miller_reader.md

title	author	date	lang	edited	license	original_scan	notes
Second Latin book	Frank J. Miller, Ph.D. Charles H. Beeson, M.A.	1902	la	false	CC-BY-SA 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/	https://www.google.com/books/edition/Second_Latin_Book/vbMAAAAAYAAJ

FOLK-LORE

1. THE DECEITFUL LION AND THE FOX Only a fool will walk into a trap with his eyes open.

Leōnī, quod senectūte cōnfectus erat, difficile erat sibi vīctum comparāre. Itaque morbum simulāvit. Tum multae bēstiae aegrōtō rēgī adpropinquābant, ut eum salūtārent. Ille autem omnēs comprehendit atque lacerāvit. Postquam multās bēstiās lacerāvit, etiam vulpēs aderat, et rēgem salūtāns ante s spēluncam manēbat. Leō ubi eam vīdit, rogāvit, cūr nōn intrāret. At vulpēs respondit: ‘“Vestīgia terrent; nūn intrāre melius erit.”” Prūdentēs aliēnā calamitāte monentur.

2. THE Ass IN THE L1ION’S SKIN No lion’s skin can cover an ass’s ears.

Asinus pelle leōnis indūtus territābat hominēs et bēstiās, tamquam leō esset. Sed forte, dum sē celerius movet, aurēs ēminēbant; unde agnitus in pīstrīnum abductus est, ubi poenās petulantiae dedit.

Haec fābula stolidōs notat quī immeritīs honōribus superbiunt. 5

S. THE ASsS AND THE HORSE Give a little with good uwill, lest you be forced to give more against your uwill.

Asinus et equus ōlim in itinere comitēs erant; asinus onus gravissimum portāvit; itaque cum onus molestum esset, equum verbīs trīstissimīs ōrāvit, ut partem oneris portāret. Sed ōrandō nihil impetrāvit; nam equus superbus auxilium recū-

sāvit. Tandem asinus ita dēbilitātus erat, ut animam efflāret. s 7

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Equus autem multātus est. Nam dominus equum nōn sōlum omnī onere sed etiam pelle asinī onerāvit. Frūstrā tum equus optāvit, ut onere līberārētur. Dominus autem stultitiam equī ita castīgāvit: ‘“Maius onus nōn portārēs, nisi recūsāvissēs partem oneris portāre; itaque iūre multāris.”

4. THE FrOoOGS WHO WaXNTED A KING It is a wise man who knows when he is governed enough.

Rānae lībertāte suā nōn contentae erant. Itaque ā Iove clāmōre magnō rēgem postulāvērunt. Tandem Iuppiter trabem ingentem in palūdem praecipitāvit, ut rēgem habērent. Initiō rānae timōre territae sub aquā iacēbant; deinde ūna trabī adpropinquat et rēgis nātūram explōrat. Tum omnēs nihil timentēs appārent. Cum trabs rānās nōn terrēret, potentiōrtem rēgem optāvērunt. Rūrsus deus voluntātī obtemperāvit et “Rēgem potentiōrem,” inquit, ‘“habēbitis, ut superbiam ves- tram coērceat. Sed sī displicēbit, auxilium nōn praebēbō. Itaque rēgnum hydrae mandāvit; hydra autem statim imperium crūdēlissimum inter rānās exercuit et multās necāvit. Mox rānae dolēbant, quod tam stultae fuerant et frūstrā auxilium ōrāvērunt. Nam Iuppiter: “Quod rēx bonus ac mītis,” inquit, ‘““superbiae vestrae displicēbat, nunc malō ac crūdēlī pārēre dēbētis.””

5. THE FoOX AND THE GRAPĒS Whnat care I how sweet they be, so they be not sweet for me?

Vulpēs ūvam in vīte cōnspicāta ad illam subsiliit omnium vīrium suārum contentiōne, sī eam forte attingere posset. Tandem dēfatīgāta inānī labōre discēdēns dīxit: ““At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nec eās in viā repertās tollerem.”

Haec fābula docet multōs ea contemnere quae sē adsequī posse dēspērent.

7. 6] FOLK-LORE 9

“Famē coācta vulpēs altā in vīneā Ōvam adpetēbat summīs saliēns vīribus; Quam tangere ut nōn potuit, discēdēns ait: “Nōndum mātūra est; nōlō acerbam sūmere.” 10 Quī facere quae nōn possunt verbīs ēlevant,

Adscrībere hoc dēbēbunt exemplum sibi. [Phaedrus, iv, 5]

6. THE WOLF AND THE Doc An empty freeman is better than a full slave.

Lupus canem vidēns bene sagīnātum, “Quanta est, inquit, cfēlīcitās tua! Tū, ut vidēris, lautē vīvis, at ego famē ēnecor.” Tum canis, ‘“Licet,” inquit, ‘“mēcum in urbem veniās et eāīdem fēlīcitāte fruāris.”” Lupus condiciōnem accēpit. Dum ūnā eunt, animadvertit lupus in collō canis attrītōs pilōs. ‘“Quid hoc est?” inquit. ‘“Num iugum sustinēs? cervīx enim tua tōta est glabra.”” ‘“Nihil est,” canis respondit, ‘“sed interdiū mē adligant, ut noctū sim vigilantior; atque haec sunt vestīgia collāris quod cervīcī circumdarī solet.”” Tum lupus, “Valē,” inquit, “amīce! nihil moror fēlīcitātem servitūte ēmptam.” 10

E4

T. THEĒ LION AND THE MOUSE There is no necessary relation between service and sixe.

Circum leōnem dormientem mūsculī petulantēs cursābant. Ē quibus cum ūnus per cāsum dormientis caput offendisset, ē somnō excitātus est leō eumque comprehendit. Iam dēvor3ā- tūrus erat bēstiolam, miserābiliter tamen ōrantī benignē vītam condōnāvit. Paulō post cum per silvās nōn satis cautē praedam 5 vestīgāret, in vēnātōris laqueōs incidit. leō. Frūstrā studēns

The simpler poetical versions of some of the fables are given, to be used at the discretion of the teacher. These poetical versions are in most cases the originals on which the prose versions are based.

10 SECOND LATIN BOOK (7.2

sē līberāre furibundus rugiēbat. Procul eum audīvit mūsculus celeriterque adventāvit. Iam cum inrētītum eum spectāvisset, cui īpse vītam lībertātemque dēbēret, grātō animō ad laqueōs

i0 adrēpsit eōsque conrōsit. Ita leō omnī perīculō est līberātus

5

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praeclārumque misericordiae suae praemium reportāvit.

8. THE LION AND HIS PARTNERS He who enters into partnership with a tion must expect small profits.

Cum leō vēnātum īret, sociī eius erant canis et lupus. Leō, cum partēs praedae aequālēs factae essent, ita locūtus est: ‘“Prī- mam partem capiō, quia rēx vester sum; secundam, quia fortis sum, mihi dabitis; tertiam quī tetigerit mē inimīcum sibi habēbit.” Ita leō tōtam praedam sōlus abstulit. Haec fābula docet, quam perīculōsum sit societātēs cum potentiōribus inīre.

Numquam est fidēlis cum potente societās: Testātur haec fābella prōpositum meum. Vacca et capella et patiēns ovis iniūriae Sociī fuēre cum leōne in saltibus. Hī cum cēpissent cervum vāstī corporis, Sīc est locūtus partibus factīs leō: “Ego prīmam tollō, nōminor quoniam leō; Secundam, quia sum fortis, tribuētis mihi; Tum, quia plūs valeō, mē sequētur tertia; Malō adficiētur, sī quis quārtam tetigerit!” Sīc tōtam praedam sōla improbitās abstulit. [Phaedrus, I, 5]]

ō. THE FOX AND THE RAVEN

He who lends too ready ear to the flattery of another will have small cause to flatter himself.

Corvus alicunde cāseum rapuerat et cum illō in altam arborem subvolārat. Vulpēcula illum cāseum adpetēns corvum blandīs verbīs adorītur, cumque vrīmum fōrmam eius pen-

11. 2] FOLK-LORE 11

nārumque nitōrem laudāsset, “Pol,” inquit, ‘“tē avium rēgem

esse dīcereni, sī cantus pulchritūdinī tuae respondēret.”” Tum ille laudibus vulpis īnflātus etiam cantū sē valēre dēmōnstrāre voluit. Ita vērō ē rōstrō apertō cāseus dēlāpsus est, quem vul- pēs adreptum dēvorāvit.

Haec fābula docet vītandās esse adūlātōrum vōcēs, quī blan- ditiīs suīs nōbīs īnsidiantur.

Quī sē laudārī gaudet verbīs subdolīs, Sērā dat poenās turpēs poenitentiā.

Cum dē fenestrā corvus raptum cāseum Comēsse vellet, celsā residēns arbore, Vulpēs hunc vīdit; deinde sīc coepit loquī: “ō quī tuārum, corve, pennārum est nitor! Quantum decōris corpore et vultū geris!

Sī vōcem habērēs, nūlla prior āles foret.” At ille stultus, dum vult vōcem ostendere, Ēmīsit ōre cāseum, quem celeriter Dolōsa vulpēs avidīs rapuit dentibus.

Tum dēmum ingemuit corvī dēceptus stupor. [Phaedrus, I, 15]

10. THE MICE AND THE CAT It is easier to make resolutions than to keep them.

Mūrēs aliquandō habuērunt cōnsilium, quō modō ā fēle cavērent. Multīs aliīs prōpositīs, omnibus placuit ut eī tin- tinnābulum adnecterētur; sīc enim ipsōs sonitū admonitōs eam fugere posse. Sed cum iam inter mūrēs quaererētur, quī fēlī tintinnābulum adnecteret, nēmō repertus est.

Fābula docet in suādendō plūrimōs esse audācēs, sed in ipsō perīculō timidōs.

11. THE WOLF AND THE CRANE If you serve a wolf, expect a wolf’s reward. In faucibus lupī os inhaeserat. Mercēde igitur condūcit gruem quī illud extrahat. Hoc grūs longitūdine collī facile

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effēcit. Cum autem mercēdem postulāret, subrīdēns lupus et dentibus īnfrendēns, ‘“Num tibi, ” inquit, ‘“parva mercēs vidētur, 5 quod caput incolume ex lupī faucibus extrāxistī?” Quī pretium meritī ab improbīs dēsīderat, Bis peccat: prīmum quoniam indignōs adiuvat; Tmpīūne abire deinde quia iam nōn potest. Os dēvorātum fauce cum haerēret lupī, 10 Magnō dolōre victus coepit singulōs Inlicere pretiō, ut illud extraherent malum. Tandem persuāsa est iūre iūrandō gruis, Gulaeque crēdēns collī longitūdinem, Perīculōsam fēcit medicīnam lupō. 15 Ā quō cum pactum flāgitāret praemium: “Ingrāta es, ” inquit, ‘“ōre quae ē nostrō caput Incolume abstulerīs et mercēdem postulēs.” [Phaedrus, I, 5]

12. THE WOLF AND THE LanE Its useless to argue when might makes right.

Lupus et agnus sitientēs ad eundem rīvum vēnerant. Superior lupus, longē īnferior agnus stābat. Tunc improbus latrō, iūrgī causam quaerēns, “Cūr, ” inquit, ‘“bibentī mihi tur- bulentam reddidistī aquam?”” Agnus timēns, ‘“Quō modō

5 possum?”’ inquit; ‘“ā tē enim aqua ad mē dēcurrit.” Ille vēritāte reī repulsus: ‘“Huius annī initiō mihi maledīxistī.” “Tum, inquit agnus, ‘“equidem nātus nōndum eram.” ‘“Hercle etiam,” respondet lupus, ‘“pater tuus contumēliōsē quondam dīxit dē aviā meā.’” Atque ita agnum dīlaniat.

10 Ad rīvum eundem lupus et agnus vēnerant

Sitī compulsī; superior stābat lupus Longēque īnferior agnus. Tunc fauce improbā Latrō incitātus iūrgiī causam intulit. “Cīūr,” inquit, ‘“turbulentam fēcistī mihi 15 Aquam bibentī?”’ Lāniger contrā timēns:

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FOLK-LORE 13

“Quī possum, quaesō, facere quod quereris, lupe? x tē dēcurrit ad meōs haustūs liquor.” Repulsus ille vēritātis vīribus: sAnte hōs sex mēnsēs male,” ait, ‘“dīxistī mihi.” Respondit agnus: ‘“Equidem nātus nōn eram.” ‘“Pater hercle tuus ibi,” inquit, ‘“male dīxit mihi.” Atque ita correptum lacerat iniūstā nece.

Haec propter illōs scrīpta est hominēs fābula,

Quī fictīs causīs innocentēs opprimunt. . (Phaedrus, I, 1]

B. ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY

The beginnings of Roman history are wrapped in obscurity. The stories of Romulus and his royal successors, which sound so familiar to our ears, are largely mere tradition. These traditions come down to us through the works of various ancient writers, notably of Livy, who lived many centuries after the earlier events of which he writes. The almost complete absence of reliable information upon this early period is due partly to the fact that it was not an age of many literary records of events, and largely to the destruction by fire in 390 s.C. of such records as were in existence, at the time when Rome was cap- tured by the Gauls.

Roman history naturally divides itself into three great periods: I. The Period of the Kingdom, from the founding of the city, fixed by tradition in the year ī53 B.C., to the expulsion of the Tarquins in 509 B.C.; II. The Period of the Repuvlic, from its establishment in 509 s.C., to the battle of Actium in 31 B.C., which left Augustus sole master of the world; III. The Period of the Empire, extending to 4ī76 x.D., when the last Roman emperor was deposed.

Following is an outline of Roman history down to the establisanment of imperial government. The selections are from the Breviarium, or abridged history, by Eutropius, a historian of the fourth century A.pō. His account follows Livy rather closely through the regal and repub- lican periods, and continues with the empire until the death of Jovian, A.D. 364. This outline is supplemented by illustrative material selected from Ovid, Aulus Gellius, and the Viri Romae Illustres of Lhomond.

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ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY I. THE PERIOD OF THE KINGDOM, 158-509 n.C.

1B. THE FOUNDING OF ROME

Romulus founds his city upon the Palatine Hill, recruits his citizens, establishes an advisory body called the senate, and obtains wives for his men from among the women of the neighboring tribes.

Rōmānum imperium ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius et, quantum putātus est, Mārtis, cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum inter pāstōrōs latrōcinārētur, decem et octō annōs nātus urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit, X1 Kal. Maiās, Olympiadis sextae annō tertiō, post Troiae excidium annō trecentēsimō nōnāgē- “simō quārtō.

Conditā cīvitāte, quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit, haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in cīvitātem recēpit, centum ex seniōribus lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia ageret, quōs senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum, cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent, invītāvit ad spectāculum lāūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque eārum virginēs rapuit. Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs, Fīdēnātēs, Veientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt. Et cum ortā subitō tem- pestāte nōn compāruisset, annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est et cōnsecrātus. Deinde Rōmae per

quīnōs diēs senātōrēs imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus

ūnus complētus est.

14. ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTEĒS OF ROoMULUS (Viri Romae) Proca, rēx Albānōrum, Numitōrem et Amūlium fīliōs habuit.

Numitōrī, quī nātū maior erat, rēgnum relīquit; sed Amūlius, 15

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pulsō frātre, rēgnāvit et, ut eum subole prīvāret, Rhēam Sil- viam, eius fīliam, Vestae sacerdōtem fēcit, quae tamen Rōmu- lum et Remum geminōs ēdidit. Eā rē cognitā Amūlius ipsam in vincula coniēcit, parvulōs alveō impositōs abiēcit in Tiberim, quī tunc forte super rīpās erat effūsus; sed relābente flūmine eōs aqua in siccō relīquit. Vāstae tum in iīs locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Lupa, ut fāmā trāditum est, ad vāgītum accurrit, īnfan- tēs linguā lambit, mātremque sē gessit.

