lord_livy.md

title	author	date	lang	edited	license	original_scan	notes
Livy Book I	John K. Lord, Ph.D.	1897	la	false	CC-BY-SA 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/	https://www.google.com/books/edition/Livy_Book_I/uMNEAAAAIAAJ

TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA LIBRI

PRAEFATIO.

Factūrusne operae pretium sim, sī ā prīmōrdiō urbis rēs populī Rōmānī perscrīpserim, nec satis sciō, nec, sī sciam, dīcere ausim, quippe quī cum veterem 2 tum vulgātam esse rem videam, dum novī semper scrīptōrēs aut in rēbus certius aliquid adlātūrōs sē aut scrībendī arte rudem vetustātem superātūrōs crē- dunt. Utcumque erit, iuvābit tamen rērum gestārum s memoriae prīncipis terrārum populī prō virīlī parte et ipsum cōnsuluisse; et sī in tantā scrīptōrum turbā mea fāma in obscūrō sit, nōbilitāte ac māgnitūdine eōrum mē, quī nōminī officient meō, cōnsōler. Rēs 4 est praetereā et immēnsī operis, ut quae suprā sep- tingentēsimum annum repetātur, et quae ab exiguīs profecta initiīs eō crēverit, ut iam māgnitūdine labōret suā; et legentium plērīsque haud dubitō quīn prīmae

1-5. Difficulty and purpose of the work; 6-9. legendary character of early history; 10-13. value of historical study and writer’s hope of success.

1. Factūrusne... sim: whether I shall make it worth the whnile of myself and my readers in writing the early history of Rome. The words form part of a hexameter. 2. dum: because.—certius a.: greater exactness. 3. memoriae: dat. with cōnsuluisse. —prō v. p.: to the best of my ability. —et ip.: as well as others. —in ob.: obscured.
2. et i.: the et corresponds with the et before legentium, but the con-

struction changes. —ut q.: because. —legentium: readers; participle B 1 2 TITI LIVI

orīginēs proximaque orīginibus minus praebitūra vo- luptātis sint festīnantibus ad haec nova, quibus iam prīdem praevalentis populī vīrēs sē ipsae cōnficiunt;

5 ego contrā hōc quoque labōris praemium petam, ut mē ā cōnspectū malōrum quae nostra tot per annōs vīdit aetās, tantisper certē dum prīsca tōtā illa mente repetō, āvertam, omnis expers cūrae, quae scrībentis animum etsī nōn flectere ā vērō, sollicitam tamen efficere posset.

6 Quae ante conditam condendamve urbem poēticīs magis decōra fābulīs quam incorruptīs rērum gestā- rum monumentīs trāduntur, ea nec adfīrmāre nec

7 refellere in animō est. Datur haec venia antīquitātī, ut miscendō hūmāna dīvīnīs prīmōrdia urbium- au- gustiōra faciat; et sī cuī populō licēre oportet cōnse- crāre orīginēs suās et ad deōs referre auctōrēs, ea bellī glōria est populō Rōmānō, ut, cum suum conditōrisque suī parentem Mārtem potissimum ferat, tam et hōc gentēs hūmānae patiantur aequō animō quam impe-

8 rium patiuntur. Sed haec et hīs similia, utcumque animadversa aut exīstimāta erunt, haud in māgnō

9 equidem pōnam discrīmine; ad illa mihi prō sē quisque ācriter intendat animum, quae vīta, quī mō- rēs fuerint, per quōs virōs quibusque artibus domī mīlitiaeque et partum et auctum imperium sit; lābente

for noun. —haec n.: the civil wars, in distinction from prīsca illa, in which L. takes greater pleasure. 6. conditam condendamve: the actual or prospective founding: the gerundive with ante is not often used as a substitute for a verbal noun. ī. sī... oportet: if any people ought to be allowved; cuī is emphatic. —auctōrēs: appositive ot deōs. —potissumum: adv. in preference to any other.—tfterat: represents. —et: even. S. haec: myths and traditions, in distinction from illa, the lessons of history. 9. mihi: ethical dat. —lābente: forms with dēsīdentēs, lāpsī sint and īre praecipitēs a climax, failing, PRAEFATIO

deinde paulātim disciplīnā velut dēsīdentēs prīmō mōrēs sequātur animō, deinde ut magis magisque lāpsī sint, tam īre coeperint praecipitēs, dōnec ad haec tempora, quibus nec vitia nostra nec remedia patī possumus, perventum est. Hōc illud est praeci- puē in cognitiōne rērum salūbre ac frūgiferum, omnis tē exemplī documenta in inlūstrī posita monumentō intuērī; inde tibi tuaeque reī pūblicae quod imitēre capiās, inde foedum inceptū, foedum exitū, quod vītēs. Cēterum aut mē amor negōtiī susceptī fallit, aut nūlla umquam rēs pūblica nec māior nec sānctior nec bonīs exemplīs dītior fuit, nec in quam cīvitātem tam sērae avāritia lūxuriaque immigrāverint, nec ubi tantus ac tam diū paupertātī ac parsimōniae honōs fuerit; adeō quantō rērum minus, tantō minus cupiditātis erat. Nūper dīvitiae avāritiam et abundantēs voluptātēs dēsīderium per lūxum atque libīdinem pereundī per- dendīque omnia invexēre. Sed querellae, nē tum qui- dem grātae futūrae, cum forsitan necessāriae erunt, ab initiō certē tantae ōrdiendae reī absint; cum bonīs potius ōminibus vōtīsque et precātiōnibus deōrum de- ārumque, sī, ut poētīs, nōbīs quoque mōs esset, libentius inciperēmus, ut ōrsīs tantum operis successūs prōsperōs darent.

10

11

12

13

settling (as it were), falting and coming down with a crash.—disci- plīnā: tone of morality. 11. Cēterum: for sed. —cīvitātem: attrac- tion. —adeō: so true it is that; often in L. of a general ground. 12. certē: at least. 13. potius: much rather.—ōrsīs: the begin-

ning, undertaking. TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA

LIBER I.

1. Iam prīmum omnium satis cōnstat Trōiā captā in cēterōs saevītum esse Trōiānōs; duōbus, Aenēae Antēnorīque, et vetustī iūre hospitiī et quia pācis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctōrēs fuērunt, omne

2 iūs bellī Achīvōs abstinuisse. Cāsibus deinde variīs Antēnorem cum multitūdine Enetum, quī sēditiōne ex Paphlagoniā pulsī et sēdēs et ducem rēge Pylae- mene ad Trōiam āmissō quaerēbant, vēnisse in inti-

3 mum Hadriāticī maris sinum; Euganeīsque, quī inter mare Alpēsque incolēbant, pulsīs Enetōs Trōiānōsque eās tenuisse terrās. Et in quem prīmum ēgressī sunt locum Trōia vocātur, pāgōque inde Trōiānō nōmen

4 est; gēns ūniversa Venetī appellātī. Aenēam ab similī clāde domō profugum, sed ad māiōra rērum initia dūcentibus fātīs prīmō in Macedoniam vēnisse,

1. The scattering of the Trojans and arrival of Aeneas in Italy.—
2. Iam... omnium: to begin with.—satis cōnstat: L. means that this is the settled tradition, not historic fact.—duōbus: dat. com. with abstinuisse. 2. Cāsibus... v.: from this point their fortunes diverged. Enetum: Homer, Il. 2. 852, makes the Eneti of Paphlagonia the allies of the Trojans; the transfer to Veneti under a Trojan leader is natural. 3. locum: see praef. 11. 4. māiōra: hypallage for māiōrum.

4 LIBER I

inde in Siciliam quaerentem sēdēs dēlātum, ab Siciliā classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse. Trōia et huīc locō nōmen est. Ibi ēgressī Trōiānī, ut quibus ab inmēnsō prope errōre nihil praeter arma et nāvēs superesset, cum praedam ex agrīs agerent, Latīnus rēx Aborīginēsque, quī tum ea tenēbant loca, ad arcendam vim advenā- rum armātī ex urbe atque agrīs concurrunt. Duplex inde fāma est: aliī proeliō victum Latīnum pācem cum Aenēā, deinde adfīnitātem iūnxisse trādunt; aliī, cum īnstrūctae aciēs cōnstitissent, priusquam sīgna canerent, prōcessisse Latīnum inter prīmōrēs ducem- que advenārum ēvocāsse ad conloquium; percūn- ctātum deinde, quī mortālēs essent, unde aut quō cāsū profectī domō, quidve quaerentēs in agrum Laurentem exīssent, postquam audierit multitūdinem Trōiānōs esse, ducem Aenēam fīlium Anchīsae et Veneris, cre- mātā patriā domō profugōs sēdem condendaeque urbī locum quaerere, et nōbilitātem admīrātum gentis virīque et animum vel bellō vel pācī parātum dextrā datā fidem futūrae amīcitiae sānxisse. Inde foedus ictum inter ducēs, inter exercitūs salūtātiōnem factam; Aenēam apud Latīnum fuisse in hospitiō. Ibi Latīnum apud penātēs deōs domesticum pūblicō adiūnxisse foedus fīliā Aenēae in mātrimōnium datā Ea rēs utique Trōiānīs spem adfīrmat tandem stabilī certāque sēde fīniendī errōris. Oppidum condunt; Aenēās ab nōmine uxōris Lāvīnium appellat. Brevī stirpis quoque virīlis ex

10

11

5. inmēnsēō: endless; lit. unmeasured. —Latīnus: the eponymous hero of the Latins, said to be the son of Faunus and the nymph Marīca, afterward worshipped as ōupiter Latiaris. 6. inde: from this point.

6. unde: whence they came? Uū’se different clauses in translating these questions and connect by and. — quidve q.: with what purpose?

7. SBrevī: sc. tempore. 6 TITI LIVI

novō mātrimōniō fuit, cuī Ascanium parentēs dīxēre nōmen.

2. Bellō deinde Aborīginēs Trōiānīque simul petītī. Turnus, rēx Rutulōrum, cuī pacta Lāvīnia ante adven- tum Aenēae fuerat, praelātum sibi advenam aegrē patiēns, simul Aenēae Latīnōque bellum intulerat.

2 Neutra aciēs laeta ex eō certāmine abiit: victī Rutulī, victōrēs Aborīginēs Trōiānīque ducem Latīnum āmī- 3 sēre. Inde Turnus Rutulīque diffīsī rēbus ad flōrentēs opēs Etrūscōrum Mezentiumque rēgem eōrum cōnfu- giunt, quī Caere, opulentō tum oppidō, imperitāns, iam inde ab initiō minimē laetus novae orīgine urbis, et tum nimiō plūs quam satis tūtum esset accolīs rem Trōiānam crēscere ratus, haud gravātim socia arma 4 Rutulīs iūnxit. Aenēās, adversus tantī bellī terrōrem ut animōs Aborīginum sibi conciliāret, nec sub eōdem iūre sōlum sed etiam nōmine omnēs essent, Latīnōs 5 utramque gentem appellāvit. Nec deinde Aborīginēs Trōiānīs studiō ac fidē ergā rēgem Aenēam cessēre. Frētusque hīs animīs coalēscentium in diēs magis duōrum populōrum Aenēās, quamquam tanta opibus Etrūria erat, ut iam nōn terrās sōlum sed mare etiam per tōtam ītaliae longitūdinem ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum fāmā nōminis suī implēsset, tamen, cum moe- nibus bellum prōpulsāre posset, in aciem cōpiās ēdūxit. 6 Secundum inde proelium Latīnīs, Aenēae etiam ulti- mum operum mortālium fuit. Situs est, quemcumque

2. 2. āmīsēre: tradition said that Latinus disappeared. 3. rēbus: their own strength.—Caere: loc. ab. Caere was one of the twelve allied cantons of Etruria. 4. nec = et nē, common in L. following ut, but the negative belongs only to sōum. bō5. frētusque: que, and so then. L. often uses que in a summary or transition. Cf. c. 42. 4.— fāmā: inst. abl. —moenibus: inst. abl. 6. Secundum: successful.— Situs est: lies buried. —quemcumque... est: whether human or LIBER I T7

eum dīcī iūs fāsque est, super Numīcum fluvium; Iovem indigetem appellant.

3. Nōndum mātūrus imperiō Ascanius Aenēae fīlius erat; tamen id imperium eī ad pūberem aetātem inco- lume mānsit. Tantisper tūtēlā muliebrī— tanta indo- lēs in Lāvīniā erat —rēs Latīna et rēgnum avītum paternumque puerō stetit. Haud ambigam — quis 2 enim rem tam veterem prō certō adfīrmet ? — hīcine fuerit Ascanius, an māior quam hīc, Creūsā mātre īliō incolumī nātus comesque inde paternae fugae, quem Iūlum eundem Iūlia gēns auctōrem nōminis suī nūn- cupat. Is Ascanius, ubicumque et quacumque mātre 3 genitus — certē nātum Aenēā cōnstat —abundante Lā- vīnī multitūdine flōrentem iam, ut tum rēs erant, atque opulentam urbem mātrī seu novercae relīquit, novam ipse aliam sub Albānō monte condidit, quae ab sitū porrēctae in dorsō urbis Longa Alba appellāta. Inter Lāvīnium et Albam Longam colōniam dēductam 4 trīgintā fermē interfuēre annī. Tantum tamen opēs crēverant māximē fūsīs Etrūscīs, ut nē morte quidem Aenēae, nec deinde inter muliebrem tūtēlam rudī- mentumque prīmum puerīlis rēgnī, movēre arma aut Mezentius Etrūscīque aut ūllī aliī accolae ausī sint. Pāx ita convēnerat, ut Etrūscīs Latīnīsque 5 fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, fīnis esset.

divine. The ancients were particular in using the right name of a deity or hero in speaking of or to him, and in ascribing the right attri- butes to him. —super: on the bank of.

S. The founding of Alba. 1. muliebrī = gen. mulieris, as in ō 4 and often. 2. ambigam: question, decide. —Iūlum e.: the same one whom under the name of I. 3. ubicumque et q.: often in L. without a verb.—multitāūdine: population. —ut erant: for the times.— Longa A.: order reversed for emphasis. The town lay on a ridge un- der the Alban mountain, just above the Alban lake. 4. Lāvīnium: sc. conditum.—morte: abl. of time.—ausī sint: perfect for the im- 8 TITI LIVI

6 Silvius deinde rēgnat, Ascaniī fīlius, cāsū quōdam in 7 silvīs nātus. Is Aenēam Silvium creat; is deinde Latīnum Silvium. Ab eō colōniae aliquot dēductae, 8 Prīscī Latīnī appellātī. Mānsit Silviīs posteā omni- bus cognōmen, quī Albae rēgnāvērunt. Latīnō Alba ortus, Albā Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capetō Tiberīnus, quī in trāiectū Albulae amnis submersus 9 celebre ad posterōs nōmen flūminī dedit. Agrippa inde Tiberīnī fīlius, post Agrippam Rōmulus Silvius ā patre acceptō imperiō rēgnat. Adventīnō fulmine ipse ictus rēgnum per manūs trādidit. Is sepultus in eō colle quī nunc pars Rōmānae est urbis, cognōmen 10 collī fēcit. Proca deinde rēgnat. Is Numitōrem atque Amūlium prōcreat; Numitōrī, quī stirpis māxi- mus erat, rēgnum vetustum Silviae gentis lēgat. Plūs tamen vīs potuit quam voluntās patris aut verēcundia 11 aetātis. Pulsō frātre Amūlius rēgnat. Addit sce- lerī scelus; stirpem frātris virīlem interimit, frātris fīliae Rēae Silviae per speciem honōris, cum Vestā- lem eam lēgisset, perpetuā virginitāte spem partūs adimit. 4. Sed dēbēbātur, ut opīnor, fātīs tantae orīgō urbis māximīque secundum deōrum opēs imperiī prīncipium. 2 Vī compressa Vestālis cum geminum partum ēdidisset, seu ita rata, seu quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat,

perfect, as in 21. 1.2. 6. Silvius: the first tradition gave Romulus as the grandson of Aeneas, but when it appeared that more than 400 years (cf. c. 29. 6.) lay between the fall of Troy and the founding of Rome, a family of Alban kings was put in to fill the gap. ī7. Prīscī La- tīnī: so called to distinguish them from later Latin colonies. Cf. c. 33. 4. 8. cognōmen = nōmen, i.e. Silvius. 10. māximus = māior. 11. Addit: observe in these chapters the succession of short sentences and the asyndeton, a style in harmony with the rapid survey of events.

4. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 1. secundum: next to. 2. erat: LIBER I 9

Mārtem incertae stirpis patrem nūncupat. Sed nec s diī nec hominēs aut ipsam aut stirpem ā crūdēlitāte rēgiā vindicant: sacerdōs vincta in cūstōdiam datur, puerōs in prōfluentem aquam mittī iubet. Forte 4 quādam dīvīnitus super rīpās Tiberis effūsus lēnibus stāgnīs nec adīrī ūsquam ad iūstī cursum poterat amnis, et posse quamvīs languidā mergī aquā īnfantēs spem ferentibus dabat. Ita, velut dēfūnctī rēgis im- 5 periō, in proximā. ēluviē, ubi nunc fīcus Rūmīnālis est — Rōmulārem vocātam ferunt — puerōs expōnunt. Vāstae tum in hīs locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Tenet 6 fāma, cum fluitantem alveum, quō expositī erant puerī, tenuis in siccō aqua dēstituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus, quī circā sunt, ad puerīlem vāgītum cursum flēxisse; eam submissās īnfantibus adeō mītem praebuisse mammās, ut linguā lambentem puerōs ma- gister rēgiī pecoris invēnerit — Faustulō fuisse nōmen ferunt. Ab eō ad stabula Lārentiae uxōrī ēducandōs datōs. Sunt quī Lārentiam vulgātō corpore lupam 7 inter pāstōrēs vocātam putent; inde locum fābulae ac mīrāculō datum. Ita genitī itaque ēducātī, cum s prīmum adolēvit aetās, nec in stabulīs nec ad pecora sēgnēs vēnandō peragrāre saltūs. Hinc rōbore cor- 9

would be, as in 21. 41.2. 3. Sed: but whichever was the case. —prō- fluentem a.: a stream. —iubet: L. often carelessly omits the subject, even when it differs from that of the preceding verb. 4. Forte q. d.: by a divine chance.—Tīiberis... dabat: the Tiber having overflowed .. could not be approached ... but they hoped. —iūstī: regular; see on c. 1. 4. ō5. fīcus: afterward shown on the western slope of the Palatine. 6. Vāstae: wild. The stretch between the Palatine, Capi- toline, and Aventine was a swampy waste. —quī... sunt: surround- ing, i.e. on both sides of the river.—Faustulō: favorer, helper.— ēducandēōs: to be brought up. S. ad pecora: when the herds were in the pastures. — vēnandō: mod. abl. The young men were particularly active in hunting. 10 TITI LIVI

poribus animīsque sūmptō iam nōn ferās tantum sub- sistere, sed in latrōnēs praedā onustōs impetūs facere, pāstōribusque rapta dīvidere, et cum hīs crēscente in diēs grege iuvenum sēria ac iocōs celebrāre. 5. Iam tum in Palātiō monte Lupercal hōc fuisse lūdicrum ferunt, et ā Pallantēō, urbe Arcadicā, 2 Pallantium, dein Palātium montem appellātum. Ibi Euandrum, quī ex eō genere Arcadum multīs ante tempestātibus tenuerit loca, sollemne adlātum ex Arcadiā īnstituisse, ut nūdī iuvenēs Lycaeum Pāna venerantēs per lūsum atque lascīviam currerent, quem 3 Rōmānī deinde vocāvērunt Inuum. Huīc dēditīs lūdicrō, cum sollemne nōtum esset, īnsidiātōs ob īram praedae āmissae latrōnēs, cum Rōmulus vī sē dē- fendisset, Remum cēpisse, captum rēgī Amūliō trā- didisse ultrō accūsantēs. Crīminī māximē dabant in 4 Numitōris agrōs ab iīs impetūs fierī; inde eōs conlēctā iuvenum manū hostīlem in modum praedās agere. 5 Sīc ad supplicium Numitōrī Remus dēditur. Iam inde ab initiō Faustulō spēs fuerat rēgiam stirpem apud sē ēducārī: nam et expositōs iussū rēgis īnfantēs sciēbat, et tempus, quō ipse eōs sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere; sed rem immātūram nisi aut per occāsiōnem aut per necessitātem aperīre nōluerat.

9. iam: already; before the events of the next chapter. —subsi- stere: lay in wait.—iocōs: merry-makings. The expression is used simply as a contrast to sēria, and to prepare for the following.

10. Fall of Amulius. 1. monte: appos. of Palātiō. —hōc: the one still in use. —lūdicrum: festival. It was in February, in honor of the god of flocks, Lupercus; associated with Pan. 2. tempestātibus: as we say seasons for years.—nūdī: i.e. clothed only in goat-skins.

11. praedae a.: the loss of their booty, as in 21. 1. 5. —cēpisse, c.: took, and then. — ūltrō: actually; one would not expect a charge from rob- bers. 5. immātūram: unseasonably, predicative.— occāsiōnem:

LIBER I 11

Necessitās prior vēnit. Ita metū subāctus Rōmulō 6 rem aperit. Forte et Numitōrī, cum in cūstōdiā Remum habēret, audīssetque geminōs esse frātrēs, comparandō et aetātem eōrum et ipsam minimē ser- vīlem indolem tetigerat animum memoria nepōtum; scīscitandōque eōdem pervēnit, ut haud procul esset quīn Remum agnōsceret. Ita undique rēgī dolus 7 nectitar. Rōmulus nōn cum globō iuvenum —nec enim erat ad vim apertam pār —sed aliīs aliō itinere iussīs certō tempore ad rēgiam venīre pāstōribus, ad rēgem impetum facit, et ā domō Numitōris aliā com- parātā manū adiuvat Remus. Ita rēgem obtruncant.

6. Numitor inter prīmum tumultum hostīs invāsisse urbem atque adortōs rēgiam dictitāns, cum pūbem Albānam in arcem praesidiō armīsque obtinendam āvocāsset, postquam iuvenēs perpetrātā caede pergere ad sē grātulantēs vīdit, extemplō advocātō oonciliō scelus in sē frātris, orīginem nepōtum, ut genitī, ut ēducātī, ut cognitī essent, caedem deinceps tyrannī sēque ēius auctōrem ostendit. Iuvenēs per mediam 2 cōntiōnem āgmine ingressī cum avum rēgem salūtās- sent, secūta ex omnī multitūdine cōnsentiēns vōx ratum nōmen imperiumque rēgī efficit. Ita Numitōrī 3

favorable opportunity. 6. metū s.: under the influence of fear, either of excessive penalty for Remus, or of being implicated as his foster-father. —eōdem: adv. to the same point as Faustulus. Tī. aliīs a. i.: by different routes.

6. Romulus and Remus wish to found a city.—1. Numitor: this sentence is an excellent illustration of the Livian period. The thought is carried forward by the partic. dictitāns, the clauses with cum and postquam, and the abl. abs. and concludes with the main verb. In translating it should be broken into several independent sentences.— prīmum t.: the beginning of.—deinceps: adi., following.— auctō- rem: responsible. 2. āgmine: side by side; the word hardly applies to two persons, but it is a stock phrase (abl. modal.), the opposite of 12 TITI LIVI

Albānā rē permissā Rōmulum Remumque cupīdō cēpit in iīs locīs, ubi expositī ubique ēducātī erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitūdō Albānōrum Latī- nōrumque; ad id pāstōrēs quoque accesserant, quī omnēs facile spem facerent, parvam Albam, parvum

4 Lāvīnium prae eā urbe, quae conderētur, fore. In- tervēnit deinde hīs cōgitātiōnibus avītum malum, rēgnī cupīdō, atque inde foedum certāmen coortum ā satis mītī prīncipiō. Quoniam geminī essent, nec aetātis verēcundia discrīmen facere posset, ut diī, quōrum tūtēlae ea loca essent, auguriīs legerent quī nōmen novae urbī daret, quī conditam imperiō regeret, Palātium Rōmulus, Remus Aventīnum ad inauguran- dum templa capiunt.

T7. Priōrī Remō augurium vēnisse fertur, sex vultu- rēs, iamque nūntiātō auguriō cum duplex numerus Rōmulō sē ostendisset, utrumque rēgem sua multitūdō cōnsalūtāverat. Tempore illī praeceptō, at hī numerō

2 avium rēgnum trahēbant. Inde cum altercātiōne con- gressī certāmine īrārum ad caedem vertuntur. Ibi in turbā ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgātior fāma est lūdi- briō frātris Remum novōs trānsiluisse mūrōs; inde ab īrātō Rōmulō, cum verbīs quoque increpitāns adiē- cisset, “Sīc deinde quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia

disorderly. 3. ad id = ad eōs, the excessive part.—quī o.: so that all together.—prae: in comparison with. 4. satis m.: very trifling.— essent: subj. because it is the thought of the young men.—quōrumtt.: under whose protection; tūtēlae is pred. gen. of possession. —inaugu- randum: for taking the omens; the indispensable preliminary for

every act at Rome. —templa: posts of observation; ef. c. 18. 10.

7. Death of Remus. Establishment of ritual. —1. utrumque. . . c.: each was saluted by his own followers as king. sya refers to utrum- que.— Tempore: inst. abl. —trahēbant: sc. ad sē, claimed. 2. cer-

tāmine i.: in their passionate strife; inst. abl.; note the plu. of īrārum, as in 21. 58. 1. —increpitāns: join with verbīs as adj.; bitter.

LIBER I

mea!” interfectum. Ita sōlus potītus imperiō Rōmu- lus; condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta.

Palātium prīmum, in quō ipse erat ēducātus, mūniit. Sacra diīs aliīs Albānō rītū, Graecō Herculī, ut ab Euandrō īnstitūta erant, facit. Herculem in ea loca Gēryone interēmptō bovēs mīrā speciē abēgisse memo- rant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, quā prae sē armentum agēns nandō trāiēcerat, locō herbidō, ut quiēte et pābulō laetō reficeret bovēs, et ipsum fessum viā prōcubuisse. Ibi cum eum cibō vīnōque gravātum sopor oppressisset, pāstor accola ēius locī, nōmine Cācus, ferōx vīribus, captus pulchritūdine boum cum āvertere eam praedam vellet, quia, sī agendō armentum in spēluncam compulisset, ipsa vēstīgia quaerentem dominum eō dēductūra erant, āversōs bovēs, eximium quemque pulchritūdine, caudīs in spēluncam trāxit. Herculēs ad prīmam aurōram somnō excitus cum gre- gem perlūstrāsset oculīs et partem abesse numerō sēn- sisset, pergit ad proximam spēluncam, sī forte eō vestīgia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia forās versa vīdit nec in partem aliam ferre, cōnfūsus atque incertus animī ex locō īnfēstō agere porrō armentum occēpit. Inde cum āctae bovēs quaedam ad dēsīderium, ut fit, relīctārum mūgīssent, reddita inclūsārum ex spēluncā boum vōx Herculem convertit. Quem cum vādentem

13

4

3. Albānō... Graecō: i.e. with covered and uncovered head. 4. quā: in the place to which he had come. —laetō: rich. —et i.: he was tired as well as the cattle. 5. ferōx: confident. Cacus, the bad robber,

lived in a cave in the Aventine, as Evander on the Palatine.—eam

p.:

them as plunder; a common attraction. —dēductūra erant: must have led.— quemque: attracted to the adj. as regularly to a superla-

tive; he seized the most beautiful and drew. 6. ad. p. a.: poetical

for

prīmā lāūce. —sī: to see if. 7. ad. d. u. f.: missing, as is common.—

reddita... vōx: L. is fond of involved order; cf. c. 4.6. 14 TIrīI LIVI

ad spēluncam Cācus vī prohibēre cōnātus esset, ictus clāvā fidem pāstōrum nēquīquam invocāns morte oc- 8 cubuit. Euander tum ea profugus ex Peloponnēsō auctōritāte magis quam imperiō regēbat loca, venerā- bilis vir mīrāculō litterārum, reī novae inter rudēs artium hominēs, venerābilior dīvīnitāte crēditā Car- mentae mātris, quam fātiloquam ante Sibyllae in 9 Jtaliam adventum mīrātae eae gentēs fuerant. Is tum Euander, concursū pāstōrum trepidantium circā advenam manifēstae reum caedis excitus, postquam facinus facinorisque causam audīvit, habitum fōr- mamque virī aliquantum ampliōrem augustiōremque hūmānā intuēns, rogitat quī vir esset. Ubi nōmen 10 patremque ac patriam accēpit, “Iove nāte, Herculēs, salvē,” inquit. “Tē mihi māter, vēridica interpres deum, auctūrum caelestium numerum cecinit, tibique āram hīc dicātum īrī, quam opulentissima ōlim in 11 terrīs gēns māximam vocet tuōque rītū colat.”” Dextrā Herculēs datā accipere sē ōmen implētūrumque fāta 12 ārā conditā ac dicātā ait. Ibi tum prīmum bove eximiā captā dē grege sacrum Herculī adhibitīs ad ministe- rium dapemque Potītiīs ac Pīnāriīs, quae tum familiae 13 māximē inclitae ea loca incolēbant, factam. Forte ita ēvēnit, ut Potītiī ad tempus praestō essent, iīsque exta appōnerentur, Pīnāriī extīs adēsīs ad cēteram venīrent

8. auctōritāte: personal influence. — litterārum: the Romans brought their alphabet from the Greek colonies of lower Italy. —Si- byllae: the Cumean Sibyl; cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 3ō. f. 9. trepidantium: gathering in fright.—habitum: note the frequent recurrence of suc- cessive words in which the m sound predominates. —rogitat: the fre- quentative often in L. with the meaning of the simple form. 10. tibi: ind. obj. —tuōr.: a rite peculiar to you. 11. fāta: prophecy. —ārāc.: abl. abs.; by founding. 12. dapem: the religious feast after the sacrifice. 13. exta: the larger entrails, as heart and liver.

