anemia is as a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease, which gains in importance in the treatment of patients with renal disease.\"}, {\"id\": 39, \"text\": \"nemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence has shown a tendency to increase in many countries.\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common occurrence in patients with chronic kidney disease and many patients do not respond well to supplementation with oral iron.\"}, {\"id\": 51, \"text\": \"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem in the world and anemia is a common complication\"}, {\"id\": 66, \"text\": \"spectrum of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease\"}, {\"id\": 70, \"text\": \"Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure.\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"This work presents an update on the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), either with or without anaemia.\"}, {\"id\": 52, \"text\": \"options for the anemia of chronic kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 71, \"text\": \" chronic kidney disease, anemia and malnutrition coupled with inflammation as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrom are common and considered as morbidity-mortality factors\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency\"}, {\"id\": 24, \"text\": \"Anemia in ESRD and Earlier Stages of CKD\"}, {\"id\": 44, \"text\": \"Anemia is a common and clinically important consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).\"}, {\"id\": 68, \"text\": \"nemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney di\"}, {\"id\": 57, \"text\": \"nemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: \"}, {\"id\": 54, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with adverse outcomes in these patients.\"}, {\"id\": 37, \"text\": \"Prevalence of malnutrition and absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis Algerian patients]\"}, {\"id\": 45, \"text\": \"Anemia is a very common clinical problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in these patients.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"ron replacement therapy in the management of anaemia in non-dialysis chronic renal failure patients:\"}, {\"id\": 64, \"text\": \"Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), mainly due to inadequate renal production of erythropoietin. In hemodia\"}, {\"id\": 36, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and plays a major role in the development of anemia.\"}, {\"id\": 63, \"text\": \"Anemia is a frequent complication of kidney disease.\"}, {\"id\": 25, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Anemia in chronic kidney disease is common and iron deficiency is an important cause.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Anemia is a frequent complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is often accompanied by various clinical symptoms. The primary cause of anem\"}, {\"id\": 69, \"text\": \"Severe anemia and iron deficiency are common complications in chronic kidney disease. The cause of renal anemia is multifactorial and includes decreas\"}, {\"id\": 65, \"text\": \"Here, we examine recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD\"}, {\"id\": 59, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especiall\"}, {\"id\": 48, \"text\": \"Iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: potential role for intravenous iron therapy independent of erythropoietin.\"}, {\"id\": 22, \"text\": \" Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease\"}, {\"id\": 53, \"text\": \"nemia is a frequent comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 50, 40, 60, 18, 11, 21, 62, 73, 67, 44, 27, 8, 54, 13, 16, 19, 7, 36, 17, 42, 48, 25, 58, 63, 32, 55, 59, 9, 2, 77, 69, 64, 49, 15, 30, 47, 6, 4, 72, 3, 5, 68, 20, 80, 34, 45, 70, 23, 35, 24, 46, 61, 51, 33, 56, 12, 38, 31, 76, 65, 41, 22, 39, 75, 0, 66, 74, 14, 52, 79, 26, 78, 57, 28, 29, 43, 37, 71, 10, 53]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Can modulation of KCNQ1 splicing prevent arrhythmias?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Amiloride regulates IKs and APs with transmural differences and reduces arrhythmogenicity through the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing. We suggested that the modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmia.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is Catamenial pneumothorax?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is defined as a recurrent, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring within a day before or 72\\u00c2\\u00a0h after the onset of menstruation. \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Thoracic endometriosis is a rare extrapelvic location of endometriosis and the leading cause of catamenial pneumothorax. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the chest cavity. The typical clinical manifestation is a spontaneous pneumothorax, which usually presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and/or cough. \"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to categorize thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) according to whether the presenting symptoms were catamenial and to evaluate whether such a categorization enables a better management strategy.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Catamenial pneumothorax: a rare manifestation of endometriosis.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: The menstrual-related catamenial pneumothorax (CP) can be the first expression of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), which is the presence of endometriotic lesions in the lungs and pleura, and pelvic endometriosis (PE).\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Catamenial Pneumothorax as the First Expression of Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome and Pelvic Endometriosis.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Catamenial pneumothorax is one of the most frequent manifestation in terms of a thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES).\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"OBJECTIVES: Catamenial pneumothorax CP is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax in females forming part of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 5, 8, 0, 2, 3, 6, 7, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize haptenization.' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Drug presentation via antigen-presenting cells to T cells can either involve the classical pathway of haptenization of endogenous proteins or be directly mediated via noncovalent binding to immune receptors (MHC molecules or T cell receptors), t\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Her particular hepatic metabolism further increased the drugs' concentration, favoring the haptenization of liver proteins, eventually leading to the development of an autoimmune hepatitis.