Cum lupa saepius ad parvulōs velutī ad catulōs reverterētur, Faustulus, pāstor rēgius, rē animadversā eōs tulit in casam et Accae Laurentiae coniugī dedit ēducandōs. Adultī deinde hī inter pāstōrēs prīmō lūdicrīs certāminibus vīrēs auxēre, deinde vēnandō saltūs peragrāre et latrōnēs ā rapīnā pecorum arcēre coepērunt. Quārē cum iīs īnsidiātī essent latrōnēs, Remus captus est, Rōmulus vī sē dēfendit. Tum Faustulus necessitāte compulsus indicāvit Rōmulō, quis esset eōrum avus, quae māter. Rōmulus statim armātīs pāstōribus Albam properāvit. Intereā’ Remum latrōnēs ad Amūlium rēgem perdūxērunt, eum accū- santēs, quasi Numitōris agrōs īnfestāre solitus esset; itaque Remus ā rēge Numitōrī ad supplicium trāditus est; at cum Numitor adulēscentis vultum cōnsīderāns aetātem minimēque servīlem indolem comparāret, haud procul erat, quīn nepōtem agnōsceret. Nam Remus ōris līneāmentīs erat mātrī simillimus aetāsque expositiōnis temporibus congruēbat. Ea rēs dum Numitōris animum ānxium tenet, repente Rōmulus supervenit, frātrem līberat, interēmptō Amūliō avum Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit.

Deinde Rōmulus et Remus urbem in iīsdem locīs, ubi expositī ubique ēducātī erant, condidērunt; sed ortā inter eōs contentiōne, uter nōmen novae urbī daret eamque imperiō regeret, auspicia dēcrēvērunt adhibēre. Remus prior sex vul- turēs, Rōmulus posteā duodecim vīdit. Sīc Rōmulus, victor auguriō, urbem Rōmam vocāvit. Ad novae urbis tūtēlam sufficere vāllum vidēbātur. Cuius angustiās inrīdēns cum Remus saltū id trāiēcisset, eum īrātus Rōmulus interfēcit, hīs

17. 3] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 17

increpāns verbīs: ““Sīc deinde, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea.”” Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō Rōmulus.

18. NuMA POMPILIUS

Romulus had been a warrior king. His life was spent in subduing the peoples living in the country immediately surrounding Rome, and in strengthening his new kingdom against attack from without. His successor, Numa Pompilius, devoted himself to the internal welfare of the state, giving laws, and establishing social and religious customs.

Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī quam Rōmulus prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur, et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine aliquā supputātiōne cōn- fūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac templa cōnstituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō et tertiō imperiī annō.

16. TuLLUS HOSTILIUS

Tullus Hostilius pushed still further Rome’s conquest of her neigh- bors, and enlarged the boundaries of the city itself by extending its original walls to include the Caelian Hill.

Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hic bella reparāvit, Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō mīliāriō sunt, Veientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem ampliāvit adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs rēgnāsset, fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit.

17. STORY OF THE HORATII AND THE CURIATII (Viri Romae)

It was in this king’s reign, while he was fighting the Albans, that the remarkable test conflict between the Horatii and the Curiatii took place. The story is told as follows:

Tullō Hostīliō rēgnante bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum est. Ducibus Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit, rem paucō- rum certāmine fīnīrī.. ĒErant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs

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Horātiī, trēs apud Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum iīs agunt rēgēs, ut 5 prō suā quisque patriā dīmicent ferrō. Foedus ictum est eā lēge, ut, unde victōria, ibi imperium esset.

Ictō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datur signum īnfestīsque armīs ternī iuvenēs, magnōrum exercituum

i0 animōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre arma micantēsque fulsēre gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs per- stringit. Cōnsertīs deinde manibus statim duo Rōmānī alius super alium expīrantēs cecidērunt; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus.

is Rōmānōs iam spēs tōta dēserēbat. ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiī circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impār erat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit, singulōs per intervālla secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum spatiī ex eō locō, ubi pugnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt

20 ūnum ē Cūriātiīs haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In eum magnō impetū redit, et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat Cūriātiīs, ut opem ferant frātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset cōnsequī, interfēcit.

Iam singulī supererant, sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs. Alter

258 erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx; alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursū trahēbat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Rōmānus exultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit, iacentem spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs ac grātulantēs Horātium accipiunt et domum dēdūcunt.

18. ANcCUs MARCIUS

The fourth king of Rome was Ancus Marcius, who was very like his grandfather Numa in character. His reign was rich in public works. He built a prison, added two more of the famous seven hills to the city’s territory, extended the city walls, and built a seaport town at the mouth of the Tiber.

Post hunc Ancus Mārcius, Numae ex fīliā nepōs, suscēpit imperium. Contrā Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem

20. 10] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 19

cīvitātī adiēcit et Iāniculum, apud ōstium Tiberis cīvitātem suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā condidit. Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit.

19. Lucrus TARqQUINIUS PRISCUS

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, was famous for his public buildings, as well as for being the first to institute those Roman games which were so large a feature in Roman life.

Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hic numerum senātōrum duplicāvit, ciroum Rōmae aedificāvit, lūdōs Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent. Vīcit īdem etiam Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque triumphāns urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium incohāvit. Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus est, rēgis eius, cui ipse successerat.

20. SERVIUS TULLIUS

Servius Tullius added the remaining three of the seven hills to the city, and surrounded the whole with a new wall, fragments of which still remain. He was the first to take a census of the people.

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hic quoque Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum, urbī adiūnxit, fossās circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum incognitus erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs habuit capita LXXXI1I mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum hīs, quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquinī Superbī, fīliī eius rēgis cui ipse successerat, et fīliae, quam Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem.

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21. DEATH OF SERVIUS TULLIUS (Ovid)

The tragic death of Servius Tullius at the hands of his own daughter and son-in-law is a striking incident in the history of those times. The daushters brutal conduct after her father’s murder is described by Ovid (Fasti, vi. 601).

Ipse sub Ēsquiliīs, ubi erat sua rēgia, caesus Concidit in dūrā sanguinulentus humō. Fīlia, carpentō patriōs initūra penātēs, ībat per mediās alta ferōxque viās. 5 Corpus ut aspexit, lacrimīs aurīga profūsīs Restitit. Hunc tālī corripit illa sonō: ‘“Vādis, an expectās pretium pietātis amārum? Dūc, inquam, invītās ipsa per ōra rotās!” Certa fidēs factī; dictus Scelerātus ab illā 10 Vīcus, et aeternā rēs ea pressa notā.

22. LUcCIUS TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was the seventh and last of the Roman kings. Having obtained the kingdom by his own crime, he was des- tined to lose it through that of his son. Still he reigned for twenty- four years, during which time he added greatly to the Roman state by reducing many cities of Latium to subjection.

L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum, Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus nōn longē ab urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et templum Iovī in Capitōliō aedificāvit.

5 Posteā Ardeam oppugnāns, in octāvō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium perdidit. Nam cum fīlius eius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior, nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē iniūriā marītō et patrī et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium

io cōnspectū sē occīdit. Propter quam causam Brīūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquinī, populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō adēmit imperium. Mox exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge oppugnābat, relīquit; veniēnsque ad urbem rēx

28. 19] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 21

portīs clausīs exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī cum uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus, cum adhūc Rōma, ubi plūrimum, vix usque ad quīntum decimum mīliārium possidēret.

23. TnĒ SīBYLLINE BoOKS (Aulus GQellius)

It was during the reign of this king that the curious incident of the Sibylline books occurred. An old Sibyl came to the king and offered to sell him nine volumes for a large sum of,money. He refused to pay such a sum. She burned three, and demanded the same sum for the remaining six. Again the king refused, and the Sibyl burned another three. Struck by her persistence the king bought these at the original price, and placed them in a shrine as sacred books. Thnis story is told as follows:

In antīquīs annālibus haec memoria dē librīs Sibyllīnīs prōdita est: Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum rēgem adiit, novem librōs ferēns, quōs dīvīna ōrācula esse dīcēbat; eōs velle vēndere. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est. Mulier nimium atque immēnsum poposcit: rēx, quasi anus aetāte dēsiperet, dērīsit. Tum illa foculum cōram cum ignī adpōnit, trēs librōs ex novem deūrit et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō emere vellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed enim Tarquinius id multō magis rīsit, dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statim trēs aliōs librōs exussit atque id ipsum dēnuō placidē rogat, ut trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius ōre iam sēriō atque attentiōre animō fit, eam cōnstantiam cōnfīdentiamque nōn contemnendam intellegit, librōs trēs reliquōs mercātur nihilō minōre pretiō, quam quod erat petītum prō omnibus. Sed ea mulier tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressa posteā nusquam locī vīsa est. Librī trēs, ip sacrārium conditī, ‘“Sibyllīnī”” appellātī; ad eōs quasi ad ōrāculum quīndecimvirī adeunt, cum dī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.

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24. HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE (Viri Romae)

During an attempt made by the Etruscan king to restore the Tar- quins to power, occurred the famous defense of the wooden bridge over the Tiber by Horatius Cocles, which Macaulay has immortalized for English readers.

Porsena, rēx Ētrūscōrum, ad restituendōs in rēgnum Tar- quiniōs īnfestō exercitū Rōmam vēnit. Prīmō impetū Iānicu- lum cēpit. Nōn umquam aliās ante tantus terror Rōmānōs invāsit: adeō valida rēs tum Clūsīna erat magnumque Porsenae nōmen. Ex agrīs in urbem dēmigrant; urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiīs. Alia urbis pars mūrīs, alia Tiberī obiectō tūta vidēbātur. Pōns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nisi ūnus vir fuisset Horātius Coclēs, illō cognōmine appellātus, quod in aliō proeliō oculum āmīserat. Is extrēmā pontis parte occu- pātā aciem hostium sōlus sustinuit, dōnec pōns ā tergō inter- rumperētur. Ipsa audācia obstupefēcit hostēs; ponte rescissō armātus in Tiberim dēsiluit et multīs superincidentibus tēlīs incolumis ad suōs trānsnāvit. Grāta ergā tantam virtūtem cīvitās fuit; eī tantum agrī pūblicē datum est, quantum ūnō diē circumarāvit. Statua quoque eī in comitiō posita.

II. THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC, 5059-381 B.C.

25. THE FIRsT CONSULS

In place of a kingdom, Rome now became a republic under elective consuls, two of whom were chosen in order that one might be a check upon the power of the other. Also, as a precaution against the attain- ment of too much power, the consul’s term of office was limited to one year.

Hinc cōnsulēs coepēre, prō ūnō rēge duo, hāc causā creārī, ut, sī ūnus malus esse voluisset, alter eum habēns potestātem similem coērcēret. Et placuit, nē imperium longius quam annuum habērent, nē per diūturnitātem potestātis īnsolentiōrēs redderentur, sed cīvīlēs semper essent, quī sē post annum scīrent futūrōs esse prīvātōs. Fuērunt igitur annō prīmō ab expulsīs rēgibus cōnsulēs L. Iūnius Brūtūs, quī maximē ēgerat,

27. 7] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 23

ut Tarquinius pellerētur, et Tarquinius Collātīnus, marītus Lucrētiae. Sed Tarquiniō Collātīnō statim sublāta est dignitās. Placuerat enim, nē quisquam in urbe manēret, quī Tarquinius vocārētur. Ērgō acceptō omnī patrimōniō suō ex urbe migrāvit et locō ipsīus factus est L. Valerius Pūblicola cōnsul.

26. THEĒ CLEVER RUSE OF BRUTUS (Ovid)

In the elevation of Brutus to the consulship was fulfilled the oracle given when he and his cousins, the sons of Tarquinius Superbus, īnquired at Delphi who of them should reign at Rome. The oracle replied: ‘“He whno shall first kiss his mother.” The ruse by which Brutus fulfilled this oracle is described by Ovid (Fasti, II, 711).

Ecce, nefās vīsū, mediīs altāribus anguis Exit, et extīnctīs ignibus exta rapit.

Cōnsulitur Phoebus; sors est ita reddita, ‘“?mātrī Quī dederit prīnceps ōscula, victor erit.”

Ōscula quisque suse mātrī properāta tulērunt, Nōn intellēctō crēdula turba deō.

Brūtus crat stultī sapiēns imitātor, ut esset Tūtus ab īnsidiīs, dīre Superbe, tuīs.

Dnle iacēns prōnus mātrī dedit ōscula Terrae, Crēditus offēnsō prōcubuisse pede.

27. A ROMAN OFFICIAL AND A ROMAN FATHER (Viri Romae)

One of the saddest events in Roman history happened during the consulship of Brutus, when he as consul was called upon to pass sen- tence of death upon his own sons. who had been convicted of conspir- ing to restore Tarquinius and the kingdom.

Expulsīs rēgibus duo cōnsulēs creātī sunt, Iūnius Brūtus et Tarquinius Collātīnus Lucrētiae marītus. At lībertās modo parta per dolum et prōditiōnem paene āmissa est. Erant in iuventūte Rōmānā adulēscentēs aliquot, sodālēs adulēscentium Tarquiniōrum. Hī cum lēgātīs, quōs rēx ad bona sua repe- tenda Rōmam mīserat, dē restituendīs rēgibus conloquuntur, ipsōs Brūtī cōnsulis fīliōs in societātem cōnsiliī adsūmunt.

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Sermōnem eōrum ex servīs ūnus excēpit; rem ad cōnsulēs dētulit. Datae ad Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fēcēōrunt. Prōditōrēs in vincula coniectī sunt, deinde damnātī. Stābant ad pālum dēligātī iuvenēs nōbilissimī; sed ā cēterīs līberī cōnsulis omnium in sē oculōs āvertēbant. Cōnsulēs in sēdem prōcessēre suam, missīque līctōrēs nūdātōs virgīs caedunt secūrīque feriunt. Suppliciī nōn spectātor modo, sed et exāctor erat Brūtus, quī tunc patrem exuit, ut cōnsulem ageret.

After this Brutus longed for death, and met it in battle against Aruns, the son of Tarquinius. The dead consul was long mourned at Rome and was honored in a public eulogy by his colleague Valerius; a statue in bronze was also erected to his memory.

28. THE FIRST DICTATORSHIP

In 501 B.C., at a time of especial public danger, the office of dictator was created, whose powers exceeded for the time being the powers of the consul.

Nōnō annō post rēgēs exāctōs cum gener Tarquinī ad iniūriam socerī vindicandam ingentem conlēgisset exercitum, nova Rōmae dignitās est creāta, quae dictātūra appellātur, maior quam cōnsulātus. Ēōdem annō etiam magister equitum factus est, quī dictātōrī obsequerētur. Neque quicquam simi- lius potest dīcī quam dictātūra antīqua huic imperiī potestātī, quam nunc Tranquillitās Vestra habet, maximē cum Augustus quoque Octāviānus, dē quō posteā dīcēmus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictātūrae nōmine atque honōre rēgnāverint. Dic- tātor autem Rōmae prīmus fuit T. Larcius, magister equitum prīmus Sp. Cassius.

29. THE FIRST TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE

In all these changes the lower classes had not been greatly bene- fited, having merely exchanged regal for patrician lords; and at length, in 494 B.C., by an act of secession, they forced the senate and consuls to create the office of tribune, which was to be the people’s

S0. 17] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 25

own office, the occupants of which were to stand between them and patrician oppression.

Sextō decimō annō post rēgēs exāctōs sēditiōnem populus Rōmae fēcit, tamquam ā senātū atque cōnsulibus premerētur. Tum et ipse sibi tribūnōs plēbis quasi propriōs iūdicēs et dēfēnsōrēs creāvit, per quōs contrā senātum et cōnsulēs tūtus esse posset.

30. How AcGRIPPA WON THE PEOPLE (Viri Romae)

The argument by which the people were induced to return is given in the following selection.

Menēnius Agrippa concordiam inter patrēs plēbemque restituit. Nam cum plēbs ā patribus in Montem Sacrum sēcessisset, quod tribūta simul et mīlitiam nōn tolerāret, Agrippa, vir fācundus, ad plēbem missus est. Quī intrōmissus in castra nihil aliud nisi hoc nārrāsse fertur. Ōlim hūmānī artūs, cum ventrem ōtiōsum cernerent, ab eō discordārunt cōnspīrāruntque, nē manūs ad ōs cibum ferrent nēve ōs acciperet datum, nēve dentēs cōnficerent. At dum ventrem domāre volunt, ipsī quoque dēfēcērunt, tōtumque corpus ad extrēmam tābem vēnit: inde intellēxērunt, ventris quoque haud sēgne ministerium esse eumque acceptōs cibōs concoquere et per omnia membra dīgerere, et cum eō in grātiam rediērunt. Sīc senātus et plēbēs, quasi ūnum corpus, discordiā pereunt, concordiā valent.

Hāc fābulā Menēnius flexit hominum mentēs: plēbs in urbem regressa est. Creāvit tamen tribūnōs, quī lībertātem suam ā nōbilitātis superbiā dēfenderent.

Then followed years of constant struggle between the growing power of Rome and the neighboring peoples. Indeed the history of Rome is the hnistory of a twofold conflict, the one between Rome and her outside neighbors, resulting in a constant expansion of Roman

wer and territory, the other between the lower and higher classes

in Rome itself, resulting in increasing social and political recognition of the common people.