LIBER I 15

dapem. Inde īnstitūtum mānsit, dōnec Pīnārium genus fuit, nē extīs sollemnium vescerentur. Potītiī 14 ab Euandrō ēdoctī antistitēs sacrī ēius per multās aetātēs fuērunt, dōnec trāditō servīs pūblicīs sollemnī familiae ministeriō genus omne Potītiōrum interiit. Haec tum sacra Rōmulus ūna ex omnibus peregrīna 15 suscēpit, iam tum immortālitātis virtūte partae, ad quam eum sua fāta dūcēbant, fautor.

8S. Rēbus dīvīnīs rīte perpetrātīs vocātāque ad con- cilium multitūdine, quae coalēscere in populī ūnīus corpus nūllā rē praeterquam lēgibus poterat, iūra dedit; quae ita sāncta generī hominum agrestī fore ratus, sī 2 sē ipse venerābilem īnsīgnibus imperiī fēcisset, cum cēterō habitū sē augustiōrem, tum māximē līctōribus duodecim sūmptīs fēcit. Aliī ab numerō avium, quae 3 auguriō rēgnum portenderant, eum secūtum numerum putant; mē haud paenitet eōrum sententiae esse, quibus et appāritōrēs hōc genus ab Etrūscīs fīnitimīs, unde sella curūlis, unde toga praetexta sūmpta est, et nu- merum quoque ipsum ductum placet; et ita habuisse Etrūscōs, quod ex duodecim populīs commūniter creātō rēge singulōs singulī populī līctōrēs dederint.

Crēscēbat interim urbs mūnītiōnibus alia atque alia 14 adpetendō loca, cum in spem magis futūrae multitūdi- nis quam ad id quod tum hominum erat, mūnīrent.

14. genus = gēns. The change was made under the direction of Appius Claudius. See 9. 29.

15. Political institutions.—2. ita... sī: restrictive; only... īf, not... unless. —ipse: this is usually joined to the subject where we emphasize the predicate, himself. —cēterō: besides the lictors. 3. eum: agrees with numerum. —mē.. . esse: I do not hesitate to adopt the opinion of those.—hōc genus = hūius generis, i.e. the lictors.—cre- ātō: on the appointment of a king; in case of a general war. 4. mīū- nītiōnibus: inst. abl. with adpetendō.—in spem: in the hope.—ad 16 TITI LīVI

5 Deinde nē vāna urbis māgnitūdō esset, adiciendae mul- titūdinis causā vetere cōnsiliō condentium urbēs, quī obscūram atque humilem conciendō ad sē multitūdinem nātam ē terrā sibi prōlem ēmentiēbantur, locum, quī nunc saeptus dēscendentibus inter duōs lūcōs est,

6 asȳlum aperit. Ēō ex fīnitimīs populīs turba omnis sine discrīmine, līber an servus esset, avida novārum rērum perfūgit, idque prīmum ad coeptam māgnitū-

7 dinem rōboris fuit. Cum iam vīrium haud paenitēret, cōnsilium deinde vīribus parat: centum creat senā- tōrēs, sīve quia is numerus satis erat, sīve quia sōlī centum erant, quī creārī patrēs possent. Patrēs certē ab honōre, patriciīque prōgeniēs eōrum appellātī.

9. Iam rēs Rōmāna adeō erat valida, ut cuīlibet fīnitimārum cīvitātum bellō pār esset; sed pēnūriā mulierum hominis aetātem dūrātūra māgnitūdō erat, quippe quibus nec domī spēs prōlis nec cum fīnitimīs

2 cōnūbia essent. Tum ex cōnsiliō patrum Rōmulus lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs mīsit, quī societātem cōnū-

3 biumque novō populō peterent: urbēs quoque ut cētera ex īnfimō nāscī; dein, quās sua virtūs ac diī iuvent,

4 māgnās opēs sibi māgnumque nōmen facere; satis scīre orīginī Rōmānae et deōs adfuisse et nōn dēfutū-

.. erat: in accordance with the actual number of inhabitants. 5. vetere c.: in accordance with the old device; modal. abl. —dē- scendentibus: dat.; to those going down, on the way down.—duēs 1.: the two summits of the Capitoline. —asȳlum: a place of atonement, not of residence, from which they passed to the city on the Palatine. The modern Piazza del Campidoglio. 6. novārum: a change of cir- cumstances.—id: i.e. turba. ī7. cōnsilium: both abstract, guidance, and concrete, council, the senate.

9-138. Rape of the Sabine women, and the resulting wars.

9. 1. quibus: the antecedent is in rēs. 2. urbēs: saying that cities. The or. obl. which here contains the argument of the en- voys often has no introductory word in Latin. 4. scīre: sc. se.— LIBER I 17

ram virtūtem: proinde nē gravārentur hominēs cum hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscēre. Nūsquam 5 benīgnē lēgātiō audīta est: adeō simul spernēbant, simul tantam in mediō crēscentem mōlem sibi ac po- sterīs suīs metuēbant. A plērīsque rogitantibus dī- missī, ecquod fēminīs quoque asȳlum aperuissent: id enim dēmum compār cōnūbium fore. Aegrē id Rōmāna 6 pūbēs passa, et haud dubiē ad vim spectāre rēs coepit. Cuī tempus locumque aptum ut daret Rōmulus, aegri- tūdinem animī dissimulāns lūdōs ex industriā parat Neptūnō Equestrī sollemnīs; Cōnsuālia vocat. Indīcī ī deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum iubet, quantōque appa- rātū tum sciēbant aut poterant concelebrant, ut rem clāram exspectātamque facerent. Multī mortālēs con- s vēnēre, studiō etiam videndae novae urbis, māximē proximī quīque, Caenīnēnsēs, Crustumīnī, Antemnātēs; iam Sabīnōrum omnis multitūdō cum līberīs ac con- 9 iugibus vēnit. Invītātī hospitāliter per domōs cum situm moeniaque et frequentem tēctīs urbem vīdissent, mīrantur tam brevī rem Rōmānam crēvisse. Ubi 10 spectāculī tempus vēnit, dēditaeque eō mentēs cum oculīs erant, tum ex compositō orta vīs, sīgnōque datō iuventūs Rōmāna ad rapiendās virginēs discurrit. Māgna pars forte, in quem quaeque inciderat, raptae. i1 proinde... hominēs: therefore let them not hesitate as men; proinde introduces a conclusion that is also an exhortation. 5. id... dēmum: for that only. 6. pūbēs = iuvenēs, as in c. 6. 1. —Cuī: refers to vim. T7. Cōnsuālia: games celebrated on the 21st of August and 1ō5th of De- cember in honor of an old Italian deity, whom L. here tacitly identifies with Neptune, and who, as the representative of the Greek Poseidon, was the maker of the horse; hence equestrī.—concelebrant: were preparing to celebrate. 8. Caen. Crust. Antem.: Latin peoples in the vicinity of Rome. 9. iam: sinally; often in a summary with the last member. — frequentem t.: numerous dwellings. 10. eō: to the ex-

hibition. —vīs: disturbance. 11. forte ... inciderat: without choice C 18 TITI LIVI

Quāsdam fōrmā excellentēs prīmōribus patrum dēsti- nātās ex plēbe hominēs, quibus datum negōtium erat,

12 domōs dēferēbant. ūnam longē ante aliās speciē ac pulchritūdine īnsīgnem ā globō Talassiī cūiusdam raptam ferunt, multīsque scīscitantibus cuīnam eam ferrent, identidem, nē quis violāret, Talassiō ferrī clāmitātum; inde nūptiālem hanc vōcem factam. 18 Turbātō per metum lūdicrō maestī parentēs virginum profugiunt, incūsantēs violātum hospitiī foedus deum- que invocantēs, cūius ad sollemne lūdōsque per fās ac fidem dēceptī vēnissent. Nec raptīs aut spēs dē sē 14 melior aut indīgnātiō est minor. Sed ipse Rōmulus circumībat, docēbatque patrum id superbiā factum, quī cōnūbium fīnitimīs negāssent: illās tamen in mā- trimōniō, in societāte fortūnārum omnium cīvitātisque, et, quō nihil cārius hūmānō generī sit, līberum fore;

15 mollīrent modo īrās, et, quibus fors corpora dedisset, darent animōs; saepe ex iniūriā postmodum grātiam ortam, eōque meliōribus ūsūrās virīs, quod adnīsūrus prō sē quisque sit, ut, cum suam vicem fūnctus officiō sit, parentium etiam patriaeque expleat dēsīderium.

by the one who happened to be nearest.—ex. plēbe: L. often joins a prep. and its case to a noun in an adjectival sense. 12. clāmitātum: the cry was raised. The origin of the shout ‘“ī~Thalassio,” with which a bride was led into her husband’s house, is uncertain. 13. hospitiī f.: hospitality, guest friendship, which the Romans had given by inviting them to the games and to their houses. —per. .. dēceptī: they had trusted to the inviolability of a religious festival and to the pledge of protection implied in hospitality. Fās and fidem refer chiastically to invocantēs and inciisantēs. 14. mātrimōniō: the women feared thnat, as their people had refused cōnūbium with the Romans, they would be held as slaves. Romulus assured them that theīr marriage should be iāūstum, regular, as if cōnūbium had existed, and their children would therefore be free.—quō... sit: the dearest thing to human nature. The antecedent of quō is līberum fore. 15. meliōribus.. . virīs: would find their husbands better.— suam vicem: for his own part.

LIBER I 19

Accēdēbant blanditiae virōrum factum pūrgantium 16 cupiditāte atque amōre, quae māximē ad muliebre ingenium efficācēs precēs sunt.

10. Iam admodum mītigātī animī raptīs erant. At raptārum parentēs tum māximē sordidā veste lacrimīs- que et querellīs cīvitātēs concitābant. Nec domī tan- tum indīgnātiōnēs continēbant, sed congregābantur undique ad Titam Tatium, rēgem Sabīnōrum, et lēgā- tiōnēs eō, quod māximum Tatiī nōmen in iīs regiōni- bus erat, conveniēbant. Caenīnēnsēs Crustumīnīque 2 et Antemnātēs erant, ad quōs ēius iniūriae pars per- tinēbat. Lentē agere hīs Tatius Sabīnīque vīsī sunt; ipsī inter sē trēs populī commūniter bellum parant. Nē Crustumīnī quidem atque Antemnātēs prō ārdōre 3 īrāque Caenīnēnsium satis sē impigrē movent; ita per sē ipsum nōmen Caenīnum in agrum Rōmānum im- petum facit. Sed effūsē vāstantibus fit obvius cum 1 exercitū Rōmulus, levīque certāmine docet vānam sine vīribus īram esse. Exercitum fundit fugatque, fūsum persequitur; rēgem in proeliō obtruncat et spoliat; duce hostium occīsō urbem prīmō impetū capit. Inde exercitū victōre reductō ipse, cum factīs 5 vir māgnificus tum factōrum ostentātor haud minor,. spolia ducis hostium caesī suspēnsa fabricātō ad id aptē ferculō gerēns in Capitōlium ēscendit, ibique ea cum ad quercum pāstōribus sacram dēposuisset, simul

11. 1. tum māximē: i.e. on the ground of personal feelings rather than for general reasons.—tantum: not to be taken with nec; they did not keep their feeling at home, as one might expect. 2. Lentē: too slowly. 3. nōmen = populus; all who were called by the name Caenīnēnsēs. 4. effūsē v.: as they were scattered in plundering.— fūsum: cf. captum, c. 5. 3. 5. victōre: adj., victorious. —ad id: for the purpose. L. here practically ascribes to Romulus the first triumph, though he uses the word first of Tarquinius Priscus in c. 3ē. 3. —pāstō- 20 TrīI LIVI

cum dōnō dēsīgnāvit templō Iovis fīnīs cognōmenque

6 addidit deō. “Iuppiter Feretrī,” inquit, “haec tibi victor Rōmulus rēx rēgia arma ferō, templumque hīs regiōnibus, quās modo animō mētātus sum, dēdicō sēdem opīmīs spoliīs quae rēgibus ducibusque hostium

7 caesīs mē auctōrem sequentēs posterī ferent.” Haec templī est orīgō, quod prīmum omnium Rōmae sacrā- tum est. Ita deinde diīs vīsum, nec inritam condi- tōris templī vōcem esse, quā lātūrōs eō spolia posterōs nūncupāvit, nec multitūdine conpotum ēius dōnī vul- gārī laudem. Bīna posteā inter tot annōs, tot bella opīma parta sunt spolia; adeō rāra ēius fortūna decoris fuit.

11. Dum ea ibi Rōmānī gerunt, Antemnātium exer- citus per occāsiōnem ac sōlitūdinem hostīliter in fīnēs Rōmānōs incursiōnem facit. Raptim et ad hōs Rōmāna

2 legiō ducta pālātōs in agrīs oppressit. Fūsī igitur prīmō impetū et clāmōre hostēs, oppidum captum; du- plicīque victōriā ovantem Rōmulum Hersilia coniūnx, precibus raptārum fatīgāta, ōrat ut parentibus eārum det veniam et in cīvitātem accipiat: ita rem coalēscere

3 concordiā posse. Facile impetrātum. Inde contrā Crustumīnōs profectus bellum īnferentēs. Ibi minus etiam, quod aliēnīs clādibus ceciderant animī, certā-

ribus: by the shepherds; the dative with sacer usually is of that to which an object is consecrated. 6. mē a.: my example. ī. Ita: an- ticīpates the following infinitives. —dōnī: joīn with conpotum and also laudem.— Bīna: two only; by Cornelius Cossus from the leader of the Veientes, 43ī n.c., and by Claudius Marcellus from the leader of the Insubrians, 222 s.C.

11. 1. ibi: at Caenina. —per. .. sōlitūdinem: taking advantage of the absence of the army. —legiō: army; originally levy. 2. clā- mōre: battle shout.— Hersilia: one of the stolen women, afterward worshipped under the name of Hora, goddess of marriage and fertility.

LIBER I 21

minis fuit. Utrōque colōniae missae; plūrēs inventī, 4 quī propter ūbertātem terrae in Crustumīnum nōmina darent. Et Rōmam inde frequenter migrātum est, ā parentibus māximē ac propinquīs raptārum.

Novissimum ab Sabīnīs bellum ortum, multōque id 5 māximum fuit; nihil enim per īram aut cupiditātem āctum est, nec ostendērunt bellum prius quam intulē- runt. Cōnsiliō etiam additus dolus. Spurius Tar- 6 pēius Rōmānae praeerat arcī. Hūius fīliam virginem aurō corrumpit Tatius, ut armātōs in arcem accipiat— aquam forte ea tum sacrīs extrā moenia petītum ierat; acceptī obrutam armīs necāvēre, seu ut vī capta potius 7 arx vidērētur, seu prōdendī exemplī causā, nē quid ūsquam fīdum prōditōrī esset. Additur fābulae, quod s vulgō Sabīnī aureās armillās māgnī ponderis bracchiō laevō gemmātōsque māgnā speciē ānulōs habuerint, pepigisse eam quod in sinistrīs manibus habērent; eō scūta illī prō aureīs dōnīs congesta. Sunt quī eam ex 9 pactō trādendī quod in sinistrīs manibus esset dērēctō arma petīsse dīcant, et fraude vīsam agere suā ipsam perēmptam mercēde.

4. ūtrōque: to Antemnae and Crustumerium. Nothing is said of Caenina. The great Roman principle of colonization as the means of keeping subject places in order is referred to Romulus. 5. Novissi- mum: the last that rose from the rape of the Sabines.’—per... cupidi- tātem: a modal expression; ef. īrā et cup., c. 12. 1. —nec .. . intulē- runt: nor did announcement precede action; priusquam with the perf. ind. in a purely temporal relation. 6. Tarpēius: from c. ēs. 1. we learn that the original name of the hill was mōns Tarpēius. The later citadel was on the northern summit. —sacrīs: dat. The legend represents Tarpeia as a Vestal. S. aureās a.: yet the Sabines were the stock example ot frugal poverty.—pepigisse: stipulated for.

5. fraude v.: the legend says that Tatius, thinking that she intended to betray the Sabines, threw his shiīeld so fiercely at her that he killed her. 22 TITI LIVI

6. Tenuēre tamen arcem Sabīnī, atque inde posterō diē, cum Rōmānus exercitus īnstrūctus quod inter Palātīnum Capitōlīnumque collem campī est complēs- set, nōn prius dēscendērunt in aequum, quam īrā et cupiditāte recuperandae arcis stimulante animōs in

2 adversum Rōmānī subiēre. Prīncipēs utrimque pū- gnam ciēbant, ab Sabīnīs Mettius Curtius, ab Rōmānīs Hostius Hostīlius. Hīc rem Rōmānam inīquō locō ad

3 prīma sīgna animō atque audāciā sustinēbat. Ut Hostius cecidit, cōnfestim Rōmāna inclīnātur aciēs,

4 fūsaque est ad veterem portam Palātiī. Rōmulus et ipse turbā fugientium āctus, arma ad caelum tollēns, “Iuppiter, tuīs,” inquit, “iussus avibus hīc in Palā-

5 tiō prīma urbī fundāmenta iēcī. Arcem iam scelere ēmptam Sabīnī habent; inde hūc armātī superātā mediā valle tendunt. At tū, pater deūm hominumque, hinc saltem arcē hostēs, dēme terrōrem Rōmānīs fu-

6 gamque foedam siste. Hīc. ego tibi templum Statōrī Iovī, quod monumentum sit posterīs tuā praesentī ope

7 servātam urbem esse, voveō.” Haec precātus, velut sī sēnsisset audītās precēs, “Hinc,” inquit, “Rōmānī, Iuppiter optimus māximus resistere atque iterāre pū- gnam iubet.” Restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce

8 iussī; ipse ad prīmōrēs Rōmulus prōvolat. Mettius Curtius ab Sabīnīs prīnceps ab arce dēcucurrerat, et

12. 1. tamen: however that may be, whichever story is true.— quod .... est: the low ground afterward occupied in part by the forum.—adversum: sc. montem. 2. Prīncipēs: at the head of, in advance of, as in 5 S.—ab: on the side of. Hostius Hostilius was the grandfather of the later king, Tullus Hostilius. —audāciā: modal abl. following animō. 3. veterem p.: the porta Mūgiōnis, one of the three gates of the Palatium, on the northeastern side. 6. Statōrī I.: order reversed for emphasis. The temple was not built till 294 s.c. by M. Atilius. Its substructions have in recent years been uncovered.

LIBER I 28

effūsōs ēgerat Rōmānōs tōtō quantum forō spatium est, nec procul iam ā portā Palātiī erat, clāmitāns “Viīcimus perfidōs hospitēs, imbellēs hostēs. Iam sciunt longē aliud esse virginēs rapere, aliud pūgnāre cum virīs.” In eum haec glōriantem cum globō ferō- o cissimōrum iuvenum Rōmulus impetum facit. Ex equō tum forte Mettius pūgnābat; eō pellī facilius fuit. Pulsum Rōmānī persequuntur, et alia Rōmāna aciēs audāciā rēgis accēnsa fundit Sabīnōs. Mettius io in palūdem sēsē strepitū sequentium trepidante equō coniēcit; āverteratque ea rēs etiam Sabīnōs tantī perī- culō virī. Et ille quidem adnuentibus ac vocantibus suīs favōre multōrum additō animō ēvādit; Rōmānī Sabīnīque in mediā convalle duōrum montium redinte- grant proelium, sed rēs Rōmāna erat superior.

138. Tum Sabīnae mulierēs, quārum ex iniūriā bel- lum ortum erat, crīnibus passīs scissāque veste, victō malīs muliebrī pavōre, ausae sē inter tēla volantia īnferre, ex trānsversō impetū factō dīrimere īnfēstās aciēs, dīrimere īrās, hinc patrēs hinc virōs ōrantēs nē 2 sē sanguine nefandō socerī generīque respergerent, nē parricīdiō maculārent partūs suōs, nepōtum illī, hī līberum prōgeniem. “Sī adfīnitātis inter vōs, sī cō- 3 nūbiī piget, in nōs vertite īrās; nōs causa bellī, nōs

139. tōtō... est: across the whole length of the forum.—longī... ra- pere: stealing maidens is a far digerent thing from. 9. alia = reliquu.

140. āverterat: had turned for the moment.—ille q.: he indeed es- caped, but the battle was renewed and the Romans were getting the better of it.—adnuentibus: a good illustration of L.’s fondness for the abl., two abl. abs. separated by a causal abl.

141. 1. ex... fractō: pushing in from the side. 2. pasrricīdiō: used of the murder of any relative. —suōs: of the vomen. —nepōtum and līberum: epexegetic to prōgeniem, which in translation omit.

142. Sī: the change from indirect to direct speech is very effective; cf. 24 TITI LIVI

vulnerum ac caedium virīs ac parentibus sumus; melius perībimus quam sine alterīs vestrum viduae aut orbae

4 vīvēmus.” Movet rēs cum multitūdinem tum ducēs. Silentium et repentīna fit quiēs, inde ad foedus facien- dum ducēs prōdeunt; nec pācem modo sed cīvitātem ūnam ex duābus faciunt, rēgnum cōnsociant, imperium

5 omne cōnferunt Rōmam. Ita geminātā urbe, ut Sabī- nīs tamen aliquid darētur, Quirītēs ā Curibus appellātī. Monumentum ēius pūgnae, ubi prīmum ex profundā ēmersus palūde equus Curtium in vadō statuit, Cur- tium lacum appellārunt.

6 EX bellō tam trīstī laeta repente pāx cāriōrēs Sabī- nās virīs ac parentibus et ante omnēs Rōmulō ipsī fēcit. Itaque, cum populum in cūriās trīgintā dīvi-

7 deret, nōmina eārum cūriīs imposuit. Id nōn trāditur, cum haud dubiē aliquantō numerus māiqr hōc mulie- rum fuerit, aetāte an dīgnitātibus suīs virōrumve an sorte lēctae sint, quae nōmina cūriīs darent.

8 Eōdem tempore et centuriae trēs equitum cōnscrī- ptae sunt: Ramnēnsēs ab Rōmulō, ab T. Tatiō Titiēnsēs

c. 41. 3, and 47. 3. —melius p.: it will be better for us to die. 4. Si- lentium: the cessation of the noise; quiēs: of the fighting.—impe- rium: sovereignty. 5. Curibus: the town was about 25 miles N. E. of Rome, now Correse. The historical fact underlying this account was the union of the Sabine and Roman settlements on the Quirinal and the Palatine hills. —Curtium 1.: a place in the forum. L. gives the other story of the origin of the name in 7. 6. The monument was not the place, but the name. 6. repente: as adj.; cf. c.6.1., fin.— cūriās: L. lightly passes over this ultimate fact of Roman history, the formation of the tribes and the cūriae, but the real origin of the tribes is as little known to-day as it was to L. Each tribe had ten cūriae, but their names were in many cases local. 7. hēc: the number of the cūriae. 8. centuriae: as the word (= centumviria) indicates, each century consisted of 100 horsemen, ten furnished by each cūria.— Ramnēnsēs: adj. used substantively; the names were Ramnēs, Titiēs, Lucerēs.

LIBER I 25

appellātī; Lucerum nōminis et orīginis causa incerta est. Inde nōn modo commūne sed concors etiam rēgnum duōbus rēgibus fuit.

14. Post aliquot annōs propinquī rēgis Tatiī lēgātōs Laurentium pulsant, cumque Laurentēs iūre gentium agerent, apud Tatium grātia suōrum et precēs plūs poterant. Igitur illōrum poenam in sē vertit: nam 2 Lāvīnī, cum ad sollemne sacrificium eō vēnisset, con- cursū factō interficitur. Eam rem minus aegrē quam 3 dīgnum erat tulisse Rōmulum ferunt, seu ob īnfīdam societātem rēgnī, seu quia haud iniūriā caesum crēdē- bat. Itaque bellō quidem abstinuit; ut tamen ex- piārentur lēgātōrum iniūriae rēgisque caedēs, foedus inter Rōmam Lāvīniumque urbēs renovātum est.

Et cum hīs quidem īnspērāta pāx erat; aliud multō 4 propius atque in ipsīs prope portīs bellum ortum. Fidēnātēs nimis vīcīnās prope sē convalēscere opēs ratī, priusquam tantum rōboris esset quantum futūrum appārēbat, occupant bellum facere. Iuventūte armātā immissā vāstātur agrī quod inter urbem ac Fidēnās est. Inde ad laevam versī, quia dextrā Tiberis arcēbat, cum 5 māgnā trepidātiōne agrestium populantur; tumultus- que repēns ex agrīs in urbem inlātus prō nūntiō fuit. Excitus Rōmulus — neque enim dīlātiōnem patī tam 6 vīcīnum bellum poterat — exercitum ēdūcit, castra ā

14. Death of Tatius. War with Fidenae. 1. pulsant: maltreated. —iūre g.: satisfaction, and the surrender of the wrongdoers were demanded by fetials. 2. Igitur = itaque, with the result.—sollemne: the annual offering of the Latin league. 3. ob... rēgnī: the emphasis is in the adj. on account of insincerity that belongs to partnerships in royalty. 4. propius: the use of the adj. propius followed closely by the cognate adv. prope and prep. prope in the next sentence is charac- teristic of L.—occupant: anticipate. Cf. 21. 39. 10. 5. tumultus: disorderly crowd; repēns, like an adv. 26 TrTI LIVI

7 Fidēnīs mīlle passuum locat. Ibi modicō praesidiō relīctō, ēgressus omnibus cōpiīs partem mīlitum locīs circā dēnsa obsita virgulta obscūrīs subsīdere in īnsidiīs iussit; cum parte māiōre atque omnī equitātū profe- ctus, id quod quaerēbat, tumultuōsō et minācī genere pūgnae adequitandō ipsīs prope portīs hostem excīvit. Fugae quoque, quae simulanda erat, eadem equestris

8s pūgna causam minus mīrābilem dedit. Et cum velut inter pūgnae fugaeque cōnsilium trepidante equitātū pedes quoque referret gradum, plēnīs repente portīs effūsī hostēs, impulsā Rōmānā aciē, studiō īnstandī

9 sequendīque trahuntur ad locum īnsidiārum. Inde subitō exortī Rōmānī trānsversam invādunt hostium aciem; addunt pavōrem mōta ē castrīs sīgna eōrum, quī in praesidiō relīctī fuerant. Ita multiplicī terrōre perculsī Fidēnātēs, prius paene quam Rōmulus quīque cum eō equitēs erant circumagerent frēnīs equōs, terga

10 vertunt, multōque effūsius, quippe vērā fugā, quī simu- lantēs paulō ante secūtī erant, oppidum repetēbant.