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"In contrast to the traditional mechanism of drug action that relies on the reversible, noncovalent interaction of a ligand with its biological target, a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) is designed such that the initial, reversible association is followed by the formation of a covalent bond between an electrophile on the ligand and a nucleophilic center in the protein. Although this approach offers a variety of potential benefits (high potency and extended duration of action), concerns over the possible toxicological consequences of prot\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [2, 0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is trichotillomania encountered with equali frequency in males and females?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"The disease affects mainly female patients, who often deny the habit, and it usually presents with a bizarre pattern nonscarring patchy alopecia with short hair and a negative pull test. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the triad of the Eagle-Barrett Syndrome?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Prune Belly syndrome (PBS) or Eagle-Barrett syndrome is an anatomo-radiological syndrome consisting of a complex and rare malformation characterized by the following triad of symptoms: deficiency of the abdominal muscles, malformations of the urinary tract, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Eagle-Barrett Syndrome (EBS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by the triad of absent or defective abdominal wall muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome (EGBRS), is a rare congenital disease characterized by deficiency or absence of abdominal wall muscles, urological abnormalities, and bilateral cryptorchidism.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature, urinary tract anomalies, and cryptorchidism in males.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0, 2, 3]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What cells proliferate in Mantle Cell Lymphoma' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen predominantly in males. \"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a generally aggressive and heterogeneous clinical course. Chemokines are one of the complex components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive, non-curable B-cell lymphoma, characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) involving CCND1 and a high number of additional genetic alterations.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and genetically by t(11;14)(q13;q32) with overexpression of the cyclin D1 (bcl-1) gene\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Activity has been demonstrated in many subtypes of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and Waldenstr\\u00c3\\u00b6m macroglobulinemia (WM)\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a relatively rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, typically presenting with extensive lymphadenopathy,\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature, virgin B-cell neoplasm characterized immunologically by a panB+, CD5+, CD23-, cyclin D1+ phenotype and g\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Mantle zone lymphoma (MZL) is a B-cell proliferation regarded as the follicular variant of intermediate lymphocytic lym\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by a poor response to therapy and short survival.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Mantle cell lymphoma is a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder cytogenetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) which at molecular level involves the Bcl-1/PRAD-1 gene.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 8, 1, 5, 2, 6, 7, 4, 3, 9]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the estimated cost reduction when using telegenetics?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We estimated reduced time and costs by online counseling with about 8% and 10-12%, respectively.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the target of BI 1015550?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Phase I studies of BI 1015550, a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Introduction: BI 1015550 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that has antifibrotic properties. \"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"METHODS: In this phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550, an oral preferential inhibitor of the PDE4B subtype, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"In summary, the unique preferential inhibition of PDE4B by BI 1015550 and its anticipated improved tolerability in humans, plus its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic potential, suggest BI 1015550 to be a promising oral clinical candidate for the treatment of IPF and other fibro-proliferative diseases.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Please summarize the difference between REMS and RMPs' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Both REMS and RMPs provide positive guidance for identification, monitoring, and minimization of risk to patient safety. Currently, neither agency provides specific guidance on how risk should be related to benefit either qualitatively or quantitatively.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"REMS requirements include medication guides, communication plans, elements to ensure safe use, implementation systems, and specified assessment intervals. RMP requirements are increased pharmacovigilance and risk minimization activities.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Does microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators have implication in central nervous system diseases?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators: Implication in central nervous system diseases.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"We further discuss the emerging evidence for dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway in CNS diseases and the consequences contributed by the mis-splicing of microexons. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Beremagene Geperpavec is tested for which disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a lifelong genodermatosis associated with blistering, wounding, and scarring caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding the anchoring fibril component, collagen VII (C7). Here, we evaluated beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), an engineered, non-replicating COL7A1 containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector, to treat RDEB skin. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"These studies show that B-VEC is an easily administered, safely tolerated, topical molecular corrective therapy promoting wound healing in patients with RDEB.