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31. DICTATORSHIP OF CINCINNATUS

In 458 B.C. it was again necessary to put the state in the hands of a dictator, and this time the choice fell upon Cincinnatus.

Sequentī tamen annō cum in Algidō monte ab urbe duodecimō fermē mīliāriō Rōmānus obsidērētur exercitus, L. Quīnctius Cincinnātus dictātor est factus, quī agrum quattuor iūgeram possidēns manibus suīs colēbat. Is cum in opere et arāns esset inventus, sūdōre dētersō togam praetextam accēpit et caesīs hostibus līberāvit exercitum.

32. Frou rur PLOW TO0 THE PRESIDENCY (Viri Romae)

The familiar story of how Cincinnatus was called from the plow to the highest office in the state is more fully told in the following selec-

Aequī cōnsulem Minucium atque exercitum eius circumsessōs tenēbant. Id ubi Rōmam nūntiātum est, tantus pavor, tanta trepidātiō fuit, quanta sī urbem ipsam, nōn castra hostēs obsidērent: cum autem in alterō cōnsule parum esse praesidiī vidērētur, dictātōrem dīcī placuit, quī rem adflīctam restitueret. Quīnctius Cincinnātus omnium cōnsēnsū dictātor est dictus. Ille, spēs ūnica imperiī Rōmānī, trāns Tiberim tunc quattuor iūgerum colēbat agrum. Ad quem missī lēgātī nūdum eum arantem offendērunt. Salūte datā redditāque Quīnctius togam properē ē tuguriō prōferre uxōrem Raciliam iussit, ut senātūs mandāta togātus audīret.

Postquam abstersō pulvere ac sūdōre togā indūtus prōcessit Quīnctius, dictātōrem eum Ilēgātī grātulantēs cōnsalūtant; quantus terror in exercitū sit, expōnunt. Quīnctius igitur Rōmam vēnit et antecēdentibus līctōribus domum dēductus est. Posterō diē ab urbe profectus Minuciō obsidiōne līberātō victōs hostēs sub iugum mīsit. Urbem triumphāns ingressus est. Ductī ante currum hostium ducēs, mīlitāria signa praelāta; secūtus est exercitus praedā onustus; epulae īnstrūctae sunt

20 ante omnium domōs. Atque haec tantā vēlōcitāte gessit

Quīnctius, ut dictātūrā in sex mēnsēs acceptā sextō decimō diē

34. 2] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 27

sē abdicāret, prōrsus ut festīnāsse dictātor ad relictum opus vidērētur; expedītiōne enim fīnītā ad bovēs rediit triumphālis agricola.

BS. THE DECEMVIRS AND THE TwELVE TABLES

In the year 451 B.C. culminated another long struggle between the plebeians and patricians. The object of the plebeian contention was that a code of laws should be drawn up and published which should be applied alike to all orders. Hitherto the patricians had held a knowl- edge of the law as their own exclusive right. The result of the strug- gle was the appointment of a commission of ten men (the Decemvirī) to draw up a code of law. This they did in 4ō0 B.C., and the result was the famous Twelve Tables, the foundation of all Roman jurisprudence. During the preparation of these laws, all civil authority, both of consuls and tribunes, was given into the hands of the īocemvire They ruled mildly and impartially the first year, but in the second year the infamous Appius Claudius with his creatures gained control of this body, and anarchy and oppression, a veritable reign of terror, followed. The culminating act was the death of Virginia, which so roused the people that the decemvirs were speedily deposed (449 s.C.).

Annō trecentēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā imperium cōnsulāre cessāvit et prō duōbus cōnsulibus decem factī sunt, quī summam potestātem habērent, decemvirī nōminātī. Sed cum prīmō annō bene ēgissent, secundō ūnus ex hīs, Ap. Claudius, Virginī cuiusdam, quī honestīs iam stīpendiīs contrā Latīnōs in monte Algidō mīlitārat, fīliam virginem corrumpere voluit; quam pater occīdit, nē stuprum ā decemvirō sustinēret, et regressus ad mīlitēs mōvit tumultum. Sublāta est decemvirīs potestās ipsīque damnātī sunt.

B4. RoOME CAPTURED BY THE GAULS

The next landmark in Roman history is the capture of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.c. This remarkable event, which nearly put an end to the existence of Rome, was not planned by those northern nations, but was an incident in one of their widely extended plundering expedi- tions. They made no attempt at permanent conquest in Italy, but after laying Rome in ashes and collecting rich booty, returned whence they had come. j

Statim Gallī Senonēs ad urbem vēnērunt et victōs Rōmānōs ūndecimō mīliāriō ā Rōmā apud flūmen Alliam secūtī etiam

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urbem occupāvērunt. Neque dēfendī quicquam nisi Capi- tōlium potuit; quod cum diū obsēdissent et iam Rōmānī famē labōrārent, acceptō aurō, nē Capitōlium obsidērent, reces- sērunt. Sed ā Camillō, quī in vīcīnā cīvitāte exulābat, Gallīs superventum est gravissimēque victī sunt. Posteā tamen etiam secūtus eōs Camillus ita cecīdit, ut et aurum, quod hīs datum fuerat, et omnia, quae cēperant, mīlitāria signa revocāret. Ita tertiō triumphāns urbem ingressus est et appellātus secundus Rōmulus, quasi et ipse patriae conditor.

35. THE SACRED GEESE (Viri Romae)

How the sacred geese saved the citadel, the last stronghold and refuge of the Romans on this occasion, is told below.

Gallī deinde impetum facere in arcem statuunt. Prīmō mīlitem, quī temptāret viam, praemīsērunt. Tum nocte sub- lūstrī, sublevantēs in vicem et trahentēs aliī aliōs, in summum saxum ēvāsērunt tantō silentiō, ut nōn custōdēs sōlum fallerent, sed nē canēs quidem, sollicitum animal ad nocturnōs strepitūs, excitārent. Ānserēs nōn fefellēre, quibus in summā inopiā Rōmānī abstinuerant, quia avēs erant Iūnōnis sacrae; quae rēs Rōmānīs salūtī fuit. Namque clangōre eārum aālārumque crepitū excītus Mānlius, vir bellō ēgregius, cēterōs ad arma vocat et dum cēterī trepidant, armīs arreptīs, Gallum, quī iam in summō cōnstiterat, umbōne ictum dēturbat. Cuius cāsus cum proximōs sterneret, omnēs Gallī ascendentēs facile deici- untur.

36. A CENTURY OF EXPANSION (Viri Romae)

Over a hundred years of wars now ensued, which, reaching out in ever-widening circles, with occasional repulses for Rome, still brought more and more peoples under her sway, until at last all ītaly acknowl- edged the power of Rome. The most notable of these struggles were those against the Samnites, the cities of the Latin league, the Etrus- cans, and against the Greek cities in the southeast, ending in the fall of Tarentum in 272 B. C.

The first Samnite war (343-341 B.C.) arose from the request of the Campanians for the aid of Rome against the incursions of the Samnites.

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37. 11] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 29

Rome accepted the offer of the Campanians for an alliance, but in the midst of the struggle with the Samnites the revolt of the Latin league compelled Rome to make a treaty with her late enemies and face the Latins. The griīevance of the Latins was that while they were osten- sibly in partnership with Rome, Rome was not disposed to share her pow.r and conquered territory with them. This revolt was suppressed y the combined forces of the Romans and Samnites after a struggle of two years (340-338 s.C.), ending in the battle of Mt. Vesuvius. A remarkable incident is related of this war, in which Publius Decius, one of the consuls, sacrificed his own life to the Shades, and thus saved the day for Rome.

P. Decius cōnsul fuit bellō Latīnō cum Mānliō Torquātō. Hōc bellō cum utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset, eōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset, convēnit inter eōs, utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs sē mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēs diīs mānibus dēvōvit. Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōs hostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.

37. THE SECOND SAMNITE WaR

The second Samnite war (326-304 B.C.) arose because the Romans while securing their conquests in Campania encroached upon the rights of some cities which were under the Samnite protection. Here is an incident of this war:

Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt. Bellum enim in centē- simō et trīcēsimō ferē mīliāriō ab urbe apud Samnītas gerēbātur, quī mediī sunt inter Pīcēnum, Campāniam et Āpūliam. L. Papīrius Cursor cum honōre dictātōris ad id bellum profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam redīret, Q. Fabiō Maximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit, praecēpit, nē sē absente pugnāret. Ille occāsiōne repertā fēlīcissimē dīmicāvit et Samnītas dēlēvit. Ob quam rem ā dictātōre capitis damnā- tus, quod sē vetante pugnāsset, ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est, tantā Papīriō sēditiōne commōtā, ut paene ipse interficerētur.

88. THE ROMAN DISGRACE AT THE CAUDINE FORKXS

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memory to them. After this defeat, with varying events the war was finally brought to a successful close.

Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs T. Veturiō et Sp. Postumiō cōn- sulībus ingentī dēdecore vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. Pāx tamen ā senātū et populō solūta est, quae cum ipsīs propter necessitātem facta fuerat. Posteā Samnītēs victī sunt ā L. Papīriō cōnsule, septem mīlia eōrum sub iugum missa. Papī- rius prīmus dē Samnītibus triumphāvit. Eō tempore Ap. Claudius cēnsor aquam Claudiam indūxit et viam Appiam strāvit. Samnītēs reparātō bellō Q. Fabium Maximum vīcē- runt tribus mīlibus hominum occīsīs. Posteā, cum pater eī Fabius Maximus lēgātus datus fuisset, et Samnītas vīcit et plūrima ipsōrum oppida cēpit. Deinde P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus, M. Curius Dentātus, ambō cōnsulēs, contrā Samnītas missī ingentibus proeliīs eōs cōnfēcēre. Tum bellum cum Samnīti- bus per annōs quadrāgintā novem āctum sustulērunt. Neque ūllus hostis fuit intrā Italiam, quī Rōmānam virtūtem magis fatīgāverit.

89. THE THIRD SAMNITE WAR: THE FALL OF TARENTUM

The third war with the indomitable Samnites, who were leagued with almost all Italy against Rome, was started because of Samnite interference with what Rome deemed her rights in Lucania. At the end of this war, Tarentum, a Greek city in southeastern Italy, was the only obstacle to the complete supremacy of Rome. Rome soon found cause of quarrel against the Tarentines, who summoned Pyrrhus, kin of Epirus in Greece, to their aid. The events of this war (281-272 505 are here described:

Eōdem tempore Tarentīnīs, quī iam in ultimā Italiā sunt, bellum indictum est, quia lēgātīs Rōmānōrum iniūriam fēcis- sent. Hī Pyrrhum, Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs auxilium poposcērunt, quī ex genere Achillis orīginem trahēbat. Ie mox ad Italiam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī cum trāns- marīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī omnem exercitam tumque dīmittī,

S9. 43] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 31

ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur. Commissā mox pugnā, cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Sed nox proeliō fīnem dedit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhue Rōmānōs mīlle octingentōs cēpit et eōs summō honōre tractāvit, occīsōs sepelīvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse, sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent.

Posteā Pyrrhus coniūnctīs sibi Samnītibus, Lūcānīs, Bruttiīs Rōmam perrēxit, omnia ferrō ignīque vāstāvit, Campāniam populātus est atque ad Praeneste vēnit, mīliāriō ab urbe octāvō decimō. Mox terrōre exercitūs, quī eum cum cōnsule sequē- bātur, in Campāniam sē recēpit. Lēgātī ad Pyrrhum dē redi- mendīs captīvīs missī ab eō honōrificē susceptī sunt. Captīvōs sine pretiō Rōmam mīsit. Ōnum ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, Fābricium, sīc admīrātus, cum eum pauperem esse cognōvisset, ut quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā sollicitāre voluerit, ut ad sē trānsīret, contemptusque est ā Fābriciō. Quārē cum Pyrrhus Rōmānōrum ingentī admīrātiōne tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus peteret, praecipuum virum, Cīneam nōmine, ita ut Pyrrhus partem Italiae, quam iam armīs occupāverat, obtinēret.

Pāx displicuit remandātumque Pyrrhō est ā senātū eum cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Italiā recessisset, pācem habēre nōn posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus red- diderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī capī potuissent, nec ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam sī bīnōrum hostium occīsōrum spolia rettulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus est. Ā quō cum quaereret Pyrrhus quālem Rōmam comperisset,

Cīneās dīxit rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet tālēs illīc ferē

omnēs esse, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum et reliquam Graeciam putārētur.

Missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum ducēs P. Sulpicius et Decius Mūs cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est, ele-

1ē

140 32 SECOND LATIN BOOK [39. 44

phantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs 15 tantum quīnque mīlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus.

Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus, quī prius inter lēgātōs sollicitārī nōn poterat quārtā rēgnī parte prōmissā Tum, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent, medi- cus Pyrrhī nocte ad eum vēnit, prōmittēns venēnō sē Pyrrhum

s0 occīsūrum, sī sibi aliquid pollicērētur. Quem Fābricius vīnc- tum redūcī iussit ax dominum Pyrrhōque dīcī quae contrā caput eius medicus spopondisset. Tum rēx admīrātus eum dīxisse fertur: ““Ille est Fābricius, quī difficilius ab honestāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest.”” Tum rēx ad Siciliam s5 profectus est. Fābricius victīs Lūcānīs et Samnītibus trium- phāvit.

Cōnsulēs deinde M. Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus adversum Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius contrā eum pugnāvit, exercitum eius cecīdit, ipsum Tarentum fugāvit, castra cēpit.

eo Eā diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Curius in cōnsulātū triumphāvit. Prīmus Rōmam elephantōs quattuor dūxit. Pyrrhus etiam ā Tarentō mox recessit et apud Argōs, Graeciae cīvitātem, occīsus est.

40. FABRICIUS AND THE SAMNITE GOLD

Many other anecdotes are told of Fabricius, the most interesting and picturesque character of this war. The following is told by Aulus Gellius:

Lēgātī ā Samnītibus ad C. Fābricium, imperātōrem populī Rōmānī, vēnērunt et, memorātīs multīs magnīsque rēbus, quae bene post redditam pācem Samnītibus fēcisset, dōnō grandem pecūniam obtulērunt. ““Quae facimus,” Samnītēs

5 inquiunt, “quod multa ad splendōrem domūs atque vīctūs dēfierī vidēmus.” Tum Fābricius manūs ab auribus ad oculōs et īnfrā deinceps ad nārēs et ad ōs et ad gulam dēdūxit, et lēgātīs ita respondit: ‘“Dum hīs omnibus membrīs, quae attigī, imperāre possum, numquam quicquam mihi deerit; quam ob

42. 4] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 33

rem hanc pecūniam, quā nihil mihi est ūsus, ā vōbīs, quī eā

ūtī scītis, nōn accipiō.”

41. A GENERAL WHO COULD BE NEITHER BRIBED NOR FRIGHTENED (Viri Romae)

Here is an anecdote of Fabricius and Pyrrhus, who greatly admired the Roman general.

Ex lēgātīs, quī ad Pyrrhum dē captīvīs redimendīs vēnerant, fuit C. Fābricius. Cuius postquam audīvit Pyrrhus magnum esse apud Rōmānōs nōmen, ut virī bonī et bellō ēgregiī, sed admodum pauperis, eum prae cēterīs honōrificē ac līberāliter habuit eīque mūnera atque aurum obtulit; quae omnia repudiā- vit Fābricius. Posterō diē cum illum Pyrrhus vellet exterrēre cōnspectū subitō elephantī, imperāvit suīs ut Fābriciō sēcum conloquente bēlua post aulaeum admovērētur. Quod ubi factum est, signō datō remōtōque aulaeō repente bēlua strīdōrem hor- rendum ēmīsit et proboscidem super Fābriciī caput. dēmīsit. Sed ille subrīdēns: ‘“?Neque herī mē aurum tuum pellexit, neque hodiē perterrēfēcit bēlua.”

42. BEGINNINGS OF IMPERIALISM: THE FIRST PUNIC WAaAR

Another critical point in Roman history has now been reached, when, with all Italy reduced to the condition of a subject state, Rome stands upon the threshold of that career of foreign conquest which was to make her mistress of the whole known world. And the first step in this foreign conquest was taken against the Carthaginians in Africa, a nation, however, which was not to be finally overcome untiī after three mignty struggles, involving forty-three years of actual warfare, and covering a period of one hundred and eighteen years.

The arena of the first Punic war (264-241 B.C.) was for the most part Sicily and the adjacent waters, although Africa was also invaded. Sicily was, besides, the real cause of the war, since both nations desired to exercise control over the island.