11 Nōn tamen ēripuēre sē hostī: haerēns in tergō Rō- mānus, priusquam forēs portārum obicerentur, velut āgmine ūnō inrumpit.

15. Bellī Fidēnātis contāgiōne inrītātī Vēientium animī et cōnsanguinitāte — nam Fidēnātēs quoque Etrūscī fuērunt —et quod ipsa propinquitās locī, sī

16. mīlle: acc. 7. modicō: sufficient, as in 21. 61. 4. — praesidiō: troops, in 5 9 camp. —locīs ... īnsidiīs: to lie in ambusnh in places hidden here and there about the thick underbrush.—id ... quae- rēbat: the very thing he desired, refers to hostem excivit. —adequi- tandō: ger. appositive to genere. 8. velut: with partic. as in c. 4.5;

17. 3. —plēnīs: in crowds, a transferred adj. 9. circumagerent... equōs: could rein in their horses. 10. fugā: modal abl. In c. 2.3. L. mentions a colony sent to Fidenae.

18. War with Veii. 1. inrītātī: sc. sunt. —sī: the conclusion is

LIBER I 27

Rōmāna arma omnibus īnfēsta fīnitimīs essent, stimu- lābat. In fīnēs Rōmānōs excucurrērunt populābundī magis quam iūstī mōre bellī. Itaque nōn castrīs 2 positīs, nōn exspectātō hostium exercitū, raptam ex agrīs praedam portantēs Vēiōs rediēre. Rōmānus contrā, postquam hostem in agrīs nōn invēnit, dīmicā- tiōnī ultimae īnstrūctus intentusque Tiberim trānsit. Quem postquam castra pōnere et ad urbem accessūrum 3 Vēientēs audīvēre, obviam ēgressī, ut potius aciē dē- cernerent quam inclūsī dē tēctīs moenibusque dīmi- cārent. Ibi vīribus nūllā arte adiūtīs tantum veterānī 4 rōbore exercitūs rēx Rōmānus vīcit, persecūtusque fūsōs ad moenia hostēs urbe validā mūrīs ac sitū ipsō mūnītā abstinuit; agrōs rediēns vāstat ulcīscendī magis quam praedae studiō. Eāque clāde haud minus 5 quam adversā pūgnā subāctī Vēientēs pācem petītum ōrātōrēs Rōmam mittunt. Agrī parte multātīs in centum annōs indūtiae datae.

Haec fermē Rōmulō rēgnante domī mīlitiaeque gesta, 6 quōrum nihil absonum fideī dīvīnae orīginis dīvīnitā- tisque post mortem crēditae fuit, nōn animus in rēgnō avītō recuperandō, nōn condendae urbis cōnsilium, nōn bellō ac pāce fīrmandae. Ab illō enim profectō vīribus ? datīs tantum valuit, ut in quadrāgintā deinde annōs tūtam pācem habēret. Multitūdinī tamen grātior fuit s quam patribus, longē ante aliōs acceptissimus mīlitum

implied in propinquitās, the danger that would result from the neign- borhood of the Romans. 2. dīmicātiōnī u.: a decisive struggle. 3. dē: for. 4. arte: stratagem, as with the Fidenates. —rōbore: might. 5. ōrātōrēs = legātōs, lit. “speakers.”” —parte: this was said to be on the west bank of the Tiber, the district which, in c. 33.9, L. says was taken by Ancus from Veii. 6. fermē: in general, not a complete enumeration. — absonum f.: inconsistent with the belief; fideī is dat. 7. illō: i.e. Romnlus. — quadrāgintā: Numa’s reign. ē. mīlitum a.: 28 TITI LIVI

animīs; trecentōsque armātōs ad cūstōdiam corporis, quōs Celerēs appellāvit, nōn in bellō sōlum sed etiam in pāce habuit.

16. Hīs immortālibus ēditīs operibus cum ad exer- citum recēnsendum cōntiōnem in campō ad Caprae Palūdem habēret, subitō coorta tempestās cum māgnō fragōre tonitribusque tam dēnsō rēgem operuit nimbō, ut cōnspectum ēius cōntiōnī abstulerit; nec deinde in

2 terrīs Rōmulus fuit. Rōmāna pūbēs sēdātō tandem pavōre, postquam ex tam turbidō diē serēna et tran- quilla lūx rediit, ubi vacuam sēdem rēgiam vīdit, etsī satis crēdēbat patribus, quī proximī steterant, sublī- mem raptum procellā, tamen velut orbitātis metū icta

3 maestum aliquamdiū silentium obtinuit. Deinde, ā paucīs initiō factō, deum deō nātum, rēgem parentem- que urbis Rōmānae salvēre ūniversī Rōmulum iubent; pācem precibus exposcunt, utī volēns propitius suam

4 semper sōspitet prōgeniem. Fuisse crēdō tum quoque aliquōs, quī discerptum rēgem patrum manibus tacitī arguerent — mānāvit enim haec quoque sed perob- scūra fāma; illam alteram. admīrātiō virī et pavor

5 praesēns nōbilitāvit. Et cōnsiliō etiam ūnīus hominis addita reī dīcitur fidēs. Namque Proculus Iūlius,

L. seems to think of a standing army and to have in mind a tradition that made Romulus a tyrant like Tarquinius Superbus, hated by the senate. The suggestion of it prepares the way for the story of his death. —trecentōs: apparently L. means those mentioned in c. 13. S. The origin of the name Celerēs is obscure.

16. Deification of Romulus. 1. Palūdem: the Goat Swamp was in the Campus Martius, perhaps near the site of the Circus Flaminius.
17. raptum: sc. esse. The infinitive depends upon the thought in crē- dēbat. Note the structure of the period. 3. salvēre: hail; note the alliteration in the sentence. pācem: favor; explained by the utī clause. 4. mānāvit: spread; lit. trickled, a common metaphor for the spreading of a report. ō5. fldēs: confirmation; objective, while

- LIBER I 29 sollicitā cīvitāte dēsīderiō rēgis et īnfēnsā patribus, gravis, ut trāditur, quamvīs māgnae reī auctor in cōn- tiōnem prōdit. “Rōmulus,” inquit, “Quirītēs, parēns 6 urbis hūius, prīmā hodiernā lūce caelō repente dēlāp- sus sē mihi obvium dedit. Cum perfūsus horrōre venerābundus adstitissem, petēns precibus, ut contrā intuērī fās esset, ‘Abī, nūntiā,’ inquit, ‘Rōmānīs, cae- 7 lestēs ita velle, ut mea Rōma caput orbis terrārum sit; proinde rem mīlitārem colant, sciantque et ita posterīs trādant nūllās opēs hūmānās armīs Rōmānīs resistere posse.. Haec,” inquit, “locūtus sublīmis abiit.” Mī- 8 rum, quantum illī virō nūntiantī haec fidēs fuerit, quamque dēsīderium Rōmulī apud plēbem exercitum- que factā fidē immortālitātis lēnītum sit.

17. Patrum interim animōs certāmen rēgnī ac cu- pīdō versābat. Necdum ad singulōs, quia nēmō māgnoperē ēminēbat in novō populō, pervēnerat; fac- tiōnibus inter ōrdinēs certābātur. Oriundī ab Sabīnīs, 2 nē, quia post Tatiī mortem ab suā parte nōn erat rēgnātum, in societāte aequā possessiōiem imperiī āmitterent, suī corporis creārī rēgem volēbant; Rō- mānī veterēs peregrīnum rēgem āspernābantur. In s3 variīs voluntātibus rēgnārī tamen omnēs volēbant,

in 5 8S it is subjective, confidence. Cf. 21. 34. 3. —gravis... auctor: an authority of weight. 6. horrōre: awe. 8S. mīrum: sc. est.— quantum = quam; how confidence was placed in his story.

17. Interregnum. 1. Patrum: L. has in mind the senate, which he considers as having 100 members, although he implies in c. 13 as others expressly state, that the senate had been doubled on the union with the Sabines. Later the addition of 100 members by Tarquin made 300 senators.—singulōs. one from each party, i.e. the Ramnes and the Titiīes, to which ōrdinēs refers. — factiōnibus: contrasted with singulōs (asyndeton), in parties. 3. In.. . volēbant: though their views dif- fered, yet all wished for a monarchy. The thought of a republic had not yet arīsen. L. often uses prepositional pbrases like conditional or 30 TITI LIVI .

4 lībertātis dulcēdine nōndum expertā. Timor deinde patrēs incessit, nē cīvitātem sine imperiō, exercitum sine duce, multārum circā cīvitātium inritātīs animīs, vīs aliqua externa adorīrētur. Et esse igitur aliquod caput placēbat, et nēmō alterī concēdere in animum

5 indūcēbat. Ita rem inter sē centum patrēs decem decuriīs factīs singulīsque in singulās decuriās creātīs, quī summae rērum praeessent, cōnsociant. Decem imperitābant; ūnus cum īnsīgnibus imperiī et Hctōri-

6 bus erat; quīnque diērum spatiō fīniēbātur imperium ac per omnēs in orbem ībat; annuumque intervāllum rēgnī fuit. Id ab rē, quod nunc quoque tenet nōmen, interrēgnum appellātum.

7 Fremere deinde plēbs, multiplicātam servitūtem, centum prō ūnō dominōs factōs; nec ultrā nisi rēgem

8 et ab ipsīs creātum vidēbantur passūrī. Cum sēnsis- sent ea movērī patrēs, offerendum ultrō ratī quod āmissūrī erant, ita grātiam ineunt summā potestāte populō permissā, ut nōn plūs darent iūris quam reti-

9 nērent. Dēcrēvērunt enim ut, cum populus rēgem iussisset, id sīc ratum esset, sī patrēs auctōrēs fierent. Hodiē quoque in lēgibus magistrātibusque rogandīs ūsūrpātur idem iūs, vī adēmptā: priusquam populus

4

concessive clauses. 5. rem: government. L. seems to say that the 100 senators formed ten companies of ten each, which in rotation formed a governing council (imperitābant). Each membver of the gov- erning company was its presiding officer in tumn, acting as king, and held his imperium five days. 6. ībat: impf. descriptive of the practice during the interregnum. Tī. vidēbantur p.: it seemed that they would not endure. S. ea movēri: figure of siege; the discontent was about to assault the position of the senate. — iūris: rights. 9. populus = plēbs, in distinction from patrēs. —rogandīs: proposing, the presiding officer ‘asked’ the people whether they wished such a law, etc. —vī a.: the lēx Pūblilia in 339 B.C., and the lēx Muenia probably in 287 sn.C. required the senate to ratify in advance the action of the people.

LIBER I S1

suffrāgium ineat, in incertum comitiōrum ēventum patrēs auctōrēs fīunt. Tum interrēx cōntiōne advo- 10 cātā “Quod bonum faustum fēlīxque sit,” inquit, “ Quirītēs, rēgem creāte: ita patribus vīsum est. Pa- trēs deinde, sī dīgnum, quī secundus ab Rōmulō nume- rētur creāritis, auctōrēs fīent.”” Adeō id grātum plēbī 11 fuit, ut, nē victī beneficiō vidērentur, id modo scīscerent iubērentque, ut senātus dēcerneret quī Rōmae rēgnāret. 18. Inclita iūstitia religiōque eā tempestāte Nu- mae Pompilī erat. Curibus Sabīnīs habitābat, cōn- sultissimus vir, ut in illā quisquam esse aetāte poterat, omnis dīvīnī atque hūmānī iūris. Auctōrem doc- 2 trīnae ēius, quia nōn exstat alius, falsō Samium Pȳthagoram ēdunt, quem Serviō Tulliō rēgnante Rōmae centum amplius post annōs in ultimā ītaliae ōrā circā Metapontum Hēraclēamque et Crotōna iuvenum aemulantium studia coetūs habuisse cōn- stat. Ex quibus locīs, etsī ēiusdem aetātis fuis- s set, quae fāma in Sabīnōs? aut quō linguae commer- ciō quemquam ad cupiditātem discendī excīvisset? quōve praesidiō ūnus per tot gentēs dissonās sermōne mōribusque pervēnisset ? Suōpte igitur ingeniō tempe- 4 rātam animum virtūtibus fuisse opīnor magis, īnstrūec- tumque nōn tam peregrīnīs artibus quam disciplīnā

18. Election of Numa. 1. Numae c(akin to v6uos): the epony- mous author of the Roman system of religīious ceremony. — cōn- sultissimus ... poterat: acquainted, as far as any one could be in that age. Quisquam implies that no one had complete knowledge.
19. Auctōrem: teacher. L. disbelieves the tradition on account of the anachronism involved, and also on account of the impossibility of communication between the two men owing to distance, differ- ence of language, and the character of the people. 3. tāma: sc. adlāta esset; fāma is the subject of exciīvisset. 4. īngeniō: native talents, abl. of cause. —artibus: systems.—disciplīnā: mode of life.— 82 TITI LIVI

taetricā ac trīstī veterum Sabīnōrum, quō genere nūl- 5 lum quondam incorruptius fuit. Audītō nōmine Nu- mae patrēs Rōmānī, quamquam inclīnārī opēs ad Sabīnōs rēge inde sūmptō vidēbantur, tamen neque sē quisquam nec factiōnis suae alium nec dēnique patrum aut cīvium quemquam praeferre illī virō ausī, ad ūnum omnēs Numae Pompiliō rēgnum dēferendum dēcer- 6 nunt. Accītus, sīcut Rōmulus augurātō urbe condendā rēgnum adeptus est, dē sē quoque deōs cōnsulī iussit. Inde ab augure, cuī deinde honōris ergō pūblicum id perpetuumque sacerdōtium fuit, dēductus in arcem, in 7 lapide ad merīdiem versus cōnsēdit. Augur ad laevam ēius capite vēlātō sēdem cēpit, dextrā manū baculum sine nōdō aduncum tenēns, quem lituum appellārunt. Inde ubi prōspectū in urbem agrumque captō deōs precātus regiōnēs ab oriente ad occāsum dētermināvit, dextrās ad merīdiem partēs, laevās ad septemtriōnem 8 esse dīxit, sīgnum contrā, quoad longissimē cōnspec- tum oculī ferēbant, animō fīnīvit; tum, lituō in laevam manum trānslātō, dextrā in caput Numae impositā pre- 9 cātus ita est: “Iuppiter pater, sī est fās hunc Numam Pompilium, cūius ego caput teneō, rēgem Rōmae esse, utī tū sīgna nōbīs certa adclārāssis inter eōs fīnēs quōs 10 fēcī? Tum perēgit verbīs auspicia quae mittī vellet; quibus missīs, dēclārātus rēx Numa dē templō dēscendit.

genere: race. 6. augurātō: impersonal abl. abs. as adv. of manner. — honōris e.: i.e. to give him dignity the office of augur was estab- lished. — dēductus: escorted, in solemn form. S8. sīgnum c.: a land- mark opposite, as a mountain. The augur probably faced the south, making the sky into four sections by east and west and north and south lines. The two to the south were favorable (dextrās), the other two unfavorable (laevās). 9. utī = utinam. —adclārāssis: old form for adclāraveris. 10. quibus: join with dēclārātus; pointed out as King by the omens.

LIBER I

19. Quī rēgnō ita potītus urbem novam, conditam vī et armīs, iūre eam lēgibusque ac mōribus dē integrō condere parat. Quibus cum inter bella adsuēscere vidēret nōn posse, quippe efferārī mīlitiā animōs, mīti- gandum ferōcem populum armōrum dēsuētūdine ratus, Iānum ad īnfimum Argīlētum indicem pācis bellīque fēcit, apertus ut in armīs esse cīvitātem, clausus pācā- tōs circā omnēs populōs sīgnificāret. Bis deinde. post Numae rēgnum clausus fuit, semel T. Manliō cōnsule post Pūnicum prīmum perfectum bellum, iterum, quod nostrae aetātī diī dedērunt ut vidērēmus, post bellum Actiacum ab imperātōre Caesare Augustō pāce terrā marīque partā. Clausō eō cum omnium circā fīnitimō- rum societāte ac foederibus iūnxisset animōs, positīs ex- ternōrum perīculōrum cūrīs nē lūxuriārent ōtiō animī, quōs metus hostium dīsciplīnaque mīlitāris continuerat, omnium prīmum rem ad multitūdinem imperītam et illīs saeculīs rudem efficācissimam, deōrum metum ini- ciendum ratus est. Quī cum dēscendere ad animōs sine aliquō commentō mīrāculī nōn posset, simulat sibi cum deā Ēgeriā congressūs nocturnōs esse; ēius sē monitū, quae acceptissima diīs essent, sacra īnsti- tuere, sacerdōtēs suōs cuīque deōrum praeficere.

Atque omnium prīmum ad cursūs lūnae in duodecim mēnsēs dēscrībit annum; quem, quia tricēnōs diēs

19-21. Civil and religious institutions of Numa.

38

6

19. 1. eam: repeats urbem for emphasis. 2. quippe ... animēs: parenthetical, depending on the thought in vidēret.— Iānum: an arch near the clay works (Argīlētum) at the northeast of the forum.
20. semel: 235 s.c. —iterum: 29 B.c. That L. does not mention the fourth time in 25 B.C. shows approximately the time of writing.
21. lūxuriārent: figure of an unpruned vīne implying lack of control and weakness. 5. dēscendere ad: impress. Ēgeriā: a nympnh, one of the Camenae. 6. omnium prīmum: civil and religious observances

D 34 TITI LIVI

singulīs mēnsibus lūna nōn explet, dēsuntque diēs solidō annō, quī sōlstitiālī circumagitur orbe, interca- lāriīs mēnsibus interpōnendīs ita dispēnsāvit, ut vīcē- simō annō ad mētam eandem sōlis, unde ōrsī essent, plēnīs omnium annōrum spatiīs diēs congruerent. 7 īdem nefāstōs diēs fāstōsque fēcit, quia aliquandō nihil cum populō agī ūtile futūrum erat. 20. Tum sacerdōtibus creandīs animum adiēcit, quamquam ipse plūrima sacra obībat, ea māximē quae 2 nunc ad Diālem flāminem pertinent. Sed quia in cī- vitāte bellicōsā plūrēs Rōmulī quam Numae similēs rēgēs putābat fore, itūrōsque ipsōs ad bella, nē sacra rēgiae vicis dēsererentur, flāminem Iovī adsiduum sacerdōtem creāvit, īnsīgnīque eum veste et curūlī rēgiā sellā adōrnāvit. Huīc duōs flāminēs adiēcit, Mārtī 3 ūnum, alterum Quirīnō; virginēsque Vestae lēgit, Albā oriundum sacerdōtium et gentī conditōris haud aliēnum. Iīs, ut adsiduae templī antistitēs essent, stīpendium dē pūblicō statuit, virginitāte aliīsque caerimōniīs ve- 4 nerābilēs ac sānctās fēcit. Saliōs item duodecim Mārtī Grādīvō lēgit, tunicaeque pīctae īnsīgne dedit et super tunicam aēneum pectorī tegumen; caelestiaque arma, quae ancīlia appellantur, ferre ac per urbem īre canen-

and festivals depended upon a correct calendar. —solidō annō: a solar vear.—ad mētam eandem: i.e. when the cycle of lunar years again began with the cycle of solar years. 7. netāstōs: days when it was nefas to conduct public business, e.g. courts.

20. 2. similēs: counterparts. — rēgiae vicis: office of king. —Aflā- minem: the flāminēs were priests set apart to the service of special deities. The flāmen Dīiālis, chief in rank, was hedged about by many ceremonies, and could not pass a night outside the city, hence adsi- duum, resident, always in attendance. —veste: the toga praeterta.
21. stīpendium: income, from a part of the ager pūblicus. 4. Saliōs: i.e. the Leapers, from salīre.— tunicae: app. gen. to īnsīgne, dis- tinguishing mark of. —caelestiaque: the original of the twelve shields LIBER I 35

tēs carmina cum tripudiīs sollemnīque saltātū iussit. Pontificem deinde Numam Mārcium Mārcī fīlium ex 5 patribus lēgit, eīque sacra omnia exscrīpta exsīgnā- taque attribuit, quibus hostiīs, quibus diēbus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eōs sūmptūs pecū- nia ērogārētur. Cētera quoque omnia pūblica prīvā- 6 taque sacra pontificis scītīs subiēcit, ut esset quō gendō patriōs rītūs peregrīnōsque adscīscendō turbārē- tur; nec caelestēs modo caerimōniās sed iūsta quoque 1 fūnebria plācandōsque mānēs ut īdem pōntifex ēdocē- ret, quaeque prōdigia fulminibus aliōve quō vīsū missa susciperentur atque cūrārentur. Ad ea ēlicienda ex mentibus dīvīnīs Iovī Ēliciō āram in Aventīnō dicāvit, deumque cōnsuluit auguriīs, quae suscipienda essent. 21. Ad haec cōnsultanda prōcūrandaque multitūdine omnī ā vī et armīs conversā, et animī aliquid agendō occupātī erant, et deōrum adsidua īnsīdēns cūra, cum interesse rēbus hūmānīs caeleste nūmen vidērētur, eā pietāte omnium pectora imbuerat, ut fidēs ac iūs iū- randum proximō lēgum ac poenārum metū cīvitātem regerent. Et cum ipsī sē hominēs in rēgis, velut ūnicī 2

was said to have fallen from the sky. 5. Pontificem: the pontificēs were not priests, but had the general charge of religious affairs.— attribuit: delivered. In the Roman religion so much depended upon exactness of performance that it was necessary that some one should have authority to determine the times, forms, and details of cere- monīes. ī. iūsta: proper, for laying the spirits (plācandōs mānēs), of which they had great dread. —ut: join with scītīs suvjēcit. — ea: sc. prōdigia.

21. 1. haec: the matters of religion, which so absorbed the atten- tion of the people that internal dissension and foreign controversy were forgotten, while outside peoples stood in awe. — adsidua: adver- bial in sense.—ut ... regerent: that a sense of personal obligation, superior to the fear of legal pendlty, controlled the state. The sentence 36 TITI LIVI

exemplī, mōrēs fōrmārent, tum fīnitimī etiam populī, quī anteā castra, nōn urbem positam in mediō ad solli- citandam omnium pācem crēdiderant, in eam verēcun- diam adduectī sunt, ut cīvitātem tōtam in cultum ver- sam deōrum violāre dūcerent nefās.

3 Lāūcus erat, quem medium ex opācō specū fōns pe- rennī rigābat aquā. Quō quia sē persaepe Numa sine arbitrīs velut ad congressum deae īnferēbat, Camēnīs eum lūcum sacrāvit, quod eārum ibi concilia cum coniuge suā Ēgeriā essent. Et Fideī sollemne īnsti-

4 tuit. Ad id sacrārium flāminēs bīgīs currū arcuātō vehī iussit, manūque ad digitōs usque involūtā rem dīvīnam facere, sīgnificantēs fidem tūtandam sēdemque

5 ēius etiam in dexterīs sacrātam esse. Multa alia sa- crificia locaque sacrīs faciendīs, quae Argeōs pontificēs vocant, dēdicāvit. Omnium tamen māximum 2ēius operum fuit tūtēla per omne rēgnī tempus haud minor

6 pācis quam rēgnī. Ita duo deinceps rēgēs, alius aliā viā, ille bellō hīc pāce, cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs, Numa trēs et qua- drāgintā Cum valida tum temperāta et bellī et pācis artibus erat cīvitās.

22. Numae morte ad interrēgnum rēs rediit. Inde Tullum Hostīlium, nepōtem Hostīlī, cūius in īnfimā arce clāra pūgna adversus Sabīnōs fuerat, rēgem po-

contains two cases of hendiadys, prox... metū being abl. abs. 3. ex

. specū: join with fōns, the partic. (prōfluēns) being omitted as often in L. The grove was just outside the Porta Capena. —quia ... Qot1. the first clause gives L.’s reason, the second Numa’s. 4. Ad id

: to her shrine, on the Capitol; id for ēius, as often. —bīgīs. ārcusto: a two-horse covered car. ō5. Argeōs: Chapels, of which there were 24 in the city.

22-25. Accession of Tullus Hostilins. War with Alba. Notice the simplicity and clearness of the account.

LIBER I

pulus iussit; patrēs auctōrēs factī. Hīc nōn sōlum proximō rēgī dissimilis sed ferōcior etiam quam Rō- mulus fuit. Cum aetās vīrēsque tum avīta quoque glōria animum stimulābat. Senēscere igitur cīvitātem ōtiō ratus undique māteriam excitandī bellī quaerēbat. Forte ēvēnit, ut agrestēs Rōmānī ex Albānō agrō, Albānī ex Rōmānō praedās in vicem agerent. Impe- ritābat tum Gāius Cluilius Albae. Utrimque lēgātī ferē sub idem tempus ad rēs repetendās missī. Tullus praecēperat suīs, nē quid prius quam mandāta agerent. Satis sciēbat negātūrum Albānum; ita piē bellum indīcī posse. Ab Albānīs sōcordius rēs ācta: exceptī hospitiō ab Tullō blandē ac benīgnē, cōmiter rēgis convīvium celebrant. Tantisper Rōmānī et rēs repe- tīverant priōrēs et negantī Albānō bellum in trīcēsi- mum diem indīxerant. Haec renūntiant Tullō. Tum lēgātīs Tullus dīcendī potestātem, quid petentēs vēne- rint, facit. Illī omnium īgnārī prīmum pūrgandō terunt tempus: sē invītōs quicquam, quod minus pla- ceat Tullō, dictūrōs, sed imperiō subigī; rēs repetītum sē vēnisse; nī reddantur, bellum indīcere iussōs. Ad haec Tullus “Nūntiāte,” inquit, “rēgī vestrō, rēgem Rōmānum deōs facere testēs, uter prius populus rēs repetentēs lēgātōs āspernātus dīmīserit, ut in eum omnēs expetant hūiusce clādēs bellī.”

28. Haec nūntiant domum Albānī. Et bellum utrim- que summā ope parābātur, cīvīlī simillimum bellō, prope inter parentēs nātōsque, Trōiānam utramque prō-

37

22. 2. ferōcior: more daring. —Senēscere: grow weak. 4. rēsr.: the restitution of stolen articles or satisfaction for them.—piē: with the satisfaction of proper forms. ō5. cōmiter: as guests. —tantisper: meanwhile. 6. pūrgandō: in apologiing; the apology is in sē invī-

tōs. 7. uter: relative referring to eum.—expetant: sc. diī. 38 TITI LIVI

2

in

lem, cum Lāvīnium ab Trōiā, ab Lāvīniō Alba, ab Albā- nōrum stirpe rēgum oriundī Rōmānī essent. Ēventus tamen bellī minus miserābilem dīmicātiōnem fēcit, quod nec aciē certātum est, et tēctīs modo dīrutīs alte- rius urbis duo populī in ūnum cōnfūsī sunt. Albānī priōrēs ingentī exercitū in agrum Rōmānum impetum fēcēre. Castra ab urbe haud plūs quīnque mīlia pas- suum locant; fossā circumdant—fossa Cluilia ab nōmine ducis per aliquot saecula appellāta est, dōnec cum rē nōmen quoque vetustāte abolēvit.. In hīs ca- strīs Cluilius Albānus rēx moritur; dictātōrem Albānī Mettium Fūfetium creant. Interim Tullus ferōx prae- cipuē morte rēgis, māgnumque deōrum nūmen, ab ipsō capite ōrsum, in omne nōmen Albānum expetītūrum poenās ob bellum impium dictitāns, nocte praeteritīs hostium castrīs īnfēstō exercitū in agrum Albānum pergit. Ea rēs ab statīvīs excīvit Mettium. Dīūcit quam proximē ad hostem potest. Inde lēgātum prae- missum nūntiāre Tullō iubet, priusquam dīmicent, opus esse conloquiō; sī sēcum congressus sit, satis scīre ea sē adlātūrum, quae nihilō minus ad rem Rōmānam quam ad Albānam pertineant. Haud āspernātus Tullus, tamen, sī vāna adferantur, in aciem ēdūcit. Exeunt contrā et Albānī. Postquam strūctī utrimque stābant, cum paucīs procerum in medium ducēs prōcēdunt. Ibi īnfit Albānus: “Iniū- riās et nōn redditās rēs, ex foedere quae repetītae

23. 2. tēctīs modo: without the loss of life usual in war. 3. rē: the lapse of time (vetustāte) the ditch disappeared and the name

with it. 4. capite: i.e. Cluilius. —īnfēstō: plundering, as in 21. 44.3.

opus esse: was desirable. 6. sī.... adferantur: if the proposi-

tion should be trifling.—stābant: the impf. with postquam common in L. to describe an action in progress. ī7. ex. f.: join with red. rēs.