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Hairpatches is a single gene mutation associated with what disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"\\\"Hairpatches\\\" (Hpt) is a naturally occurring, autosomal semi-dominant mouse mutation. Hpt/Hpt homozygotes die in utero, while Hpt/+ heterozygotes exhibit progressive renal failure accompanied by patchy alopecia. \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Hairpatches, a single gene mutation characterized by progressive renal disease and alopecia in the mouse. A potential model for a newly described heritable human disorder.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Retrotransposon insertion in the T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (Tal1) gene is associated with severe renal disease and patchy alopecia in Hairpatches (Hpt) mice.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 2, 0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 associated with?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"RNA interference-mediated knockdown experiments identified two splicing factors, RBFOX2 and PTBP1, as regulators of microexon splicing in CRC cells. RBFOX2 and PTBP1 were found to directly bind to microexon-containing pre-mRNAs and to control their splicing in such cells. Differential microexon splicing was shown to be due, at least in part, to altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 in CRC tissue compared to matched normal tissue. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Alternative splicing of HSPA12A pre-RNA by SRSF11 contributes to metastasis potential of colorectal cancer.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Our data thus suggest that altered expression of RBFOX2 and PTBP1 might influence CRC metastasis through the regulation of microexon splicing.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 2, 0, 3]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Which gene is implicated in Canavan disease?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Canavan disease (CD) is a devastating neurological disease that lacks effective therapy. Because CD is caused by mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, we introduced the wild-type (WT) ASPA gene into patient iPSCs through lentiviral transduction or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Canavan disease (CD) is an inherited leukodystrophy resulting from mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA). \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"The compound heterozygous variants of the ASPA gene probably underlay the Canavan disease in this patient, and the result has enabled prenatal diagnosis for this family.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Genetic analysis revealed novel mutations in the aspartoacylase or ASPA gene that possibly accounts for the severe form of Canavan disease, which probably explains the imaging findings.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Cribriform Appearance of White Matter in Canavan Disease Associated with Novel Mutations of ASPA Gene.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [4, 3, 0, 2, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Is prosopagnosia also known as lack of auditory recognition?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a condition characterised by lifelong face recognition difficulties.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia (PA) or face blindness is characterized by a deficiency in identifying familiar faces.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"The patient is unable to recognize faces or cars, consistent with his prosopagnosia and object agnosia, respectively.\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the \\\"loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy.\\\"\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual impairment. In contrast to the acquire\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"The apparent selectivity of agnosia for faces is termed prosopagnosia or face blindness.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Developmental prosopagnosia is a disorder of face recognition that is believed to reflect impairments of visual mechanisms. However, voice recognition has rarely been evaluated in developmental pro\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"These results indicate that, in some subjects with developmental prosopagnosia, the face recognition deficit is not an isolated impairment but is associated with deficits in other domains, such as auditory perception.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is a selective visual agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize the identity of faces.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is a rare neurological sign, characterized by disturbance of recognition of faces.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \"Since face recognition is the most powerful source of information for identifying familiar people, patients showing a multimodal defect in people recognition have been sometimes considered as affected by \\\"prosopagnosia\\\"-namely, by a form of visual agnosia, specifically affecting face recognition.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is a selective impairment of the visual learning and recognition of faces.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: The prosopagnosia has generally been defined as an incapacity to recognize familiar faces, or faces previously known, due to certain lesions to certain areas of the ce\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is a visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces and to learn new faces\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia with inability to identify faces, usually secondary to brain lesion in associative cortex areas, but there is also a congenital form known as developmental prosopagnosia.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \"Visual object agnosia refers to the inability to recognize objects and prosopagnosia to the failure to recognize faces that are well familiar to the patient, when stimuli are visually perceived.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \" This rarely studied form of prosopagnosia ensures that deficits are limited to face recognition.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \"Anecdotally, it has been reported that individuals with acquired prosopagnosia compensate for their inability to recognize faces by using other person identity cues such as hair, gait or the voice.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [1, 2, 0, 7, 17, 12, 14, 8, 11, 15, 10, 5, 13, 16, 3, 9, 6, 4]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is telegenetics?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Telegenetics involves the use of technology (generally video conferencing) to remotely provide genetic services. A telegenetics platform is critical for those with limitations or vulnerabilities compromising their ability to attend clinic in-person, including individuals in rural areas.