Annō quadringentēsimō septuāgēsimō septimō, cum iam clārum urbis Rōmae nōmen esset, arma tamen extrā Italiam mōta nōn fuerant. Ut igitur cognōscerētur quae cōpiae Rōmānōrum essent, cēnsus est habitus. Tum inventa sunt

5

X3 =]

34 SECOND LATIN BOOK r42. 5

cīvium capita ducenta nōnāgintā duo milia trecenta tiīgintā quattuor, quamquam ā conditā urbe numquam bella cessāssent. Et contrā Āfrōs bellum susceptum est prīmum Ap. Claudiō Q. Fulviō cōnsulibus. In Siciliā contrā eōs pugnātum est et Ap. Claudius dē Āfrīs et rēge Siciliae Hierōne triumphāvit.

43. RoME’S FIRST NAVAL VICTORY

The necessity of a navy was very soon apparent to the Romans in this struggle against a maritime power; and it is a high tribute to their energy and skill that, in sixty days after they began the task, a fleet of one hundred and twenty quinqueremes had been built and launched, and the first naval victory in their history won. This was gained near Mylae, by Caius Duilius.

Quīntō annō prīmī bellī, quod contrā Āfrōs gerēbātur, prīmum Rōmānī C. Duīliō et Cn. Cornēliō Asinā cōnsulibus in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs, quās Liburnās vocant. Cōnsul Cornēlius fraude dēceptus est. Duīlius com- missō proeliō Carthāginiēnsium ducem vīcit, trīgintā et ūnam nāvēs cēpit, quattuordecim mersit, septem mīlia hostium cēpit, tria mīlia occīdit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā iam etiam marī plūrimum possent.

C. Aquīliō Flōrō L. Scīpiōne cōnsulibus Scīpiō Corsicam et Sardiniam vāstāvit, multa mīlia inde captīvōrum abdūxit, triumphum ēgit.

44. REQULUS INVADES AFRICA

Then followed the invasion of Africa under Regulus, in which attempt he was defeated and taken prisoner. Sent to Rome to effect an exchange of prisoners, he advised the senate against this, though he knew that the acceptance of his advice meant for him a return to death by torture.

L. Mānliō Vulsōne M. Atīliō Rēgulō cōnsulibus bellum in Āfricam trānslātum est. Contrā Hamilcarem, Carthāginiēn- sium ducem, in marī pugnātum, victusque est. Nam perditīs sexāgintā quattuor nāvibus retrō sē recōpit. Rōmānī vīgintī

5 duās āmīsērunt. Sed cum in Africam trānsīssent, prīmam

Clypeam, Āfricae cīvitātem, in dēditiōnem accēpērunt. Cōn-

45. 2] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 35

sulēs usque ad Carthāginem prōcessērunt, multīsque castellīs vāstātīs Mānlius victor Rōmam rediit et vīgintī septem mīlia captīvōrum redūxit, Atīlius Rēgulus in AĀfricā remānsit. Is contrā Āfrōs aciem īnstrūxit. Contrā trēs Carthāginiēnsium ducēs dīmicāns victor fuit, decem et octō mīlia hostium cecīdit, quīnque mīlia cum decem et octō elephantīs cēpit, septuāgintā quattuor cīvitātēs in fidem accēpit. Tum victī Carthāginiēnsēs pācem ā Rōmānīs petīvērunt, quam cum Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus dare, Āfrī auxilium ā Lacedaemoniīs petīvērunt. Et duce Xanthippō, quī ā Lacedaemoniīs missus fuerat, Rōmānōrum dux Rēgulus victus est ultimā perniciē. Nam duo mīlia tantum ex omnī Rōmānō exercitū refūgērunt, quīngentī cum imperātōre Rēgulō captī sunt, trīgintā mīlia occīsa, Rēgulus ipse in catēnās coniectus.

Posteā Carthāginiēnsēs Rēgulum ducem, quem cēperant, petīvērunt, ut Rōmam proficīscerētur et pācem ā Rōmānīs obtinēret ac permūtātiōnem captīvōrum faceret. Ille Rōmam cum vēnisset, inductus in senātum nihil quasi Rōmānus ēgit dīxitque sē ex illā diē, quā in potestātem Āfrōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsīsse. Itaque et uxōrem ā complexū remōvit et senātuī suāsit, nē pāx cum Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam habēre; sē tantī nōn esse, ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter ūnum sē et senem et paucōs, quī ex Rōmānīs captī fuerant, redderentur. Itaque obtinuit, nam Āfrōs pācem petentēs nūllus admīsit. Ipse Carthāginem rediit, offerentibusque Rōmānīs, ut eum Rōmae tenērent, negāvit sē in eā urbe mānsūrum, in quā, postquam Āfrīs servierat, digni- tātem honestī cīvis habēre nōn posset. Regressus igitur ad Āfricam omnibus suppliciīs extīnctus est.

4ē. THE AEGATES ISLANDS

The decisive event of this war was the battle off the Aegates Islands in 241 B.C.

C. Lutātiō Catulō A. Postumiō Albīnō cōnsulibus, annō bellī Pūnicī vīcēsimō et tertiō Catulō bellum contrā Āfrōs commis-

l

0

-4

25 15

36 SECOND LATIN BOOK 45. 3

sum est. Profectus est cum trecentīs nāvibus in Siciliam; Āfrī contrā ipsum quadringentās parāvērunt. Numquam in marī tantīs cōpiīs pugnātum est. Lutātius Catulus nāvem aeger ascendit; vulnerātus enim in pugnā superiōre fuerat. Contrā Lilybaeum, cīvitātem Siciliae, pugnātum est ingentī virtūte Rōmānōrum. Nam tx11ī Carthāginiēnsium nāvēs captae sunt, cxXxVv dēmersae, xxxnr mīlia hostium capta, xii mīlia occīsa, īnfīnītum aurī, argentī, praedae in potestātem Rōmānōrum redāctum. Ex classe Rōmānā xII nāvēs dēmersae. Pugnātum est vi īdūs Mārtiās. Statim pācem Carthāginiēnsēs petīvērunt tribūtaque est hīs pāx. Captīvī Rōmānōrum, quī tenēbantur ā Carthāginiēnsibus, redditī sunt. Etiam Carthāginiēnsēs petī- vērunt, ut redimī eōs captīvōs licēret, quōs ex Āfrīs Rōmānī tenēbant. Senātus iussit sine pretiō eōs darī, quī in pūblicā custōdiā essent; quī autem ā prīvātīs tenērentur, ut pretiō dominīs redditō Carthāginem redīrent atque id pretium ex fiseō magis quam ā Carthāginiēnsibus solverētur.

The results of the first Punic war were (1) the Romans gained con- trol of all Sicily except the territory of Hiero: (2) Rome became a

maritime poer and mistress of the sea; (8) Carthage paid in tribute to Rome the whole cost of the war

48. THE SECOND PUNIC WaR

Carthage had made peace with Rome because her own strength was exhausted, and not because she had recognized the justice of Roman claims. After biding her time for twenty-three years she agaīn took up the struggle in the second Punic war (218-201 5.C.). This was precipitated by Hannibal’s attack upon Saguntum, a coast town in southern Spain, which Rome claimed as an ally.

Eōdem annō bellum Pūnicum secundum Rōmānīs inlātum est per Hannibalem, Carthāginiēnsium ducem, quī Saguntum, Hispāniae cīvitātem Rōmānīs amīcam, oppugnāre adgressus est, annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, cōpiīs congregātīs cL mīlium. Huic Rōmānī per lēgātōs dēnūntiāvērunt, ut bellō abstinēret. Is lēgātōs admittere nōluit. Rōmānī etiam Carthāginem mīsērunt, ut mandārētur Hannibalī, nē bellum

47. 17] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY s?7

contrā sociōs populī Rōmānī gereret. Dūra respōnsa ā Carthā- giniēnsibus data sunt. Saguntīnī intereā famē victī sunt, captīque ab Hannibale ultimīs poenīs adficiuntur. Bellum Carthāginiēnsibus indictum est.

Tum P. Cornēlius Scīpiō cum exercitū in Hispāniam pro- fectus est, Ti. Semprōnius in Siciliam. Hannibal relictō in Hispāniā frātre Hasdrubale Pȳrēnaeum trānsiit. Alpēs, adhūc eā parte inviās, sibi patefēcit. Trāditur ad Italiam LXXX mīlia peditum, X mīlia equitum, septem et xXxXxX ele- phantōs addūxisse. Intereā multī Ligurēs et Gallī Hannibalī sē coniūnxērunt. Semprōnius Gracchus cognitō ad Italiam Hannibalis adventū ex Siciliā exercitam Arīminum trāiēcit.

47. HANNIBAL’S SUCCESSES IN ITALY

Hannibal invaded Italy by way of the Alps, and was met by Roman arms on the Italian side. Then followed the battles of the Ticinus (218 B.C.), the Trebia (218), Lake Trasumenus (217), and Cannae (216), in which the Romans were constantly defeated.

P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Hannibalī prīmus occurrit. Commissō proeliō, fugātīs suīs ipse vulnerātus in castra rediit. Sem- prōnius Gracchus et ipse cōnflīgit apud Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Hannibalī multī sē in Italiā ūēdidērunt. Inde ad Tusciam veniēns Hannibal Flāminiō cōnsulī occurrit. Ipsum Flāminium interēmit; Rōmānōrum XxXvV mīlia caesa sunt, cēterī diffūgērunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem posteā ā Rōmānīs Q. Fabius Maximus. Is eum differendō pugnam ab impetū frēgit, mox inventā occāsiōne vīcit.

Quīngentēsimō et quadrāgēsimō annō ā conditā urbe L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varrō contrā Hannibalem mit- tuntur Fabiōque succēdunt, quī abiēns ambō cōnsulēs monuit, ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem, nōn aliter vincerent quam proelium differendō. vVērum, cum impatientiā Varrōnis cōnsulis, contrādīcente alterō cōnsule, id est Aemiliō Paulō, apud vīcum, quī Cannae appellātur, in Āpūliā pugnā- tum esset, ambō cōnsulēs ab Hannibale vincuntur. In eā

G4— 38 SECOND LATIN BOOK [aī7. 18

pugnā tria mīlia Āfrōrum pereunt; magna pars dē exercitū

Hannibalis sauciātur. Nūllō tamen proeliō Pūnicō bellō 2 Rōmānī gravius acceptī sunt. Periit enim in eō cōnsul Aemi-

lius Paulus, cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī xx, senātōrēs captī aut

occīsī xxx, nōbilēs virī ccc, mīlitum XL mīlia, equitum 111

mīlia et quīngentī. In quibus malīs nēmō tamen Rōmānōrum

pācis mentiōnem habēre dignātus est. Servī, quod numquam 258 ante, manūmissī et mīlitēs factī sunt.

Post eam pugnam multae Italiae cīvitātēs, quae Rōmānīs pāruerant, sē ad Hannibalem trānstulērunt. Hannibal Rōmānīs obtulit, ut captīvōs redimerent, respōnsumque est ā senātū eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī essent, capī potuis-

3 sent. Ille omnēs posteā variīs suppliciīs interfēcit et trēs modiōs ānulōrum aureōrum Carthāginem mīsit, quōs ex mani- bus equitum Rōmānōrum, senātōrum et mīlitum dētrāxerat.

48. THE RoOMAN RESPECT FOR AN OATH

The following incident of the days following the battle of Cannae is related by Aulus Gellius, and illustrates the Roman respect for an oath, recalling the story of Regulus as told in 44.

Post proelium Cannēnse Hannibal ex captīvīs nostrīs ēlēctōs decem Rōmam mīsit, mandāvitque eīs pactusque est, ut, eī populō Rōmānō vidērētur, permūtātiō fieret captīvōrum et prō hīs, quōs alterī plūrēs acciperent, darent argentī pondō lībram

5 et sēlībram. Hoc, priusquam proficīscerentur, iūs iūrandum eōs adēgit, reditūrōs esse in castra Pūnica, sī Rōmānī captīvōs nōn permūtārent.

Veniunt Rōmam decem captīvī. Mandātum Poenī imperā- tōris in senātū expōnunt. Permūtātiō senātuī nōn placet.

io Parentēs, cognātī adfīnēsque captīvōrum amplexī eōs postlī- miniō in patriam redīsse dīcēbant, statumque eōrum integrum incolumemque esse, ac, nē ad hostēs redīre vellent, ōrābant. Tum octō ex hīs postlīminium iūstum nōn esse sibi respondē- runt, quoniam iūre iūrandō vīnctī forent, statimque, utī iūrātī 15 erant, ad Hannibalem profectī sunt. Duo reliquī Rōmae

49. 138] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 39

mānsērunt solūtōsque sē esse ac līberātōs religiōne dīcēbant, quoniam, cum ēgressī castra hostium fuissent, commentīciō cōnsiliō regressī eōdem, tamquam ob aliquam fortuītam causam īssent, atque ita rūrsum iniūrātī abīssent. Haec eōrum fraudu- lenta calliditās tam esse turpis exīstimāta est, ut contemptī m vulgō sint cēnsōrēsque eōs posteā omnibus ignōminiae notīs adfēcerint.

Multīs autem in senātū placuit, ut datīs custōdibus ad Han- nibalem dēdūcerentur, sed ea sententia numerō plūrium, quibus id nōn vidērētur, superāta. Usque adeō tamen invīsī erant, ut ss taediō vītae necem sibi cōnscīvissent.

Instead of marching straight upon Rome from Cannae as his generals advised him to do, Hannibal remained in southern Italy, many nations of which joined his standard, and spent the winter at Capua.

49. THE BATTLE OF THE METAURUS RIVER: THE BEGINNING OF THE END

Meanwdhile, in Spain and Sicily affairs had been more favorable to the Romans, while in Italy Hannibal seemed to have reached the acme of his success at Cannae, and to be now on the decline. In 211 B. C. the Romans besieged Capua, captured it and took a bloody revenge upon the inhabitants. Hannibal then summoned from Spain his brother Hasdrubal, who, meeting the Romans at the Metaurus river (B.C. 207), was defeated and slain and his army cut to pieces-

Dēspērāns Hannibal Hispāniās contrā Scīpiōnem diūtius posse retinērī, frātrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Italiam cum omnibus cōpiīs ēvocāvit. Is veniēns eōdem itinere, quō etiam Hannibal vēnerat, ā cōnsulibus Ap. Claudiō Nerōne et M. Līviō Salīnā- tōre apud Sēnam, Pīcēnī cīvitātem, in īnsidiās compositās incidit. Strēnuē tamen pugnāns occīsus est; ingentēs eius cōpiae captae aut interfectae sunt, magnum pondus aurī atque argentī Rōmam relātum est. Post haec Hannibal diffīdere iam dē bellī coepit ēventā. Rōmānīs ingēns animus accessit; itaque et ipsī ēvocāvērunt ex Hispāniā P. Cornēlium Scīpiōnem. i0 Is Rōmam cum ingentī glōriā vēnit.

Q. Caeciliō L. Valeriō cōnsulibus omnēs cīvitātēs, quae in Bruttiīs ab Hannibale tenēbantur, Rōmānīs sē trādidērunt.

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50. IIANNIBAL RECALLED TO DEFEND AFRICA

This was the last of the war in Italy In 204 B.C. the Romans under Scipio invaded Africa, and Hannibal was recalled from Italy to pro- tect his own country.

Annō quārtō decimō posteāquam in Italiam Hannibal vēnerat, Scīpiō, quī multa bene in Hispāniā ēgerat, cōnsul est factus et in Āfricam missus. Cui virō dīvīnum quiddam inesse exīsti- mābātur, adeō ut putārētur etiam cum nūminibus habēre

5 sermōnem. Is in Āfricā contrā Hannōnem, ducem Āfrōrum, pugnat; exercitum eius interficit. Secundō proeliō castra capit cum quattuor mīlibus et quīngentīs mīlitibus, xr mīlibus occīsīs. Syphācem, Numidiae rēgem, quī sē Āfrīs coniūnxerat, capit et castra eius invādit. Syphāx cum nōbilissimīs Numidīs

io et īnfīnītīs spoliīs Rōmam ā Scīpiōne mittitur. Quā rē audītā omnis ferē Italia Hannibalem dēserit. Ipse ā Carthāginiēnsībus redīre in Āfricam iubētur, quam Scīpiō vāstābat.

51. THE BATTLE OF ZAMA: THE END OF THE WaAER

Efforts for peace made by the Carthaginians proved unsuccessful, and in 202 B.C. the opposing forces under Scipio and Hannibal met in the final and decisive battle of Zama, in which the army of Carthage was annihilated, and the long struggle ended.