LIBER I 39

sint, et ego rēgem nostrum Cluilium causam hūiusce esse bellī audīsse videor, nec tē dubitō, Tulle, eadem prae tē ferre; sed sī vēra potius quam dictū speciōsa dīcenda sunt, cupīdō imperiī duōs cognātōs vīcīnōsque populōs ad arma stimulat. Neque, rēctē an perperam, 38 interpretor; fuerit ista ēius dēlīberātiē quī bellum suscēpit; mē Albānī gerendō bellō ducem creāvēre. Illud tē, Tulle, monitum velim: Etrūsca rēs quanta circā nōs tēque māximē sit, quō propior es Tuscīs, hōc magis scīs. Multum illī terrā, plūrimum marī pollent. o Memor estō, iam cum sīgnum pūgnae dabis, hās duās aciēs spectāculō fore, ut fessōs cōnfectōsque simul victō- rem ac victum aggrediantur. Itaque sī nōs dī amant, quoniam nōn contentī lībertāte certā in dubiam im- periī servitiīque āleam īmus, ineāmus aliquam viam quā utrī utrīs imperent, sine māgnā clāde, sine multō sanguine utrīusque populī dēcernī possit.” Haud dis- 10 plicet rēs Tullō, quamquam cum indole animī tum spē victōriae ferōcior erat. Quaerentibus utrimque ratiō inītur, cuī et fortūna ipsa praebuit māteriam.

24. Forte in duōbus tum exercitibus erant trigeminī frātrēs nec aetāte nec vīribus disparēs. Horātiōs Curiātiōsque fuisse satis cōnstat, nec fermē rēs antīqua alia est nōbilior; tamen in rē tam clārā nōminum error manet, utrīus populī Horātiī, utrīus Curiātiī fuerint. Auctōrēs utrōque trahunt; plūrēs tamen in-

—audisse videor: Ihave hearad, I think; with Cluilium supply dīcen- tem.—dictū speciōsa: plausible. 8S. interpretor: decide.— fuerit: fut. perf. of command. —bellō: dat. —Hlud: the following; cog. acc. with monitum.—hōc: abl. 9. lībertāte: independence. 10. Quae- rentibus: dat. agt.

24. In this and the following chapters the alliteration, asyndeton, and antithesis are strongly marked. 1. nēbilior: better known.— error: uncertainty. . 40 TITI LIVI

veniō quī Rōmānōs Horātiōs vocent; hōs ut sequar, 2 inclīnat animus. Cum trigeminīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque patriā dīmicent ferrō: ibi imperium fore, undgē victōria. fuerit. Nihil recūsātur; tempus et locus 3 convenit. Priusquam dīmicārent, foedus ictum inter Rōmānōs et Albānōs est hīs lēgibus, ut, cūius populī cīvēs eō certāmine vīcissent, is alterī populō cum bonā pāce imperitāret. Foedera alia aliīs lēgibus, cēterum 4 eōdem modō omnia fīunt. Tum ita factum accēpimus, nec ūllīus vetustior foederis memoria est. Fētiālis rēgem Tullum ita rogāvit: “Iubēsne mē, rēx, cum patre patrātō populī Albānī foedus ferīre ?” Iubente rēge “Sāgmina,” inquit, “tē, rēx, poscō.”” Rēx ait, “Pūram 5 tollitō. Fētiālis ex arce grāminis herbam pūram attulit. Posteā rēgem ita rogāvit: “Rēx, facisne mē tū rēgium nūntium populī Rōmānī Quirītium, vāsa comitēsque meōs?’” Rēx respondit: “Quod sine fraude meā populīque Rōmānī Quirītium fīat, faciō.” 6 Fētiālis erat M. Valerius. Is patrem patrātum Spurium Fūsium fēcit, verbēnā caput capillōsque tangēns. Pater patrātus ad iūs iūrandum patrandum, id est, sancien- dum fit foedus, multīsque id verbīs, quae longō effāta 7 carmine nōn operae est referre, peragit. Lēgibus deinde recitātīs, “Audī,” inquit, “Iuppiter, audī, pater

2. agunt: propose. —unde = ubi; cf. stāre ab aliquō. 3. legibus= condiciōnibus. —Foedera ... fīunt: i.e. the form of satisfaction is independent of the terms of the treaty. 4. Fētialis: the fetials, whose spokesman was the pater patrātus, were a college of priests who had charge of the proceedings by which war was declared or peace rati- fied. —ferīre: the origin of the expression appears in S. —Sāgmina: sacred herbs, plucked on the Capitol, and taken with their roots and the earth clinging to them, here the same as verbēna. 5. rēgium: in place of the king.—Quod ... fīat: as far as may be. —fraude: detriment. 6. carmine: formula.

• —nm

LIBER I 41

patrāte populī Albānī, audī tū, populus Albānus: ut illa palam prīma postrēma ex illīs tabulīs cērāve reci- tāta sunt sine dolō malō, utīque ea hīc hodiē rēctissimē intellēcta sunt, illīs lēgibus populus Rōmānus prior nōn dēficiet. Sī prior dēfēxit pūblicō cōnsiliō dolō s malō, tum illō diē, Juppiter, populum Rōmānum sīc ferītō, ut ego hunc porcum hīc hodiē feriam, tantōque magis ferītō, quantō magis potes pollēsque.”” Id ubi 9 dīxit, porcum saxō silice percussit. Sua item carmina Albānī suumque iūs iūrandum per suum dictātōrem suōsque sacerdōtēs perēgērunt.

25. Foedere ictō trigeminī sīcut convēnerat arma capiunt. Cum suī utrōsque adhortārentur, deōs pa- triōs, patriam ac parentēs, quicquid cīvium domī, quic- quid in exercitū sit, illōrum tunc arma, illōrum intuērī manūs, ferōcēs et suōpte ingeniō et plēnī adhortantium vōcibus in medium inter duās aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōn- 2 sēderant utrimque prō castrīs duo exercitūs perīculī magis praesentis quam cūrae expertēs; quippe impe- rium agēbātur in tam paucōrum virtūte atque fortūnā positum. Itaque ergō ērēctī suspēnsīque in minimē grātum spectāculum animōs intendunt. Datur sīgnum, s īnfestīsque armīs, velut aciēs, ternī iuvenēs māgnōrum exercituum animōs gerentēs concurrunt. Nec hīs nec illīs perīculum suum, pūblicum imperium servitiumque

26. sine dolō malō: without guile, or in good faith. 8. dēfēxit: for dēfēcerit. 9. saxō silice: flint stone, symbolic of Jupiter, who pun- ished the breaking of treaties. i

27. 1. quicquid... sit: the citiaens at home and in the army.— intuērī: join with adhortārentur; each party encouraged its champions to consider.—et ... et: connect the two reasons of ferōcēs, the natural disposītions of the young men, and the encouragements of their friends, although plēnī is in the same grammatical construction as ferōcēs.

28. agēbātur: was at stake. —Itaque ergō: thus then. 3. suum, pīū- 42 TTITI LIVI

obversātur animō, futūraque ea deinde patriae fortūna

4 quam ipsī fēcissent. Ut prīmō statim concursū incre- puēre arma micantēsque fulsēre gladiī, horror ingēns spectantīs perstringit, et neutrō inclīnātā spē torpēbat

5 vōx spīritusque. Cōnsertīs deinde manibus, cum iam nōn mōtūs tantum corporum agitātiōque anceps tēlō- rum armōrumque, sed vulnera quoque et sanguis spec- tāculō essent, duo Rōmānī super alium alius, vulnerātīs

6 tribus Albānīs, exspīrantēs corruērunt. Ad quōrum cā- sum cum conclāmāsset gaudiō Albānus exercitus, Rō- mānās legiōnēs iam spēs tōta, nōndum tamen cūra dēseruerat, exanimēs vice ūnīus, quem trēs Curiātiī

7 circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit, ut ūniversīs sōlus nēquāquam pār, sīc adversus singulōs ferōx. Ergō ut sēgregāret pūgnam eōrum, capēssit fugam, ita ratus secūtūrōs, ut quemque vulnere adfectum corpus sineret.

8 Iam aliquantum spatiī ex eō locō ubi pūgnātum est aufū- gerat, cum respiciēns videt māgnīs intervāllīs sequentēs, 9 ūnum haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In eum māgnō impetū rediit; et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat Curiātiīs, utī opem ferant frātrī, iam Horātius caesō hoste victor se- cundam pūgnam petēbat. Tunc clāmōre, quālis ex īnspērātō faventium solet, Rōmānī adiuvant mīlitem 10 suum, et ille dēfungī proeliō festīnat. Prius itaque quam alter, quī nec procul aberat, cōnsequī posset, et alterum

blicum: note the vividness given by the asyndeton and the chias- mus. —futūra... fortūna: the thought that, partic. for inf. 4. arma: shields, as in ȳ 12, upon which the javelins of the first encounter rattled. 5. anceps: on both sides. ī. ut.... sīe: though yet.— ūniversīs: all together.—ita: as fast as. S. sequentēs, abesse: the partic. marks the circumstance, the inf. the fact, so with us. 9. inclāmat ... utī: shouts... that. —ex īnspērātō: unexpectedly; with solet, sc. esse.— faventium: the regular word for partisans. 10. nec: for nōn.—alterum: the second, with reference to the one

-

LIBER I 43

Curiātium cōnficit. Iamque aequātō Mārte singulī i1 supererant, sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs. Alterum intāctum ferrō corpus et gemināta victōria ferōcem in certāmen tertium dabat; alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursū trahēns corpus, victusque frātrum ante sē strāge victōrī obicitur hostī. Nec illud proelium fuit. Rō- i2 mānus exsultāns “Duōs” inquit “ frātrum Mānibus dedī; tertium causae bellī hūiusce, ut Rōmānus Albānō imperet, dabō.”” Male sustinentī arma gladium supernē iugulō dēfīgit, iacentem spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs ac 1s grātulantēs Horātium accipiunt eō māiōre cum gaudiō, quō prope metum rēs fuerat. Ad sepultūram inde suōrum nēquāquam paribus animīs vertuntur, quippe imperiō alterī auctī, alterī diciōnis aliēnae factī. Se- 14 pulera exstant quō quisque locō cecidit, duo Rōmāna ūnō locō propius Albam, tria Albāna Rōmam versus, sed dīstantia locīs, ut et pūgnātum est.

26. Priusquam inde dīgrederentur, rogantī Mettiō, ex foedere ictō quid imperāret, imperat Tullus, utī iuventūtem in armīs habeat; ūsūrum sē eōrum operā, sī bellum cum vVgēientibus foret. Ita exercitūs inde domōs abductī. Prīnceps Horātius ībat trigemina 2 spolia prae sē gerēns; cuī soror virgō, quae dēspōnsa ūnī ex Curiātiīs fuerat, obvia ante portam Capēnam fuit; cognitōque super umerōs frātris palūdāmentō spōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, solvit crīnēs et flēbiliter

already killed. 11. Alterum: acc. —dabat: made.—ante sē: before his eyes. 12. Male: scarcely.—iugulō: dat. —spoliat: stripped off his armor. 13. eō... quō: abl. measure; the comparative in the relative clause is much more common, but the positive prope empha- sizes the actual nearness.—diciōnis: pred. poss. gen. 14. Rōmamv.: Rome ... ward.

26. Horatius kills his sister. 2. solvit crīnēs: a sign of mourning. 44 TITI LIVI

3 nōmine spōnsum mortuum appellat. Movet ferōcī iuvenī animum complōrātiō sorōris in victōriā suā tantōque gaudiō pūblicō. Strictō itaque gladiō simul verbīs increpāns trānsfīgit puellam. “Abī hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum,” inquit, “oblīta frātrum mortuōrum vīvīque, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat quaecum- 5 que Rōmāna lūgēbit hostem.” Atrōx vīsum id facinus patribus plēbīque, sed recēns meritum factō obstābat. Tamen raptus in iūs ad rēgem. Rēx, nē ipse tam trīstis ingrātīque ad vulgus iūdiciī ac secundum iūdi- cium suppliciī auctor esset, conciliō populī advocātō, “4 Duumvirōs,” inquit, “quī Horātiō perduelliōnem 6 iūdicent secundum lēgem faciō.”” Lēx horrendī car- minis erat: “Duumvirī perduelliōnem iūdicent. Sī ā duumvirīs prōvocārit, prōvocātiōne certātō. Sī vincent, caput obnūbitō, īnfēlīcī arborī reste suspen- ditō, verberātō vel intrā pōmērium vel extrā pōmē- 7 rium.” Hāc lēge duumvirī creātī, quī sē absolvere nōn rēbantur eā lēge nē innoxium quidem posse, cum con- demnāssent, tum alter ex iīs “Pūblī Horātī, tibi per-

īS

3. iuvenī: dat. of ref. instead of gen. as often; note the order, stirs the fierce youth’s spirit the lament. 4. immātūrō: untimely, because of her forgetfulness of the Roman victory. 5. obstābat: palliated, stood before so that it could not be seen. —nē i.... auctor e.: that he might not pronounce, lit. be responsible for. L.s thought is that an unquestioned crime, caedēs manifēsta, called for no trial, only for sentence. The king not wishing to pronounce sentence himself ap- pointed two commissioners, duovirī, who were to hold no trial, but only give sentence. From them an appeal was to the people, not as to the justice of the sentence, but as to its execution. —perduelliōnem: high treason, instead of parricīdium, murder. The act of such a hero was regarded as more than the crime of an ordinary man. 6. certātō: sc. reus; omission of subject, and also change of subject, especially with imperative, were common in early laws. —arborī: locative; arbor īnfēlix was either the furca or crux to which the criminal was fixed. — suspenditō: rasten, not hang. ī7. nōn .. . nē.... quidem: re-

LIBER I 45

duelliōnem iūdicō” inquit. ī, līctor, conligā manūs.” s Accesserat līctor iniciēbatque laqueum. Tum Horā- tius auctōre Tullō, clēmente lēgis interprete, “Prō- vocō” inquit. Ita prōvocātiōne certātum ad populum est. Mōtī hominēs sunt in eō iūdiciō māximē Pūbliō 9 Horātiō patre prōclāmante, sē fīliam iūre caesam iūdi- cāre; nī ita esset, patriō iūre in fīlium animadver- sūrum fuisse. Ōrābat deinde nē seē, quem paulō ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent, orbum līberīs face- rent. Inter haec senex iuvenem amplexus, spolia 10 Curiātiōrum fīxa eō locō quī nunc Pīla Horātia appel- lātur ostentāns, “Huncine,” āiēbat, “quem modo decorātum ovantemque victōriā incēdentem vīdistis, Quirītēs, eum sub furcā vinctum inter verbera et cruciātūs vidēre potestis, quod vix Albānōrum oculī tam dēfōrme spectāculum ferre possent? ī, letor, i1 conligā manūs quae paulō ante armātae imperium populō Rōmānō peperērunt. ī, caput obnūbe lībers- tōris urbis hūius; arbore īnfēlīcī suspende; verberā vel intrā pōmērium, modo inter illa pīla et spolia ho- stium, vel extrā pōmērium, modo inter sepulcra Curiā- tiōram. Quō enim dūcere hunc iuvenem potestis, ubi nōn sua decora eum ā tantā foeditāte suppliciī vindi- cent?” Nōn tulit populus nec patris lacrimās nec 12 ipsīus parem in omnī perīculō animum; absolvērunt- que admīrātiōne magis virtūtis quam iūre causae. Itaque, ut caedēs manifēsta aliquō tamen piāculō

peated negative, no, not even, as in 22. 14. 4. 10. Fīla H.: Horatian arms, plural; ef. ē 11. The place was in the forum. —decorātum... victōriā: with the spoils and shout of victory.—turcā: a wooden fork to whose prongs the victim’s hands were bound while he was scourged. —quod .... spectāculum: so dread a sight that, common attraction into rel. cl. 11. modo: provided only it be where surrounding objects 46 TrTI LXVI

luerētur, imperātum patrī ut fīlium expiāret pecūniā

13 pūblicā. Is quibusdam piāculāribus sacrificiīs factīs, quae deinde gentī Horātiae trādita sunt, trānsmissō per viam tigillō, capite adopertō velut sub iugum mīsit iuvenem. Id hodiē quoque pūblicē semper re-

14 fectum manet; sorōrium tigillum vocant. Horātiae sepulcrum, quō locō corruerat icta, cōnstrūctum est saxō quadrātō. .

27. Nec diū pāx Albāna mānsit. Invidia vulgī, quod tribus mīlitibus fortūna pūblica commissa fuerat, vānum ingenium dictātōris corrūpit, et, quoniam rēcta cōnsilia haud bene ēvēnerant, prāvīs reconciliāre popu-

2 lārium animōs coepit. Igitur ut prius in bellō pācem, sīc in pāce bellum quaerēns, quia suae cīvitātī animō- rum plūs quam vīrium cernēbat esse, ad bellum palam atque ex ēdictō gerundum aliōs concitat populōs, suīs

3 per speciem societātis prōditiōnem reservat. Fidē- nātēs, colōnia Rōmāna, Vēientibus sociīs cōnsiliī ad- sūmptīs, pactō trānsitiōnis Albānōrum ad bellum atque

4 arma incitantur. Cum FvFidēnae apertē dēscīssent, Tullus, Mettiō exercitūque ēius ab Albā accītō, contrā hostēs dūcit. Ubi Aniēnem trānsiit, ad cōnfluentīs

5 conlocat castra. Inter eum locum et Fidēnās Vēien- tium exercitus Tiberim trānsierat. Hī in aciē prope

would shame those punishing. 12. luerētur: the crime of treason in which the people became involved by the acquittal of Horatius, called for public expiation, hence pecūniā pūblicā. 13. sorōrium t.: the sis- ter’s beam, mentioned as late as the 4th century, stretched across a street leading into the Vīcus Cyprius. 14. saxō q.: hewn stone.

27. War with Fidenae; treachery of Mettius. 1. Nec: but... not.—vānum: inconstant. 2. animōrum: impulse.— vīrium: en- durance.—palam a. e. ē.: formally declared. 3. pactō: inst. abl.; agreement that the Albans would go over. 4. cōnfluentīs: the junc- tion of the Anio and the Tiber. 5. et: also.

LIBER I

flūmen tenuēre dextrum cornū; in sinistrō Fidēnātēs propius montēs cōnsistunt. Tullus adversus Vēientem hostem dērigit suōs; Albānōs contrā legiōnem Fidē- nātium conlocat. Albānō nōn plūs animī erat quam fideī. Nec manēre ergō nec trānsīre apertē ausus sēnsim ad montēs succēdit. Inde, ubi satis subīsse sēsē ratus est, ērigit tōtam aciem, fluctuānsque animō, ut tereret tempus, ōrdinēs explicat. Cōn- silium erat, quā fortūna rem daret, eā inclīnāre vīrēs. Mīrāculō prīmō esse Rōmānīs quī proximī steterant, ut nūdārī latera sua sociōrum dīgressū sēn- sērunt; inde eques citātō equō nūntiat rēgī abīre Albānōs. Tullus in rē trepidā duodecim vōvit Saliōs fānaque Pallōrī ac Pavōrī. Equitem clārā increpāns vōce, ut hostēs exaudīrent, redīre in proelium iubet; nihil trepidātiōne opus esse; suō iussū circumdūcī Albānum exercitum, ut Fidēnātium nūda terga invā- dant. īdem imperat ut hastās equitēs ērigerent. Id factum māgnae partī peditum Rōmānōrum cōnspectum abeuntis Albānī exercitūs intersaepsit; quī vīderant, id quod ab rēge audītum erat ratī, eō ācrius pūgnant. Terror ad hostēs trānsit; et audīverant clārā vōce dictum, et māgna pars Fidēnātium, ut quī colōnī ad- ditī Rōmānīs essent, Latīnē sciēbant. Itaque, nē subitō ex collibus dēcursū Albānōrum interclūderentur ab oppidō, terga vertunt. īnstat Tullus fūsōque

47

6. ērigit... explicat: instead of attacking he went farther toward the hills than he ought and spent the time in military evolutions, drawing up and opening his formation. —quā... eā: on which side; =quō... eō.— inclīnāre: figure of weighing; throw into that scale.
7. citātō equō: galloping up.—rē t.: a crisis, as in 22. 5. 1. —Saliōs: the lesser college, called Quirīnālēs. 8S. increpāns: rebuking the horseman for his foolish fear. 9. Iā f.: the carrying out of this order. —id... ratī: sc. esse.—additī: settlers who had joined those from 48 TITI LIVI

Fidēnātium cornū in Vēientem aliēnō pavōre percul- sum ferōcior redit. Nec illī tulēre impetum, sed ab

11 effūsā fugā flūmen obiectum ab tergō arcēbat. Quō postquam fuga inclīnāvit, aliī arma foedē iactantēs in aquam caecī ruēbant, aliī, dum cunctantur in rīpīs, inter fugae pūgnaeque cōnsilium oppressī. Nōn alia ante Rōmāna pūgna atrōcior fuit.

28. Tum Albānus exercitus, spectātor certāminis, dēductus in campōs. Mettius Tullō dēvictōs hostēs grātulātur; contrā Tullus Mettium benīgnē adloquitur. Quod bene vertat, castra Albānōs Rōmānīs castrīs iungere iubet, sacrificium lūstrāle in diem posterum

2 parat. Ubi inlūxit, parātīs omnibus, ut adsolet, vocārī ad cōntiōnem utrumque exercitum iubet. Praecōnēs, ab extrēmō ōrsī, prīmōs excīvēre Albānōs. Hī novi- tāte etiam reī mōtī, ut rēgem Rōmānum cōntiōnantem audīrent, proximī cōnstitēre. Ex compositō armāta circumdatur Rōmāna legiō; centuriōnibus datum negō- 4 tium erat ut sine morā imperia exsequerentur. Tum ita Tullus īnfit: “Rōmānī, sī umquam ante aliās ūllō in bellō fuit quod prīmum dīs immortālibus grātiās agerētis, deinde vestrae ipsōrum virtūtī, hesternum id proelium fuit. Dīmicātum est enim nōn magis cum hostibus quam, quae dīmicātiō māior atque perīculō- 5 sior est, cum prōditiōne ac perfidiā sociōrum. Nam,

3]

Rome. 10. ab tergō: the Veientes had faced south, but as Tullus turned from them to attack the Fidenates they had faced about toward the east, and were now driven back to the Tiber. 11. caecī: blindly; in 22. 6. 5., velut caecī.— atrōcior: bloody.

28. Punishment of Mettius. 1. spectātor: which had watched; substantives in tor often describe acts.—sacrificium: the suovetaurīlia.
29. novitāte: the curiosity of the Albans, in their ignorance of Roman customs, led them to seek the best places. 4. sī. .. fuit: if there ever was a reason. —ipsōrum: own. —quae: the relative precedes the

LIBER I 49

nē vōs falsa opīniō teneat, iniussū meō Albānī subiēre ad montēs, nec imperium illud meum, sed cōnsilium et imperiī simulātiō fuit, ut nec vōbīs, ignōrantibus dēserī vōs, āverterētur ā certāmine animus, et hostibus circumvenīrī sē ab tergō ratīs terror ac fuga inicerētur. Nec ea culpa, quam arguō, omnium Albānōrum est: 6 ducem secūtī sunt, ut et vōs, sī quō ego inde āgmen dēclīnāre voluissem, fēcissētis. Mettius ille est ductor itīneris hūius, Mettius īdem hūius māchinātor bellī, Mettius foederis Rōmānī Albānīque ruptor. Audeat deinde tālia alius, nisi in hunc īnsīgne iam documen- tum mortālibus dederō.” Centuriōnēs armātī Mettium 7 circumsistunt. Rēx cētera ut ōrsus erat peragit: “Quod bonum faustum fēlīxque sit populō Rōmānō ac mihi vōbīsque, Albānī, populum omnem Albānum Rōmam trādūcere in animō est, cīvitātem dare plēbī, prīmōrēs in patrēs legere, ūnam urbem, ūnam rem pūblicam facere. Ut ex ūnō quondam in duōs populōs dīvīsa Albāna rēs est, sīc nunc in ūnum redeat.” Ad s haec Albāna pūbēs inermis ab armātīs saepta, in variīs voluntātibus commūnī tamen metū cōgente, silentium tenet. Tum Tullus “Mettī Fūfetī,” inquit, “sī ipse o discere possēs fidem ac foedera servāre, vīvō tibi ea

word to whnich it is an appositive, as in 21. 5ī. 4. ō5. iniussū: it was not by my command.—cōnsilium: stratagem. —ut nec: instead of nē on account of the following et. The negative belongs to āverterētur; vōbīs, dat. as hostibus below.—terror... fuga: correspond to Pal- lōrī and Pavōrī of c. 27. 6. ductor, māchinātor, ruptor: note the order of these words in connection with the genitives, by which the latter are brought into prominence.—Audeat: almost a curse; let another dare unless, but if I shall punish M. then let him not dare.— documentum: the warning and the punishment are confused. ī. cīvi- tātem: citizenship.—urbem: local.—rem p.: political. —in... cō- gente: with different feelings, but under a common fear; cf. c. 17. 3. 9. discere: contrasted with docē.— vīvō: emphatic; I would let you E 50 TITI LIVI

disciplīna ā mē adhibita esset; nunc, quoniam tuum īnsānābile ingenium est, at tū tuō suppliciō docē hūmā- num genus ea sāncta crēdere, quae ā tē violāta sunt. Ut igitur paulō ante animum inter Fidēnātem Rōmānamque rem ancipitem gessistī, ita iam corpus passim distra- 10 hendum dabis.” Exinde duābus admōtīs quadrīgīs, in currūs eārum distentum inligat Mettium, deinde in dī- versum iter equī concitātī lacerum in utrōque currū corpus, quā inhaeserant vinculīs membra, portantēs. 1 Āvertēre omnēs ab tantā foeditāte spectāculī oculōs. Prīmum ultimumque illud supplicium apud Rōmānōs exemplī parum memoris lēgum hūmānārum fuit. In aliīs glōriārī licet nūllī gentium mītiōrēs plaeuisse poenās. 29. Inter haec iam praemissī Albam erant equitēs, quī multitūdinem trādūcerent Rōmam. Legiōnēs 2 deinde ductae ad dīruendam urbem. Quae ubi in- trāvēre portās, nōn quidem fuit tumultus ille nec pavor, quālis captārum esse urbium solet, cum effrāctīs portīs strātīsve ariete mūrīs aut arce vī captā clāmor hostīlis et cursus per urbem armātōrum omnia ferrō 3 flammāque miscet; sed silentium trīste ac tacita mae- stitia ita dēfīxit omnium animōs, ut prae metū Coblītī] quid relinquerent, quid sēcum ferrent, dēficiente cōnsi-

live and would give you instruction.—nunc: but now, as in 21. 13.2. —at: at least.— passim: his body, like his mind, should be drawn in different directions. 10. quadrīgīs: abl. abs. instead of gen.—in... iter: in opposite directions; oftener without iter. 11. foeditāte: the horrible sight. —exemplī: epexegetic gen., example of punishment.— lēgum h.: humanity. History does not bear out L.s judgment.

29. The destruction of Alba. The brilliant description of this chap- ter, which consists mainly of two periods, is marked by the vivid sequence of details and by the clearness of the scene as a whnole.
30. nōn q. f.: not indeed that confusion.—clāmor h. = hostēs clā- mantēs. 3. silentium... maestitia: gloomy silence and voiceless sorrow. — dēfīxit: dazed. —prae: for.—quid r.: join with dēficiente.