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the mechanism of action of Mitapivat?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"A phase 1 dose escalation study of the pyruvate kinase activator mitapivat (AG-348) in sickle cell disease.\"}, {\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Safety and efficacy of mitapivat, an oral pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion dependent \\u00ce\\u00b1-thalassaemia or \\u00ce\\u00b2-thalassaemia: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"In activating red blood cell pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, mitapivat (AG-348) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and decreases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration, an upstream precursor in glycolysis. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of mitapivat (Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA), a pyruvate kinase activator, in adults with non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) \\u00ce\\u00b1-thalassaemia or NTD \\u00ce\\u00b2-thalassaemia.\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Mitapivat, an oral activator of pyruvate kinase (PK) in red blood cells (RBCs), has shown significant improvements in haemoglobin and haemolysis among patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. \"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 2, 4, 1, 0]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'Do cells undergoing necroptosis show disruption of their cell membranes?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome.\"}, {\"id\": 15, \"text\": \" Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane.\"}, {\"id\": 9, \"text\": \"Here, we show that, during necroptosis, MLKL-dependent calcium (Ca2+) influx and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane preceded loss of PM integrity.\"}, {\"id\": 10, \"text\": \"Membrane Disruption by Very Long Chain Fatty Acids during Necroptosis.\"}, {\"id\": 8, \"text\": \" non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depen\"}, {\"id\": 19, \"text\": \"uring necroptosis. We show that MLKL and phosphoMLKL, key for membrane permeabilization, are exclusively acylated during necroptosis. Reducing the lev\"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Necroptosis induction leads to cell membrane disruption, inflammation and vascularization.\"}, {\"id\": 7, \"text\": \"Taken together, these results confirm the active role of VLCFAs during necroptosis and point to multiple potential mechanisms of membrane disruption including direct permeabilization via bilayer disruption and permeabilization by targeting of proteins to cellular membranes by fatty acylation.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"anslocates to and disrupts the plasma membrane, thereby causing necroptotic cell lysis. Herein, we show that activation of necroptosis in mouse dermal\"}, {\"id\": 12, \"text\": \"Necroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that results from MLKL-mediated disruption of the cell membrane.\"}, {\"id\": 16, \"text\": \"Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the loss of membrane integrity and release of intracellular contents, the execution of which depends on the membrane-disrupting activity of the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein (MLKL) upon its phosphorylation.\"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Under conditions of necroptotic cell death, ESCRT-III controls the duration of plasma membrane integrity.\"}, {\"id\": 5, \"text\": \"The activation of mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) results in plasma membrane (PM) disruption and a form of\\u00c2\\u00a0regulated necrosis, called necroptosis.\"}, {\"id\": 18, \"text\": \"Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome\"}, {\"id\": 17, \"text\": \"Thus, cells undergoing necroptosis need to overcome these independent suppressive mechanisms before plasma membrane disruption can occur.\"}, {\"id\": 14, \"text\": \"chanisms by which the essential, and possibly terminal, necroptotic effector, MLKL, triggers the disruption of cellular membranes to cause cell lysis.\"}, {\"id\": 11, \"text\": \" Both necrosis and necroptosis show similar morphological features and are characterized by an increase in cell volume, cell membrane permeabilization, and rupture that lead to cellular demise.\"}, {\"id\": 13, \"text\": \"Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of intracellular contents, and an associated inflammatory response.\"}, {\"id\": 6, \"text\": \"Here we report that, following sciatic nerve injury, MLKL, a pseudokinase known to rupture cell membranes during necroptotic cell death, is induced and targets the myelin sheath membrane of Schwann cells to promote myelin breakdown.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [18, 17, 7, 4, 13, 9, 10, 5, 12, 16, 6, 2, 0, 11, 15, 14, 19, 1, 3, 8]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What is the definition of dermatillomania?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. \"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Dermatillomania is a pathologic grooming disorder characterized by repetitive, ritualistic, impulsive skin picking without an underlying dermatologic condition.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [0, 1]}"}]} +{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Given this question: 'What disease can be treated with Glofitamab?' select the top 10 snippets that are most helpful for answering this question from this list of snippets, \n rerank them by helpfulness: ```[{\"id\": 4, \"text\": \"Bispecific antibodies such as epcoritamab, mosunetuzumab, and glofitamab, anti-CD19 antibody drug tafasitamab combined with lenalidomide, CD19 antibody drug conjugate loncastuximab tesirine, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export selinexor, and several new agents have been investigated for DLBCL. \"}, {\"id\": 0, \"text\": \"In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a monotherapy with the bispecific CD20xCD3 antibody glofitamab in patients who progressed after CAR T treatment. We report nine consecutive patients with progressive DLBCL after preceding CAR T-cell therapy. \"}, {\"id\": 2, \"text\": \"Glofitamab, a novel CD20xCD3, T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, exhibited single-agent activity in Study NP30179, a first-in-human, phase 1 trial in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.\"}, {\"id\": 3, \"text\": \"Glofitamab Treatment in Relapsed or Refractory DLBCL after CAR T-Cell Therapy.\"}, {\"id\": 1, \"text\": \"Our data suggest that glofitamab treatment is well tolerated and effective in patients with DLBCL relapsing after CAR T-cell therapy and can enhance residual CAR T-cell activity.