Ita annō septimō decimō ab Hannibale Italia līberāta est. Lēgātī Carthāginiēnsium pācem ā Scīpiōne petīvērunt; ab eō ad senātum Rōmam missī sunt. Quadrāgintā et quīnque diēbus hīs indūtiae datae sunt, quousque īre Rōmam et regredī pos-

5 sent; et trīgintā mīlia pondō argentī ab hīs accepta sunt. Senātus ex arbitriō Scīpiōnis pācem iussit cum Carthāginiēnsi- bus fierī. Scīpiō hīs condiciōnibus dedit: nē amplius quam trīgintā nāvēs habērent, ut quīngenta mīlia pondō argentī darent, captīvōs et perfugās redderent.

i0 Interim Hannibale veniente ad Āfricam pāx turbāta est, multa hostīlia ab Āfrīs facta sunt. Lēgātī tamen eōrum ex urbe venientēs ā Rōmānīs captī sunt, sed iubente Scīpiōne dīmissī. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliīs victus ā Scī-

62. 8] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 41

piōne petit etiam ipse pācem. Cum ventum esset ad conloquium, īsdem condiciōnibus data est, quibus prius, additīs quīngentīs mīlibus pondō argentī centum mīlibus lībrārum propter novam perfidiam. Carthāginiēnsibus condiciōnēs displicuērunt iussē- runtque Hannibalem pugnāre. Infertur ā Scīpiōne et Masinissā, aliō rēge Numidārum, quī amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne fēcerat, Carthāginī bellum. Hannibal trēs explōrātōrēs ad Scīpiōnis castra mīsit, quōs captōs Scīpiō circumdūcī per castra iussit ostendīque hīs tōtum exercitam, mox etiam prandium darī

dīmittīque, ut renūntiārent Hannibalī quae apud Rōmānōs.

vīdissent.

Intereā proelium ab utrōque duce īnstrūctum est, quāle vix ūllā memoriā fuit, cum perītissimī virī cōpiās suās ad bellum ēdūcerent. Scīpiō victor recēdit paene ipsō Hannibale captō, quī prīmum cum multīs equitibus, deinde cum vīgintī, postrēmō cum quattuor ēvāsit. Inventa in castrīs Hannibalis argentī pondō vīgintī mīlia, aurī octōgintā, cētera supellectilis cōpiōsa. Post id certāmen pāx cum Carthāginiēnsibus facta est. Scīpiō Rōmam rediit, ingentī glōriā triumphāvit atque Āfricānus ex eō appellārī coeptus est. Fīnem accēpit secundum Pūnicum bellum post annum nōnum decimum, quam coeperat.

52. HANNIBAL’S ESTIMATE OF ScīPIO (Viri Romae)

Hannibal fled to the king of Bithynia forrefuge, but, being demanded by the Romans, took his own life by means of poison. The following anecdote is told of an interview between him and Scipio, in which Hannibal’s estimate of Scipio as a general is given.

Hannibal ā Scīpiōne victus suīsque invīsus, ad Antiochum Syriae rēgem, cōnfūgit eumque hostem Rōmānīs fēcit. Missī sunt Rōmā lēgātī ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scīpiō Āfri- cānus; quī cum Hannibale Ephesī conlocūtus ab eō quaesīvit, quem fuisse maximum imperātōrem crēderet. Respondit Han- nibal, Alexandrum, Macedonum rēgem, maximum sibi vidērī, quod parvā manū innumerābilēs exercitūs fūdisset. Quaerentī deinde, quem secundum pōneret, ‘“Pyrrhum,” inquit, “quod

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prīmus castra mētārī docuit nēmōque illō ēlegantius loca cēpit et praesidia disposuit.” Scīscitantī dēnique, quem tertium dūceret, sēmet ipsum dīxit. Tum rīdēns Scīpiō ‘“‘Quidnam tū dīcerēs,”” inquit, ‘“sī mē vīcissēs?” ‘“CFum mē vērō,” respondit Hannibal, ‘“et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnēs aliōs imperātōrēs posuissem.”” Ita imprōvīsō adsentātiōnis genere Scīpiōnem ē grege imperātōrum velut inaestimābilem sēcernēbat.

The results of the second Punic war were that Carthage, the old rival of Rome, became a dependent state and bound herself to gēx an ānnual war tax of two hundred talents for fifty years; that she also pledged herself to wage no war at home or abroad without the consent of Rome; that Rome became undisputed mistress of the sea: that Spain became a Roman province and the Roman power was extended over the native tribes of Africa; and that the Roman sway over Italy was still more firmly established. The way was now open for the next step in conquest —Greece and the east.

53. THE THIRD PUNIC WAR: DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE

Having got Carthage so far within her power, Rome was not con- tent that her rival should ever again enjoy prosperity; and during the next fifty years she was by every means working toward that end which in 1ōī7 B.C. Cato began to voice with constant iteration, ‘“Car- thage must be destroyed.” Upon the flimsy pretext that Carthage had banished some partisans of Masinissa, an ally of Rome, war was again declared against Carthage, and after a three years’ siege s180- 146 B.C.) Carthage was taken and completely destroyed, and Africa became a Roman province.

Tertium deinde bellum contrā Carthāginem suscipitur, sex- centēsimō et alterō ab urbe conditā annō, L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō cōnsulibus, annō quīnquāgēsimō prīmō postquam secundum Pūnicum trānsāctum erat. Hī profectī Carthā- ginem oppugnāvērunt. Contrā eōs Hasdrubal, dux Carthāgi- niēnsium dīmicābat. Famea, dux alius, equitātuī Carthāgi- niēnsium praeerat. Scīpiō tunc, Scīpiōnis Āfricānī nepōs, tribūnus ibi mīlitāītat. Huius apud omnēs ingēns metus et reverentia erat, nam et parātissimus ad dīmicandum et cōn-

10 sultissimus habēbātur. Itaque per eum multa ā cōnsulibus

prōsperē gesta sunt, neque quicquam magis vel Hasdrubal vel

54. s] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 43

Famea vītābant, quam contrā eam Rōmānōrum partem com- mittere, ubi Scīpiō dīmicāret.

Per idem tempus Masinissa, rēx Numidārum, per annōs sexā- gintā ferē amīcus populī Rōmānī, annō vītae nōnāgēsimō septimō mortuus quadrāgintā quattuor fīliīs relictīs Scīpiōnem dīvīsōrem rēgnī inter fīliōs suōs esse iussit.

Cum igitur clārum Scīpiōnis nōmen esset, iuvenis adhūc cōn- sul est factus et contrā Carthāginem missus. Is eam cēpit ac dīruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variārum cīvitātum excidiīs Carthāgō conlēgerat, et ōrnāmenta urbium cīvitātibus Siciliae, Italiae, Āfricae reddidit, quae sua recognōscēbant. Ita Carthāgō septingentēsimō annō, quam condita erat, dēlēta est. Scīpiō nōmen, quod avus eius accēperat, meruit, scīlicet ut propter virtūtem etiam ipse Āfricānus iūnior vocārētur.

54. THE CONQUEST OF GREECE: DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH

But not Carthage alone during all these years was suffering under Roman aggression. One by one pretexts for war had been sought with the different states of Greece, and one by one they had been reduced to Roman dependencies; until at last the destruction of Cor- inth in the very year in which Carthage was destroyed (146 B.C. completed the work of the conquest of Greece. In that year Macedo- nia ame a Roman province, whose governor also had the supervi- sion of all the communities of Greece.

Corinthiīs quoque bellum indictum est, nōbilissimae Graeciae cīvitātī, propter iniūriam lēgātōrum Rōmānōrum. Hanc Mummius cōnsul cēpit et dīruit. Trēs igitur Rōmae simul celeberrimī triumphī fuērunt: Āfricānī ex Āfricā, ante cuius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metellī ex Macedoniā, cuius currum praecessit Andriscus, īdem quī et Pseudophilippus, Mummī ex Corinthō, ante quem signa aēnea et pictae tabulae et alia urbis clārissimae ōrnāmenta praelāta sunt.

ēēō. A CENTURY OF CIVIL STRIFE

Rome has now reached the summit of conquest. Other foreign wars there will be, but unimportant in comparison with those which have

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made Rome mistress not only of Italy, but also of Sicily, Spain, AĀfrica, and Greece. And now the inevitable reaction is to be expected. The people of Rome have not prospered with her prosperity. Vast tracts of newly acquired land have not added to their estate, but have fallen under the control of the ruling nobles: vast numbers of captives have been brought to Rome as slaves only to displace the Roman peasant in all kinds of profitable employment. Now that Roman aggressive wars no longer occupy the interest and activity of the nation, the masses find themselves more and more unable to make an honest living. Hence the immemorial struggle between the masses and the classes breaks out anew, and civil dissensions ensue destined to last a full cen- tury. At first it is a struggle of the real champions of the ple against the oligarchical senate, and later it is the clashing of rival leaders, each claiming to represent the interests of one or the other side, but in reality seeking to advance his own private ambitions.

Tiberius Gracchus, representing the people as one of their tribunes, attempted to gain relief for them by the passage of agrarian laws which should give the masses their share in the benefits of the pubilic lands. The result of his agitatīions was that he was mobbed and Killed in 133 B.C. by the senatorial party. Twelve years later, the same fate overtook his brother Caius, who also championed the people against the senate.

56. CAIUS MARIUS

The popular party found its next leader in Caius Marius. He, by bringing to a successful issue the war with the African prince Jugur- tha (111-104 8.C.), a war which had been shamefully mismanaged by the oligarchy, and by annihilating the hordes of Cimbri and Teutons who threatened to overwhelm Italy from the north (102, 101 s.C.), became the first man of the state in popularity, and was repeatedly elected consul. But as a statesman he did not show the same strength and judgment which had made him great as a general. Gross errors of judgment lost him popularity with the people. The senate already hated him. In the civil struggle which followed between the popular party under Marius (88 B.C.) and the senatorial party headed by Sulla, the iatter triumphed and Marius was outlawed. The following striking incident is told of nis life in exile:

Marius hostēs persequentēs fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit. Sed paulō post repertus extractusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus, iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in custōdiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum

5 occīdendum servus pūblicus, nātiōne Cimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset: ‘“Cūne, homō, ” inquit, “C. Marium audōbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus ille ac tremēns

ē. 20] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 145

abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdere clāmitāns. Mearius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant, ē carcere io ēmissus est.

57. SULLA SUPREME IN ROME

Once more, in the absence of Sulla upon his campaign in the east against Mithradates,. Marius returned to Rome (86 B.C.) and was again, for the seventh time, elected consul. A bloody proscription of the senatorial party followed, a reign of terror. The first Mithradatic war concluded, Sulla hurried back to Rome (83B. C.), and completely crusnh- ing the Marian party took bloody revenge upon them.

Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs, Dal- matās et Maedōs partim vīcit, aliōs in fidem accēpit. Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithradāte, quī pācem petēbant, vēnissent, nōn aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respondit, nisi rēx relictīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad rēgnum suum redīsset. Posteā tamen ad s conloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs ōrdināta est, ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaeā atque Asiā Mithradātēn vincit, Marius, quī fugātus erat, et Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex cōn- sulibus, bellum in Italiā reparāvērunt et ingressī urbem Rōmam 10 nōbilissimōs ē senātū et cōnsulārēs virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et uxōrem ad fugam compulērunt. Universus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugi- ēns ad Sullam in Graeciam vēnit, ōrāns, ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in Italiam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus adversus Nor- i15 bānum et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum dīmicāvit nōn longē ā Capuā. Tunc sex mīlia eius cecīdit, sex mīlia cēpit, cXxīv suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad Scīpiōnem sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum eius exercitum sine sanguine in dēditiōnem accēpit. 20

58. THE RISE OF POMPEĒIUS

Sulla was now supreme in Rome and ruled, in the interests of the oligarchical party, as absolute monarch under the name of dictator until 79 B.C., when, to the surprise of all parties, he resigned his dictatorship and retired to private life. Reactionary movements agaīnst the oligarchy at once set in: the insurrection of Lepidus, one

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of the consuls opposed to the oligarchy, who, collecting an army in Etruria, actually marched upon Rome; the attempt of Sertorius, a representative of the Marian party, to make head against the senate in Spain; the war with the gladiators, who, under Spartacus, rose by thousands against their Roman masters. An additional source of trouble was the Svēnincreasing power and boldness of the pirates who infested the seas. These troublous times brought to the front another great figure in Roman history, Cnaeus Pompeius. It was he who put down Lepidus, brought the war with Sertorius in Spain to a successful issue, followed up the victory of Crassus over the gladiators with a final crushing blow, and in a brilliant naval campaign of less than six months utterly swept the pirates from the sea (66 B.C.). He crowned this series of successes by the conquest of Mithradates and the termination of that long-drawn-out war (63 s.C.).

Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant ita, ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompeiō dēcrētum est, quod intrā pau- cōs mēnsēs ingentī et fēlīcitāte et celeritāte cōnfēcit. Mox eī dēlātam etiam bellum contrā Mithradātēn et Tigrānēn. Quō susceptō Mithradātēn in Armeniā Minōre nocturnō proeliō vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā mīlia eius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū suō perdidit et duōs centuriōnēs. Mithra- dātēs cum uxōre fūgit et duōbus comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in suōs saevīret, Pharnacis, fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus venēnum hausit. Hunc fīnem habuit Mithradātēs. Periit autem apud Bosporum, vir ingen- tis industriae cōnsiliīque. Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā Rōmānōs bellum habuit annīs quadrāgintā.

59. THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE

The year 63 B.C. was made memorable at Rome by the conspiracy of Catiīine during the consulship of Cicero.

M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus, annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō nōnō, L. Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī prāvissimī, ad dēlendam patriam coniūrāvit cum quibusdam clārīs quidem, sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne urbe expulsus est. Sociī eius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus proeliō est interfectus.

ē0ō. 16] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 47

60. THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE: JULIUS CAESAR CONSUL

Pompeius returned to Rome in 61 s.c. In the following year a coalition was formed between Pompeius, Crassus, who was at that time one of the richest men in Rome, and Julius Caesar, who was then just coming into prominence because of his brilliant military successes in Spain. The object of this triumvirate (as it is called) was to obtain grants of land for Pompeius’s veterans, to secure official ratification of all his acts in the east, and to raise Caesar to the consulship. Of these three men, Caesar was, by early circumstances and family connections, of the Marian party; Crassus, the devoted friend of Caesar, naturally inclined to him; and Pompeius, while having more affiliations with the senate than with the popular party, had present ends to gain which were not in favor with the senate.

Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C., when, with much hbitter opposition of the senate, he secured the passage of Pompeius’s agrarian law and the ratification of that general’s acts in the east. Caesar, at the end of his consulship, secured the government of Gaul for five years.

Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et īllyricum cum legiōnibus decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō per bella gravissima usque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem annīs novem ferē omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia passuum. BIri- tannīs mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum nē nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum erat, eōsque victōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs fēcit. Galliae autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit stīpendium quadringentiēs, Germānōsque trāns Rhē- num adgressus immānissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs ter male pugnāvit, apud Arvernōs semel praesēns et absēns in Germāniā bis; nam lēgātī eius duo, Titūrius et Auruncu- leius, per īnsidiās caesī sunt.

6l. CIvVIL WAR BETWEEN POMPEY AND CAĒSAR

In 53 B.C. occurred the death of Crassus, and in the following year owing to the anarchy that prevailed in Rome because of the conflict of classes, Pompeius, who had inclined more and more to the senate, was elected sole consul. He now saw that with Caesar out of

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the way he himself would be sole ruler in Rome. His program was therefore to deprive Caesar of his army by recalling him from Gaul, and at the same time to prevent him from standing again for the con- sulship. This program was carried out by the senate through the influence of Pompeius. ;

Caesar, instead of obeying the mandate of the senate to disband his army, crossed the Rubicon, which separated his province from Italy, and marched upon Rome. This meant another civil war, headed by Caesar, who claimed to represent the popular party, on the one side, and by Pompeinus, for the oligarchical party. on the other. It is clear that each had his own personal ambitions to serve, quite apart from people or senate. As Caesar marched upon the city (49 s.C.) Pompeius fled to Greece, whither most of the nobles followed him.

Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit execrandum et lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt, etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum atque ita ut

5 sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum est a Mār- cellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompeiō, ā Catōne, iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter quam iniūriam ab Arī- minō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat, adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompeiō senātusque omnis

i0 atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe fūgit et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud Epīrum, Macedoniam, Achaeam Pompeiō duce senātus

contrā Caesarem bellum parāvit.

62. THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS

The two armies met in the decisive contest of the war at Pharsalus in Thessaly (48 B.C.), in which Pompeius’s forces, although greatly outnumbering those of his opponent, were defeated.

Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictātōrem sē fēcit. Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompeī exercitūs validissimōs et fortis- simōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Āfrāniō, M. Petreiō, M. Varrōne, superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit, adversum

5s Pompeium dīmicāvit. Prīmō proeliō victus est et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius sequī nōluit, dīxitque Caesar nec Pompeium scīre vincere et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde in Thessaliā apud Palaeopharsā-

es. 11] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 49

lum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt. Pom- peī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum, equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō quīngentōs, praetereā tōtīus orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, innumerōs senātōrēs, praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī magnōrum iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent. Caesar in aciē suā habuit peditum nōn integra XxX mīlia, equitēs mīlle.

Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque maiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus convēnerant, tōtum terrārum orbem facile subāctūrae, sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur. Pugnātum tum est ingentī contentiōne, victusque ad postrēmum Pom- peius et castra eius dīrepta sunt. Ipse fugātus Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cui tūtor ā senātū datus fuerat prop- ter iuvenīlem eius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam secūtus occīdit Pompeium, caput eius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō Caesar etiam lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns caput et generī quondam suī.

63. CAESAR SUPREME IN ROME: HIS ASSASSINATION

Two other battles, at Thapsus in Africa (46 s.C.) and Munda in

s in (45 B.C.), crushed all opposition of the nobles and left Caesar

lute master of the Roman world. But the time was not. yet ripe

īor a monarch at Rome; and in the following yoax (44 B.C.) Caesar was assassinated in the senate house.

Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe compositīs Rōmam rediit. Agere īnsolentius coepit et contrā cōnsuētūdinem Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā voluntāte praestāret, quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec senātuī: ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia ac paene tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est in eum ā sexāgintā vel amplius senātōribus equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī prīmus Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expu- lerat, et C. Cassius et Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar, cum

15

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vulneribus cōnfossus est.

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64. CXESAR AVENGED AT PHBILIPPI

The conspirators,. led by Brutus and Cassius, seem to have had no definite plan of action to follow the death of Caesar. But neither senate nor people ratified the act of the “liberators.” Antonius, the favorite minister of Caesar, at the funeral of his dead chief so inflamed the people against the murderers that Brutus and Cassius fled from the oitx for their lives.

ut Antonius, while professedly acting in the interests of the state, was in reality scheming to make himself master in place of Caesar, when the young Octavius, adopted son and heir of Caesar, arrived in Rome, and assumed the rights of his inheritance. He greatly strength- ened his position with both senate and people by skillful diplomacy. Antonius on his way to Cisalpine Gaul to assume command of the prov- ince which had been given him by the people was opposed by Decimus Brutus, whom the senate had previously placed over that province. By a temporary combination between Brutus and Ōctavius, who offered his services to the senate, Antonius was defeated at Mutina and compelled to flee. Though Octavius thus had every reason to count Antonius his enemy, he formed with him and Lepidus in 43 B.C. that coalition known as the second triumvirate. Antonius and Octavius then crossed over to Greece, where, in the battle of Pnilippi (42 s.C.), they met and defeated the forces of Brutus and Cassius.

Fugātus Antōnius āmissō exercitū cōnfūgit ad Lepidum, quī Caesarī magister equitum fuerat et tam mīlitum cōpiās grandēs habēbat, ā quō susceptus est. Mox Lepidō operam dante Caesar pācem cum Antōniō fēcit et quasi vindicātūrus patris suī mor- tem, ā quō per testāmentum fuerat adoptātus, Rōmam cum exercitū profectus, extorsit ut sibi vīcēsimō annō cōnsulātus darētur. Senātum prōscrīpsit, cum Antōniō ac Lepidō rem pūblicam armīs tenēre coepit. Per hōs etiam Cicerō ōrātor occīsus est multīque aliī nōbilēs.

Intereā Brūtus et Cassius, interfectōrēs Caesaris, ingēns bellum mōvērunt; erant enim per Macedoniam et Orientem multī exercitūs, quōs occupāverant; profectī sunt igitur con- trā eōs Caesar Octāviānus Augustus et M. Antōnius, remānserat enim ad dēfendendam Italiam Lepidus. Apud Philippōs, Macedoniae urbem, contrā eōs pugnāvērunt. Prīmō proeliō victī sunt Antōnius et Caesar, periit tamen dux nōbilitātis Cassius, secundō Brūtum et īnfīnītam nōbilitātem, quae cum illīs bellum gesserat, victam interfēcērunt. Ac sīc inter eōs dīvīsa est rēs pūblica, ut Augustus Hispāniās, Galliās et Ita-

ēē. 6] ROMAN TRADITIONS AND HISTORY 51

liam tenēret, Antōnius Asiam, Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Italiā m L. Antōnius cōnsul bellum cīvīle commōvit, frāter eius, quī cum Caesare contrā Brūtum et Cassium dīmicāverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tusciae cīvitātem, victus et captus est, neque occīsus.

65. BATTLE OF AcTIUM: END OF CIVIL STRIFE

After this battle the triumvirs divided the empire among them- selves. But Lepidus was de d from his position because of treach- ery in 36 s.C., and between the two remaining rivals constant quarrels and reconciliations continued, until in 31 B.C. the inevitable clash of ambitions came. The result of the battle of Actium in that year was that Octavianus was left where Caesar had stood after Pharsalus— master of the world.

Hic quoque ingēns bellum cīvīle commōvit cōgente uxōre Cleopātrā, rēgīnā Aegyptī, dum cupiditāte muliebrī optat etiam in urbe rēgnāre. Victus est ab Augustō nāvālī pugnā clārā et inlūstrī apud Actium, quī locus in Ēpīrō est, ex quā fūgit in Aegyptum et, dēspērātīs rēbus, cum omnēs ad Augustum trāns- s īrent, ipse sē interēmit. Cleopātra sibi aspidem admīsit et venēnō eius extīncta est. Aegyptus per Octāviānum Augustum imperiō Rōmānō adiecta est praepositusque eī C. Cornēlius Gallus. Hunc prīmum Aegyptus Rōmānum iūdicem habuit.

I1II. THE PERIOD OF THE EMPIRE

86. Avuacusrus EMPEROR

Augustus, warned by the example of Caesar, gradually but surely absorbed every power of the state, and finally stood clothed in form, as he had long been in fact, with the absolute powers of a monarch— the first Roman emperor.

Ita bellīs tūtō orbe cōnfectīs Octāviānus Augustus Rōmam rediit, duodecimō annō quam cōnsul fuerat. Ex eō rem pūbli- cam per quadrāgintā et quattuor annōs sōlus obtinuit, ante enim duodecim annīs cum Antōniō et Lepidō tenuerat. Ita ab initiō prīncipātūs eius usque ad fīnem quīnquāgintā et sex s annī fuērunt. Obiit autem septuāgēsimō sextō annō morte

52 SECOND LATIN BOOK [ē].7

commūnī in oppidō Campāniae Ātellā. Rōmae in campō Mārtiō sepultus est, vir quī nōn immeritō ex maximā parte deō similis est putātus, neque enim facile ūllus eō aut in

io bellīs fēlīcior fuit aut in pāce moderātior. Quadrāgintā et quattuor annīs, quibus sōlus gessit imperium, cīvīlissimē vīxit, in cūnctōs līberālissimus, in amīcōs fīdissimus, quōs tantīs ēvexit honōribus, ut paene aequāret fastīgiō suō.

THE LIFE OF JULIUS CAESAR

(Viri Romae)

C. Iūlius Caesar, nōbilissimā Iūliōrum genitus familiā, annum agēns sextum et decimum patrem āmīsit. Cornēliam, Cinnae fīliam, dūxit uxōrem; cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimīcissi- mus, is Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiāret; neque id potuit efficere. Quārē Caesar bonīs spoliātus cum etiam ad necem quaererētur, mūtātā veste nocte urbe ēlāpsus est et quamquam tunc quārtānae morbō labōrābat, prope per singulās noctēs latebrās commūtāre cōgēbātur; et comprehēnsus ā Sullae lībertō, nē ad Sullam perdūcerētur vix datā pecūniā ēvāsit. Postrēmō per propinquōs et adfīnēs suōs veniam impetrāvit.

5 i

Satis cōnstat Sullam, cum dēprecantibus amīcissimīs et

ōrnātissimīs virīs aliquamdiū dēnegāsset atque illī pertināciter contenderent, expugnātum tandem prōclāmāsse; vincerent, dummodo scīrent eum, quem incolumem tantō opere cuperent, aliquandō optimātium partibus, quās sēcum simul dēfendissent, exitiō futūrum; nam Caesarī multōs Mariōs inesse.

Stīpendia prīma in Asiā fēcit. In expugnātiōne Mitylēnā- rum corōnā cīvicā dōnātus est. Mortuō Sullā Rhodum sēcē- dere statuit, ut per ōtium Apollōniō Molōnī, tunc clārissimō dīcendī magistrō, operam daret. Hūc dum trāicit, ā praedōni- bus captus est mānsitque apud eōs prope quadrāgintā diēs. Per omne autem illud spatium ita sē gessit, ut pīrātīs pariter terrōrī venerātiōnīque esset. Comitēs interim servōsque ad expediendās pecūniās, quibus redimerētur, dīmīsit. Vīgintī talenta pīrātae postulāverant: ille quīnquāgintā datūrum sē spopondit. Quibus numerātīs cum expositus esset in lītore,

.t

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cōnfestim Mīlētum, quae urbs proximē aberat, properāvit ibique contractā classe invectus in eum locum, in quō ipsī praedōnēs erant, partem classis fugāvit, partem mersit, aliquot nāvēs cēpit pīrātāsque in potestātem redāctōs eō suppliciō, quod illīs saepe minātus inter iocum erat, adfēcit crucīque suffīxit.

Quaestōrī ulterior Hispānia obvēnit. Quō profectus cum Alpēs trānsīret et ad cōnspectum pauperis cuiusdam vīcī comitēs per iocum inter sē disputārent, num illīc etiam esset ambitiōnī locus, sēriō dīxit Caesar mālle sē ibi prīmum esse quam Rōmae secundum. Dominātiōnis avidus ā prīmā aetāte rēgnum concupīscēbat semperque in ōre habēbat hōs Eurīpidis,

Gpraecī poētae, versūs:

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45

60

Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā Violandum est; aliīs rēbus pietātem colās.

Cumque Gādēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, ani- madversā apud Herculis templum magnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus ignāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem

terrārum subēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captan-

dās quam prīmum maiōrum rērum occāsiōnēs in urbe.

Aedīlis praeter comitium ac forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvit porticibus. Vēnātiōnēs autem lūdōsque et cum collēgā M. Bibulō et sēparātim ēdidit: quō factum est ut commūnium quoque impēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōnium effūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret, sibi opus esse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.

Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem cum Gnaeō Pompeiō et Mārcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur in rē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgem tulit, ut ager Campānus plēbī dīviderētur. Cui lēgī cum senā- tus repugnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus collēga in forum vēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut fascēs eī frangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs forō expellerētur. Quārē cum Bibulus per reliquaum annī tempus domō abditus cūriā abstinēret, ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar

e7. se] THE LIFE OF JULIUS CAĒSAR 55

omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitrium administrābat, ut nōn nūllī

urbānōrum, sī quid testandī grātiā signārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, cōnsulibus Caesare et Bibulō āctum scrīberent, sed Iūliō et Caesare, ūnum cōnsulem nōmine et cognōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.

Fūnctus cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. Gessit autem novem annīs, quibus in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāne Rhēnum incolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō adgres- sus maximīs adfēcit clādibus. Adgressus est Britannōs, ignō- tōs anteā, superātīsque pecūniās et obsidēs tmperāvit. Hīc cum multa Rōmānōrum mīlitum īnsignia nārrantur, tum illud ēgregium ipsīus Caesaris, quod nūtante in fugam exercitū raptō fugientis ē manū scūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. īdem aliō proeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam conversum faucibus comprehēnsum in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramque ad hostem tendēns: ‘“Quōrsum tū,” inquit, “abīs? Illīc sunt, cum quibus dīmicāmus.”” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnum trepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.

Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,

Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompeiō, generī socerīque con-.

cordiam tenēbat, statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pom- peiō suspectae Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompeiāna dignitās gravis, nec hic ferēbat parem, nec ille superiōrem. Itaque cum Caesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discē- deret, postulāsset, ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī, alterum cōnsulātum petere, ā senātū suādentibus Pompeiō eiusque amīcīs negātum eī est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus in Italiam rediit et bellandum ratus, cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī prōvinciae eius fīnis erat, trānsiīt. Hoc ad flūmen paulum cōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns, quantum mōlīrētur, conversus ad proximōs: ‘“Etiam nunc,” inquit, “regredī pos- sumus; quodsī ponticulum trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.”” Postrēmō autem: “Iacta ālea estō!”” exclāmāns,

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exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsque urbibus occupātīs Brundi- sium contendit, quō Pompeius cōnsulēsque cōnfūgerant. Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar eōs secūtus ā i00 Brundisiō Dyrrachium inter oppositās classēs gravissimā hieme trānsmīsit; cōpiīsque, quās subsequī iusserat, diūtius cessanti- bus, cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinus ēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clam nāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē agnōscerētur,

108 et quamquam mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinus dīrigī nāvigium iubet, et gubernātōre trepidante, ‘“Quid timēs? tnquit, ‘“Caesarem vehis!” neque prius guber- nātōrem cēdere adversae tempestātī passus est, quam paene obrutus esset flūctibus.

110 Deinde Caesar in ĒEpīrum profectus Pompeium Pharsālicō proeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cognōvit, Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompeiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoque īnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontum trānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithradātis fīlium, rebellantem et multiplicī

ns successū praeferōcem intrā quīntum ab adventū diem, quattuor quibus in cōnspectum vēnit hōrīs ūnā prōflīgāvit aciē mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit, absces- sit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris, ante victum hos- tem esse quam vīsum. Ponticō posteā triumphō trium verbōrum

12 praetulit titulam: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” Deinde Scīpiōnem et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompeiānārum partium in XĀfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.

Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gaium Caesarem gravius excēpit Hispāniēnse, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magnī fīlius, adulēscēns for-

5 tissimus, ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs paternī nōminis magnitūdinem sequentium ex tōtō orbe cōn- fluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sed nūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium, adeō ut, plūs quam duhiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō

130 cōnsistēnsque ante recēdentem suōrum aciem, increpāns for- tūnam, quod sē in eum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret miīli-

ēq7. 166] THE LIFE OF JULIUS CAESAR 5

tibus, vestīgiō sē nōn recessūrum; proinde vidērent, quem et quō locō imperātōrem dēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, ignōvit et quīnquiēs triumphāvit.

Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reī pūblicae statum fāstōs corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlis accommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset et intercalāriō mēnse sublātō ūnus diēs quārtō quōque annō intercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit. Repe- tundārum convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. Peregrī- nārum mercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem praecipuē sūmptu- āriam exercuit. Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque imperiō plūra ac maiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūs cīvīle ad certum modum redigere atque ex inmēnsā lēgum cōpiā optima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōn- ferre librōs; bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās maximās posset, pūblicāre; siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam mūnīre ā marī superō per āpennīnī dorsum ad Tiberim usque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant, coērcēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.

Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictā- tor enim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum ad sē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret, monentem īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius, Caesaris in omnibus bellīs comes et tunc cōnsulātūs collēga, capitī eius in sellā aureā sedentis prō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsigne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eō est repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidē- rētur. Quārē coniūrātum in eum est ā sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque, eum īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.

Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant dī immortaālēs. Uxor Calpurnia territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Idibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteret, ōrābat et Spūrinna haruspex pracdīxerat ut pro-

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ximōs diēs trīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat īdūs Mārtiae. Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae, ‘“Ecquid scīs,” inquit, ‘“Idūs Mārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is: ‘“Ecquid scīs,

1m0 illās nōndum praeterīsse?”” Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senā- tum vēnisset, adsīdentem cōnspīrātī speciē officiī circumstetē- runt īlicōque ūnus, quasi aliquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque ab utrōque umerō togam adprehendit. Deinde clāmantem, ‘“Ista quidem vīs est,” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs,

1m adversum vulnerat paulum īnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae brāchīum arreptum graphiō trāiēcit cōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein ut animadvertit, undique sē strictīs pūgiōnibus petī, togā caput obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. Cum Mārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō

iso habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset, dīxisse fertur: ‘“Cū quoque, mī fīlī!”