LIBER I

liō rogitantēsque aliī aliōs, nunc in līminibus stārent, nunc errābundī domōs suās, ultimum illud vīsūrī, pervagārentur. Ut vērō iam equitum clāmor exīre iubentium īnstābat, iam fragor tēctōrum quae dīruē- bantur ūltimīs urbis partibus audiēbātur, pulvisque ex dīstantibus locīs ortus velut nūbe inductā omnia implēverat, raptim quibus quisque poterat ēlātīs, cum larem ac penātēs tēctaque, in quibus nātus quisque ēducātusque esset, relinquentēs exīrent, iam continēns āgmen migrantium implēverat viās, et cōnspectus aliō- rum mūtuā miserātiōne integrābat lacrimās; vōcēsque etiam miserābilēs exaudiēbantur, mulierum praecipuē, cum obsessa ab armātīs templa augusta praeterīrent ac velut captōs relinquerent deōs. Egressīs urbe Albā- nīs Rōmānus passim pūblica prīvātaque omnia tēcta adaequat solō, ūnāque hōrā quadringentōrum annōrum opus, quibus Alba steterat, excidiō ac ruīnīs dedit; templīs tamen deum —ita enim ēdictum ab rēge fuerat — temperātum est.

51

30. Rōma interim crēscit Albae ruīnīs; duplicātur

cīvium numerus; Caelius additur urbī mōns, et, quō frequentius habitārētur, eam sēdem Tullus rēgiae capit, ibique deinde habitāvit. Prīncipēs Albānōrum in patrēs, ut ea quoque pars reī pūblicae crēsceret, lēgit — I4ūliōs, Servīliōs, Quīnctiōs, Geganiōs, Curiātiōs, Cloeliōs — templumque ōrdinī ab sē auctō cūriam fēcit,

They did not know what to do, and so asked one another. — ultimum illud: for that last time; adv. acc. 4. iam: now; notice the repeti- tion of iam, as the reader’s attention is called to successive details.— quibus: abl. attracted from iīs quae. 5. exaudiēbantur: were heard above (ex) the din of destruction. 6. solō: dat. —templīs: dat.;

temples were spared.

30. war with the Sabines. 1. quō... habitārētur: that more might take up their residence there. 2. ōrdinī: dat. with templum 52 TITI LIVI

quae Hostīlia ūsque ad patrum nostrōrum aetātem 3 appellāta est. Et ut omnium ōrdinum vīribus aliquid ex novō populō adicerētur, equitum decem turmās ex Albānīs lēgit, legiōnēs et veterēs eōdem supplēmentō explēvit et novās scrīpsit. 4 Hāc fīdūciā vīrium Tullus Sabīnīs bellum indīcit, gentī eā tempestāte secundum Etrūscōs opulentissimae 5 virīs armīsque. Utrimque iniūriae factae ac rēs nē- quīquam erant repetītae: Tullus ad Fērōniae fānum mercātū frequentī negōtiātōrēs Rōmānōs comprehēnsōs querēbātur; Sabīnī suōs prius in lūcum cōnfūgisse ac 6 Rōmae retentōs. Hae causae bellī ferēbantur. Sabīnī, haud parum memorēs et suārum vīrium partem Rōmae ab Tatiō locātam et Rōmānam rem nūper etiam adiec- tiōne populī Albānī auctam, circumspicere et ipsī 7 externa auxilia. Etrūria erat vīcīna, proximī Ētrū- scōrum Vēientēs. Inde ob residuās bellōrum īrās māximē sollicitātīs ad dēfectiōnem animīs voluntāriōs trāxēre, et apud vagōs quōsdam ex inopī plēbe etiam mercēs valuit; pūblicō auxiliō nūllō adiūtī sunt, valuit- que apud Vēientēs — nam dē cēterīs minus mīrum est 8 — pacta cum Rōmulō indūtiārum fidēs. Cum bellum

used as adj.; set apart for. The curia H. was burned in 52 Bs..C. 3. ōrdinum: i.e. also the knights and plebs.—turmās: of thirty men each.—eōdem: i.e. from the Albans. 4. Hāc ... vīrium: bve- lieving that he was strong enough as the result of these additions; the attraction of hac, as in 21. 5. 4. 5. mercātū f.: a crowded fair, held at the shrine (probably near Soracte) of Feronia. — negōtiātōrēs: traders. —lūcum: probably the asylum of Romulus. 6. suārum... partem: a part of their own nation. 7. proximī: i.e. to the Sabines. —tresiduās: the passions of the earlier war lead some to volunteer agaīnst the terms of the truce. —vagōs: homeless men, who were gained by pay. — pūblicō: no state made an alliance, for the Vientes were held back by the truce, and īt was not strange that those farther off did not take part.

LIBER I 53 utrimque summā ope parārent, vertīque in eō rēs vidērētur, utrī prius arma īnferrent, occupat Tullus in agrum Sabīnum trānsīre. Pūgna atrōx ad Silvam 59 Malitiōsam fuit, ubi et peditum quidem rōbore, cēte- rum equitātū auctō nūper plūrimum Rōmāna aciēs valuit. Ab equitibus repente invectīs turbātī ōrdinēs 10 sunt Sabīnōrum; nec pūgna deinde illīs cōnstāre nec fuga explicārī sine māgnā caede potuit.

31. Dēvictīs Sabīnīs cum in māgnā glōriā māgnīs- que opibus rēgnum Tullī ac tōta rēs Rōmāna esset, nūntiātum rēgī patribusque est in monte Albānō lapidi- bus plūvisse. Quod cum crēdī vix posset, missīs ad id 2 vīsendum prōdigium in cōnspectū, haud aliter, quam cum grandinem ventī glomerātam in terrās agunt, crēbrī cecidēre caelō lapidēs. Vīsī etiam audīre vōcem s3 ingentem ex summī cacūminis lūcō, ut patriō rītū sacra Albānī facerent, quae, velut diīs quoque simul cum patriā relīctīs, oblīviōnī dederant, et aut Rōmāna sacra suscēperant aut fortūnae, ut fit, obīrātī cultum relīquerant deum. Rōmānīs quoque ab eōdem prō- 4 digiō novendiāle sacrum pūblicē susceptum est, seu

32. vertī... īnferrent: the important question was, which should be the first to begin the offensive. 9. et... cēterum: bvoth... but also. — auctō = qui auctus erat. 10. repente i.: sudden charge.— fuga e.: the formation of the troops did not admit a sudden breaking up without great loss. A surrender is implied.

33. Prodigies. Death of Tullus. 1. lapidibus: inst. abl.; a vol- canic phenomenon. 2. missīs: dat. with cecidēre. The report was so incredīble that special messengers were sent to observe the prodigy.— in cōnspectū: to their eyes the falling stones looked like masses of hail driven by the wind. 3. lūcō: the grove of Juppiter Latiaris on the top of the Alban mount. —et aut: the relative clause passes into what is practically an independent sentence.—obīrātī: the gods, when angry, punished their worshippers, and men, when angryȳy at the gods, neglected their worship. 4. quoque: i.e. the original Romans as well

54 TīTI LīVI vōce caelestī ex Albānō monte missā— nam id quoque trāditur — seu haruspicum monitū; mānsit certē sol- lemne, ut, quandōque idem prōdigium nūntiārētur, fēriae per novem diēs agerentur. Haud ita multō post pestilentiā labōrātum est. 5 Unde cum pigritia mīlitandī orerētur, nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur ā bellicōsō rēge, salūbriōra etiam crēdente mīlitiae quam domī iuvenum corpora esse, dōnec ipse quoque longīnquō morbō est implicitus. 6 Tunc adeō frāctī simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs illī ferōcēs, ut, quī nihil ante ratus esset minus rēgium quam sacrīs dēdere animum, repente omnibus māgnīs parvīsque superstitiōnibus obnoxius dēgeret, religiōni- 7 busque etiam populum implēret. Vulgō iam hominēs, eum statum rērum quī sub Numā rēge fuerat requīren- tēs, ūnam opem aegrīs corporibus relīctam, sī pāx venia- 8 que ab diīs impetrāta esset, crēdēbant. Ipsum rēgem trā- dunt volventem commentāriōs Numae, cum ibi quaedam occulta sollemnia sacrificia Iovī Ēliciō facta invēnisset, operātum iīs sacrīs sē abdidisse; sed nōn rīte initum aut cūrātum id sacrum esse, nec sōlum nūllam eī oblā- tam caelestium speciem, sed īrā Iovis sollicitātī prāvā

as the Albans. For the festival, see on 21. 62. 6. —certē: however that may be, whether it was a divine voice or the direction of a soothsayer.— quandōque = quandōcumque. 5. labōrātum e.: suffered. — pigritia: indisposition resulting from sickness.— iuvenum: soldiers. 6. quī... dēgeret: from thinking that nothing was less royal than attention to sacrīfices, he suddenly became (lit. passed his time; sc. aetātem with dē- geret) a prey to every kind of superstitious fear, great and small.—re- ligiōnibus: all kinds of religious thoughts and ceremonies. Tī. sī... esset: explains opem, the obtaining of the divine favor. 8S. volventem: rolling; as we say, turning the leaves; hence, reading.—commentāriōs: those implied in c. 20. 5. — occulta: join with sol. sac.; secret forms of invocation or incantation. —operātum. .. ab.: while engaged in these sacred rites (sacris is dat.) he shut himself in his house.—īrā: casualabl. LIBER I

religiōne fulmine ictum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tul- lus māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.

32. Mortuō Tullō rēs, ut īnstitūtum iam inde ab initiō erat, ad patrēs redierat, hīque interrēgem nōminā- verant. Quō comitia habente Ancum Mārcium rēgem populus creāvit; patrēs fuēre auctōrēs. Numae Pom- pilī rēgis nepōs fīliā ortus Ancus Mārcius erat. Quī ut rēgnāre coepit, et avītae glōriae memor, et quia proximum rēgnum, cētera ēgregium, ab ūnā parte haud satis prōsperum fuerat aut neglēctīs religiōnibus aut prāvē cultīs, longē antīquissimum ratus sacra pūblica ut ā Numā īnstitūta erant facere, omnia ea ex commentāriīs rēgis pōntificem in album relāta prō- pōnere in pūblicō iubet. Inde et cīvibus ōtiī cupidīs et fīnitimīs cīvitātibus facta spēs in avī mōrēs atque īnstitūta rēgem abitūrum. Igitur Latīnī, cum quibus Tullō rēgnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animōs, et, cum incursiōnem in agrum Rōmānum fēcissent, repetentibus rēs Rōmānīs superbē respōnsum reddunt, dēsidem Rōmānum rēgem inter sacella et ārās āctūrum esse rēgnum ratī. Medium erat in Ancō ingenium, et Numae et Rōmulī memor; et praeterquam quod avī rēgnō magis necessāriam fuisse pācem crēdēbat cum in novō tum ferōcī populō, etiam quod illī contigisset ōtium, sine iniūriā id sē haud facile habitūrum;

55

S2. Choice of Ancus Marcius. The Fetials. 2. memor, quia: union of different constructions common in L. —cētera: adv. acc.— antīquissimum: most important.—album: a whnitened tablet. The publication of the methods of sacrifice was to prevent errors and fail- ure in their performance. —abitūrum: we should rather say, would proceed according to, i.e. from such a beginning. 3. superbē: modi- fies r. r., answered.—dēsidem: predicative. 4. Medium: interme- diate, avoiding the extremes of both.—memor: recalling.—quod: relative; the antecedent attracted, as often. —iniūriā: molestation on 56

10

TITI LIVI

temptārī patientiam et temptātam contemnī, tempo- raque esse Tullō rēgī aptiōra quam Numae. Ut tamen, quoniam Numa in pāce religiōnēs īnstituisset, ā sē bellicae caerimōniae prōderentur, nec gererentur sōlum sed etiam indīcerentur bella aliquō rītū, iūs ab antīquā gente Aequīculīs, quod nunc fētiālēs habent, dēscrīpsit, quō rēs repetuntur.

Lēgātus ubi ad fīnēs eōrum vēnit, unde rēs repetun- tur, capite vēlātō fīlō — lānae vēlāmen est— “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit, “audīte, fīnēs ”— cūiuscumque gen- tis sunt, nōminat — “audiat fās! Ego sum pūblicus nūntius populī Rōmānī; iūstē piēque lēgātus veniō, verbīsque meīs fidēs sit.”” Peragit inde postulāta. Inde Iovem testem facit: “Sī ego iniūstē impiēque illōs hominēs illāsque rēs dēdier mihi exposcō, tum patriae compotem mē numquam sīris esse.” Haec cum fīnīs suprāscandit, haec quīcumque eī prīmus vir obvius fuerit, haec portam ingrediēns, haec forum ingressus paucīs verbīs carminis concipiendīque iūris iūrandī mūtātīs peragit. Sī nōn dēduntur quōs ex- poscit, diēbus tribus et trīgintā— tot enim sollemnēs sunt — perāctīs, bellum ita indīcit: “Audī, Iuppiter, et tū, Iāne Quirīne, diīque omnēs caelestēs, vōsque ter- restrēs, vōsque īnfernī, audīte. Ego vōs testor, popu- lum illum” — quīcumque est, nōminat — “iniūstum esse, neque iūs persolvere. Sed dē istīs rēbus in pa- triā māiōrēs nātū cōnsulēmus, quō pactō iūs nostrum

the part of his neighbors. 5. tamen: though he could not follow N.’s example entirely, yet he would do so in the formalities connected with war. 6. fīlō: the thread was wound around the cap. —lēgātus: partic.; lit. one commissioned; the pater patrātus of 5 11. ī. dēdier: old fōrm of dēdi, as sīris for sīveris. —patriae c.: part or lot in my country. 8. concipiendī: the expression, of the oath, as if it had been conceptīs verbīs. 9. sollemnēs: usual. 10. māiōres n.: our elders, LIBER I 57

adipīscāmur.”” Cum hīs nūntius Rōmam ad cōnsulen- dum redit. Cōnfestim rēx hīs fermē verbīs patrēs cōnsu- 11 lēbat: “Quārum rērum lītium causārum condīxit pater patrātus populī Rōmānī Quirītium patrī patrātō Prī- scōrum Latīnōrum hominibusque Prīscīs Latīnīs, quās rēs nec dedērunt nec solvērunt nec fēcērunt, quās rēs darī solvī fierī oportuit, dīc,” inquit eī quem prī- mum sententiam rogābat, “quid cēnsēs ?” Tum ille: i2 “Pūrō piōque duellō quaerendās cēnseō, itaque cōn- sentiō cōnscīscōque.”” Inde ōrdine aliī rogābantur, quandōque pars māior eōrum quī aderant in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum. Fvierī soli- tum, ut fētiālis hastam ferrātam aut sanguineam prae- ūstam ad fīnīs eōrum ferret, et nōn minus tribus pūberibus praesentibus, dīceret: “Quod populī Prī- 13 scōrum Latīnōrum hominēsque Prīscī Latīnī adversus populum Rōmānum Quirītium fēcērunt dēlīquērunt, quod populus Rōmānus Quirītium bellum cum Prīscīs Latīnīs iussit esse, senātusque populī Rōmānī Quirī- tium cēnsuit cōnsēnsit cōnscīvit ut bellum cum Prīscīs Latīnīs fieret, ob eam rem ego populusque Rōmānus populīs Prīscōrum Latīnōrum hominibusque Prīscīs Latīnīs bellum indīcō faciōque.” Id ubi dīxisset, ha-

i.e. the senate. 11. hīs: sc. verōīs.— Quārum: its antecedent is (dē) eīs, to be supplied with quid cēnsēs. The gen. is an old use of the gen. of respect wīth condīxit. The sentence presents the usual repetition of legal formulas, e.g. rērum, the things stolen; lītium, the legal ques- tions connected with them; causae, apparently a general term cover- ing the other two; the followīing verbs correspond.—quem .... rogābat: the practice of the senate, by which the presiding officer called for opinions, is here referred to the king. 12. Pūrō p. d.: a war begun without triīckery and with the sanctions of religious observances; duellōfor bellō. — in... ībat: as in22. 56. 1. — sanguineam p.: a spear hardened in the fire and smeared with blood, symbolic of war. 13. Quod -.. quod: conjunctions, but the antecedent idea is in ob eam rem. —Id

58 TITI LIVI

14 stam in fīnīs eōrum ēmittēbat. Hōc tum modō ab Latīnīs repetītae rēs ac bellum indictum, mōremque eum posterī accēpērunt.

33. Ancus, dēmandātā cūrā sacrōrum flāminibus sacerdōtibusque aliīs, exercitū novō cōnscrīptō, pro- fectus Politorium, urbem Latīnōrum, vī cēpit, secū- tusque mōrem rēgum priōrum, quī rem Rōmānam auxerant hostibus in cīvitātem accipiendīs, multitū- dinem omnem Rōmam trādūxit. Et cum circā Palā- tium, sēīem veterum Rōmānōrum, Sabīnī Capitōlium atque arcem, Caelium montem Albānī implēssent, Aventīnum novae multitūdinī datum. Additī eōdem haud ita multō post, Tellēnīs Ficānāque captīs, novī 3 cīvēs. Politorium inde rūrsus bellō repetītum, quod vacuum occupāverant Prīscī Latīnī; eaque causa dī- ruendae urbis ēius fuit Rōmānīs, nē hostium semper receptāculum esset. Postrēmō omnī bellō Latīnō Me- dulliam compulsō, aliquamdiū ibi Mārte incertō variā victōriā pūgnātum est; nam et urbs tūta mūnītiōnibus praesidiōque fīrmāta validō erat, et castrīs in apertō positīs aliquotiēns exercitus Latīnus comminus cum 5 Rōmānīs sīgna contulerat. Ad ultimum omnibus

cōpiīs cōnīsus Ancus aciē prīmum vincit, inde ingentī

praedā potēns Rōmam redit, tam quoque multīs mīli-

ē

īS

... dīxisset: as often as he said this; the subji. is iterative; cf. 21. 28. 10.

S3. Wars of Ancus. 1. dēmandātā: delegated in his absence.— Politorium: this town and those mentioned below are mere names of history. Ficana was on the via Ostiensis, and Medullia lay to the northeast, beyond the Anio. 2. circā: about, on two sides of. 4. Po-

strēmō: adv.—omnī... compulsō: the Latin war centring about M. —Mārte ... victōriā: poetical fulness of expression; uncertain struggle, varying success.— comminus ... contulerat: fought in

hand-to-hand engagements. 5. praedā: inst. abl. with potēns, en- riched. The capture of the city is only implied, as it is to be men-

LIBER I 59

bus Latīnōrum in cīvitātem acceptīs, quibus, ut iunge- rētur Palātiō Aventīnum, ad Murciae datae sēdēs. Iāniculum quoque adiectum, nōn inopiā locī, sed nē 6 quandō ea arx hostium esset. Id nōn mūrō sōlum, sed etiam ob commoditātem itineris ponte subliciō, tum prīmum in Tiberi factō, coniungī urbī placuit. Quirītium quoque fossa, haud parvum mūnīmentum ā 71 plāniōribus aditū locīs, Ancī rēgis opus est. Ingentī s incrēmentō rēbus auctīs, cum in tantā multitūdine hominum, discrīmine rēctē an perperam factī cōnfūsō, facinora clandestīna fierent, carcer ad terrōrem incrē- scentis audāciae mediā urbe imminēns forō aedificātur. Nec urbs tantum hōc rēge erēvit, sed etiam ager fīnēs- 9 que: silvā Mēsiā Vēientibus adēmptā usque ad mare imperium prōlātum, et in ōre Tiberis Ōstia urbs con- dita, salīnae circā factae; ēgregiēque rēbus bellō ge- stīs aedis Iovis Feretriī amplificāta.

34. Ancō rēgnante Lucumō, vir impiger ac dīvitiīs potēns, Rōmam commigrāvit cupīdine māximē ac spē māgnī honōris, cūius adipīscendī Tarquiniīs —nam ibi quoque peregrīnā stirpe oriundus erat— facultās nōn

tioned again in c. 38. 4. —iungerētur: i.e. by continuous dwellings. — Murciae: sc. āram, in the valley where later was the Circus Maximus. 6. arx: stronghold for offence.—ponte s.: so called from the wooden piles (or beams), sublicae, of which it was built. Its exact position is unknown. The summit of the Janiculan was connected with the river by two walls, and the passage of the river secured by this bridge. 7. Quirītium fossa: on the low ground between the Aventine and the Coelian, where the city was easy of access (plan. aditā locīs).—ā: on Av. side of. 8. discrīmine ... cōnfūsō: distinctions of right and wrong being confused by the coming of so many strangers; for factī as noun and partic. cf. 21. 4ō. 9. — carcer: the Tulliānum at the foot of the Capitoline, next to the Forum. The rocky chamber still remains. 9. silvā Mēsiā: on the north bank of the Tiber toward Ostia.— salīnae: salt-pits, where sea water was evaporated.

34. Coming of Tarquinius Priscus to Rome. 1. Lucumē: properly 60 TITI LIVI

2 fuerat. Dēmarātī Corinthiī fīlius erat, quī ob sēdi- tiōnēs domō profugus cum Tarquiniīs forte cōnsēdis- set, uxōre ibi ductā duōs fīliōs genuit. Nōmina hīs Lucumō atque Arrūns fuērunt. Lucumō superfuit patrī bonōrum omnium hērēs; Arrūns prior quam

3 pater moritur uxōre gravidā relīctā Nec diū manet superstes fīliō pater; quī cum, ignōrāns nurum ven- trem ferre, immemor in testandō nepōtis dēcessisset, puerō post avī mortem in nūllam sortem bonōrum nātō

4 ab inopiā Egeriō inditam nōmen. Lucumōnī contrā omnium hērēdī bonōrum cum dīvitiae iam animōs facerent, auxit ducta in mātrimōnium Tanaquil, summō locō nāta, et quae haud facile iīs in quibus nāta erat,

5 humiliōra sineret ea quō innūpsisset. Spernentibus Etrūscīs Lucumōnem, exsule advenā ortum, ferre in- dīgnitātem nōn potuit, oblītaque ingenitae ergā pa- triam cāritātis, dummodo virum honōrātum vidēret,

6 cōnsilium migrandī ab Tarquiniīs cēpit. Rōma est ad

id potissimum vīsa: in novō populō, ubi omnis repen-

tīna atque ex virtūte nōbilitās sit, futūrum locum fortī

ac strēnuō virō; rēgnāsse Tatium Sabīnum, arcessītum in rēgnum Numam ā Curibus. et Ancum Sabīnā mātre ortum nōbilemque ūnā imāgine Numae esse. Facile persuādet ut cupidō honōrum, et cuī Tarquiniī māterna

-3

a title which L. takes as a name. 3. in... nātō: with no share in the property.—EĒgeriō: as if from egere. 4. animēs: pride. —ducta ...T.: his marriage with T.—quō: into which. ē. advenā: adj.; from another country; cf. 21. 30. S. —indīgnitātem: the lack of social and political recognition. —ingenitae... cāritātis: ‘“the Romans have no single word for patriotism.” S. 6. Rōma .. . vīsa: Rome seemed the place above all others for (gaining) this. —omnis... nōbi- litās: all (the) nodility was of rapid growth and rested on merit.— fortī a. s.: active and energetic, as in 21. 4. 4.—nōbilem: ennoōled. L. has in mind the later iūs imāginum. Tī. ut: as being.— māterna: LIBER I 61

tantum patria esset. Sublātīs itaque rēbus āmigrant s Rōmam. Ad Iāniculum forte ventum erat. Ibi eī carpentō sedentī cum uxōre aquila suspēnsīs dē- missa lēniter ālīs pilleum aufert, superque carpentum cum māgnō clangōre volitāns rūrsus, velut ministeriō dīvīnitus missa, capitī aptē repōnit; inde sublīmis abit. Accēpisse id augurium laeta dīcitur Tanaquil, o perīta, ut vulgō Ētrūscī, caelestium prōdigiōrum mu- lier. Excelsa et alta spērāre complexa virum iubet: eam ālitem, eā regiōne caelī et ēius deī nūntiam vēnisse, circā summum culmen hominis auspicium fēcisse, levāsse hūmānō superpositum capitī decus, ut dīvīnitus eīdem redderet. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque 10 sēcum portantēs urbem ingressī sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō L. Tarquinium Prīscum ēdidēre nōmen. Rōmānīs cōnspicuum eum novitās dīvitiaeque faciē- n bant, et ipse fortūnam benīgnō adloquiō, comitāte in- vītandī, beneficiīsque quōs poterat sibi conciliandō ad- iuvābat, dōnec in rēgiam quoque dē eō fāma perlāta est. Nōtitiamque eam brevī apud rēgem līberāliter dextrē- i2 que obeundō officia in familiāris amīcitiae addūxerat iūra, ut pūblicīs pariter ac prīvātīs cōnsiliīs bellō domīque interesset, et per omnia expertus postrēmō tūtor etiam līberīs rēgis testāmentō īnstituerētur.

on his mother’s side. 8S. suspēnsīs... ālīs: gently descending with outspread wings, not swooping down as if for prey. — clangōre: scream. —ministeriō: dat. 9. Accēpisse: it was necessary that an omen should be understood and accepted to be effective. Recall Her- cules in c. 7. 11, and Anchises in Verg. Aen. 2.700 f.—eam .. .eā... ēius: such a bird (the eagle), such a quarter (favorable), such a god (Juppiter).—summum c.: emblematic of a crown. 11. adloquiō: this and the following are abl. of means with conciliandō, which modifies ad- iuvābat in the same way. 12. Nōtitiam: this acquaintance he developed into close friendship, so that he was admitted to a part in all affairs. 62 TITI LIVI

35. Rēgnāvit Ancus annōs quattuor et vīgintī, cuīli- bet superiōrum rēgum bellī pācisque et artibus et glōriā pār. Iam fīliī prope pūberem aetātem erant. Eō magis Tarquinius īnstāre, ut quam prīmum comitia rēgī cre-

2 andō fierent; quibus indictīs sub tempus puerōs vēnātum ablēgāvit. Isque prīmus et petīsse ambitiōsē rēgnum et ōrātiōnem dīcitur habuisse ad conciliandōs plēbis

3 animōs compositam: [cum] sē nōn rem novam petere, quippe quī nōn prīmus, quod quisquam indīgnārī mī- rārīve posset, sed tertius Rōmae peregrīnus rēgnum adfectet; et Tatium nōn ex peregrīnō sōlum sed etiam ex hoste rēgem factum, et Numam ignārum urbis nōn

4 petentem in rēgnum ultrō accītum; sē, ex quō suī potēns fuerit, Rōmam cum coniuge ac fortūnīs omni- bus commigrāsse; māiōrem partem aetātis ēius quā cīvīlibus officiīs fungantur hominēs Rōmae sē quam

5 in vetere patriā vīxisse; domī mīlitiaeque sub haud paenitendō magistrō, ipsō Ancō rēge, Rōmāna sē iūra, Rōmānōs rītūs didicisse; obsequiō et observantiā in rēgem cum omnibus, benīgnitāte ergā aliōs cum

6 rēge ipsō certāsse. Haec eum haud falsa memorantem ingentī cōnsēnsū populus Rōmānus rēgnāre iussit. Ergō virum cētera ēgregium secūta, quam in petendō

3ō5. Choice of Tarquinius. His political measures. 1. rēgī: dat. of purpose. L. has in mind the elective machinery of republican times, when men announced themselves as candidates (petere) with speeches designed to commend themselves (ambitiōsē) to the people. 3. (cumj): bracketed as unnecessary; if retained, it joins with memorāret to be supplied from memorantem in ī 6. — quisquam: instead of quispiam, on account of the preceding nōn; as he was not the first, so no one could complain that he aspired to the throne. 4. ex quō: since.— suī potēns: his own master, i.e. after the death of his father. 5. pae- nitendō: mean, a rare personal use of paenitēre. —iūra, rītūs: cover- ing the two functions of a king.—obsequiō e. o.: dutiful regard. 6. rēgnāre i.: elected as king.—secūta ... est: we should rather LIBER I 68

habuerat, etiam rēgnantem ambitiō est; nec minus rēgnī suī fīrmandī quam augendae reī pūblicae memor centum in patrēs lēgit, quī deinde minōrum gentium sunt appellātī, factiō haud dubia rēgis, cūius beneficiō in cūriam vēnerant.