\"}]``` return a json array of their ids called 'snippets'"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"snippets\": [3, 0, 1, 4, 2]}"}]} diff --git a/app/app.py b/app/app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe97f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/app.py @@ -0,0 +1,705 @@ +from typing import Dict, List +import re +import os +import json +from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch +from dotenv import load_dotenv +import datetime +import traceback +import pandas as pd +from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed +import google.generativeai as genai + +genai.configure(api_key=os.environ["GEMINI_API_KEY"]) + + + +def transform_messages_for_gemini(messages: List[Dict[str, str]]) -> List[Dict[str, List[str]]]: + """Transforms messages to the format required by Gemini API.""" + transformed_messages = [] + for message in messages: + role = message['role'] + content = message['content'] + + if role == "system": + # Convert 'system' messages to 'user' messages as Gemini does not support system prompts + transformed_messages.append({"role": "user", "parts": [content]}) + elif role == "user": + transformed_messages.append({"role": role, "parts": [content]}) + elif role == "assistant": + transformed_messages.append({"role": "model", "parts": [content]}) + + + return transformed_messages + +def get_completion(messages: List[Dict[str, str]], model: str) -> str: + transformed_messages = transform_messages_for_gemini(messages) + + # Set up the model + generation_config = { + "temperature": 0.0, + "top_p": 0.95, + "top_k": 40, + "max_output_tokens": 4096, + "response_mime_type": "text/plain", + } + gemini_model = genai.GenerativeModel( + model_name=model, # e.g., "gemini-1.5-flash" + generation_config=generation_config, + safety_settings={ + 'HATE': 'BLOCK_NONE', + 'HARASSMENT': 'BLOCK_NONE', + 'SEXUAL' : 'BLOCK_NONE', + 'DANGEROUS' : 'BLOCK_NONE' + } + ) + + # Start a chat session with the transformed messages + history = transformed_messages[:-1] + chat_session = gemini_model.start_chat(history=history) + + + # Get the response + last_message = transformed_messages[-1] + response = chat_session.send_message(last_message) + completion_text = response.text + print("\ncompletion text") + print(completion_text) + print("\n") + return completion_text + +def escape_for_json(input_string): + escaped_string = json.dumps(input_string) + return escaped_string + +# Load environment variables from .env file +load_dotenv() + +#Suppress warnings about elasticsearch certificates +import urllib3 +urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning) + + +def run_elasticsearch_query(query, index=["pubmed"]): + # Retrieve Elasticsearch details from environment variables + es_host = os.getenv('ELASTICSEARCH_HOST') + es_user = os.getenv('ELASTICSEARCH_USER') + es_password = os.getenv('ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD') + + # Connect to Elasticsearch + es = Elasticsearch( + [es_host], + http_auth=(es_user, es_password), + verify_certs=False, # This will ignore SSL certificate validation + timeout=120 # Set the timeout to 60 seconds (adjust as needed) + ) + + # Convert the query string to a dictionary + if isinstance(query, str) and not isinstance(query, dict): + query_dict = json.loads(query) + else: + query_dict = query + + print("\n running es query:") + print(query_dict) + print("\n") + # Execute the query + response = es.search(query_dict, index=index) + + # Process the response to extract the required information + results = [] + if response['hits']['hits']: + for hit in response['hits']['hits']: + result = { + "id": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/"+str(hit['_id']), + "title": hit['_source'].get('title', 'No title available'), + "abstract": hit['_source'].get('abstract', 'No abstract available') + } + results.append(result) + print(f"docs found: {len(results)}") + return results + +def createQuery(query_string: str, size=50): + query = { + "query": { + "query_string": { + "query": query_string + } + }, + "size": size + } + return query + +def expand_query_few_shot(df_prior, n, question:str, model:str): + messages = generate_n_shot_examples_expansion(df_prior, n) + # Add the user message + user_message = { + "role": "user", + "content": f""" + Given a biomedical question, generate an Elasticsearch query string that incorporates synonyms and related terms to improve the search results + while maintaining precision and relevance to the original question. + + The index contains the fields 'title' and 'abstract', which use the English stemmer. The query string syntax supports the following operators: + - '+' and '-' for requiring or excluding terms (e.g., +fox -news) + - '""' for phrase search (e.g., "quick brown") + - ':' for field-specific search (e.g., title:(quick OR brown)) + - '*' or '?' for wildcards (e.g., qu?ck bro*) + - '//' for regular expressions (e.g., title:/joh?n(ath[oa]n)/) + - '~' for fuzzy matching (e.g., quikc~ or quikc~2) + - '"..."~N' for proximity search (e.g., "fox quick"~5) + - '^' for boosting terms (e.g., quick^2 fox) + - 'AND', 'OR', 'NOT' for boolean matching (e.g., ((quick AND fox) OR (brown AND fox) OR fox) AND NOT news) + + Example: + Question: What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency on the human body? + Query string: ##(("vitamin d" OR "vitamin d3" OR "cholecalciferol") AND (deficiency OR insufficiency OR "low levels")) AND ("effects" OR "impact" OR "consequences") AND ("human body" OR "human health")## + + Tips: + - Focus on the main concepts and entities in the question. + - Use synonyms and related terms to capture variations in terminology. + - Be cautious not to introduce irrelevant terms that may dilute the search results. + - Strike a balance between precision and recall based on the specificity of the question. + + Please generate a query string for the following biomedical question and wrap the final query in enclosing ## tags. Example: ##query## + Question: '''{question}''' + """ + } + messages.append(user_message) + + print("Prompt Messages:") + print(messages) + + answer = get_completion(messages, model) + print("\n Completion:") + print(answer) + print("\n") + return answer + +def generate_n_shot_examples_expansion(df, n): + + # Initialize the system message + system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."} + + # Initialize the list of messages with the system message + messages = [system_message] + + + if n< 1: + top_entries = pd.DataFrame() + else: + top_entries = df.sort_values(by='f1_score', ascending=False).head(n) + + # Loop through each of the top n entries and add the user and assistant messages + for _, row in top_entries.iterrows(): + question = row['question_body'] + completion = row['completion'] + + # Replace problematic characters in question + question = question.replace("/", "\\\\/") + + # Add the user message + user_message = { + "role": "user", + "content": f""" + Given a biomedical question, generate an Elasticsearch query string that incorporates synonyms and related terms to improve the search results + while maintaining precision and relevance to the original question. + + The index contains the fields 'title' and 'abstract', which use the English stemmer. The query string syntax supports the following operators: + - '+' and '-' for requiring or excluding terms (e.g., +fox -news) + - '""' for phrase search (e.g., "quick brown") + - ':' for field-specific search (e.g., title:(quick OR brown)) + - '*' or '?' for wildcards (e.g., qu?ck bro*) + - '//' for regular expressions (e.g., title:/joh?n(ath[oa]n)/) + - '~' for fuzzy matching (e.g., quikc~ or quikc~2) + - '"..."