Inllud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit, tālem eī mortem paene ex sententiā obtigisss. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem lēgisset, Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē

1ss fūnere suō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque optāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō super cēnam, quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnum inopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā morte

iso dēfūnctus est. Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, pars proeliō; nōn nūllī sēmet eōdem illō pūgiōne, quō Caesarem violāverant, interēmērunt.

Quō rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, hōc laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī clēmentis-

105 simē ūsus est; cum enim scerīnia dēprehendisset epistulārum ad Pompeium missārum ab iīs, quī vidēbantur aut in dīversīs aut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combussit, nē forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblīvīscī solēret

20 nisi iniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs occāsiōne oblātā libēns dēpo- suit. Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa eius adver-

e7. 219] THE LIFE OF JULIUS CAESAR 59

sum sē epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculīs fāmam suam lacerātam nōn ignōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memnmiī suffrāgātor in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asper- rimās fuisse eius in sē ōrātiōnēs sciēbat.

Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā, ōre paulō plēniōre, nigrīs vegetīsque oculīs, capite calvō; quam calvitiī dēfōrmitātem, quod saepe obtrectātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat- Ideō ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn alium aut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae perpetuō gestandae. Vīnī parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidem negāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est, ūnum ex omnibus Caesarem ad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in agmine nōn numquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seu sōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritāte cōnficiēbat, ut persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eum morābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs ūtribus trāiciēbat.

210

215 PART II

CAESAR’S GALLIC Wau

Books 2, 3, 4, and selections from j3, 6, ?7

61

CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR

BOOK 1

It was in the year 58 B.C. that Caesar entered on hnis task as pro consul of the Gallic Province. Grave dangers confronted him, and problems of the utmost importance to the Roman state had already arīisen. The roving warrior tribes of the north, always restless, were a constant menace to Rome’s Gallic territory, and even to Rome her- self. Clear heads realized that the terrors of the invasion of the Cim- bri and Teutons might be repeated, when there was no Marius at hand to turn back the horde of invaders. The man who could render Rome’s Gallic possessions secure, and who could extend her domain to the north as the great commanders of the past had extended it to the south, west, and east, was the man who would best serve the Roman poopie. and who might most surely expect their gratitude and the

avors they had to bestow. It was with an entire realization of these facts that Caesar began his work. His own story is told in the Com- mentaries. Simple, direct, and clear, the narrative is at once an admirable military history and a revelation of the sagacious, energetic, fearless character of the man who wrote it.

Book 1 opens with a description of Gaul and its divisions, which were comparatively unfamiliar to the Roman people. The second chapter bogins the story of the Helvetii, who lived in what is now Switzerland, and of their great migration. Seeing their opportunity in the dissensions of the Gallic tribes, and dissatisfied with the narrow bounds of their own country, they made ready to emigrate, bag and baggage, to the open plains of southwestern France. After some internal dissensions, and two years’ preparation, they burned their towns and boldly turned westward from their mountain home.

Of the two roads by which they could set out, the one, more diffi- cult, lay through the territories of the Sequani: the other led through the Roman Province. The Helvetii chose the latter, and began their journey.

Caesar heard the news, and hurried to Geneva. It was no part of his purpose to allow a great and warlike tribe to introduce a new ele- ment of disturbance among the restless Gauls and leave the German frontier thus unproteoted. He resolutely checked the advance of the Helvetii through the Province; they turned to the other route. But it lay through the territory of the Haedui, who were Rome’s allies. They complained, and Caesar, who had made haste to gather his troops, had a fair excuse for interference. He cut to pieces one canton of the Helvetii; he parleyed with braggart Helvetian ambassadors, and kept steadily in pursuit of the migrating host. But he was becoming

es

64 SECOND LATIN BOOK

embarrassed for want of provisions. The grain which the Haedui were to supply him was not arriving according to their promise. They kept putting him off, and Caesar’s suspicions were aroused. Investigation disclosed the fact that Gallic politics was at the bottom of the trouble. Diviciacus, a high official of the Haeduan state, was a stanch friend of Caesar and the Romans, while his brother Dumnorix., the idol of the common people, was the inveterate foe of the Roman influence, and was secretly using his power to aid the Helvetii and defeat the purposes of Caesar. ēassar contented himself with repri- manding and warning the offender; Diviciacus apologized for his brother’s course, and the campaign was resumed. Finally the two armies faced each other near Bibracte; a long and fierce battle ensued, and after a bloody slaughter, the Helvetii were totally defeated. The remnant of the nation, amounting to 110,000, turned back to Switxer- land at the command of their conqueror, to hold the frontier against ossible German invasion. The first great blow had been struck for ome.

Ambassadors now came from many Gallic states to congratulate the victor and look after their own interests. Caesar, they thought, was the man to help them. with Gallic emotion they disclosed their troubles. Two factions, they said, had rent the peace of Gaul for many years, one headed by the Haedui, the other by the Arverni. The latter and their allies, the Sequani, in an evil hour had called upon the Germans for aid. The Germans had come, had put down the Haedui, and finding the Gallic lands to their liking, had continued to come in ever-increasing numbers. Now the tyranny of Ariovistus, their king, had grown unbearable. Would Caesar aid the Gauls?ī Caesar would; he asked no better opportunity.

An embassy was at once sent to the German king to ask a con- ference. Ariovistus replied haughtily; Caesar sent an ultimatum: Ariovistus must bring no more Germans into Gaul; he must give back his hostages and leave the Haedui unmolested. Ariovistus replied more haughtily; he had conquered the Gauls, and would act as he pleased. If the Romans wanted to fight, said he, let them try it; they would soon learn the prowess of the valorous Germans. Complaints kept coming in from the harassed Gauls; Caesar saw that war was inevitable. Preventing a mutiny which threatened to arise among his men, on account of their fear of the German warriors, he marched toward the army of Ariovistus, which was advancing southward from the Rhine. The German king now demanded a conference in his turn. Caesar acceded, but negotiations were abruptly broken off by the seizure and detention of two Roman envoys. Nothing was left but a resort to arms.

After some maneuvering, a bloody conflict took place, in which the Germans were totally routed. Caesar’s envoys were rescued; Ariovis- tus, however, escaped across the Rhine. he result was decisive. The hordes of the Suebi, hurrying to enter Gaul. turned back disheart- ened from the river. Another campaign was finished; a second blow had been struck for Rome. Caesar led his army into winter quarters, and himself went south to Cisalpine Gaul, to hold the proconsular courts for the winter.

S.6] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 65

BOOK 2

1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, ita utī suprā dēmōn- The Betgae strāvimus, crēbrī ād eum ramōrēs ādferēbantur forma. , litterīsque item Labiēnī certior fīēbat omnēs Belgās, ggainst ta quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dīxerāmus, con-

trā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare. Coniūrandī hās esse causās: prīmum quod verēren- tur, nē omnī pācātā Galliā ad eōs exercitus noster addūcerētur; deinde, quod ab nōn nūllīs Gallīs sollicitārentur, partim quī, ut Germānōs diūtius in Galliā versārī nōluerant, ita populī Rōmānī exercitum hiemāre atque inveterāscere in Galliā molestē ferēbant, partim quī mōbilitāte et levitāte animī novīs imperiīs studēbant, ab nōn nūllīs etiam, quod in Galliā ā potentiōribus atque iīs, quī ad condūcendōs hominēs facultātēs habēbant, vulgō rēgna occupābantur, quī minus facile eam rem imperiō nostrō cōnsequī poterant.

2. Hīs nūntiīs litterīsque commōtus Caesar duās legiōnēs in citeriōre Galliā novās cōnscrīpsit et initā aestāte, in ulteriōrem Caesar Galliam quī dēdūceret, Q. Pedium lēgātum mīsit. Tnacns nem. Ipse, cum prīmum pābulī cōpia esse inciperet, ad

exercitam vēnit. Dat negōtium Senonibus reli- quīsque Gallīs, quī fīnitimī Belgīs erant, utī ea, quae apud eōs gerantur, cognōscant sēque dē hīs rēbus certiōrem faciant. Hī cōnstanter omnēs nūntiāvērunt manūs cōgī, exercitum in ūnum locum condūcī. Tum vērō dubitandum nōn exīstimāvit, quīn ad eōs proficīscerētur. Rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā castra movet diēbusque circiter xv ad fīnēs Belgārum pervenit.

S. Eō cum dē imprōvīsō celeriusque omnium opīniōne vēnis- set, Rēmī, quī proximī Galliae ex Belgīs sunt, ad eum lēgātōs Ihe Remi Iccīum et Andebrogium, prīmōs cīvitātis, mīsērunt, āunender to quī dīcerent sē suaque omnia in fidem atque potestā-

tem populī Rōmānī permittere, neque sē cum reliquīs Belgīs cōnsēnsisse neque contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāsse,

16 ee SECOND LATIN BOOK 18. 7

parātōsque esse et obsidēs dare et imperāta facere et oppidīs recipere et frūmentō cēterīsque rēbus iuvāre; reliquōs omnēs Belgās in armīs esse, Germānōsque, quī cis Rhēnum incolant,

10 sēsē cum hīs coniūnxisse, tantumque esse eōrum omnium furō- rem, ut nē Suessiōnēs quidem, frātrēs cōnsanguineōsque suōs, quī eōdem iūre et īsdem lēgibus ūtantur, ūnum imperium ūnumque magistrātum cum ipsīs habeant, dēterrēre potuerint, quīn cum hīs cōnsentīrent.

4. Cum ab iīs quaereret, quae cīvitātēs quantaeque in armīs essent et quid in bellō possent, sīc reperiēbat: plērōsque Belgās Inegrigin o l ōruas n ormans heumau- antīquitus trā- tne Reu propter locī fertilitātem ibi cōnsēdisse Gal-

g forces. lōsque, quī ea loca incolerent, expulisse sōlōsque esse, quī patrum nostrōrum memoriā omnī Galliā vexātā, Teutonōs Cimbrōsque intrā suōs fīnēs ingredī prohibuerint; quā ex rē fierī, utī eārum rērum memoriā magnam sibi auctōritātem magnōsque spīritūs in rē mīlitārī sūmerent. Dē

10 numerō eōrum omnia sē habēre explōrāta Rēmī dīcēbant, proptereā quod propinquitātibus adfīnitātibusque coniūnctī, quantam quisque multitūdinem in commūnī Belgārum conciliō ad id bellum pollicitus sit, cognōverint. Plūrimum inter eōs Bellovacōs et virtūte et auctōritāte et hominum numerō

15 valēre: hōs posse cōnficere armāta mīlia centum; pollicitōs ex eō numerō ēlēcta mīlia cx, tōtīusque bellī imperium sibi postulāre. Suessiōnēs suōs esse fīnitimōs; fīnēs lātissimōs ferācissimōsque agrōs possidēre. Apud eōs fuisse rēgem nostrā etiam memoriā Dīviciācum, tōtīus Galliae potentissimum, quī

20 cum magnae partis hārum regiōnum, tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: nunc esse rēgem Galbam: ad hunc propter iūstitiam prūdentiamque summam tōtīus bellī omnium voluntāte dēferrī; oppida habēre numerō xi11, pollicērī mīlia armāta L; totidem Nerviōs, quī maximē ferī inter ipsōs habe-

258 antur longissimēque absint; xv mīlia Atrebātēs, Ambiānōs x mīlia, Morinōs xxv mīlia, Menapiōs vii mīlia, Caletōs x mīlia, Veliocassēs et Viromanduōs totidem, Atuatucōs xvIīIī mīlia;

8. 11] CAEĒSAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 67

Condrūsōs, Eburōnēs, Caerōsōs, Caemānōs, quī ūnō nōmine Germānī appellantur, arbitrārī ad XL mīlia.

5. Caesar Rēmōs cohortātus līberāliterque ōrātiōne prōse- cūtus omnem senātum ad sē convenīre prīncipumque līberōs obsidēs ad sē addūcī iussit. Quae omnia ab hīs dīligenter Caesa-. 2d diem facta sunt. Ipse Dīviciācum Haeduum ēncampson inagnopere cohortātus docet, quantō opere reī pūbli- Adsne- cae commūnisque salūtis intersit manūs hostium distinērī nē cum tantā multitūdine ūnō tempore cōnflīgendum sit. Id fierī posse, sī suās cōpiās Haeduī in fīnēs Bellovacōrum intrōdūxerint et eōrum agrōs populārī coeperint. Hīs datīs mandātīs, eum ā sē dīmittit. Postquam omnēs Belgārum cōpiās in ūnum locum coāctās ad sē venīre vīdit neque iam longē abesse ab iīs quōs mīserat explōrātōribus et ab Rēmīs cognōvit, flūmen Axonam, quod est in extrēmīs Rēmōrum fīni- bus, exercitum trādūcere mātūrāvit atque ibi castra posuit. Quae rēs et latus ūnum castrōrum rīpīs flūminis mūniēbat et, post eum quae erant, tūta ab hostibus reddēbat, et commeātūs ab Rēmīs reliquīsque cīvitātibus ut sine perīculō ad eum portārī possent efficiēbat. In eō flūmine pōns erat. Ibi praesidium pōnit et in alterā parte flūminis Q. Titūrium Sabī- num lēgātum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. Castra in altitū- dinem pedum X1ī1 vāllō fossāque duodēvīgintī pedum mūnīrī iubet.

6. Ab hīs castrīs oppidum Rēmōrum nōmine Bibrax aberat mīlia passuum vr11. Id ex itinere magnō impetū Belgae oppug- nāre coepērunt. Aegrē eō diē sustentātum est. Gallōrum Bibrax, being ē8dem atque Belgārum oppugnātiō est haec. Ubi āuagīāmu circumiectā multitūdine hominum tōtīs moenibus ūsdsar42. undique in mūrum lapidēs iacī coeptī sunt mūrusque aid. dēfēnsōribus nūdātus est, testūdine factā portās succēdunt mūrumque subruunt.. Quod tum facile fīēbat. Nam cum tanta multitūdō lapidēs ac tēla coicerent, in mūrō cōnsistendī potestās erat nūllī. Cum fīnem oppugnandī nox fēcisset, Iccius Rēmus, summā nōbilitāte et grātiā inter suōs,

10

20 10

ōv

10

1ō

68 SECOND LATIN BOOK [6. 12

quī tum oppidō praeerat, ūnus ex iīs, quī lēgāti dē pāce ad Caesarem vēnerant, nūntiōs ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittātur, sēsē diūtius sustinēre nōn posse.

T7. Eō dē mediā nocte Caesar īsdem ducibus ūsus, quī nūntiī ab Icciō vēnerant, Numidās et Crētās sagittāriōs et funditōrēs Caesar cem. Baleārēs subsidiō oppidānīs mittit; quōrum adventū Dos the 2a- et Rēmīs cum spē dēfēnsiōnis studium prōpugnandī the sieye. accessit, et hostibus eādem dē causā spēs potiundī oppidī discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morātī agrōsque Rēmōrum dēpopulātī omnibus vīcīs aedificiīsque, quō adīre potuerant, incēnsīs ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiīs contendērunt et ā mīlibus passuum minus duōbus castra posuē- runt; quae castra, ut fūmō atque ignibus significābātur, amplius mīlibus passuum vi11 in lātitūdinem patēbant.

8. Caesar prīmō et propter multitūdinem hostium et propter eximiam opīniōnem virtūtis proeliō supersedēre statuit; cotīdiē The ammies tamen equestribus proeliīs, quid hostis virtūte posset are encamped et, quid nostrī audērent, perīclitābātur. Ubi nostrōs

against each . . . - other. Deserip- nōn esse īnferiōrēs intellēxit, locō prō castrīs ad

m4na aciem īnstruendam nātūrā oportūnō atque idōneō, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex plānitiē ēditus tantum adversus in lātitūdinem patēbat, quantum locī aciēs īnstrūcta occupāre poterat, atque ex utrāque parte lateris dēiectūs habēbat et in frontem lēniter fastīgātus paulātim ad plānitiem redībat, ab utrōque latere eius collis trānsversam fossam obdūxit circiter passuum cccc et ad extrēmās fossās castella cōnstituit ibique tormenta conlocāvit, nē, cum aciem īnstrūxisset, hostēs, quod tantum multitūdine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantēs suōs circumvenīre possent. Hōc factō, duābus legiōnibus, quās proximē cōnscrīpserat, in castrīs relictīs, ut, sī quō opus esset, subsidiō dūcī possent, reliquās vi legiōnēs prō castrīs in aciō cōnstituit. Hostēs item suās cōpiās ex castrīs ēductās īnstrūxērunt.