Bellum prīmum cum Latīnīs gessit, et oppidum ibi 7 Apiolās vī cēpit, praedāque inde māiōre quam quanta bellī fāma fuerat revectā, lūdōs opulentius īnstrūcti- usque quam priōrēs rēgēs fēcit. Tunc prīmum circō, 58 quī nunc Māximus dīcitur, dēsīgnātus locus est. Loca dīvīsa patribus equitibusque, ubi spectācula sibi quis- que facerent, forī appellātī. Spectāvēre furcīs duo- 9 dēnōs ab terrā spectācula alta sustinentibus pedīs. Lūdicrum fuit equī pugilēsque, ex Etrūriā māximē accītī. Sollemnēs deinde annuī mānsēre lūdī, Rōmānī māgnīque variē appellātī. Ab eōdem rēge et circā 10 forum prīvātīs aedificanda dīvīsa sunt loca, porticūs tabernaeque factae

36. Mūrō quoque lapideō circumdare urbem parā- bat, cum. Sabīnum bellum coeptīs intervēnit. Adeō- que ea subita rēs fuit, ut prius Aniēnem trānsīrent hostēs quam obviam īre ac prohibēre exercitus Rō- mānus posset. Itaque trepidātum Rōmae est; et 2

say that the man followed his ambitious course.—nec m.: his plan uvwas to form a royalist party (factiō) that would owe its rise to him and hence uphold his power, as well as strengthen the state.— minō- rum: the names minōres and māiōrēs gentēs continued till later times, but their functions are indistinguishable. 7. māiōre quam: greater than the importance of the war led them to expect. S. spectācula: stands, which the orders or families made for themselves. 9. Spectā- vēre... pedīs: they watched the games from stands, supported by Y-shaped posts (furcīs), twelve feet above the ground.—equī: horse races. —Sollemnēs: regular. 10. porticūs: arcades for public busi- ness and lounging places for the citizens. —tabernae: shops for retail trade. 64 TITI LIVI

prīmō dubiā victōriā māgnā utrimque caede pūgnātum est. Reductīs deinde in castra hostium cōpiīs datōque spatiō Rōmānīs ad comparandum dē integrō bellum, Tarquinius, equitem māximē suīs deesse vīribus ratus, ad Ramnēs Titiēnsēs Lucerēs, quās centuriās Rōmulus scrīpserat, addere aliās cōnstituit suōque īnsīgnēs

3 relinquere nōmine. Id quia inaugurātō Rōmulus fēcerat, negāre Attus Nāvius, inclitus eā tempestāte augur, neque mūtārī neque novum cōnstituī, nisi

4 avēs addīxissent, posse. Ex eō īrā rēgī mōtā, ēlūdēnsque artem, ut ferunt, “Agedum,” inquit,

“ dīvīne tū, inaugurā fierīne possit quod nunc ego mente concipiō.” Cum ille auguriō rem expertus profectō futūram dīxisset, “Atquī hōc animō agitāvī,” inquit, “tē novāculā cōtem dīscissūrum; cape haec et perage quod avēs tuae fierī posse portendunt.”” Tum

5 illum haud cunctanter dīscidisse cōtem ferunt. Statua Attī capite vēlātō, quō in locō rēs ācta est, in comitiō,

in gradibus ipsīs ad laevam cūriae fuit; cōtem quoque eōdem locō sitam fuisse memorant, ut esset ad posterōs

6 mīrāculī ēius monumentum. Auguriīs certē sacerdō- tiōque augurum tantus honōs accessit, ut nihil bellī do- mīque posteā nisi auspicātō gererētur, concilia populī, exercitūs vocātī, summa rērum, ubi avēs nōn admī- S6. Attus Navius and the enlargement of the centuries. 3. inaugu- rātō: impers. abl. abs. used adverbially.—neque .... neque: the negative distribution of the negative. —addīxissent: like admittere (5 6), a technical term for a favorable omen. 4. dīvīne: ironical, prophet you. — futūram: sc. esse rem, used in the place of a partic. of fīo.—haec: the razor and the whetstone which he handed out to him. 5. gradibus ip.: close by the steps leading up from the comitium to the curia. 6. certē: whether the story has any truth or not, certainly augury gained a strong impulse. —concilia p.: later used of the comi-

tia tribūta, here probably of the c. curiāta. —exercitūs v.: the assem- bling of the com. centuriātā— summa r.: matters of the highest LIBER I 65

sissent, dīrimerentur. Neque tum Tarquinius dē 7 equitum centuriīs quicquam mūtāvit; numerō alte- rum tantum adiēcit, ut mīlle et octingentī equitēs in tribus centuriīs essent. Posteriōrēs modo sub iīsdem nōminibus quī additī erant appellātī sunt, quās nunc, quia geminātae sunt, sex vocant centu- riās.

37. Hāc parte cōpiārum auctā iterum cum Sabīnīs cōnflīgitur. Sed praeterquam quod vīribus crēverat Rōmānus exercitus, ex occultō etiam additur dolus, missīs quī māgnam vim līgnōrum, in Aniēnis rīpā iacentem, ārdentem in flūmen conicerent; ventōque iuvante accēnsa līgna, et plēraque in ratibus impācta sublicīs cum haerērent, pontem incendunt. Ea quoque 2 rēs in pūgnā terrōrem attulit Sabīnīs, et fūsīs eadem fugam impediit, multīque mortālēs, cum hostem effū- gissent, in flūmine ipsō periēre; quōrum fluitantia arma ad urbem cognita in Tiberī prius paene quam nūntiārī posset, īnsīgnem victōriam fēcēre. Eō proe- 3 liō praecipua equitum glōria fuit; utrimque ab corni-, bus positōs, cum iam pellerētur media peditum suōrum aciēs, ita incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt, ut nōn siste- rent modo Sabīnās legiōnēs ferōciter īnstantēs cēdenti- bus, sed subitō in fugam āverterent. Montēs effūsō a cursū Sabīnī petēbant, et paucī tenuēre; māxima pars, ut ante dictum est, ab equitibus in flūmen āctī sunt. importance. 7. mīlle e. o.: Tullus’s addition (c. 30. 3.) had raised the centuries to 600, with which L.’s number here does not agree. The whole subject is very obscure.

38. War with the Sabines. 1. ārdentem: to set on fire and.— accēnsa: sc. sunt. —plēraque ... incendunt: the most of them striking in masses against the piles and lodging there set fire to the bridge. The bridge was over the Anio, by which the Sabines could

retreat. 3. cēdentibus: dat.; the wavering Romans. 4. et... tenu- F 66 TITI LIVI

5 Tarquinius īnstandum perterritīs ratus, praedā captī- vīsque Rōmam missīs, spoliīs hostium — id vōtum Vulcānō erat — ingentī cumulō accēnsīs, pergit porrō in agrum Sabīnum exercitum indūcere; et quamquam male gestae rēs erant, nec gestūrōs melius spērāre poterant, tamen, quia cōnsulendī rēs nōn dabat spa- tium, iēre obviam Sabīnī tumultuāriō mīlite, ite- rumque ibi fūsī, perditīs iam prope rēbus, pācem petiēre.

38. Conlātia et quidquid citrā Conlātiam agrī erat Sabīnīs adēmptum; Egerius —frātris hīc fīlius erat

2 rēgis — Conlātiae in praesidiō relīctus. Dēditōsque Conlātīnōs ita accipiō eamque dēditiōnis fōrmulam esse: rēx interrogāvit; “EĒstisne vōs lēgātī ōrātōrēsque missī ā populō Conlātīnō, ut vōs populumque Conlātī- num dēderētis ?”” “Sumus.” “Estne populus Conlā- tīnus in suā potestāte ?” cEĒst.” c«D2ēditisne vōs populumque Conlātīnum, urbem, agrōs, aquam, termi- nōs, dēlūbra, ūtēnsilia, dīvīna humānaque omnia in meam populīque Rōmānī diciōnem ?” “D4ēdimus.”

3 “At ego recipiō” Btellō Sabīnō perfectō Tarquinius

4 triumphāns Rōmam redit. Inde Prīscīs Latīnīs bellum fēcit, ubi nūsquam ad ūniversae reī dīmicātiōnem ventum est; ad singula oppida circumferendō arma

ēre: but few reached them. ō. spoliīs: arms and the less valuable articles. — quamquam .. .erant: though they had been defeated.— gestūrōs: sc. sē. —tumultuāriō m.: soldiers hastily called together in the emergency. More time to consider would perhaps have led to an immediate surrender.

38. Form of surrender. War with Latins. Constructions in Rome.
39. in praesidiō: in command, either of a garrison or a colony. 2. vōs populumque: the two words form the comprehensive whole, hence -que, while the following words give the several particulars. 3. tri-

umphāns: with the idea of a procession. 4. ubi ... . est: i.e. there was not with them, as with the Sabines, a single decisīve engagement. LīBER I 67

omne nōmen Latīnum domuit. Corniculum, Fīculea vetus, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia, Nōmentum, haec dē Prīscīs Latīnīs aut quī ad Latīnōs dēfēcerant capta oppida. Pāx deinde est facta.

Māiōre inde animō pācis opera incohāta quam quantā 5 mōle gesserat bella, ut nōn quiētior populus domī esset quam mīlitiae fuisset; nam et mūrō lapideō, cūius o exōrdium operis Sabīnō bellō turbātum erat, urbem, quā nōndum mūnierat, cingere parat; et īnfima urbis loca circā forum aliāsque interiectās collibus convallēs, quia ex plānīs locīs haud facile ēvehēbant aquās, cloā- 7 cīs fastīgiō in Tiberim ductīs siccat, et āream ad aedem in Capitōliō Iovis, quam vōverat bellō Sabīnō, iam praesāgiente animō futūram ōlim amplitūdinem locī, occupat fundāmentīs.

39. Eō tempore in rēgiā prōdigium vīsū ēventūque mīrābile fuit: puerō dormientī, cuī Serviō Tulliō fuit nōmen, caput ārsisse ferunt multōrum in cōnspectū. Plūrimō igitur clāmōre inde ad tantae reī mīrāculum 2 ortō excitōs rēgēs, et cum quīdam familiārium aquam ad restinguendum ferret, ab rēgīnā retentum, sēdā- tōque eam tumultū movērī vetuisse puerum, dōnec suā sponte experrēctus esset. Mox cum somnō et flam- mam abīsse. Tum abductō in sēcrētum virō Tanaquil 3 —nōmen: league.— quī: for dē iīs quī, e.g. Medullia; see c. 33. 4.

40. Māiōre ... bella: then he began the works of peace with an ear- nestness greater than the energy with which he had conducted war. — quiētior: less freedom from service, forced labor. 6. īnfima -.. convallēs: the low marshy ground between the hills and the Tiber, including the Forum and the Circus Maximus. ī7. fastīgiō: on a grade, sloping, distinguished from planīs, level. — āream: tee, mado by clearing the rocks and raising walls on the edge of

41. Birth of Servius Tullius. 1. ēventā: the outcome was as remarkable as the omen. 2. rēgēs: the royal pair. 3. abductō... 68 TITI LIVI

“Viden tū puerum hune,” inquit, “quem tam humilī cultū ēducāmus ? Scīre licet hunc lūmen quondam rēbus nostrīs dubiīs futūrum praesidiumque rēgiae adflīctae; proinde māteriam ingentis pūblicē prīvā- timque decoris omnī indulgentiā nostrā nūtriāmus.” 4 Inde puerum līberum locō coeptum habērī ērudīrīque artibus quibus ingenia ad māgnae fortūnae cultum excitantur. Ēvēnit facile quod diīs cordī esset: iu- venis ēvāsit vērē indolis rēgiae, nec, cum quaererētur gener Tarquiniō, quisquam Rōmānae iuventūtis ūllāarte 5 cōnferrī potuit, fīliamque eī suam rēx dēspondit. Hīc quācumque dē causā tantus illī honōs habitus crēdere prohibet servā nātum eum parvumque ipsum servīsse. Eōrum magis sententiae sum, quī Corniculō captō, Servī Tullī, quī prīnceps in illā urbe fuerat, gravidam virō occīsō uxōrem, cum inter reliquās captīvās cognita esset, ob ūnicam nōbilitātem ab rēgīnā Rōmānā prohi- bitam ferunt servitiō partum Rōmae ēdidisse Prīscī 6 Tarquinī in domō. Inde tantō beneficiō et inter mu- lierēs familiāritātem auctam, et puerum, ut in domō ā parvō ēductum, in cāritāte atque honōre fuisse; fortū- nam mātris, quod captā patriā in hostium manūs vēne- rit, ut servā nātus crēderētur fēcisse.

40. Duodēquadrāgēsimō fermē annō, ex quō rēgnāre coeperat Tarquinius, nōn apud rēgem modo sed apud patrēs plēbemque longē māximō honōre Servius Tullius

2 erat. Tum Ancī fīliī duo, etsī anteā semper prō indī-

virō: taking her husband aside.—vViden: for vidēsne. —S8cīre licet: it is evident.—pūblicē p.: adv. as adj. 4. līberum 1.: as a son.— artibus: i.e. an education that leads to culture. —ēvāsit: turned out. — -que: and so. 5. Hīc: the honor of becoming the king’s son-in- law. —cognita: recognixed as of high station.— domē: for domī.

40. Death of Tarquin. 1. honōre: abl. qual. 2. fīliī: has no predi-

LIBER I 69

gnissimō habuerant sē patriō rēgnō tūtōris fraude pul- sōs, rēgnāre Rōmae advenam nōn modo vīcīnae, sed nē ītalicae quidem stirpis, tum impēnsius iīs indīgni- tās crēscere, sī nē ab Tarquiniō quidem ad sē re- dīret rēgnum, sed praeceps inde porrō ad servitia 3 caderet, ut in eādem cīvitāte post centēsimum ferē annum quod Rōmulus, deō prōgnātus, deus ipse, tenu- erit rēgnum dōnec in terrīs fuerit, id servus, servā nātus, possideat. Cum commūne Rōmānī nōminis, tam praecipuē id domūs suae dēdecus fore, sī Ancī rēgis virīlī stirpe salvā nōn modo advenīs sed servīs etiam rēgnum Rōmae patēret. Ferrō igitur eam arcēre 4 contumēliam statuunt. Sed et iniūriae dolor in Tar- quinium ipsum magis quam in Servium eōs stimulā- bat, et cum gravior ultor caedis, sī superesset, rēx futūrus erat quam prīvātus; tum Serviō occīsō quem- 5 cumque alium generum dēlēgisset, eundem rēgnī hērē- dem factūrus vidēbātur; ob haec ipsī rēgī īnsidiae parantur. Ex pāstōribus duo ferōcissimī dēlēctī ad facinus, quibus cōnsuētī erant uterque agrestibus fer- rāmentīs, in vestibulō rēgiae quam potuēre tumultu- ōsissimē speciē rīxae in sē omnēs appāritōrēs rēgiōs convertunt. Inde, cum ambō rēgem appellārent clā- morque eōrum penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī cate, but is taken up by anacoluthon in iīs.—nēōn modo: sc. nōn on account of the following nē .... quidem. — indīgnitās = indīgnātiō, bitterness. 3. servitia: for servōs, abstract for concrete. —ferē: of general statements; the time was 138 years.— quod: agrees with rēg- num. 4. et... et.... tum: three reasons led them against Tar- quin, (a) their personal feeling against him, (b) his ability, greater than would be that of Servius, to punish a murder, and (c) the fact that if Servius were killed Tarquin would find another son-in-law.— tactūrus erat: note the indic.; cf. c. ī. 5. 5. quibus, etc. = iīs ferrā-

mentis q.: dat.; the rustic implements which they commonly used, e.g. axe and mattock. —uterque: appos. to the subject duo, perhaps with 70 TITI LIVI

6 ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmō uterque vōciferārī et certā- tim alter alterī obstrepere. Coercitī ab līctōre et iussī in vicem dīcere tandem obloquī dēsistunt; ūnus rem

7 ex compositō ōrdītur. Dum intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit, relīctōque in vulnere tēlō ambō sē forās ēiciunt.

41. Tarquinium moribundum cum quī circā erant excēpissent, illōs fugientēs līctōrēs comprehendunt. Clāmor inde concursusque populī mīrantium quid reī esset. Tanaquil inter tumultum claudī rēgiam iubet, arbitrōs ēicit; simul quae cūrandō vulnerī opus sunt, tamquam spēs subesset, sēdulō comparat, simul, sī

2 dēstituat spēs, alia praesidia mōlītur. Serviō properē accītō cum paene exsanguem virum ostendisset, dex- tram tenēns ōrat nē inultam mortem socerī, nē socrum

3 inimīcīs lūdibriō esse sinat. “īTuum est,” inquit, “Servī, sī vir es, rēgnum, nōn eōrum, quī aliēnīs manibus pessimum facinus fēcēre. Ērige tē deōsque ducēs sequere, quī clārum hōc fore caput dīvīnō quon- dam circumfūsō īgnī portendērunt. Nunc tē illa cae- lestis excitet flamma, nunc expergīscere vērē. Et nōs peregrīnī rēgnāvimus. Quī sīs, nōn unde nātus sīs, reputā. Sī tua rē subitā cōnsilia torpent, at tū mea

4 cōnsilia sequere.” Cum clāmor impetusque multitū- dinis vix sustinērī posset, ex superiōre parte aedium

the thought of different implements. 6. vōciterārī: hist. inf. —ex compositō: agreed upon beforehand. 7. Dum: like cum, with imp.subji.

41. Rise of Servius Tullius. 1. quī.... erant: the bystanders. — Clāmor: the omission of the verb, as throughout the chapter the short, terse sentences, give force and intensity to the scene.— mīrantium: asking with amazement, agrees with populī. —arbitrōs: witnesses, quī circā erant. —subesset... dēstituat: impf. of doubtful, pres. of probable, result; the conclusion of sī dēstituat is praesidia. 3. hōc = tuum. —Quī sīs: what (manner of) man.—rē subitā: surprise.—at: LIBER I

per fenēstrās in Novam Viam versās — habitābat enim rēx ad Iovis Statōris — populum Tanaquil adloquitur. Iubet bonō animō esse: sōpītum fuisse rēgem subitō ictū, ferrum haud altē in corpus dēscendisse, iam ad sē redīsse; īnspectum vulnus abstersō cruōre; omnia salūbria esse. Cōnfīdere prope diem ipsum eōs vīsū- rōs; interim Serviō Tulliō iubēre populum dictō audi- entem esse; eum iūra redditūrum obitūrumque alia rēgis mūnia esse. Servius cum trabeā et līctōribus prōdit, ac sēde rēgiā sedēns alia dēcernit, dē aliīs cōn- sultūrum sē rēgem esse simulat. Itaque per aliquot diēs, cum iam exspīrāsset Tarquinius, cēlātā morte, per speciem aliēnae fungendae vicis suās opēs fīrmā- vit. Tum dēmum palam factum est complōrātiōne in rēgiā ortā. Servius, praesidiō fīrmō mūnītus, prīmus iniussū populī voluntāte patrum rēgnāvit. Ancī lī- berī iam tum, cum, comprēnsīs sceleris ministrīs, vīvere rēgem et tantās esse opēs Servī nūntiātum est, Sues- sam Pōmētiam exsulātum ierant.

42. Nec iam pūblicīs magis cōnsiliīs Servius quam prīvātīs mūnīre opēs, et nē, quālis Ancī līberum ani- mus adversus Tarquinium fuerat, tālis adversus sē Tarquinī līberum esset, duās fīliās iuvenibus rēgiīs Lūciō atque Arruntī Tarquiniīs iungit. Nec rūpit

71

2

at least. 4. Novam Viam: the street started at the Porta Mūgiōnis, on the eastern side of the Palatine, near which was the temple of Juppiter Stator, and passed round the northern end of the hill to the Velabrum. —Iovis: sc. templum. 5. sōpītum: stunned. —Cōnfīdere .. . iubēre: sc. sē and rēgem as subjects. —dictō a. e.: obey, with the dat. 6. trabeā: the purple-striped official robe of the king. —sēde rēgiā: the curule chair.—fungendae: gerundive as of a regular transitive verb.—tfactum: sc. exspīrāsse Tarquinium.—-voluntāte:

personal favor, not auctōritās, official sanction. 42, 48. Wars and constitution of Servius.

42. 1. pūblicīs ... prīvātīs: for the public advantage ... for 72 TrTI LIVI

tamen fātī necessitātem hūmānīs cōnsiliīs, quīn invi- dia rēgnī etiam inter domesticōs īnfīda omnia atque īnfēsta faceret. Peropportūnē ad praesentis quiētem statūs bellum cum vVēientibus — iam enim indūtiae 3 exierant —aliīsque Etrūscīs sūmptum. In eō bellō et virtūs et fortūna ēnituit Tullī; fūsōque ingentī hostium exercitū haud dubius rēx, seu patrum seu 4 plēbis animōs perīclitārētur, Rōmam rediit. Adgre- diturque inde ad pācis longē māximum opus, ut, quem ad modum Numa dīvīnī auctor iūris fuisset, ita Ser- vium conditōrem omnis in cīvitāte discrīminis ōrdi- numque, quibus inter gradūs dīgnitātis fortūnaeque 5 aliquid interlūcet, posterī fāmā ferrent. Cēnsum enim īnstituit, rem salūberrimam tantō futūrō imperiō, ex quō bellī pācisque mūnia nōn virītim ut ante, sed prō habitū pecūniārum fierent. Tum classēs centuriāsque et hunc ōrdinem ex cēnsū dīscrīpsit vel pācī decōrum vel bellō. 43. Ex iīs quī centum mīlium aeris aut māiōrem cēnsum habērent, octōgintā cōnfēcit centuriās, quad- 2 rāgēnās seniōrum ac iūniōrum — prīma classis omnēs

personal gain. 2. quīn: translate by independent sentence, but.— invidia r.: envy of his royal power. —domesticōs: his own family.— ad.. . statūs: for keeping the existing quiet among the people. 3. haud dubius: unquestionably king, by the wish of plebeians as well as of the aristocracy. 4. -que: and therefore.—ut: join with ferrent, final clause. — omnis ... discrīminis: every civil dis- tinction, further explained by ōrdinum. — quibus .. . interlūcet: by which a clear division might appear between the grades of rank and fortune. 5. bellī... mūnia: military service and taxes. — habitā: scale or holding.— hunc: the following. — decōrum: suited.

43. 1. mīlium: sc. assium. The original rating, cēnsus, was doubt- less in land, to which a money value is here given according to the later coinage. The rating of the first class was perhaps ȳ1600 of our money. 2. prīma classis: i.e. the first call, often called simply classis, LIBER I 78

appellātī— seniōrēs ad urbis custōdiam ut praestō essent, iuvenēs ut forīs bella gererent. Arma hīs im- perāta galea, clipeum, ocreae, lōrīca, omnia ex aere; haec ut tegumenta corporis essent; tēla in hostem hastaque et gladius. Additae huīc classī duae fabrum s centuriae, quae sine armīs stīpendia facerent; datum mūnus ut māchinās in bellō ferrent. Secunda classis 4 intrā centum usque ad quīnque et septuāgintā mīlium cēnsum īnstitūta, et ex iīs, seniōribus iūniōribusque, vīgintī cōnscrīptae centuriae. Arma imperāta seūtum prō clipeō, et praeter lōrīcam omnia eadem. Tertiae classis quīnquāgintā mīlium cēnsum esse voluit. Totidem centuriae et hae, eōdemque discrīmine aetā- 5 tium factae; nec dē armīs quicquam mūtātum, ocreae tantum adēmptae. In quārtā classe cēnsus quīn- 6 que et vīgintī mīlium; totidem centuriae factae; arma mūtāta, nihil praeter hastam et verūtum datum. Quīnta classis aucta, centuriae trīgintā factae; fundās 7 lapidēsque missilēs hī sēcum gerēbant. Hīs accēnsī cornicinēs tubicinēsque, in duās centuriās distribūtī. TŌndecim mīlibus haec classis cēnsēbātur. Hōc minor s cēnsus reliquam multitūdinem habuit; inde ūna centu- ria facta est inmūnis mīlitiā Ita pedestrī exercitū ōrnātō distribūtōque, equitum ex prīmōribus cīvitātis duodecim scrīpsit centuriās. Sex item aliās centuriās, 9

and its members classicī, hence our word classical.—ocreae: metal leggins. 3. ftabrum: gen. pl., engineers, workers in wood and iron, having charge of the artillery, māchinās. These had not the rating of the first class, but simply voted with it. 4. scūtum: a long rectangu- lar shield protecting the body more fully than the round clipeus. 6. verūtum: a javelin. ī. ftundās: slings. —accēnsī: sc. sunt from accēnsēre. Horn blowers and trumpeters arranged in two centuries were joined to the 30 centuries. 8. immūnis m.: without military duties.—ex prīmōribus: of the leading men. 9. aliās: i.e. other 74 TITI LIVI

tribus ab Rōmulō īnstitūtīs, sub īsdem quibus in- augurātae erant nōminibus fēcit. Ad equōs emendōs dēna mīlia aeris ex pūblicō data, et, quibus equōs alerent, viduae adtribūtae, quae bīna mīlia aeris in annōs singulōs penderent. Haec omnia in dītēs ā 10 pauperibus inclīnāta onera. Deinde est honōs additus: nōn enim, ut ab Rōmulō trāditum cēterī servāverant rēgēs, virītim suffrāgium eādem vī eōdemque iūre prōmiscē omnibus datum est, sed gradūs factī, ut neque exclūsus quisquam suffrāgiō vidērētur, et vīs 11 omnis penes prīmōrēs cīvitātis esset. Equitēs enim vocābantur prīmī, octōgintā inde prīmae classis centu- riae; ibi sī variāret, quod rārō incidēbat, ut secundae classis vocārentur, nec ferē umquam īnfrā ita dēscen- 12 derent, ut ad īnfimōs pervenīrent. Nec mīrārī oportet hunc ōrdinem, quī nunc est post explētās quīnque et trīgintā tribūs, duplicātō eārum numerō centuriīs iūniōrum seniōrumque, ad īnstitūtam ab Serviō Tulliō 13 summam nōn convenīre. Quadrifāriam enim urbe dī- vīsā regiōnibus collibusque quī habitābantur, partēs eās tribūs appellāvit, ut ego arbitror ab tribūtō—

than the twelve just mentioned. —fēcit: retained. The number of centuries was thus 193. — quibus: the antecedent is bīna mīāliau. The widows and unmarried women of property (viduae applies to both) thus furnished provision money, aes hordeārium. 10. honēs: political power. —ab R. trāditum: the method of R. which L. takes as without distīnction of patrician and plebeian, prōmiscī, in the curiae. —grādus: gradations. —et: and yet. 11. vocābantur: those first called to vote were praerogātīvae.— variāret: impers., i.e. if these centuries, ibi, did not agree.—ut... vocārentur: depends on a verb like accidit to be supplied. —dēscenderent: the people in voting. 12. centuriīs: inst. abl. with duplicātō. In 241 B.C. the centuries in the tribes, eārum, were doubled by counting the seniōrēs and jūniōrēs separately, making 350 besides the 18 centuries of knights. 13. Quadrifāriam: Subārāna, Palatina, Ēsquilīna, and Collina. — regiōnibus... habi- tabantur: according to districts and inhavited hills. —tribūātō: the LIBER I

nam ēius quoque aequāliter ex cēnsū cōnferendī ab eōdem inita ratiō est; neque eae tribūs ad centu- riārum distribūtiōnem numerumque quicquam perti- nuēre.

44. Cēnsū perfectō, quem mātūrāverat metū lēgis dē incēnsīs lātae cum vinculōrum minīs mortisque, ēdīxit ut omnēs cīvēs Rōmānī, equitēs peditēsque, in suīs quisque centuriīs in Campō Mārtiō prīmā lūce adessent. Ibi īnstrūctum exercitum omnem suovetau- rīlibus lūstrāvit, idque conditum lūstrum appellātum, quia is cēnsendō fīnis factus est. Mīlia octōgintā eō lūstrō cīvium cēnsa dīcuntur. Adicit scrīptōrum antī- quissimus Fabius Pīctor, eōrum quī arma ferre possent eum numerum fuisse. Ad eam multitūdinem urbs quoque amplificanda vīsa est. Addit duōs collēs, Quirīnālem Vīminālemque; inde deinceps auget EĒs- quiliās, ibique ipse, ut locō dīgnitās fieret, habitat. Aggere et fossīs et mūrō circumdat urbem: ita pōmē- rium prōfert. Pōmērium verbī vim sōlam intuentēs postmoerium interpretantur esse: est autem magis circāmoerium, locus quem in condendīs urbibus quon- dam Etrūscī, quā mūrum ductūrī erant, certīs circā terminīs inaugurātō cōnsecrābant, ut neque interiōre parte aedificia moenibus continuārentur, quae nunc vulgō etiam coniungunt, et extrīnsecus pūrī aliquid ab

75

derivation is incorrect; each word has the stem tri, three; tribūtum

was not a regular tax, but a levy made for an emergency.