~N' for proximity search (e.g., "fox quick"~5) + - '^' for boosting terms (e.g., quick^2 fox) + - 'AND', 'OR', 'NOT' for boolean matching (e.g., ((quick AND fox) OR (brown AND fox) OR fox) AND NOT news) + + Example: + Question: What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency on the human body? + Query string: ##(("vitamin d" OR "vitamin d3" OR "cholecalciferol") AND (deficiency OR insufficiency OR "low levels")) AND ("effects" OR "impact" OR "consequences") AND ("human body" OR "human health")## + + Tips: + - Focus on the main concepts and entities in the question. + - Use synonyms and related terms to capture variations in terminology. + - Be cautious not to introduce irrelevant terms that may dilute the search results. + - Strike a balance between precision and recall based on the specificity of the question. + + Please generate a query string for the following biomedical question and wrap the final query in enclosing ## tags. Example: ##query## + Question: '''{question}''' + """ + } + + # Add the assistant message + assistant_message = { + "role": "assistant", + "content": completion + } + + messages.extend([user_message, assistant_message]) + + return messages + +def find_extract_json(text): + pattern = r'\{.*?\}' + matches = re.findall(pattern, text, re.DOTALL) + match = matches[0] + match_clean = match.replace('\\', "\\\\") + match_clean = match_clean.replace('\t', "\\t") + return match_clean + +from unicodedata import normalize +def normalize_unicode_string(s, form='NFKC'): + normalized = normalize('NFKD', s).encode('ascii','ignore').decode() + normalized = normalized.lower() + return normalized + + +def generate_n_shot_examples_extraction(examples, n): + """Takes the top n examples, flattens their messages into one list, and filters out messages with the role 'system'.""" + n_shot_examples = [] + for example in examples[:n]: + for message in example['messages']: + if message['role'] != 'system': # Only add messages that don't have the 'system' role + n_shot_examples.append(message) + return n_shot_examples + +def extract_relevant_snippets_few_shot(examples, n, article:str, question:str, model:str) -> str: + + system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."} + messages = [system_message] + few_shot_examples = generate_n_shot_examples_extraction(examples, n) + messages.extend(few_shot_examples) + user_message = {"role": "user", "content": f""" +Given this question: '{question}' extract the exact relevant sentences or longer snippets from the following article +delimited by tripple backticks that help answer the question. These will be string matched against the original text so make sure that they are exact parphrases character by character. +If no relevant information is present, return an empty array. Return the extracted snippets as a json object containing a string array called 'snippets'. Example return value {{"snippets": ["snippet1", "snippet2"]}} +Extract the snippets only from the following pubmed articles and not from the general context. +```{article}```"""} + messages.append(user_message) + print("Prompt Messages:") + print(messages) + + completion = get_completion(messages, model) + + json_response = find_extract_json(completion) + try: + sentences = json.loads(json_response) + except Exception as e: + print(f"Error parsing response as json: {json_response}: {e}") + traceback.print_exc() + sentences = {"snippets": []} + + + snippets = generate_snippets_from_sentences(article, sentences['snippets']) + + return snippets + +def find_offset_and_create_snippet(document_id, text, sentence, section): + text = normalize_unicode_string(text) + sentence = normalize_unicode_string(sentence) + offset_begin = text.find(sentence) + offset_end = offset_begin + len(sentence) + return { + "document": document_id, + "offsetInBeginSection": offset_begin, + "offsetInEndSection": offset_end, + "text": sentence, + "beginSection": section, + "endSection": section + } + +def generate_snippets_from_sentences(article, sentences): + snippets = [] + + article_abstract = article.get('abstract') or '' # This will use '' if 'abstract' is None or does not exist + article_abstract = normalize_unicode_string(article_abstract) + article_title = normalize_unicode_string(article.get('title')) + + for sentence in sentences: + sentence = normalize_unicode_string(sentence) + if sentence in normalize_unicode_string(article_title): + snippet = find_offset_and_create_snippet(article['id'], article['title'], sentence, "title") + snippets.append(snippet) + elif sentence in normalize_unicode_string(article_abstract): + snippet = find_offset_and_create_snippet(article['id'], article_abstract, sentence, "abstract") + snippets.append(snippet) + else: + print("\nsentences not found in article: "+sentence+"\n") + print(article) + + return snippets + +def generate_n_shot_examples_reranking(examples, n): + """Takes the top n examples, flattens their messages into one list, and filters out messages with the role 'system'.""" + n_shot_examples = [] + for example in examples[:n]: + for message in example['messages']: + if message['role'] != 'system': # Only add messages that don't have the 'system' role + n_shot_examples.append(message) + return n_shot_examples + +def rerank_snippets(examples, n, snippets, question:str, model:str) -> str: + numbered_snippets = [{'id': idx, 'text': snippet['text']} for idx, snippet in enumerate(snippets)] + system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."} + messages = [system_message] + few_shot_examples = generate_n_shot_examples_reranking(examples, n) + messages.extend(few_shot_examples) + user_message = {"role": "user", "content": f""" +Given this question: '{question}' select the top 20 snippets that are most helpfull for answering this question from +this list of snippets, rerank them by helpfullness: ```{numbered_snippets}``` return a json object containing one array of only their ids called 'snippets'. For example: {{"snippets: ["id4","id1", "id2"]}}"""} + messages.append(user_message) + print("Prompt Messages:") + print(messages) + + response = get_completion(messages,model) + print(response) + print("\n") + + completion = get_completion(messages, model) + json_response = find_extract_json(completion) + + try: + snippets_reranked = json.loads(json_response) + snippets_idx = snippets_reranked['snippets'] + filtered_array = [snippets[i] for i in snippets_idx] + except Exception as e: + print(f"Error parsing response as json: {json_response}: {e}") + traceback.print_exc() + filtered_array = snippets + + return filtered_array + +def simplify_snippets(snippets: List[Dict[str, str]]) -> List[Dict[str, str]]: + simplified_list = [] + for snippet in snippets: + # Extract the PMID from the document URL using regex + pmid_match = re.search(r'pubmed/(\d+)', snippet['document']) + pmid = pmid_match.group(1) if pmid_match else None + + # Extract the text for the snippet + text = snippet['text'] + + # Append the simplified snippet to the list + simplified_list.append({'pmid': pmid, 'snippet': text}) + + return simplified_list + +def generate_ideal_answer_with_citations(question: str, snippets: str, n_shots: int=0) -> str: + system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are Biogen-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."