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8. The To

Lesson 4: The First Date Genki I: p.107-113

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Coming soon...

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1. Xがあります／います Genki I: p.107-108

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
本文ほんぶん +
    +
  • + あそこにホテルがありますね。【Dialogue I: //.2】
    + There is a hotel over there. +
    • +
+
    +
  • + 人ひとがたくさんいましたか。【Dialogue II: //.7】
    + Were there a lot of people? +
    • +
+
説明せつめい + The verbs ある (for non-living things) and いる (for living things) can be used to say "there is/are X." +
+
あそこにマクドナルドがあります。
+
There's a McDonald's over there.
+
+ The thing that you are presenting (マクドナルド above) is accompanied by the particle が. The place where the thing is (あそこ) is accompanied by the particle に, unlike the other verbs which call for で. The place is usually described first, and then the thing, as in the example above.

+ + You can also use ある to say that you have or own something. +
+
テレビがありません。
+
I don't have a TV.
+
+ ※ ある also differs from other verbs in its colloquial negative form, simply changing to ない, instead of ×あらない which is ungrammatical.
+ Something you should note is テレビじゃありません which may look similar, but is actually the more conservative version of テレビじゃないです which means "It isn't a TV." +
+
時間じかんがありますか。
+
Do you have time?
+

+ + ある is also used to say that an event will take place. +
+
火曜日かようびにテストがあります。
+
There will be an exam on Tuesday.
+
+
+
あしたは日本語にほんごのクラスがありません。
+
There will not be Japanese class tomorrow.
+
+ When ある is used in this way, the place description is followed by the particle で. +
+
あした京都きょうとでお祭まつりがあります。
+
There will be a festival in Kyoto tomorrow.
+

+ + When you want to say there is a person or living thing, you need to use the verb いる. +
+
あそこに留学生りゅうがくせいがいます。
+
There's an international student over there.
+
+ You can also use いる to say that you have friends, siblings, and so on. +
+
日本人にほんじんの友達ともだちがいます。
+
I have a Japanese friend.
+

+ + Note that the same verb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: +
+
あそこに留学生りゅうがくせいがいます。
+
There is an international student over there.
+
+
+
メアリーさんは留学生りゅうがくせいです。
+
Mary is an international student.
+
+ いる and ある are strictly for descriptions of existence and location, whereas です is for the description of an attribute for a person or thing. +
英訳えいやく + ある (for inanimate objects) = to be; to have; there will be; there is/are...
+ いる (for animate objects) = to be; there is/are... +
文型ぶんけい + a. (placeに)thingがあります
+ b. (placeに)personがいます +
練習れんしゅう + +

+ +

2. Describing Where Things Are Genki I: p.108-109

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
本文ほんぶん +
    +
  • + マクドナルドはあのホテルの前まえですよ。【Dialogue I: //.3】
    + McDonald's is in front of that hotel. +
    • +
+
説明せつめい + In Lesson 2, we learned how to ask for, and give, the location of item X. +
+
+ Ａ：マクドナルドはどこですか。
+ Ｂ：マクドナルドは{ここ／そこ／あそこ}です。 +
+
+ Ａ：Where's McDonald's?
+ Ｂ：McDonald's is {right here/right there near you/over there}. +
+
+ Now we will learn how to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like XはYの前まえです. +
+
(マクドナルドは)あのホテルの前まえです。
+
It's in front of that hotel.
+

+ + Other useful words for describing locations are as follows: +
+
+ + + + + + +
XはYの + location words
+ みぎ
+ ひだり
+ まえ
+ うしろ
+ なか
+ うえ
+ した
+ ちかく／そば
+ となり* + 		です。
+
XはYとZのあいだです。
+
+
+ + + + + + +
X is +
+ to the right of
+ to the left of
+ in front of
+ behind
+ inside
+ on/above
+ under/beneath
+ near
+ next to + 		Y.
+
X is between Y and Z。
+
+
+ Any of the above locations words can be used together with a verb to describe an event that occurs in the place. To use these phrases with verbs, such as 食たべる and 待まつ, you simply need to add the particle で to the end of the phrase. +
+
私わたしはモスバーガーの前まえでメアリーさんを待まちました。
+
I waited for Mary in front of the Mos Burger place.
+

+ + ※ となり is used to describe two people or two buildings/places that are found side by side. よこ on the other hand can be used for a much wider range of things. +
+
+ ○かばんはつくえのよこです。
+ ×かばんはつくえのとなりです。 +
+
+ The bag is by the desk.
+ (odd) +
+
+
文型ぶんけいXはYのlocation wordです
例文れいぶん +
    +
  1. +
    +
    銀行ぎんこうは図書館としょかんのとなりです。
    +
    The bank is next to the library.
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. +
    +
    傘かさはテーブルの下したです。
    +
    The umbrella is under the table.
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. +
    +
    レストランはスーパーと病院びょういんの間あいだです。
    +
    The restaurant is between the supermarket and the hospital.
    +
    +
    4. +
+
練習れんしゅう + +

+ +

More coming soon...