44. Enlargement of the city. 1. incēnsīs: those who did not register. — vinculōrum: imprisonment. 2. suovetaurīlibus: a boar, a ram, and a bull, first led around the army and then sacrificed as a sin-offering; lāūstrum. 3. Ad: in accordance with. The en- largement was on the eastern side. 4. vim: etymology?—certīs c. terminīs: with definite bounds (stones, called cippī) on each side, i.e. without and within.—continuārentur: built up to.—pīūrī... ab: 76 TITI LIVI

5 hūmānō cultū patēret solī. Hōc spatium, quod neque habitārī neque arārī fās erat, nōn magis quod post mūrum esset quam quod mūrus post id, pōmērium Rōmānī appellārunt; et in urbis incrēmentō semper, quantum moenia prōcessūra erant, tantum terminī hī cōnsecrātī prōferēbantur.

45. Auctā cīvitāte māgnitūdine urbis, fōrmātīs om- nibus domī et ad bellī et ad pācis ūsūs, nē semper armīs opēs adquīrerentur, cōnsiliō augēre imperium

2 cōnātus est, simul et aliquod addere urbī decus. Iam tum erat inclitam Diānae Ephesiae fānum. Id com- mūniter ā cīvitātibus Asiae factum fāma ferēbat. Eum cōnsēnsum deōsque cōnsociātōs laudāre mīrē Servius inter procerēs Latīnōrum, cum quibus pūb- licē prīvātimque hospitia amīcitiāsque dē industriā iūnxerat. Saepe iterandō eadem perpulit tandem ut Rōmae fānum Diānae populī Latīnī cum populō

3 Rōmānō facerent. Ea erat cōnfessiō caput rērum Rōmam esse, dē quō totiēns armīs certātum fuerat. Id quamquam omissum iam ex omnium cūrā Latīnō- rum ob rem totiēns īnfēlīciter temptātam armīs vidēbā- tur, ūnī sē ex Sabīnīs fors dare vīsa est prīvātō cōnsi-

4 liō imperiī recuperandī. Bōs in Sabīnīs nāta cuīdam patrī familiae dīcitur mīrandā māgnitūdine ac speciē. Fīxa per multās aetātēs cornua in vestibulō templī

5 Diānae monumentum eī fuēre mīrāculō. Habita, ut

free from. 5. spatium, quod: quod is relative.—nōn m. quod: as much because.

46. Union of Rome and Latium. 1. omnibus: neuter. 2. deōs- que cōnsociātōs: religious union.—pūblicē ... iūnxerat: political and personal guest friendships. 3. Ea: this action.—omissum... vidēbātur: seemed to have passed from the thought.—omnium: antithetic to ūnī, hence its position. 4. patrī familiae: property owner.—mīrāculō: dat. (as if one of two datives) instead of gen. LIBER I

erat, rēs prōdigiī locō est; et cecinēre vātēs, cūius cīvi- tātis eam cīvis Diānae immolāsset, ibi fore imperium, idque carmen pervēnerat ad antistitem fānī Diānae. Sabīnusque, ut prīma apta diēs sacrificiō vīsa est, bovem Rōmam āctam dēdūcit ad fānum Diānae et ante āram statuit. Ibi antistes Rōmānus, cum eum māgnitūdō victimae celebrāta fāmā mōvisset, memor respōnsī Sa- bīnum ita adloquitur: “Quidnam tū, hospes, parās,” inquit, “incestē sacrificium Diānae facere? Quīn tū ante vīvō perfunderis flūmine? īnfimā valle praefluit Tiberis.”” Religiōne tāctus hospes, quī oninia, ut prō- digīō respondēret ēventus, cuperet rīte facta, extemplō dēscendit ad Tiberim. Intereā Rōmānus immolat Di- ānae bovem. Id mīrē grātum rēgī atque cīvitātī fuit.

46. Servius quamquam iam ūsū haud dubiē rēgnum possēderat, tamen, quia interdum iactārī vōcēs ā iuvene Tarquiniō audiēbat, sē iniussū populī rēgnāre, con- ciliātā prius voluntāte plēbis agrō captō ex hostibus virītim dīvīsō, ausus est ferre ad populum, vellent iubērentne sē rēgnāre; tantōque cōnsēnsū quantō haud quisquam alius ante, rēx est dēclārātus. Neque ea rēs Tarquiniō spem adfectandī rēgnī minuit; immō eō impēnsius, quia dē agrō plēbis adversā patrum vo- luntāte sēnserat agī, crīminandī Servī apud patrēs crē- scendīque in cūriā sibi occāsiōnem datam ratus est, et

77

2

5. cecinēre: predicted, as carmen is prediction.—cūius: its antece- dent is in ibi. 6. Sabīnusque: the que connects with ō 4. —incestē: without washing, hence defiled. — Quīn: empbhatic, why not (go).

T7. facta: sc. esse. 46-48. Overthrow of Servius.

46. 1. ūsū: prescription, as in 22. 4. 6. —conciliātā... dīvīsō: gaining the favor ... by dividing; two abl. abs., one modifying the other. 2. adfectandī: seizing. —impēnsius: modifies crīminandī, a rather loose sentence. —crēscendī: i.e. in influence.—et... et: two

5 78 TITI LIVI

ipse iuvenis ārdentis animī et domī uxōre Tulliā in- 3 quiētum animum stimulante. Tulit enim et Rōmāna rēgia sceleris tragicī exemplum, ut taediō rēgum mā- tūrior venīret lībertās, ultimumque rēgnum esset, quod 4 scelere partum foret. Hīc L. Tarquinius —Prīscī Tarquinī rēgis fīlius nepōsne fuerit, parum liquet; plūribus tamen auctōribus fīlium ēdiderim —frātrem habuerat Arruntem Tarquinium, mītis ingeniī iuvenem. 5 Hīs duōbus, ut ante dictum est, duae Tulliae, rēgis fīliae, nūpserant, et ipsae longē disparēs mōribus. Forte ita inciderat, nē duo violenta ingenia mātrimō- niō iungerentur, fortūnā, crēdō, populī Rōmānī, quō diūturnius Servī rēgnum esset, cōnstituīque cīvitātis 6 mōrēs possent. Angēbātur ferōx Tullia nihil māteriae in virō neque ad cupiditātem neque ad audāciam esse; tōta in alterum āversa Tarquinium eum mīrārī, eum virum dīcere ac rēgiō sanguine ortum; spernere sorō- rem, quod virum nacta muliebrī cessāret audāciā. 7 Contrahit celeriter similitūdō eōs, ut ferē fit— maluim malō aptissimum —sed initium turbandī omnia ā fēminā ortum est. Ea sēcrētīs virī aliēnī adsuēfacta sermōnibus, nūllīs verbōrum contumēliīs parcere dē virō ad frātrem, dē sorōre ad virum; et sē rēctius viduam et illum caelibem futūrum fuisse contendere causal ideas of different constructions. 3. Tulit: produced.—et: in Rome as well as in Thebes and Mycenae. —tragicī: fit for tragedy. 4. auctōribus: abl. abs. 5. nūpserant: had married (veiled them- selves fory).—nē: instead of ut non, as if the fortune of Rome, here personified, had happened with the purpose of preventing such unions. — cīvitātis mōrēs: the new constitution. 6. ferōx: the violent one, in distinction from the mild one; do not translate ‘the violent Tullia,’ for which the Latin would be Tullia, mulier ferōx. —cupiditātem: ambitious plans. — mīrārī: i.e. expressed her admiration. —cessāret:

failed in. 7. virī: limits sermonibus. —dē... virum: of her husband to his brother, and of her sister to her (sister’s) husband. —viduam: un- LIBER I 79

quam cum imparī iungī, ut ēlanguēscendum aliēnā ignāviā esset. Sī sibi eum quō dīgna esset diī dedis- s sent virum, domī sē prope diem vīsūram rēgnum fuisse, quod apud patrem videat. Celeriter adulēscen- tem suae temeritātis implet. Ita Lūcius Tarquinius 9 et Tullia minor prope continuātīs fūneribus cum domōs vacuās novō mātrimōniō fēcissent, iunguntur nūptiīs, magis nōn prohibente Serviō quam adprobante. 47. Tum vērō in diēs īnfēstior Tullī senectūs, īn- fēstius coepit rēgnum esse. Iam enim ab scelere ad aliud spectāre mulier scelus, nec nocte nec interdiū vi- rum conquiēscere patī, nē grātuīta praeterita parricīdia essent: nōn sibi dēfuisse, cuī nūpta dīcerētur, nec cum 2 quō tacita servīret; dēfuisse, quī sē rēgnō dīgnum pu- tāret, quī meminisset sē esse Prīscī Tarquinī fīlium, quī habēre quam spērāre rēgnum māllet. Ssī tū is es 3 cuī nūptam esse mē arbitror, et virum et rēgem appellō; sīn minus, eō nunc pēius mūtāta rēs est, quod istīc cum ignāviā est scelus. Quīn accingeris? Nōn tibi 4 ab Corinthō nec ab Tarquiniīs, ut patrī tuō, peregrīna rēgna mōlīrī necesse est; dī tē penātēs patriīque et patris imāgō et domus rēgia et in domō rēgāle solium et nōmen Tarquinium creat vocatque rēgem. Aut sī 5 ad haec parum est animī, quid frūstrāris cīvitātem?

married. 8. temeritātis: gen. with implet. 9. continuātīs: simul- taneous.— mātrimōniō: dat. with vacuās.

41. 1. īnfēstior: endangered. — grātuīta: without result. 2. nōn sibi d.: had not been wanting to himself, i.e. his acts had not fallen below his ambition. —cuī. .. dīcerētur: dissimīlarity of natures pre- venting a real marriage. 3. Sī... arbitror: if you are the man vhom I think I married. —pēius... est: the change is for the worse. —istīe = in te.— Nōn ... est: i.e. as you do not come from Corinth or Tarquinii, this is not a foreign land in which it is necessary for you to build up a kingdom for yourself. ō5. frūstrāris: since the citizens 80

10

11

TITI LIVI

Quid tē ut rēgium iuvenem cōnspicī sinis? Facēsse hinc Tarquiniōs aut Corinthum, dēvolvere retrō ad stirpem, frātris similior quam patris.”” Hīs aliīsque increpandō iuvenem īnstīgat, nec conquiēscere ipsa potest, sī, cum Tanaquil, peregrīna mulier, tantum mōlīrī potuisset animō ut duo continua rēgna virō ac deinceps generō dedisset, ipsa, rēgiō sēmine orta, nūllum mōmentum in dandō adimendōque rēgnō faceret. Hīs muliebribus īnstīnctus furiīs Tarquinius circumīre et prēnsāre minōrum māximē gentium patrēs; admonēre paternī beneficiī, ac prō eō grātiam repetere; adlicere dōnīs iuvenēs; cum dē sē ingentia pollicendō tum rēgis crīminibus omnibus locīs crēscere. Postrēmō, ut iam agendae reī tempus vīsum est, stīpātus āgmine armātōrum in forum inrūpit. Inde omnibus perculsīs pavōre, in rēgiā sēde prō cūriā sedēns, patrēs in cūriam per praecōnem ad rēgem Tarquinium citārī iussit. Convēnēre extemplō, aliī iam ante ad hōc praeparātī, aliī metū, nē nōn vēnisse fraudī esset, novitāte ac mīrāculō attonitī et iam dē Serviō āctum ratī. Ibi Tarquinius maledicta ab stirpe ultimā ōrsus: servum servāque nātum post mortem indīgnam parentis suī, nōn interrēgnō, ut anteā, initō, nōn comitiīs habitīs, nōn per suffrāgium populī, nōn auctōribus patribus, muliebrī dōnō rēgnum occupāsse. Ita nātum, ita creātum rēgem, fautōrem īnfimī generis hominum, ex

expect much from you. —rēgium i.: prince. — Facēsse h.: make off — dēvolvere ... stirpem: sink to the level of your family. 6. sēmine: stock. ī7. cīircumīre et p.: began a general hand-shaking, a later electioneering practice. — beneflciī: gen. with verb of reminding. 8. prō: in the front (part) of. 9. nōn vēnisse: the not coming, fail- ure to come.—iam . .. āctum: it was all over with S. 10. stirpe u.: birth.— nēn: the four expressions introduced by nōn form two pairs LIBER I

quō ipse sit, odiō aliēnae honestātis ēreptum prīmōri- bus agrum sordidissimō cuīque dīvīsisse; omnia onera, quae commūnia quondam fuerint, inclīnāsse in prī- mōrēs cīvitātis; īnstituisse cēnsum, ut īnsīgnis ad invi- diam locuplētiōrum fortūna esset, et parāta unde, ubi vellet, egentissimīs largīrētur.

48. Huīc ōrātiōnī Servius cum intervēnisset trepidō nūntiō excitātus, extemplō ā vēstibulō cūriae māgnā vōce “Quid hōc,” inquit, “Tarquinī, reī est? Quā tū audāciā mē vīvō vocāre ausus es patrēs aut in sēde cōnsīdere meā?” Cum ille ferōciter ad haec: sē pa- tris suī tenēre sēdem, multō quam servum potiōrem, fīlium rēgis, rēgnī hērēdem; satis illum diū per licen- tiam ēlūdentem īnsultāsse dominīs, clāmor ab utrīus- que fautōribus oritur, et concursus populī fīēbat in cūriam, appārēbatque rēgnātūrum quī vīcisset. Tum Tarquinius, necessitāte iam etiam ipsā cōgente ultima audēre, multō et aetāte et vīribus validior, medium adripit Servium, ēlātumque ē cūriā in īnferiōrem par- tem per gradūs dēicit; inde ad cōgendum senātum in cūriam redit. Fit fuga rēgis appāritōrum atque comi- tum. Ipse prope exsanguis, ab iīs quī missī ab Tarqui- niō fugientem cōnsecūtī erant, interficitur. Crēditur, quia nōn abhorret ā cēterō scelere, admonitū Tulliae id factum. Carpentō certē, id quod satis cōnstat, in fo- rum invecta nec reverita coetum virōrum ēvocāvit virum

81

12

arranged in chiastic order. 11. honestātis: nobvility. 12. īnsīgnis:

a mark.

48. 2. Cum: sc. dīceret, dependent on oritur.— potiōrem: more lauful; join with hērēdem. —fīlium: appositive to sē. —per... ēlū- dentem: in wanton mockery. 3. medium: by the body. —cōgendum:

restoring order. 4. exsanguis: though almost killed by hnis fall,

he

made his way to the Cyprius vicus (see maps) before he was over-

taken. 5. abhorret: inconsistent.— invecta: riding.—reverita: q

it

82 TITI LIVI

6 ē cūriā, rēgemque prīma appellāvit. X quō facēssere iussa ex tantō tamultū cum sē domum reciperet, per- vēnissetque ad summum Cyȳprium vīcum, ubi Diānium nūper fuit, flectentī carpentum dextrā in Urbium clīvum, ut in collem Ēsquiliārum ēveherētur, restitit pavidus atque inhibuit frēnōs is quī iūmenta agēbat, iacentemque dominae Servium trucīdātum ostendit.

7 Foedum inhūmānumque inde trāditur scelus monu- mentōque locus est; scelerātum vīcum vocant, quō amēns agitantibus furiīs sorōris ac virī Tullia per patris corpus carpentum ēgisse fertur, partemque san- guinis ac caedis paternae cruentō vehiculō contāmināta ipsa respersaque tulisse ad penātēs suōs virīque suī, quibus īrātīs malō rēgnī prīncipiō similēs prope diem exitūs sequerentur.

8 Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et qua- drāgintā ita ut bonō etiam moderātōque succēdentī rēgī difficilis aemulātiō esset. Cēterum id quoque ad glō- riam accessit, quod cum illō simul iūsta ac lēgitima

9 rēgna occidērunt. Id ipsum tam mīte ac tam moderā- tum imperium tamen, quia ūnīus esset, dēpōnere eum in animō habuisse quīdam auctōrēs sunt, nī scelus intestī- num līberandae patriae cōnsilia agitantī intervēnisset.

49. Inde L. Tarquinius rēgnāre occēpit, cuī Superbō

was not considered decorous for women to appear in public assemblies. 6. Diānium: a shrine of Diana. —flectentī: sc. Tulliae, depending on restitit. The passenger turns the carriage by giving orders; cf. egisse below. ī. inde: thereupon.—amēns: frenzied. —sanguinis... pa- ternae: the blood of her murdered father; hendiadys. — prīncipiō: dat. with similēs. 9. ūnīus: pred. poss. gen.; his personally, not that of a commonwealth. —habuisse: depends on auctōrēs sunt as a verb of saying. — intestīnum: family.

49-52. Tarquin’s reign. The Latin League.

49. 1. Superbō: Tyrant; his acts of tyranny are given in the quia LIBER I

cognōmen facta indidērunt, quia socerum gener sepul- tūrā prohibuit, Rōmulum quoque īnsepultum perīsse dictitāns; prīmōrēsque patrum, quōs Servī rēbus fāvisse crēdēbat, interfēcit; cōnscius deinde male quaerendī rēgnī ab sē ipsō adversus sē exemplum capī posse, armātīs corpus circumsaepsit; neque enim ad iūs rēgnī quicquam praeter vim habēbat, ut quī neque populī iussū neque auctōribus patribus rēgnāret. Eō accēdēbat, ut in cāritāte cīvium nihil speī repōnentī metū rēgnum tūtandum esset. Quem ut plūribus in- cuteret, cognitiōnēs capitālium rērum sine cōnsiliīs per sē sōlus exercēbat, perque eam causam occīdere, in exsilium agere, bonīs multāre poterat nōn suspectōs modo aut invīsōs, sed unde nihil aliud quam praedam spērāre posset. Praecipuē ita patrum numerō immi- nūtō statuit nūllōs in patrēs legere, quō contemptior paucitāte ipsā ōrdō esset, minusque per sē nihil agī indīgnārentur. Hīc enim rēgum prīmus trāditum ā priōribus mōrem dē omnibus senātum cōnsulendī solvit, domesticīs cōnsiliīs rem pūblicam admini- strāvit; bellum, pācem, foedera, societātēs per sē ipse, cum quibus voluit, iniussū populī ac senātūs fēcit dirēmitque. Latīnōrum sibi māximē gentem conciliā- bat, ut peregrīnīs quoque opibus tūtior inter cīvēs esset, neque hospitia modo cum prīmōribus eōrum sed adfīnitātēs quoque iungēbat. Octāviō Mamiliō Tus-

83

9

clause. 2. rēbus: cause.—capī: a kind of zeugma; the precedent, exemplum, was given by him and could be used against him. 3S. ad: asto; lit. toward. —ut quī: since. 4. repōnentī: dat. agt.; sc. eī. —cogniti- ōnēs: trials of cases affecting the life or civil status, caput, of a citizen.

5. causam: i.e. the trials.—bonīs m.: confiscate the property of.

unde = a quibus. 6. minus... indīgnārentur: their small number would prevent their being ashamed of doing nothing. ī7. domesticīs: 84 TITI LIVI

culānō — is longē prīnceps Latīnī nōminis erat, sī fāmae crēdimus, ab ūlixe deāque Circā oriundus — eī Mamiliō fīliam nūptum dat, perque eās nūptiās mul- tōs sibi cognātōs amīcōsque ēius conciliat.

50. Iam māgna Tarquinī auctōritās inter Latīnōrum procerēs erat, cum in diem certam ut ad lūcum Feren- tīnae conveniant indīcit: esse quae agere dē rēbus

2 commūnibus velit. Conveniunt frequentēs prīmā lūce. Ipse Tarquinius diem quidem servāvit, sed paulō ante quam sōl occideret, vēnit. Multa ibi tōtā diē in con-

3 ciliō variīs iactāta sermōnibus erant. Turnus Her- donius ab Arīciā ferōciter in absentem Tarquinium erat invectus: haud mīrum esse Superbō inditum Rōmae cognōmen — iam enim ita clam quidem mus- sitantēs, vulgō tamen eum appellābant — an quicquam superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latī-

4 num? Prīncipibus longē ab domō excitīs ipsum, quī concilium indīxerit, nōn adesse. Temptārī profectō patientiam, ut, sī iugum accēperint, obnoxiōs premat. Cuī enim nōn appārēre, adfectāre eum imperium in

5 Latīnōs ? Quod sī suī bene crēdiderint cīvēs, aut sī crēditum illud et nōn raptum parricīdiō sit, crēdere et Latīnōs, quamquam nē sīc quidem aliēnigenae, dē-

6 bēre; sīn suōs ēius paeniteat, quippe quī aliī super aliōs trucīdentur, exsulātum eant, bona āmittant, quid speī meliōris Latīnīs portendī? Sī sē audiant, domum

his personal following. 9. nūptum: in marriage; lit. for the veil- ing; supine.

50. 2. iactāta: discussed without decision, as the presiding officer was absent, and deliberations ended at sunset. 3. clam... tamen: with secret mutterings indeed, but yet general. —an.. . esse: the rhetorical question of the direct speech. 4. obnoxiōs p.: oppress them as slaves. 5. Quod: i.e. imperium.—bene: to their profit.— crēdere... dēbēre: the Latins also ought to trust him (perhaps), and LIBER I 8Sō

suam quemque inde abitūrōs neque magis observātūrōs diem conciliī quam ipse quī indīxerit observet. Haec 1 atque alia eōdem pertinentia sēditiōsus facinorōsusque homō hīsque artibus opēs domī nactus cum māximē dissereret, intervēnit Tarquinius. Is fīnis ōrātiōnī 8 fuit. Āversī omnēs ad Tarquinium salūtandum; quī, silentiō factō, monitus ā proximīs ut pūrgāret sē, quod id temporis vēnisset, disceptātōrem ait sē sūmptum inter patrem et fīlium, cūrā reconciliandī eōs in grā- tiam morātum esse; et, quia ea rēs exēmisset illum diem, posterō diē āctūrum quae cōnstituisset. Nē id 9 quidem ab Turnō tulisse tacitum ferunt; dīxisse enim nullam breviōrem esse cognitiōnem quam inter patrem et fīlium paucīsque trānsigī verbīs posse: nī pāreat patrī, habitūrum īnfortūnium esse.

51. Haec Arīcīnus in rēgem Rōmānum increpāns ex conciliō abiit. Quam rem Tarquinius aliquantō quam vidēbātur aegrius ferēns cōnfestim Turnō necem mā- chinātur, ut eundem terrōrem, quō cīvium animōs domī oppresserat, Latīnīs iniceret. Et quia prō im- 2 periō palam interficī nōn poterat, oblātō falsō crīmine īnsontem oppressit. Per adversae factiōnis quōsdam Arīcīnōs servum Turnī aurō corrūpit, ut in dēversō- rium ēius vim māgnam gladiōrum īnferrī clam sineret. Ea cum ūnā nocte perfecta essent, Tarquinius paulō s ante lūcem accītīs ad sē prīncipibus Latīnōrum quasi rē novā perturbātus, moram suam hēsternam, velut

vet not (seeing that he was) a foreigner. 7. eōdem pertinentia: of the same import.— artibus: of sedition and daring. S. id temporis = eo tempore. — disceptātōrem: arbitrator. 9. tulisse: sc. Tarqui- nium. —tacitum: without comment by Turnus. —dīxisse: sc. Tur- num. — habitūrum. .. esse: woe betide him.

61. 1. vidēbātur: seemed to do. 2. prō i.: by virtue of (Tar- 86 TITI LIVI

deōrum quādam prōvidentiā inlātam, ait salūtī sibi 4 atque illīs fuisse. Ab Turnō dīcī sibi et prīmōribus populōrum parārī necem, ut Latīnōrum sōlus imperium teneat. Adgressūrum fuisse hēsternō diē in conciliō; dīlātam rem esse, quod auctor conciliī āfuerit, quem 5 māximē peteret. Inde illam absentis īnsectātiōnem esse nātam, quod morandō spem dēstituerit. Nōn dubitāre, sī vēra dēferantur, quīn prīmā lūce, ubi ventum in concilium sit, īnstrūctus cum coniūrātōrum 6 manū armātusque ventūrus sit. Dīcī gladiōrum in- gentem esse numerum ad eum convectum. Id vānum necne sit, extemplō scīrī posse. Rogāre eōs, ut inde 7 sēcum ad Turnum veniant. Suspectam fēcit rem et ingenium Turnī ferōx et ōrātiō hēsterna et mora Tar- quiniī, quod vidēbātur ob eam differrī caedēs potuisse. Eunt inclīnātīs quidem ad crēdendum animīs, tamen 8 nisi gladiīs dēprehēnsīs cētera vāna exīstimātūrī. Ubi est eō ventum, Turnum ex somnō excitātum circumsi- stunt custōdēs; comprehēnsīsque servīs, quī cāritāte dominī vim parābant, cum gladiī abditīex omnibus locīs dēverticulī prōtraherentur, enimvērō manifēsta rēs vīsa, iniectaeque Turnō catēnae; et cōnfestim Latīnōrum con- 9 cilium māgnō cum tumultū advocātur. Ibi tam atrōx invidia orta est gladiīs in mediō positīs, ut indictā causā, novō genere lētī, dēiectus ad caput aquae Ferentīnae crāte supernē iniectā saxīsque congestīs mergerētur.

quin’s) authority. Note the change of subject in the verbs. 4. dīcī: he had been told.— Adgressūrum f.: the condition is implied in the next clause. —auctor: Tarquin. — peteret: change of tense, as in 22. 32. 8. 5. cum: join with ventūrus sit. 7. Suspectam... rem: gave color to the suspicion.—quod... potuisse: because it seemed possible that the murder was postponed on that account. —nisi: with abl. abs., like conditional sentence. S. enimvērō... vīsa: the case seemed really proven. 9. indictā c.: without a hearing.—ad = in. LIBER I

52. Revocātīs deinde ad concilium Latīnīs Tarqui- nius conlaudātīsque, quī Turnum novantem rēs prō manifēstō parricīdiō meritā poenā adfēcissent, ita verba fēcit: posse quidem sē vetustō iūre agere, quod, cum omnēs Latīnī ab Albā oriundī sint, eō foedere teneantur quō ab Tullō rēs omnis Albāna cum colōniīs suīs in Rōmānum cesserit imperium; cēterum sē ūtili- tātis id magis omnium causā cēnsēre, ut renovētur id foedus, secundāque potius fortūnā populī Rōmānī ut participēs Latīnī fruantur, quam urbium excidia vā- stātiōnēsque agrōrum, quās Ancō prius, patre deinde suō rēgnante perpessī sint, semper aut exspectent aut patiantur. Haud difficulter persuāsum Latīnīs, quam- quam in eō foedere superior Rōmāna rēs erat. Cēte- rum et capita nōminis Latīnī stāre ac sentīre cum rēge vidēbant, et Turnus suī cuīque perīculī, sī adver- sātus esset, recēns erat documentum. Ita renovātum foedus, indictumque iūniōribus Latīnōrum, ut ex foe- dere diē certā ad lūcum Ferentīnae armātī frequentēs adessent. Quī ubi ad ēdictam Rōmānī rēgis ex omni- bus populīs convēnēre, nē ducem suum nēve sēcrētum imperium propriave sīgna habērent, miscuit manipulōs ex Latīnīs Rōmānīsque, ut ex bīnīs singulōs faceret bīnōsque ex singulīs; ita geminātīs manipulīs centu- riōnēs imposuit.

87

2

52. 1. quī: since they.— parracīdiō: murder; rhetorically with reference to the king. 2. ab Tullō: from the time of; with omnis cf.

aliquot, c. 3. 7. 3. ūtilitātis: limits causā —id: obj. of cēnsēre;

ex=

plained by ut r. 4. Latīnīs: dat.; the Latins were persuaded.—capita: chief men. —documentum: warning. 5. iūniōribus: i.e. those in arms. 6. sēcrētum: separate.—miscuit... imposuit: dividing each Roman

and Latin company into two parts, he placed half of one with half of

the

other, thus ‘“twinning” (qemindātīs) them, and placed (two) centurions over each double company. The result was complete Roman leadership. 883

TITI LIVI

53. Nec, ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prā- vus fuit; quīn eā arte aequāsset superiōrēs rēgēs, nī dēgenerātum in aliīs huīc quoque decorī offēcisset. Is prīmus Volscīs bellum in ducentōs amplius post suam aetātem annōs mōvit, Suessamque Pōmētiam ex hīs vī cēpit. Ubi cum dīvēnditā praedā quadrāgintā talenta argentī refēcisset, concēpit animō eam ampili- tūdinem Iovis templī, quae dīgna deum hominumque rēge, quae Rōmānō imperiō, quae ipsīus etiam locī māiestāte esset. Captīvam pecūniam in aedificātiōnem ēius templī sēposuit.