} + messages = [system_message] + few_shot_examples = generate_n_shot_examples_extraction(ideal_examples, n_shots) + messages.extend(few_shot_examples) + user_message = {"role": "user", "content": f""" +You will be given a question describing an information need. +You will also be given a list of relevant snippets containing information that should be used to answer that question. +Your goal is to provide a comprehensive, accurate answer based on the given information and cite your sources appropriately. + +Instructions: +1. Analyze the question and the provided snippets. +2. Write a coherent and concise answer addressing the question and incorporating information from the snippets. +3. For each statement or fact in your answer, include citations using PMIDs in square brackets [PMID1, PMID2] immediately at the end of the relevant sentence. +4. Ensure each citation corresponds to the source of the information in that sentence. +6. Make sure every PMID you cite is from the provided snippets. +7. Make sure that every sentence is supported by atleast one citation and at most 3 citations. +8. Limit your answer to at most 150 words. + +Remember to maintain scientific accuracy while making the answer understandable to a general audience, keep it concise. +Your response should be informative and directly address the question asked. + +Here is an example question and answer: + +Example Question: 'why is transferrin and iron low in covid patients but ferritin high?' + +Example Narrative: 'The patient is interested in the link between iron and infection, the role iron plays in infection and the implications for COVID-19 course.' + +Example Answer: 'During infections, a battle for iron takes place between the human body and the invading viruses [34389110]. +The immune system cells need iron to defend the body against the infection [34389110]. The virus needs iron to reproduce [35240553]. +If iron balance is disrupted by the infection, ferritin levels are high [34883281], which signals the disease is severe and may have unfavorable outcomes [34048587, 32681497]. +Ferritin is maintaining the bodys iron level [35008695]. Some researchers believe that high levels of ferritin not only show the body struggles with infection, but that it might add to the severity of disease [34924800]. +To help covid patients, the doctors may lower the ferritin levels that are too high using drugs that capture iron [32681497].' + +Here is the actual question that you should answer: + +Question: {question} + +Below are relevant snippets from scientific papers. Use this information to construct your answer: + +{snippets} + +It is important that every sentence of your answer is supported by atleast one and at most 3 relevant citations (pmids in square brakets)! +Your answer has to be concise and is not allowed to be longer than 150 words! + +Please provide your concise answer now: +"""} + messages.append(user_message) + print(messages) + answer = get_completion(messages, model_ideal) + print("\ngpt response ideal with citations:") + print(answer) + return answer + + +def generate_ideal_answer(question:str, snippets:str, n_shots: int): + system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are BioASQ-GPT, an AI expert in question answering, research, and information retrieval in the biomedical domain."} + messages = [system_message] + few_shot_examples = generate_n_shot_examples_extraction(ideal_examples, n_shots) + messages.extend(few_shot_examples) + user_message = {"role": "user", "content": f""" + {snippets}\n\n + '{question}'. + You are a biomedical expert, write a concise and clear answer to the above question. + It is very important that the answer is correct. + The maximum allowed length of the answer is 200 words, but try to keep it short and concise."""} + messages.append(user_message) + print(messages) + answer = get_completion(messages, model_ideal) + print("\ngpt response ideal:") + print(answer) + return answer + +import gradio as gr +from typing import List, Dict, Any +from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed + + +model_name = "gemini-1.5-flash-002" +model_name_extract = "gemini-1.5-flash-002" +model_name_rerank = "gemini-1.5-flash-002" +model_ideal = "gemini-1.5-flash-002" +n_shot = 3 +use_wiki = True + +def read_jsonl_file(file_path: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]: + """Reads a JSONL file and returns a list of examples.""" + examples = [] + with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file: + for line in file: + examples.append(json.loads(line)) + return examples + +query_examples = pd.read_csv('2024-03-26_19-24-27_claude-3-opus-20240229_11B1-10-Shot_Retrieval.csv') +snip_extract_examples_file = "Snippet_Extraction_Examples.jsonl" +snip_extract_examples = read_jsonl_file(snip_extract_examples_file) + +snip_rerank_examples_file = "Snippet_Reranking_Examples.jsonl" +snip_rerank_examples = read_jsonl_file(snip_rerank_examples_file) + +ideal_examples_file = "05_QA_Ideal_11B1-3-4_255.jsonl" +ideal_examples = read_jsonl_file(ideal_examples_file) + +def reorder_articles_by_snippet_sequence(relevant_article_ids, snippets): + ordered_article_ids = [] + mentioned_article_ids = set() + + # Add article IDs in the order they appear in the snippets + for snippet in snippets: + document_id = snippet['document'] + if document_id in relevant_article_ids and document_id not in mentioned_article_ids: + ordered_article_ids.append(document_id) + mentioned_article_ids.add(document_id) + + # Add the remaining article IDs that weren't mentioned in snippets + for article_id in relevant_article_ids: + if article_id not in mentioned_article_ids: + ordered_article_ids.append(article_id) + + return ordered_article_ids + + +def get_relevant_snippets(examples, n, articles, question: str, model_name: str): + def process_article(article): + snippets = extract_relevant_snippets_few_shot(examples, n, article, question, model_name) + if snippets: + article['snippets'] = snippets + return article if snippets else None + + processed_articles = [] + with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=6) as executor: + # Submit all tasks to the thread pool + futures = [executor.submit(process_article, article) for article in articles] + + # Collect the results as they complete + for future in as_completed(futures): + result = future.result() + if result: + processed_articles.append(result) + + return processed_articles + +def extract_text_wrapped_in_tags(input_string): + pattern = "##(.