shadowmapping.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Shadow mapping for directional light sources
*
* Copyright (C) 2016 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <vector>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include "VulkanBuffer.hpp"
#include "VulkanModel.hpp"

#define VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID 0
#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// 16 bits of depth is enough for such a small scene
#define DEPTH_FORMAT VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM

// Shadowmap properties
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#define SHADOWMAP_DIM 1024
#else
#define SHADOWMAP_DIM 2048
#endif
#define SHADOWMAP_FILTER VK_FILTER_LINEAR

// Offscreen frame buffer properties
#define FB_COLOR_FORMAT VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	bool displayShadowMap = false;
	bool filterPCF = true;

	// Keep depth range as small as possible
	// for better shadow map precision
	float zNear = 1.0f;
	float zFar = 96.0f;

	// Depth bias (and slope) are used to avoid shadowing artefacts
	// Constant depth bias factor (always applied)
	float depthBiasConstant = 1.25f;
	// Slope depth bias factor, applied depending on polygon's slope
	float depthBiasSlope = 1.75f;

	glm::vec3 lightPos = glm::vec3();
	float lightFOV = 45.0f;

	// Vertex layout for the models
	vks::VertexLayout vertexLayout = vks::VertexLayout({
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_POSITION,
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_UV,
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_COLOR,
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_NORMAL,
	});

	struct {
		vks::Model quad;
	} models;

	std::vector<vks::Model> scenes;
	std::vector<std::string> sceneNames;
	int32_t sceneIndex = 0;

	struct {
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo inputState;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> bindingDescriptions;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> attributeDescriptions;
	} vertices;

	struct {
		vks::Buffer scene;
		vks::Buffer offscreen;
		vks::Buffer debug;
	} uniformBuffers;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
	} uboVSquad;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 view;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 depthBiasMVP;
		glm::vec3 lightPos;
	} uboVSscene;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 depthMVP;
	} uboOffscreenVS;

	struct {
		VkPipeline quad;
		VkPipeline offscreen;
		VkPipeline sceneShadow;
		VkPipeline sceneShadowPCF;
	} pipelines;

	struct {
		VkPipelineLayout quad;
		VkPipelineLayout offscreen;
	} pipelineLayouts;

	struct {
		VkDescriptorSet offscreen;
		VkDescriptorSet scene;
	} descriptorSets;

	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	// Framebuffer for offscreen rendering
	struct FrameBufferAttachment {
		VkImage image;
		VkDeviceMemory mem;
		VkImageView view;
	};
	struct OffscreenPass {
		int32_t width, height;
		VkFramebuffer frameBuffer;
		FrameBufferAttachment depth;
		VkRenderPass renderPass;
		VkSampler depthSampler;
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptor;
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		// Semaphore used to synchronize between offscreen and final scene render pass
		VkSemaphore semaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	} offscreenPass;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		zoom = -20.0f;
		rotation = { -15.0f, -390.0f, 0.0f };
		title = "Projected shadow mapping";
		timerSpeed *= 0.5f;
		settings.overlay = true;
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources 
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class

		// Frame buffer
		vkDestroySampler(device, offscreenPass.depthSampler, nullptr);

		// Depth attachment
		vkDestroyImageView(device, offscreenPass.depth.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offscreenPass.depth.mem, nullptr);

		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, offscreenPass.frameBuffer, nullptr);

		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, offscreenPass.renderPass, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.quad, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreen, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.sceneShadow, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.sceneShadowPCF, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayouts.quad, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayouts.offscreen, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		// Meshes
		for (auto scene : scenes) {
			scene.destroy();
		}
		models.quad.destroy();

		// Uniform buffers
		uniformBuffers.offscreen.destroy();
		uniformBuffers.scene.destroy();
		uniformBuffers.debug.destroy();

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, cmdPool, 1, &offscreenPass.commandBuffer);
		vkDestroySemaphore(device, offscreenPass.semaphore, nullptr);
	}

	// Set up a separate render pass for the offscreen frame buffer
	// This is necessary as the offscreen frame buffer attachments use formats different to those from the example render pass
	void prepareOffscreenRenderpass()
	{
		VkAttachmentDescription attachmentDescription{};
		attachmentDescription.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;
		attachmentDescription.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		attachmentDescription.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;							// Clear depth at beginning of the render pass
		attachmentDescription.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;						// We will read from depth, so it's important to store the depth attachment results
		attachmentDescription.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		attachmentDescription.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		attachmentDescription.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;					// We don't care about initial layout of the attachment
		attachmentDescription.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;// Attachment will be transitioned to shader read at render pass end

		VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
		depthReference.attachment = 0;
		depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;			// Attachment will be used as depth/stencil during render pass

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 0;													// No color attachments
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;									// Reference to our depth attachment

		// Use subpass dependencies for layout transitions
		std::array<VkSubpassDependency, 2> dependencies;

		dependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[0].srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependencies[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[0].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

		dependencies[1].srcSubpass = 0;
		dependencies[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependencies[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		dependencies[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
		dependencies[1].dependencyFlags = VK_DEPENDENCY_BY_REGION_BIT;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassCreateInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassCreateInfo();
		renderPassCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassCreateInfo.pAttachments = &attachmentDescription;
		renderPassCreateInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassCreateInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassCreateInfo.dependencyCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dependencies.size());
		renderPassCreateInfo.pDependencies = dependencies.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenPass.renderPass));
	}

	// Setup the offscreen framebuffer for rendering the scene from light's point-of-view to
	// The depth attachment of this framebuffer will then be used to sample from in the fragment shader of the shadowing pass
	void prepareOffscreenFramebuffer()
	{
		offscreenPass.width = SHADOWMAP_DIM;
		offscreenPass.height = SHADOWMAP_DIM;

		VkFormat fbColorFormat = FB_COLOR_FORMAT;

		// For shadow mapping we only need a depth attachment
		VkImageCreateInfo image = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		image.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		image.extent.width = offscreenPass.width;
		image.extent.height = offscreenPass.height;
		image.extent.depth = 1;
		image.mipLevels = 1;
		image.arrayLayers = 1;
		image.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		image.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		image.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;																// Depth stencil attachment
		image.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;		// We will sample directly from the depth attachment for the shadow mapping
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &image, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.image));

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAlloc = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, &memReqs);
		memAlloc.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		memAlloc.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAlloc, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.mem));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, offscreenPass.depth.image, offscreenPass.depth.mem, 0));

		VkImageViewCreateInfo depthStencilView = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		depthStencilView.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		depthStencilView.format = DEPTH_FORMAT;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange = {};
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		depthStencilView.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		depthStencilView.image = offscreenPass.depth.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &depthStencilView, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depth.view));

		// Create sampler to sample from to depth attachment 
		// Used to sample in the fragment shader for shadowed rendering
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = SHADOWMAP_FILTER;
		sampler.minFilter = SHADOWMAP_FILTER;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.addressModeV = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.addressModeW = sampler.addressModeU;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxLod = 1.0f;
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &offscreenPass.depthSampler));

		prepareOffscreenRenderpass();

		// Create frame buffer
		VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbufCreateInfo = vks::initializers::framebufferCreateInfo();
		fbufCreateInfo.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass; 
		fbufCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		fbufCreateInfo.pAttachments = &offscreenPass.depth.view;
		fbufCreateInfo.width = offscreenPass.width;
		fbufCreateInfo.height = offscreenPass.height;
		fbufCreateInfo.layers = 1;

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbufCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenPass.frameBuffer));
	}

	void buildOffscreenCommandBuffer()
	{
		if (offscreenPass.commandBuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			offscreenPass.commandBuffer = VulkanExampleBase::createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, false);
		}
		if (offscreenPass.semaphore == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			// Create a semaphore used to synchronize offscreen rendering and usage
			VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = vks::initializers::semaphoreCreateInfo();
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenPass.semaphore));
		}

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[1];
		clearValues[0].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = offscreenPass.frameBuffer;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = offscreenPass.width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = offscreenPass.height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, &cmdBufInfo));

		VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)offscreenPass.width, (float)offscreenPass.height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		vkCmdSetViewport(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

		VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(offscreenPass.width, offscreenPass.height, 0, 0);
		vkCmdSetScissor(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

		// Set depth bias (aka "Polygon offset")
		// Required to avoid shadow mapping artefacts
		vkCmdSetDepthBias(
			offscreenPass.commandBuffer,
			depthBiasConstant,
			0.0f,
			depthBiasSlope);

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

		vkCmdBindPipeline(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.offscreen);
		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayouts.offscreen, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.offscreen, 0, NULL);

		VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
		vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &scenes[sceneIndex].vertices.buffer, offsets);
		vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, scenes[sceneIndex].indices.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
		vkCmdDrawIndexed(offscreenPass.commandBuffer, scenes[sceneIndex].indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(offscreenPass.commandBuffer);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(offscreenPass.commandBuffer));
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			// Set target frame buffer
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo));

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };

			// Visualize shadow map
			if (displayShadowMap) {
				vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayouts.quad, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, NULL);
				vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.quad);
				vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &models.quad.vertices.buffer, offsets);
				vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], models.quad.indices.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
				vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], models.quad.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
			}

