Anything that is **connected** can be modeled as a network.
- Real-life social networks
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height: 350px
name: real-life
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Zachary, W. W. (1977). An information flow model for conflict and fission in small groups. Journal of anthropological research, 33(4), 452-473.
- Online social networks
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height: 350px
name: twitter
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Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2011, July). Political polarization on twitter. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 5, No. 1).
Often what comes to our minds about networks are social networks. However, in reality, the application of networks can be broader!
What about other non-human living things?
- Protein-protein interaction networks
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height: 350px
name: protine
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Jeong, H., Mason, S. P., Barabási, A. L., & Oltvai, Z. N. (2001). Lethality and centrality in protein networks. Nature, 411(6833), 41-42.
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Yukuns-MacBook-Pro:sna yukun$ Rual, J. F., Venkatesan, K., Hao, T., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Dricot, A., Li, N., ... & Vidal, M. (2005). Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein–protein interaction network. Nature, 437(7062), 1173-1178.
- Ecological Network
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height: 350px
name: ecology
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Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A., Milani, G. A., Raybould, A., Muggleton, S., & Bohan, D. A. (2013). Construction and validation of food webs using logic-based machine learning and text mining. Advances in Ecological Research, 49, 225-289.
Non-living things can be modeled as networks as well:
- Economic Networks
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height: 350px
name: economic
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Elliott, Matthew, Benjamin Golub, and Matthew O. Jackson. "Financial networks and contagion." American Economic Review 104.10 (2014): 3115-53.
- Trade Networks
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height: 350px
name: trade
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Dastkhan, H., & Gharneh, N. S. (2018). How the ownership structures cause epidemics in financial markets: A network-based simulation model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492, 324-342.
- Transportation Networks
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height: 350px
name: transport
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Sun, X., Gollnick, V., & Wandelt, S. (2017). Robustness analysis metrics for worldwide airport network: A comprehensive study. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 30(2), 500-512.
- Citation Networks
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height: 350px
name: co-cite
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Li, X., Chen, H., Huang, Z., & Roco, M. C. (2007). Patent citation network in nanotechnology (1976–2004). Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9(3), 337-352.
Abstract things can be modeled as network too:
- Keyword Networks
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height: 350px
name: keyword
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Kayir, S., & Kisa, A. (2021). The evolution of the regional anesthesia: a holistic investigation of global outputs with bibliometric analysis between 1980-2019. The Korean Journal of Pain, 34(1), 82.
- Semantic Networks
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height: 350px
name: semantic
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Kang, G. J., Ewing-Nelson, S. R., Mackey, L., Schlitt, J. T., Marathe, A., Abbas, K. M., & Swarup, S. (2017). Semantic network analysis of vaccine sentiment in online social media. Vaccine, 35(29), 3621-3638.
- Emoji Network
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height: 350px
name: emoji
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Ai, W., Lu, X., Liu, X., Wang, N., Huang, G., & Mei, Q. (2017, April). Untangling emoji popularity through semantic embeddings. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 11, No. 1).
(Visualization can be accessed via https://emojicloud3d.herokuapp.com/)
What are some examples of networks being used in policing research?
- Crime Networks
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height: 350px
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Duijn, P. A., & Klerks, P. P. (2014). Social network analysis applied to criminal networks: recent developments in Dutch law enforcement. Networks and network analysis for defence and security, 121-159.
- Social transmission of police misconduct
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height: 350px
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Ouellet, M., Hashimi, S., Gravel, J., & Papachristos, A. V. (2019). Network exposure and excessive use of force: Investigating the social transmission of police misconduct. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(3), 675-704.
- ...
What else can you think of?