*?)##" + match = re.search(pattern, input_string, re.DOTALL) + if match: + # Remove line breaks from the matched string + extracted_text = match.group(1).replace('\n', '') + return extracted_text + else: + return "ERROR" + +def createQuery(query_string: str, size=50): + query = { + "query": { + "query_string": { + "query": query_string + } + }, + "size": size + } + return query + +import time + +def create_query(question): + start_time = time.time() + completion = expand_query_few_shot(query_examples, n_shot, question, model_name) + query_string = extract_text_wrapped_in_tags(completion) + duration = time.time() - start_time + print(f"Function execution time: {duration} seconds") + return query_string + +def search_expanded_query(expanded_query, question): + elasticsearch_query = createQuery(expanded_query) + relevant_articles = run_elasticsearch_query(elasticsearch_query) + filtered_articles = get_relevant_snippets(snip_extract_examples, n_shot, relevant_articles, question, model_name_extract) + relevant_snippets = [snippet for article in filtered_articles for snippet in article['snippets']] + print("relevant snippets:") + print(relevant_snippets) + reranked_snippets = rerank_snippets(snip_rerank_examples, n_shot, relevant_snippets, question, model_name_rerank) + print("reranked snippets:") + print(reranked_snippets) + simplyfied_snippets = simplify_snippets(reranked_snippets) + print("simplified snippets:") + print(simplyfied_snippets) + snippets_string = update_snippets(simplyfied_snippets) + print("snippet string") + print(snippets_string) + return snippets_string + + +def update_snippets(snippets): + markdown_snippets = [ + f"{item['snippet']} source: [{item['pmid']}](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/{item['pmid']}) \n" + for item in snippets + ] + return ''.join(markdown_snippets) + + + +# Create a custom primary hue based on #9C004B +custom_primary_hue = gr.themes.Color( + c50="#FCE4EC", # lightest shade + c100="#F8BBD0", + c200="#F48FB1", + c300="#F06292", + c400="#EC407A", + c500="#9C004B", # primary color + c600="#D81B60", + c700="#C2185B", + c800="#AD1457", + c900="#880E4F", + c950="#62002F" # darkest shade +) + + +with gr.Blocks(gr.themes.Soft(primary_hue=custom_primary_hue)) as demo: + n_shots = gr.Number(value=n_shot, visible=False) + + with gr.Column(): + with gr.Row(): + with gr.Column(scale=0): + gr.Markdown("![](https://www.uni-regensburg.de/typo3conf/ext/ur_template/Resources/Public/dist/Images/ur-logo-wort-bildmarke-grau.svg)") + gr.Markdown( + """ + # BioRAGent! + ### A retrieval augmented generation system showcasing generative query expansion and domain-specific RAG for Q&A + For questions, feedback and bug-reports please contact Samy.Ateia@sprachlit.uni-regensburg.de + """) + + gr.Markdown("## Enter your Biomedical Question!") + + # First input for the query + question_input = gr.Textbox(show_label=False, placeholder="Enter your Question here!") + with gr.Row(): + with gr.Column(scale=9): + None + with gr.Column(scale=1): + #n_shots = gr.Number(label="(Optional) Number of Few-Shot Examples", value=0, precision=0, minimum=0, maximum=10) + question_search_button = gr.Button("Search", variant="primary") + + + # Loading spinner (initially hidden) + loading_spinner = gr.Markdown("Loading...", visible=False) + + # Display expanded query + expanded_query_output = gr.Textbox(label="Expanded Query, You can customize it and search again!") + with gr.Row(): + with gr.Column(scale=9): + None + with gr.Column(scale=1): + expanded_query_search_button = gr.Button("Search Again", variant="primary") + + # Display answer and answer with citations + answer_output = gr.Textbox(label="Answer", interactive=False) + answer_with_citations_output = gr.Textbox(label="Answer with Citations", interactive=False) + + # Output elements + + snippets_result = gr.Markdown(label="Search Result Snippets", container=True, value= + """ + Example Snippet from pubmed source: [38168203](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38168203/) + """, min_height=50) + + # Helper function to disable inputs and show spinner + def disable_inputs_and_show_spinner(): + return ( + gr.update(visible=True), # Show spinner + gr.update(interactive=False), # Disable question input + gr.update(interactive=False), # Disable few_shot_examples_number + gr.update(interactive=False), # Disable search button + gr.update(interactive=False) # Disable search again button + ) + + # Helper function to re-enable inputs and hide spinner + def enable_inputs_and_hide_spinner(): + return ( + gr.update(visible=False), # Hide spinner + gr.update(interactive=True), # Enable question input + gr.update(interactive=True), # Enable few_shot_examples_number + gr.update(interactive=True), # Enable search button + gr.update(interactive=True) # Enable search again button + ) + + # Set up button actions + question_search_button.click( + disable_inputs_and_show_spinner, + inputs=[], + outputs=[loading_spinner, question_input, question_search_button, expanded_query_search_button] + ).success( + create_query, inputs=question_input, outputs=expanded_query_output + ).success( + search_expanded_query, inputs=[expanded_query_output, question_input], outputs=snippets_result + ).success( + generate_ideal_answer_with_citations, inputs=[question_input, snippets_result, n_shots], outputs=answer_with_citations_output + ).success( + generate_ideal_answer, inputs=[question_input, snippets_result, n_shots], outputs=answer_output + ).success( + enable_inputs_and_hide_spinner, inputs=[], outputs=[loading_spinner, question_input, question_search_button, expanded_query_search_button] + ) + + expanded_query_search_button.click( + disable_inputs_and_show_spinner, + inputs=[], + outputs=[loading_spinner, question_input, question_search_button, expanded_query_search_button] + ).success( + search_expanded_query, inputs=[expanded_query_output, question_input], outputs=snippets_result + ).success( + generate_ideal_answer_with_citations, inputs=[question_input, snippets_result, n_shots], outputs=answer_with_citations_output + ).success( + generate_ideal_answer, inputs=[question_input, snippets_result, n_shots], outputs=answer_output + ).success( + enable_inputs_and_hide_spinner, inputs=[], outputs=[loading_spinner, question_input, question_search_button, expanded_query_search_button] + ) + +if __name__ == "__main__": + demo.launch(server_name="0.0.0.0", server_port=7860) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/app/requirements.txt b/app/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f75d077 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +elasticsearch==7.17.12 +python-dotenv +google-generativeai +gradio==5.4 +pandas \ No newline at end of file