			// 3D scene
			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayouts.quad, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.scene, 0, NULL);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, (filterPCF) ? pipelines.sceneShadowPCF : pipelines.sceneShadow);

			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &scenes[sceneIndex].vertices.buffer, offsets);
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], scenes[sceneIndex].indices.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
			vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], scenes[sceneIndex].indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

			drawUI(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]));
		}
	}

	void loadAssets()
	{
		scenes.resize(2);
		scenes[0].loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/vulkanscene_shadow.dae", vertexLayout, 4.0f, vulkanDevice, queue);
		scenes[1].loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/samplescene.dae", vertexLayout, 0.25f, vulkanDevice, queue);
		sceneNames = {"Vulkan scene", "Teapots and pillars" };
	}

	void generateQuad()
	{
		// Setup vertices for a single uv-mapped quad
		struct Vertex {
			float pos[3];
			float uv[2];
			float col[3];
			float normal[3];
		};

#define QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }
		std::vector<Vertex> vertexBuffer =
		{
			{ { 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },{ 1.0f, 1.0f }, QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL },
			{ { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 1.0f }, QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL },
			{ { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f }, QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL },
			{ { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },{ 1.0f, 0.0f }, QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL }
		};
#undef QUAD_COLOR_NORMAL

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			vertexBuffer.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
			&models.quad.vertices.buffer,
			&models.quad.vertices.memory,
			vertexBuffer.data()));

		// Setup indices
		std::vector<uint32_t> indexBuffer = { 0,1,2, 2,3,0 };
		models.quad.indexCount = indexBuffer.size();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			indexBuffer.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
			&models.quad.indices.buffer,
			&models.quad.indices.memory,
			indexBuffer.data()));

		models.quad.device = device;
	}

	void setupVertexDescriptions()
	{
		// Binding description
		vertices.bindingDescriptions.resize(1);
		vertices.bindingDescriptions[0] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				vertexLayout.stride(),
				VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX);

		// Attribute descriptions
		vertices.attributeDescriptions.resize(4);
		// Location 0 : Position
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[0] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				0,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				0);
		// Location 1 : Texture coordinates
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[1] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				1,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 3);
		// Location 2 : Color
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[2] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				2,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 5);
		// Location 3 : Normal
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[3] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				3,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 8);

		vertices.inputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertices.inputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = vertices.bindingDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertices.bindingDescriptions.data();
		vertices.inputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = vertices.attributeDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertices.attributeDescriptions.data();
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		// Example uses three ubos and two image samplers
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes =
		{
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 6),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 4)
		};

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(
				poolSizes.size(),
				poolSizes.data(),
				3);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		// Textured quad pipeline layout
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
			VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
				0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader image sampler
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				1)
		};

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(
				setLayoutBindings.data(),
				setLayoutBindings.size());

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo =
			vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayouts.quad));

		// Offscreen pipeline layout
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayouts.offscreen));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSets()
	{
		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets;

		// Textured quad descriptor set
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(
				descriptorPool,
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet));

		// Image descriptor for the shadow map attachment
		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptor =
			vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				offscreenPass.depthSampler,
				offscreenPass.depth.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformBuffers.debug.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader texture sampler
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texDescriptor)
		};

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);

		// Offscreen
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.offscreen));

		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSets.offscreen,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformBuffers.offscreen.descriptor),
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);

		// 3D scene
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.scene));

		// Image descriptor for the shadow map attachment
		texDescriptor.sampler = offscreenPass.depthSampler;
		texDescriptor.imageView = offscreenPass.depth.view;

		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSets.scene,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformBuffers.scene.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader shadow sampler
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSets.scene,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texDescriptor)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);

	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(
				VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
				0,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(
				VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
				VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT,
				VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE,
				0);

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
				0xf,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(
				1,
				&blendAttachmentState);

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(
				VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
				0);

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				dynamicStateEnables.size(),
				0);

		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo =
			vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(
				pipelineLayouts.quad,
				renderPass,
				0);

		pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = shaderStages.size();
		pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		// Shadow mapping debug quad display
		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/shadowmapping/quad.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/shadowmapping/quad.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		// Empty vertex input state
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo emptyInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &emptyInputState;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.quad));

		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertices.inputState;