Excēpit deinde eum lentius spē bellum, quō Gabiōs propinquam urbem, nēquīquam vī adortus, cum obsi- dendī quoque urbem spēs pulsō ā moenibus adēmpta esset, postrēmō minimē arte Rōmānā, fraude ac dolō, aggressus est. Nam cum, velut positō bellō, fundā- mentīs templī iaciendīs aliīsque urbānīs operibus inten- tum sē esse simulāret, Sextus fīlius ēius, quī minimus ex tribus erat, trānsfūgit ex compositō Gabiōs, patris in sē saevitiam intolerābilem conquerēns: iam ab aliē- nīs in suōs vertisse superbiam, et līberōrum quoque eum frequentiae taedēre, ut, quam in cūriā sōlitūdinem fēcerit, domī quoque faciat, nē quam stirpem, nē quem hērēdem rēgnī relinquat. Sē quidem inter tēla et gladiōs patris ēlapsum nihil ūsquam sibi tūtum nisi apud hostēs L. Tarquinī crēdidisse. Nam, nē errā-

538-54. Volscian war. Capture of Gabii. 5638. 1. Nec, ut.. . ita: and though ... not yet.—dēgenerātum:

neut. pass. partic., like impersonal verb; the fact of his degeneracy.— aliīs: sc. decoribus. 2. in... annōs: (to continue) for two hundred years.—ex hīs: for ex hōrum urbibus. 3. refēcisset: had made up, out of what was left after the division. —locī: the Capitoline. 4. len- tius spē: prolonged beyond expectation.—pulsō: sc. eī. 6. līberōrum

. taedēre: wearied of the numbdber of his own children. 7. Nam: for LIBER I 8ō

rent, manēre iīs bellum, quod positum simulētur, et per occāsiōnem eum incautōs invāsūrum. Quod sī s apud eōs supplicibus locus nōn sit, pererrātūrum sē omne Latium, Volscōsque inde et Aequōs et Hernicōs petītūrum, dōnec ad eōs perveniat quī ā patrum crū- dēlibus atque impiīs suppliciīs tegere līberōs sciant. Forsitan etiam ārdōris aliquid ad bellum armaque sē 9 adversus superbissimum rēgem ac ferōcissimum popu- lum inventūrum. Cum, sī nihil morārentur, īnfēnsus i10 īrā porrō inde abitūrus vidērētur, benīgnē ab Gabīnīs excipitur. Vetant mīrārī, sī, quālis in cīvēs, quālis in sociōs, tālis ad ultimum in līberōs esset. In sē ipsum postrēmō saevītūrum, sī alia dēsint. Sibi vērō grātum 11 adventum ēius esse, futūrumque crēdere brevī, ut illō adiuvante ā portīs Gabīnīs sub Rōmāna moenia bellum trānsferātur. .

54. Inde in cōnsilia pūblica adhibērī. Ubi cum dē aliīs rēbus adsentīre sē veteribus Gabīnīs dīceret, qui- bus eae nōtiōrēs essent, ipse identidem bellī auctor esse, et in eō sibi praecipuam prūdentiam adsūmere, quod utrīusque populī vīrēs nōsset, scīretque invīsam profectō superbiam rēgiam cīvibus esse, quam ferre nē līberī quidem potuissent. Ita cum sēnsim ad re- 2 bellandum’ prīmōrēs Gabīnōrum incitāret, ipse cum prōmptissimīs iuvenum praedātum atque in expedī- tiōnēs īret, et dictīs factīsque omnibus ad fallendum īnstrūctīs vāna adcrēsceret fidēs, dux ad ultimum bellī

they were enemies, and to prevent mistake on their part he told them that war was waiting for them. 10. sī... morārentur: sc. eum; if they did not care; lit. if they did not delay him.—esset: sc. Tarqui- nius. 11. Sibi: the Gabinians.

54. 1. adhibērī: hist. inf.—adsumere: claimed. 2. rebellandum: renew the war.—praedātum... ex.: plundering forays.—dictīs: 90 TITI LIVI

3 legitur. Ibi cum, īnsciā multitūdine quid agerētur, proelia parva inter Rōmam Gabiōsque fierent, quibus plērumque Gabīna rēs superior esset, tum certātim summī īnfimīque Gabīnōrum Sex. Tarquinium dōnō

4 deum sibi missum ducem crēdere. Apud mīlitēs vērō obeundō perīcula ac labōrēs pariter, praedam mūni- ficē largiendō, tantā cāritāte esse, ut nōn pater Tar- quinius potentior Rōmae quam fīlius Gabiīs esset.

5 Itaque postquam satis vīrium conlēctum ad omnēs cōnātūs vidēbat, tum ex suīs ūnum scīscitātum Rōmam ad patrem mittit, quidnam sē facere vellet, quando- quidem ut omnia ūnus Gabiīs posset eī diī dedissent. Huīc nūntiō, quia, crēdō, dubiae fideī vidēbātur, nihil

6 vōce respōnsum est; rēx velut dēlīberābundus in hor- tum aedium trānsit sequente nūntiō fīliī; ibi inambu- lāns tacitus summā papāverum capita dīcitur baculō

1 dēcussisse. Interrogandō expectandōque respōnsum nūntius fessus, ut rē imperfectā, redit Gabiōs; quae dīxerit ipse, quaeque vīderit, refert: seu īrā seu odiō seu superbiā īnsitā ingeniō nūllam eum vōcem ēmī-

8 sisse. Sextō ubi quid vellet parēns quidve praeciperet tacitīs ambāgibus patuit, prīmōrēs cīvitātis crīminandō aliōs apud populum, aliōs suā ipsōs invidiā opportūnōs interēmit. Multī palam, quīdam, in quibus minus

9 speciōsa crīminātiō erat futūra, clam interfectī. Pa- tuit quibusdam volentibus fuga, aut in exsilium āctī

inst. abl. 3. quid a.: what Sextus had in mind. —certātim... crē- dere: were ready to believe; lit. voyingly. 5. scīscitātum: to ask; sup.—omnia ... posset: become the most powerful man at G.; omnia, acc. wiīth posset, extent of action. 6. sequente: abl. abs.— baculō: staff. 7. utr. i.: as if his mission were unfulfilled. S. taci- tīs a.: unspoken suggestions. —aliōs... opportūnōs: others who had laid themselves open to attack by their unpopularity. 9. volentibus LIBER I

sunt, absentiumque bona iūxtā atque interēmptōrum dīvīsuī fuēre. Largītiōnēs inde praedaeque; et dulcē- dine prīvātī commodī sēnsus malōrum pūblicōrum adimī, dōnec orba cōnsiliō auxiliōque Gabīna rēs rēgī Rōmānō sine ūllā dīmicātiōne in manum trāditur.

55. Gabiīs receptīs Tarquinius pācem cum Aequō- rum gente fēcit, foedus cum Tuscīs renovāvit. Inde ad negōtia urbāna animum convertit; quōrum erat prī- mum, ut Iovis templum in monte Tarpēiō monumen- tum rēgnī suī nōminisque relinqueret: Tarquiniōs rēgēs ambōs, patrem vōvisse, fīlium perfēcisse. Et ut lībera ā cēterīs religiōnibus ārea esset tōta Iovis tem- plīque ēius, quod inaedificārētur, exaugurāre fāna sacellaque statuit, quae aliquot ibi ā Tatiō rēge prīmum in ipsō discrīmine adversus Rōmulum pūgnae vōta, cōnsecrāta inaugurātaque posteā fuerant. Inter prīncipia condendī hūius operis mōvisse nūmen ad in- dicandam tantī imperiī mōlem trāditur deōs; nam cum omnium sacellōrum exaugurātiōnēs admitterent avēs, in Terminī fānō nōn addīxēre; idque ōmen auguri- umque ita acceptum est, nōn mōtam Terminī sēdem ūnumque eum deōrum nōn ēvocātum sacrātīs sibi fīnibus fīrma stabiliaque cūncta portendere. Hōc perpetuitātis auspiciō acceptō secūtum aliud māgni- tūdinem imperiī portendēns prōdigium est: caput hū-

91

10

dat., as in 21. 50. 10; translate with fuga, voluntary exile.— dīvīsuī:

pred. dat.; divided.

55. Foundation of the temple of Jupiter. 1. ut: clause appositive to negōtium.—monte T.: the Capitoline. 2. cēteris r.: claims of other gods.—tōta: wholly, pred. adj. —exaugurāre: unconsecrated. — quae aliquot: several of which. 3. mōvisse nūmen: indicated their will. —addīxēre: assent; cf. c. 36. 4. 4. nōn ... sēdem: the fact that the abode of Terminus was not changed. Terminus represented the boundary stone over which Jupiter has special care.— fīnibus: 92 TīīI LIVI

mānum integrā faciē aperientibus fundāmenta templī 6 dīcitur appāruisse. Quae vīsa speciēs haud per ambā-

gēs arcem eam imperiī caputque rērum fore portendē-

bat; idque ita cecinēre vātēs, quīque in urbe erant,

quōsque ad eam rem cōnsultandam ex Etrūriā accīve- 7 rant. Augēbātur ad impēnsās rēgis animus. Itaque Pomptīnae manubiae, quae perdūcendō ad culmen operī dēstinātae erant, vix in fundāmenta suppeditā- vēre. Eō magis Fabiō, praeterquam quod antīquior est, crēdiderim quadrāgintā ea sōla talenta fuisse, quam Pīsōnī, quī quadrāgintā mīlia pondō argentī sēposita in eam rem scrībit, sunmam pecūniae neque ex ūnīus tum urbis praedā spērandam, et nūllīus nē hōrum quidem māgnificentiae operum fundāmenta nōn exsuperātūram.

56. Intentus perficiendō templō, fabrīs undique ex EĒtrūriā accītīs, nōn pecūniā sōlum ad id pūblicā est ūsus, sed operīs etiam ex plēbe. Quī cum haud parvus et ipse mīlitiae adderētur labor, minus tamen plēbs gravābātur sē templa deum exaedificāre manibus suīs, 2 quam postquam et ad alia, ut speciē minōra sīc labō-

ris aliquantō māiōris, trādūcēbantur opera, forōs in

cireō faciendōs cloācamque māximam, receptāculum

w EcC”0

abl. with ēvocātum; oftener with ex. 5. integrā: not decomposed; tradition further said it was the head of Olus and was gory. 6. haud p. a.: not obscurely. —rērum: the world. ī7. inpēnsās: expense, sc. faciendās.— manubiae: spoils. 9. crēdiderim: I am inclined to believe.—spērandam: to be expected. —nūllīus .... exsu- perātūram: more than sufficient for the foundations of any magnīifi- cent structure even in our times. īoin nūllīius with māgnificentiae, which limits fundāmenta.

56. Cloaca Maxima. Embassy to Delphi. 1. operīs: workmen, at forced labor.—et ipse: also. 2. quam: supply gravābātur.—forōs: rows of seats, the gerundive constructions are in apposition with opera. —cloācam: the great drain still in perfect preservation. LIBER I 98

omnium pūrgāmentōrum urbis, sub terrā agendam; quibus duōbus operibus vix nova haec māgnificentia quicquam adaequāre potuit. Hīs labōribus exercitā s plēbe, quia et urbī multitūdinem, ubi ūsus nōn esset, onerī rēbātur esse, et colōnīs mittendīs occupārī lātius imperiī fīnēs volēbat, Sīgniam Circēiōsque colōnōs mīsit, praesidia urbī futūra terrā marīque.

Haec agentī portentum terribile vīsum: anguis ex 4 columnā līgneā ēlapsus cum terrōrem fugamque in rēgiā fēcisset, ipsīus rēgis nōn tam subitō pavōre per- culit pectus quam anxiīs implēvit cūrīs. Itaque cum 5 ad pūblica prōdigia Etrūscī tantum vātēs adhibērentur, hōc velut domesticō exterritus vīsū Delphōs ad mā- ximē inclitum in terrīs ōrāculum mittere statuit. Ne- 6 que respōnsa sortium ūllī aliī committere ausus, duōs fīliōs per ignōtās eā tempestāte terrās, ignōtiōra maria, in Graeciam mīsit. Titus et Arrūns profectī. Comes 7 iīs additus L. Iūnius Brūtus Tarquiniā, sorōre rēgis, nātus, iuvenis longē alius ingeniō quam cūius simulātiō- nem induerat. Is cum prīmōrēs cīvitātis in quibus frā- trem suum ab avunculō suō interfectum audīsset, neque in animō suō quicquam rēgī timendum neque in for- tūnā concupīscendum relinquere statuit, contemptūque tūtus esse, ubi in iūre parum praesidiī esset. Ergō ex s industriā factus ad imitātiōnem stultitiae cum sē suaque praedae esse rēgī sineret, Brūtī quoque haud

haec: of the present time, as in c. ōō. 9. 3. ū6sus: employment. —38āī- gniam: to the S. E. —cCircēiōs: to the S. on the coast. 6. sortium: oracle, lit. lots; cf. 21. 62. 5. Tī. ingeniō: abl. of specification. — quam: sc. is iuvenis.— prīmērēs: sc. interfectōs.— animō: bear- ing, as the result of his purpose. Tarquin was to find nothing to fear in his conduct or his fortune. S. ex.. . stultitiae: purposely assuming the appearance of foolishness. —sē ... esse: allowed him-' self and his property to be the sport of the king. — Brūtī: Dullard. — 94 TITI LIVI

abnuit cognōmen, ut sub ēius obtentū cognōminis lī- berātor ille populī Rōmānī animus latēns opperīrētur 9 tempora sua. Is tum ab Tarquiniīs ductus Delphōs, lūdibrium vērius quam comes, aureum baculum inclū- sum corneō cavātō ad id baculō tulisse dōnum Apol- 10 linī dīcitur, per ambāgēs effigiem ingeniī suī. Quō postquam ventum est, perfectīs patris mandātīs cupīdō incessit animōs iuvenum scīscitandī, ad quem eōrum rēgnum Rōmānum esset ventūrum. Ex īnfimō specū vōcem redditam ferunt: “Imperium summum Rōmae habēbit quī vestrum prīmus, ō iuvenēs, ōsculum mātrī 11 tulerit.” Tarquiniī, ut Sextus, quī Rōmae relīctus fuerat, ignārus respōnsī expersque imperiī esset, rem summā ope tacērī iubent; ipsī inter sē, uter prior, cum Rōmam redīssent, mātrī ōsculum daret, sortī permit- 12 tunt. Brūtus aliō ratus spectāre Pȳthicam vōcem, velut sī prōlāpsus cecidisset, terram ōsculō contigit, scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium esset. Reditum inde Rōmam, ubi adversus Rutulōs bellum summā vī parābātur.

57. Ardeam Rutulī habēbant, gēns, ut in eā regi- ōne atque in eā aetāte, dīvitiīs praepollēns. Eaque ipsa causa bellī fuit, quod rēx Rōmānus cum ipse dī-

2 tārī exhaustus māgnificentiā pūblicōrum operum, tum praedā dēlēnīre populārium animōs studēbat, praeter aliam superbiam rēgnō īnfestōs etiam quod sē in fa- brōrum ministeriīs ac servīlī tam diū habitōs opere ab

3 rēge indīgnābantur. Temptāta rēs est, sī prīmō im-

līberātor = līberātūrus. 9. lūdibrium: butt. 10. quem = utrum;* prīmus implies the three. 12. aliō... spectāre: had a different mean- ing.

57-60. Fall of Tarquin and the kingdom. 57. 2. praeter: in addition to.—rēgnō: the kingdom and not LIBER I 95

petū capī Ardea posset. Ubi id parum prōcessit, obsidiōne mūnītiōnibusque coeptī premī hostēs. In 4 hīs statīvīs, ut fit longō magis quam ācerī bellō, satis līberī commeātūs erant, prīmōribus tamen magis quam mīlitibus; rēgiī quidem iuvenēs interdum ōtium con- 5 vīviīs cōmissātiōnibusque inter sē terēbant. Forte 6 pōtantibus hīs apud Sex. Tarquinium, ubi et Conlātī- nus cēnābat Tarquinius, Egeriī fīlius, incidit dē uxōri- bus mentiō; suam quisque laudāre mīrīs modīs. Inde 7 certāmine accēnsō, Conlātīnus negat verbīs opus esse, paucīs id quidem hōrīs posse scīrī, quantum cēterīs praestet Lucrētia sua. “Quīn, sī vigor iuventae inest, cōnscendimus equōs invīsimusque praesentēs nostrā- rum ingenia? Id cuīque spectātissimum sit, quod necopīnātō virī adventū occurrerit oculīs.”” Incalue- 5s rant vīnō; ‘“Age sānē!” omnēs. Citātīs equīs āvolant Rōmam. Quō cum prīmīs sē intendentibus tenebrīs pervēnissent, pergunt inde Conlātiam, ubi Lucrētiam 9 haudquāquam ut rēgiās nurūs, quās in convīviō lūxū- que cum aequālibus vīderant tempus terentēs, sed nocte sērā dēditam lānae inter lūcubrantēs ancillās in mediō aedium sedentem inveniunt. Muliebris certā- 10 minis laus penes Lucrētiam fuit. Adveniēns vir Tarquiniīque exceptī benīgnē; victor marītus cōmiter invītat rēgiōs iuvenēs. Ibi Sex. Tarquinium mala libīdō Lucrētiae per vim stuprandae capit; cum fōrma

merely the king. 4. statīvīs: the camps made necessary by the length of the siege.—commeātūs: furloughs. 5. ōtium ... terēbant: whiled away their inactivity. 6. pōtantibus: either dat. or abl. with incidit. 7. Quīn: why not ? —praesentēs: with our own eyes. —Id . sit: let that be the strongest proof. 8S. Age sānē: come on then; a colloquialism, hence the singular. 9. convīviō 1.: luxurious ban- queting. —lānae: spinning and weaving. 96 TITI LIVI

i1

tum spectāta castitās incitat. Et tum quidem ab no- cturnō iuvenālī lūdō in castra redeunt.

58. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sex. Tarquinius īnsciō Conlātīnō cum comite ūnō Conlātiam vēnit. Upbi ex- ceptus benīgnē ab ignārīs cōnsiliī cum post cēnam in hospitāle cubiculum dēductus esset, amōre ārdēns, postquam satis tūta circā sōpītīque omnēs vidēbantur, strictō gladiō ad dormientem Lucrētiam vēnit, sini- strāque manū mulieris pectore oppressō, “ Tace, Lucrē- tia,” inquit; “Sex. Tarquinius sum; ferrum in manū est; moriēre, sī ēmīseris vōcem.” Cum pavida ex somnō mulier nūllam opem, prope mortem imminen- tem vidēret, tam Tarquinius fatērī amōrem, ōrāre, miscēre precibus minās, versāre in omnēs partēs muli- ebrem animum. Ubi obstinātam vidēbat et nē mortis quidem metū inclīnārī, addit ad metum dēdecus: cum mortuā iugulātum servum nūdum positūrum ait, ut in sordidō adulteriō necāta dīcātur. Quō terrōre cum vīcisset obstinātam pudīcitiam velut vī atrōx libīdō, profectusque inde Tarquinius ferōx expūgnātō decore muliebrī esset, Lucrētia maesta tantō malō nūntium Rōmam eundem ad patrem Ardeamque ad virum mit- tit, ut cum singulīs fidēlibus amīcīs veniant; ita factō mātūrātōque opus esse; rem atrōcem incidisse. Sp. Lucrētius cum P. Valeriō Volesī fīliō, Conlātīnus cum L. Iūniō Brūtō vēnit, cum quō forte Rōmam rediēns

59. 2. circā = quī circā erant; cf. 22. 45. 7.—sōpītī: fast asleep. versāre: sums up the preceding, in short, employed the arguments

most effective with a woman’s mind. 4. metum: of death. —servum: his slave, the comite ūnō of 1. —sordidō: i.e. with a slave, a sordidus homō. 5. Quō t. = cūius reī t.; cf. c. 30. 4. —velut vī: with the same result as if violence had been used. —ferōx ex.: exultant in his con- quest of. —tactō ... esse: there was need of action and that speedily, LIBER I Xī

ab nūntiō uxōris erat conventus. Lucrētiam sedentem maestam in cubiculō inveniunt. Adventū suōrum la- 7 crimae obortae. Quaerentīque virō “Satīn salvae?” “ Minimē,” inquit; “quid enim salvī est mulierī āmissā pudīcitiā? vestīgia virī aliēnī, Conlātīne, in lectō sunt tuō; cēterum corpus est tantum violātum, animus īnsōns; mors testis erit. Sed date dexterās fidemque, haud impūnē adulterō fore. Sex. est Tar- s8 quinius, quī, hostis prō hospite, priōre nocte vī armā- tus mihi sibique, sī vōs virī estis, pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium.” Dant ōrdine omnēs fidem; cōnsō- 9 lantur aegram animī āvertendō noxam ab coāctā in. auctōrem dēlīctī: mentem peccāre nōn corpus, et unde cōnsilium āfuerit, culpam abesse. “ī5V&s,” inquit, i10 “vīderitis, quid illī dēbeātur; ego mē etsī peccātō absolvō, suppliciō nōn līberō; nec ūlla deinde impudīca Lucrētiae exemplō vīvet.” Cultrum, quem sub veste ii abditum habēbat, eum in corde dēfīgit, prōlapsaque in vulnus moribunda cecidit. Conclāmat vir paterque. 12 59. Brūtus illīs lūctū occupātīs cultrum ex vulnere Lucrētiae extrāctum mānantem cruōre prae sē tenēns, “Per hunc,” inquit, “castissimum ante rēgiam iniū- riam sanguinem iūrō, vōsque, diī, testēs faciō, mē L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerātā coniuge et omnī līberōrum stirpe ferrō, īgnī, quācumque dehinc vī pos- sim, exsecūtūrum, nec illōs nec alium quemquam rēgnāre Rōmae passūrum.” Cultrum deinde Conlātīnō trādit, 2 inde Lucrētiō ac Valeriō, stupentibus mīrāculō reī, unde

abl. ī. salvae: sc. rēs sunt, is it well? —fore: after expression of promising. 10. vīderitis: fut. perf.; you will have seen = see to it. 12. Conclāmat: the usual conclamatio, calling upon the name of the dead. 59. 1. dehinc: henceforward. 2. unde: sc. esset, indirect question H . 98 TITI LIVI

novum in Brūtī pectore ingenium. Ut praeceptum erat, iūrant; tōtīque ab lūctū versī in īram Brū- tum, iam inde ad expūgnandum rēgnum vocantem, 3 sequuntur ducem. Ēlātum domō Lucrētiae corpus in forum dēferunt, concientque mīrāculō, ut fit, reī novae atque indīgnitāte hominēs. Prō sē quisque scelus 4 rēgium ac vim queruntur. Movet cum patris maesti- tia, tam Brūtus castīgātor lacrimārum atque inertium querellārum auctorque, quod virōs, quod Rōmānōs 5 decēret, arma capiendī adversus hostīlia ausōs. Ferō- cissimus quisque iuvenum cum armīs voluntārius adest; sequitur et cētera iuventūs. Inde parte praesidiō re- līctā Conlātiae ad portās, cūstōdibusque circumdatīs, nē quis eum mōtum rēgibus nūntiāret, cēterī armātī 6 duce Brūtō Rōmam profectī. Ubi eō ventum est, quā- cumque incēdit armāta multitūdō, pavōrem ac tumul- tum facit; rūrsus ubi anteīre prīmōrēs cīvitātis vident, 7 quidquid sit, haud temerē esse rentur. Nec minōrem mōtum animōrum Rōmae tam atrōx rēs facit, quam Conlātiae fēcerat. Ergō ex omnibus locīs urbis in forum curritur. Quō simul ventum est, praecō ad tribūnum Celerum, in quō tum magistrātū forte Brū- 8 tus erat, populum advocāvit. Ibi ōrātiō habita nēquā- quam ēius pectoris ingeniīque, quod simulātum ad eam diem fuerat, dē vī ac libīdine Sex. Tarquiniī, dē stuprō īnfandō Lucrētiae et miserābilī caede, dē orbi-

depending on the implied thought in mīārāculō. —tēōtī: adverbial.— iam i.: at once, forthwith. 3. indīgnitāte: objective, indignity, shameful character; in ȳ 11 it is subjective, indignation. 4. castīgā- tor: cf. c. 28. 1, the fact that the Dullard had become a leader.— quod .. . decēret: appos. to arma cap., becoming for men and especially for Romans.—hostīlia: object of ausōs. 5. Ferōcissimus q.: every resolute man. 6. haud t.: not without reason. ī7. tribūnum: cap- LIBER I

tāte Tricipitīnī, cuī morte fīliae causa mortis indīgnior ac miserābilior esset. Addita superbia ipsīus rēgis miseriaeque et labōrēs plēbis in fossās cloācāsque exhauriendās dēmersae: Rōmānōs hominēs, victōrēs omnium circā populōrum, opificēs ac lapicīdās prō bellātōribus factōs. Indīgna Servī Tullī rēgis memo- rāta caedis et invecta corporī patris nefandō vehiculō fīlia, invocātīque ultōrēs parentum diī. Hīs atrōciō- ribusque crēdō aliīs, quae praesēns rērum indīgnitās

99

10

11

haudquāquam relātū scrīptōribus facilia subicit, me--

morātīs incēnsam multitūdinem perpulit, ut imperium rēgī abrogāret, exsulēsque esse iubēret L. Tarquinium cum coniuge ac līberīs. Ipse iūniōribus, quī ultrō nōmina dabant, lēctīs armātīsque ad concitandum inde adversus rēgem exercitum Ardeam in castra est pro- fectus; imperium in urbe Lucxrētiō, praefectō urbis iam ante ab rēge īnstitūtō, relinquit. Inter hunc tu- multum Tullia domō profugit, exsecrantibus, quācum- que incēdēbat, invocantibusque parentum furiās virīs mulieribusque. .

60. Hārum rērum nūntiīs in castra perlātīs, cum rē novā trepidus rēx pergeret Rōmam ad comprimendōs mōtūs, flēxit viam Brūtus —sēnserat enim adventum — n nē obvius fieret; eōdemque ferē tempore dīversīs itineribus Brūtus Ardeam, Tarquinius Rōmam vēnē- runt. Tarquiniō clausae portae exsiliumque indictum;

12

13

tain; see c. 15. 8. S. Tricipitīnī: Sp. Lucretius Tricipītinus, the father of Lucretia.—morte: for quam mors. 9. dēmersae: the word was well applied to workmen engaged in draining the low and swampy ground of the Forum. 10. caedis: nominative. 11. relātā: supine with facilia, with which scrīptōribus is dative; writers would not find it easy to exhibit the fire of the speaker. 12. ultrō: voluntarily.

13. parentum: Servius and other relatives. 100 TITI LIVI

līberātōrem urbis laeta castra accēpēre, exāctīque inde līberī rēgis. Duo patrem secūtī sunt, quī exsulātum Caere in Etrūscōs iērunt; Sex. Tarquinius Gabiōs tamquam in suum rēgnum profectus ab ultōribus vete- rum simultātium, quās sibi ipse caedibus rapīnīsque

3 concīverat, est interfectus. L. Tarquinius Superbus rēgnāvit annōs quīnque et vīgintī. Rēgnātum Rōmae ab conditā urbe ad līberātam annōs ducentōs quadrā-

4 gintā quattuor. Duo cōnsulēs inde comitiīs centuriā- tīs ā praefectō urbis ex commentāriīs Servī Tullī creātī, L. Iūnius Brūtus et L. Tarquinius Conlātīnus.

60. 2. exsulātum: sup. to live in exile.—Caere: acc. 3. Rēgnā- tum: the monarchy lasted. [OCR skipped on page(s) 110-119]