		// Scene rendering with shadows applied
		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/shadowmapping/scene.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/shadowmapping/scene.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		// Use specialization constants to select between horizontal and vertical blur
		uint32_t enablePCF = 0;
		VkSpecializationMapEntry specializationMapEntry = vks::initializers::specializationMapEntry(0, 0, sizeof(uint32_t));
		VkSpecializationInfo specializationInfo = vks::initializers::specializationInfo(1, &specializationMapEntry, sizeof(uint32_t), &enablePCF);
		shaderStages[1].pSpecializationInfo = &specializationInfo;
		// No filtering
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.sceneShadow));
		// PCF filtering
		enablePCF = 1;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.sceneShadowPCF));

		// Offscreen pipeline (vertex shader only)
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/shadowmapping/offscreen.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = 1;
		// No blend attachment states (no color attachments used)
		colorBlendState.attachmentCount = 0;
		// Cull front faces
		depthStencilState.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL;
		// Enable depth bias
		rasterizationState.depthBiasEnable = VK_TRUE;
		// Add depth bias to dynamic state, so we can change it at runtime
		dynamicStateEnables.push_back(VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_DEPTH_BIAS);
		dynamicState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				dynamicStateEnables.size(),
				0);

		pipelineCreateInfo.layout = pipelineLayouts.offscreen;
		pipelineCreateInfo.renderPass = offscreenPass.renderPass;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreen));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Debug quad vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBuffers.debug,
			sizeof(uboVSscene)));

		// Offscreen vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBuffers.offscreen,
			sizeof(uboOffscreenVS)));

		// Scene vertex shader uniform buffer block 
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBuffers.scene,
			sizeof(uboVSscene)));

		// Map persistent
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.debug.map());
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.offscreen.map());
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.scene.map());

		updateLight();
		updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	void updateLight()
	{
		// Animate the light source
		lightPos.x = cos(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 40.0f;
		lightPos.y = -50.0f + sin(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 20.0f;
		lightPos.z = 25.0f + sin(glm::radians(timer * 360.0f)) * 5.0f;
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Shadow map debug quad
		float AR = (float)height / (float)width;

		uboVSquad.projection = glm::ortho(2.5f / AR, 0.0f, 0.0f, 2.5f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
		uboVSquad.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);

		memcpy(uniformBuffers.debug.mapped, &uboVSquad, sizeof(uboVSquad));

		// 3D scene
		uboVSscene.projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)width / (float)height, zNear, zFar);

		uboVSscene.view = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, zoom));
		uboVSscene.view = glm::rotate(uboVSscene.view, glm::radians(rotation.x), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		uboVSscene.view = glm::rotate(uboVSscene.view, glm::radians(rotation.y), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		uboVSscene.view = glm::rotate(uboVSscene.view, glm::radians(rotation.z), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

		uboVSscene.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);

		uboVSscene.lightPos = lightPos;

		uboVSscene.depthBiasMVP = uboOffscreenVS.depthMVP;

		memcpy(uniformBuffers.scene.mapped, &uboVSscene, sizeof(uboVSscene));
	}

	void updateUniformBufferOffscreen()
	{
		// Matrix from light's point of view
		glm::mat4 depthProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(glm::radians(lightFOV), 1.0f, zNear, zFar);
		glm::mat4 depthViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(lightPos, glm::vec3(0.0f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
		glm::mat4 depthModelMatrix = glm::mat4(1.0f);

		uboOffscreenVS.depthMVP = depthProjectionMatrix * depthViewMatrix * depthModelMatrix;

		memcpy(uniformBuffers.offscreen.mapped, &uboOffscreenVS, sizeof(uboOffscreenVS));
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
		
		// The scene render command buffer has to wait for the offscreen rendering (and transfer) to be finished before using the shadow map
		// Therefore we synchronize using an additional semaphore

		// Offscreen rendering

		// Wait for swap chain presentation to finish
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &semaphores.presentComplete;
		// Signal ready with offscreen semaphore
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &offscreenPass.semaphore;

		// Submit work
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &offscreenPass.commandBuffer;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		// Scene rendering

		// Wait for offscreen semaphore
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &offscreenPass.semaphore;;
		// Signal ready with render complete semaphpre
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores.renderComplete;

		// Submit work
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadAssets();
		generateQuad();
		prepareOffscreenFramebuffer();
		setupVertexDescriptions();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSets();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		buildOffscreenCommandBuffer();
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		draw();
		if (!paused)
		{
			updateLight();
			updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
			updateUniformBuffers();
		}
	}

	virtual void viewChanged()
	{
		updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			if (overlay->comboBox("Scenes", &sceneIndex, sceneNames)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
				buildOffscreenCommandBuffer();
			}
			if (overlay->checkBox("Display shadow render target", &displayShadowMap)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
			if (overlay->checkBox("PCF filtering", &filterPCF)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
		}
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()