9. Palūs erat nōn magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitaum. Hanc sī nostrī trānsīrent hostēs expectābant;

i1. 3] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK2 69

nostrī autem, sī ab illīs initium trānseundī fieret, ut impedītōs Tne Betga. 2dgrederentur, parātī in armīs erant. Interim proe- ttempt 1o 1Iiō equestrī inter duās aciēs contendēbātur. Ubi neu- river. trī trānseundī initium faciunt, secundiōre equitum proeliō nostrīs Caesar suōs in castra redūxit. Hostēs prōtinus ex eō locō ad flūmen Axonam contendērunt, quod esse post nostra castra dēmōnstrātum est. Ibi vadīs repertīs partem suā- rum cōpiārum trādūcere cōnātī sunt eō cōnsiliō ut, sī possent, castellum, cui praeerat Q. Titūrius lēgātus, expugnārent pontemque interscinderent, sī minus potuissent, agrōs Rēmō- rum populārentur, quī magnō nōbīs ūsuī ad bellum gerendum erant, commeātūque nostrōs prohīibērent.

I0. Caesar certior factus ab Titūriō omnem equitātum et levis armātūrae Numidās, funditōrēs sagittāriōsque ponte trādūcit atque ad eōs contendit. Xcriter in eō locō pugnātum est. Hostēs impedītōs nostrī in flūmine adgressī magnum eōrum numerum occīdērunt: per eōrum corpora reliquōs au- m ere dācissimē trānsīre cōnantēs multitādine tēlōrum pulsed anaZ reppulērunt, prīmōsque, quī trānsierant, equitātū

determineto , u5. 4 nāgī i return to circumventōs interfēcērunt. Hostēs ubi et dē expug-

r home.nandō oppidō et dē flūmine trānseundō spem sē fefel- lisse intellēxērunt neque nostrōs in locum inīquiōrem prōgredī pugnandī causā vīdērunt, atque ipsōs rēs frūmentāria dēficere coepit, conciliō convocātō, cōnstituērunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque revertī et, quōrum in fīnēs prīmum Rōmānī exercitum intrōdūxissent, ad eōs dēfendendōs undique convenī- rent, ut potius in suīs quam in aliēnīs fīnibus dēcertārent et domesticīs cōpiīs reī frūmentāriae ūterentur. Ad eam senten- tiam cum reliquīs causīs haec quoque ratiō eōs dēdūxit, quod Dīviciācum atque Haeduōs fīnibus Bellovacōrum adpropinquāre cognōverant. Hīs persuādērī, ut diūtius morārentur neque suīs auxilium ferrent, nōn poterat.

11. Eā rē cōnstitūtā secundā vigiliā magnō cum strepitū ac tumultū castrīs ēgressī nūllō certō ōrdine neque imperiō, cum sibi quisque prīmum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenīre

70 SECOND LATIN BOOK 11. 4

properāret, fēcērunt, ut cōnsimilis fugae profectiō vidērētur. 5 Eno Romans Hāc rē statim Caesar per speculātōrēs cognitā īnsidiās

īnīncngm veritus, quod quā dē causā discēderent, nōndum per-

heavy losses. spexerat, exercitum equitātumque castrīs continuit.

Prīmā lūce cōnfirmātā rē ab explōrātōribus, omnem equitātum,

quī novissimum agmen morārētur, praemīsit. Hīs Q. Pedium i0 et L. Aurunculeium Cottam lēgātōs praefēcit. T. Labiēnum

lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus subsequī iussit. Hī novissimōs adortī et multa mīlia passuum prōsecūtī magnam multitūdinem eōrum fugientium concīdērunt, cum ab extrēmō agmine, ad quōs ventum erat, cōnsisterent fortiterque impetum nostrōrum i18 mīlitum sustinērent, priōrēs, quod abesse ā perīculō vidērentur, neque ūllā necessitāte neque imperiō continērentur, exaudītō clāmōre perturbātīs ōrdinibus omnēs in fugā sibi praesidium pōnerent. Ita sine ūllō perīculō tantam eōrum multitūdinem nostrī interfēcērunt, quantum fuit diēī spatium, sub occāsum 2 sōlis sequī dēstitērunt sēque in castra, ut erat imperātum, recēpērunt.

12. Postrīdiē eius diēī Caesar, priusquam sē hostēs ex terrōre ac fugā reciperent, in fīnēs Suessiōnum, quī proximī Rēmīs erant, exercitum dūxit et magnō itinere ad oppidum Noviodū- num contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnāre cōnātus, quod vacu- um ab dēfēnsōribus esse audiēbat, propter lātitūdinem fossae

mūrīque altitūdinem paucīs dēfendentibus expug-

he Sutīma nāre nōn potuit. Castrīs mūnītīs, vīneās agere quae- Lestsom que ad oppugnandum ūsuī erant comparāre coepit. Interim omnis ex fugā Suessiōnum multitūdō in oppi-

io dum proximā nocte convēnit. Celeriter vīneīs ad oppidum āctīs, aggere iactō turribusque cōnstitūtīs magnitūdine operum, quae neque vīderant ante Gallī neque audierant, et celeritāte

Rōmānōrum permōtī lēgātōs ad Caesarem dē dēditiōne mittunt

et, petentibus Rēmīs ut cōnservārentur, impetrant.

13. Caesar, obsidibus acceptīs prīmīs cīvitātis atque ipsīus

Galbae rēgis duōbus fīliīs armīsque omnibus ex oppidō trāditīs,

in dēditiōnem Suessiōnēs accipit exercitumque in Bellovacōs

en

15. 13] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—-BOOK 2 71

dūcit. Quī cum sē suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium Caesarmarch. contulissent, atque ab eō oppidō Caesar cum exer- ā.ugamattne citū circiter mīlia passuum v abesset, omnēs maiōrēs 2ho aps2 to nātū ex oppidō ēgressī manūs ad Caesarem tendere

et vōce significāre coepērunt sēsē in eius fidem ac potestātem venīre neque contrā populum Rōmānum armīs contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi pōneret, puerī mulierēsque ex mūrō passīs manibus suō mōre pācem ab Rōmānīs petiērunt.

14. Prō hīs Dīviciācus (nam post discessum Belgārum dīmissīs Haeduōrum cōpiīs ad eum reverterat) facit verba: Bellovacōs 5 omnī tempore in fidē atque amīcitiā cīvitātis Haeduae pieads for fuisse: impulsōs ab suīs prīncipibus, quī dīcerent

Haeduōs ā Caesare in servitūtem redāctōs omnēs indignitātēs contumēliāsque perferre, et ab Haeduīs dēfēcisse et populō Rōmānō bellum intulisse. Quī eius cōnsiliī prīncipēs fuissent, quod intellegerent quantam calamitātem cīvitātī intulissent, in Britanniam profūgisse. Petere nōn sōlum Bellovacōs, sed etiam prō hīs Haeduōs, ut suā clēmentiā ac mānsuētūdine in eōs ūtātur. Quod sī fēcerit, Haeduōrum auctōritātem apud omnēs Belgās amplificātūrum, quōrum au- xiliīs atque opibus, sī qua bella inciderint, sustentāre cōnsuērint.

1. Caesar honōris Dīviciācī atque Haeduōrum causā sēsē eōs in fidem receptūrum et cōnservātūrum dīxit; et quod erat n2nhūr num multitūdine praestābat, DC obsidēs poposcit. surrender - 2 35L= . - : 3 2 : and that oī Hīs trāditīs omnibusque armīs ex oppidō conlātīs ab Tne eustoms eō locō in fīnēs Ambiānōrum pervēnit, quī sē suaque ō the Nervit. Ntg” 2 252:1x i nī c

omnia sine morā dēdidērunt. Eōrum fīnēs Nerviī attingēbant; quōrum dē nātūrā mōribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sīc reperiēbat: Nūllum esse aditum ad eōs mercātōri- bus; nihil patī vīnī reliquārumque rērum ad lūxuriam perti- nentium īnferrī, quod iīs rēbus relanguēscere animōs et remittī virtūtem exīstimārent: esse hominēs ferōs magnaeque virtūtis, increpitāre atque incūsāre reliquōs Belgās, quī sē populō

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Rōmānō dēdidissent patriamque virtūtem prōiēcissent; cōn- i5 firmāre sēsē neque lēgātōs missūrōs neque ūllam condiciōnem pācis acceptūrōs.

18. Cum per eōrum fīnēs trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat ex captīvīs Sabim flūmen ā castrīs suīs nōn amplius mīlia pas- Ine Nerou, uum x abesse: trāns id flūmen omnēs Nerviōs īsqmat 2- cōnsēdisse adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum expectāre

5 greJau44 ūnā cum Atrebātibus et Viromanduis, fīnitimīs suīs

(nam hīs utrīsque persuāserant, utī eandem bellī

fortūnam experīrentur); expectārī etiam ab iīs Atuatucōrum

cōpiās atque esse in itinere: mulierēs, quīque per aetātem ad

pugnam inūtilēs vidērentur, in eum locum coniēcisse, quō io propter palūdēs exercituī aditus nōn esset.

17. Hīs rēbus cognitīs explōrātōrēs centuriōnēsque praemittit, quī locum castrīs idōneum dēligant. Cum ex dēditīciīs Belgīs

reliquīsque Gallīs complūrēs Caesarem secūtī ūnā īneu tam a iter facerent, quīdam ex hīs, ut posteā ex captīvīs 5 cognitum est, eōrum diērum cōnsuētūdine itineris nostrī exercitūs perspectā nocte ad Nerviōs pervēnērunt atque hīs dēmōnstrārunt inter singulās legiōnēs impedīmentōrum magnum numerum intercēdere, neque esse quicquam negōtiī, um prīma legiō in castra vēnisset reliquaeque legiōnēs magnum i0 spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinīs adorīrī; quā pulsā impedī- mentīsque dīreptīs futūrum, ut reliquae contrā cōnsistere nōn audērent. Adiuvābat etiam eōrum cōnsilium, quī rem dēferē- bant, quod Nerviī antīquitus, cum equitātū nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus eī reī student, sed quicquid possunt, i1s pedestribus valent cōpiīs) quō facilius fīnitimōrum equitātum, sī praedandī causā ad eōs vēnissent, impedīrent, tenerīs arboribus incīsīs atque īnflexīs crēbrīsque in lātitāūdinem rāmīs ēnātīs et rubīs sentibusque interiectīs effēcerant, ut īnstar mūrī hae saepēs mūnīmentum praebērent, quō nōn modo nōn intrārī, 20 sed nē perspicī quidem posset. Hīs rēbus cum iter agminis nostrī impedīrētur, nōn omittendum sibi cōnsilium Nerviī exīstimāvērunt.

30. 3] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 73

18. Locī nātūra erat haec, quem locum nostrī castrīs dēlē- gerant. Collis ab summō aequāliter dēclīvis ad flūmen Sabim, quod suprā nōmināvimus, vergēbat. Ab eō flūmine parī acclī- Desoriotion vitāte collis nāscēbātur, adversus hbuie et contrārius, ī tno hatiie passūs circiter cc īnfimus apertus, ab superiōre

parte silvestris, ut nōn facile intrōrsus perspicī posset. Intrā eās silvās hostēs in occuītō sēsē continēbant; in apertō locō secundum flūmen paucae statiōnēs equitum vidēbantur. Flūminis erat altitūdō pedum circiter trium. 19. Caesar equitātū praemissō subsequēbātur omnibus cōpiīs; sed ratiō ōrdōque agminis aliter sē habēbat, ac Fho quaex is Belgae ad Nerviōs dētulerant. Nam quod hostibus mutaeiss adpropinquābat, cōnsuētūdine suā Caesar vī legi- ōnēs expedītās dūcēbat; post eās tōtīus exercitūs impedīmenta conlocārat; inde duae legiōnēs, quae proximē cōn- serīptae erant, tōtum agmen claudēbant praesidiōque impedī- mentīs erant. Equitēs nostrī cum funditōribus sagittāriīsque flūmen trānsgressī cum hostium equitātū proelium commīsērunt. Cum sē illī identidem in silvās ad suōs reciperent ac rūrsus ex silvā in nostrōs impetum facerent, neque nostrī longius, quam quem ad fīnem porrēcta loca aperta pertinēbant, cēdentēs īnse- quī audērent, interim legiōnēs vi, quae prīmae vēnerant, opere dīmēnsō castra mūnīre coepērunt. Ubi prīma impedīmenta nostrī exercitūs ab iīs, quī in silvīs abditī latēbant, vīsa sunt, quod tempus inter eōs committendī proeliī convēnerat, ut intrā silvās aciem ōrdinēsque cōnstituerant, atque ipsī sēsē cōn- firmāverant, subitō omnibus cōpiīs prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostrōs equitēs fēcērunt. Hīs facile pulsīs ac prōturbātīs, incrēdibilī celeritāte ad flūmen dēcucurrērunt, ut paene ūnō tempore et ad silvās et in flūmine et iam in manibus nostrīs

hostēs vidērentur. Eādem autem celeritāte adversō colle ad nos-

tra castra atque eōs, quī in opere occupātī erant, contendērunt.

20. Caesarī omnia ūnō tempore erant agenda; vexillum prōpōnendum, quod erat īnsigne, cum ad arma concurrī oportēret, signum tubā dandum, ab opere revocandī mīlitēs,

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quī paulō longius aggeris petendī causā prōcesserant, arces- sendī, aciēs īnstruenda, mīlitēs cohortandī, signum

cacsars . dandum. Quārum rērum magnam partem temporis

fult. butthe bprevitās et incursus hostium impediēbat. Hīs diffi-

discipiined laisrs enow cultātibus duae rēs erant subsidiō, scientia atque

w .

ūsus mīlitum, quod superiōribus proeliīs exercitātī, quid fierī oportēret, nōn minus commodē ipsī sibi praescrībere quam ab aliīs docērī poterant, et quod ab opere singulīsque legiōnibus singulōs lēgātōs Caesar discēdere nisi mūnītīs castrīs vetuerat. Hī propter propinquitātem et celeritātem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectābant, sed per sē quae vidē- bantur administrābant.

21. Caesar, necessāriīs rēbus imperātīs, ad cohortandōs mīli- tēs, quam in partem fors obtulit, dēcucurrit et ad legiōnem deci- Caesar tn. mam dēvēnit. Mīlitēs nōn longiōre ōrātiōne cohor- īpeas nie, tātus, quam utī suae prīstinae virtūtis memoriam time is snort. retinērent neu perturbārentur animō hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinērent, quod nōn longius hostēs aberant, quam quō tēlum adigī posset, proeliī committendī signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandī causā profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitās hostium- que tam parātus ad dīmicandum animus, ut nōn modo ad īnsig- nia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeās induendās scūtīsque tegimenta dētrahenda tempus dēfuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem cāsū dēvēnit quaeque prīma signa cōnspexit, ad haec cōnstitit, nē in quaerendīs suīs pugnandī tempus dīmitteret.

22. īnstrūctō exercitū, magis ut locī nātūra dēiectusque collis et necessitās temporis, quam ut reī mīlitāris ratiō atque

ōrdō postulābat, cum dīversae legiōnēs aliae aliā in

īnhe natmī parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque dēnsissimīs,

āpas āaq. ut ante dēmōnstrāvimus, interiectīs prōspectus bios. impedīrētur, neque certa subsidia conlocārī neque, quid in quāque parte opus esset, prōvidērī neque ab ūnō omnia imperia administrārī poterant. Itaque in tantā rērum inīqui- tāte fortūnae quoque ēventūs variī sequēbantur.

24. 17] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 75

28. Legiōnis vriim et x mīlitēs, ut in sinistrā parte aciē cōnstiterant, pīlīs ēmissīs cursū ac lassitūdine exanimātōs The . vulneribusque cōnfectōs Atrebātēs (nam bīs ea pars lert ana cenire obvēnerat) celeriter ex locō superiōre in flūmen com- genenis īx. pulērunt et trānsīre cōnantēs īnsecūtī gladiīs mag- īunee ī: hnam partem eōrum impedītam interfēcērunt. Ipsī

trānsīre flūmen nōn dubitāvērunt et in locum inī- quum prōgressī rūrsus resistentēs hostēs redintegrātō proeliō in fugam coniēcērunt. Item aliā in parte dīversae duae legiō- nēs, XI et viIi, prōflīgātīs Viromanduīs, quibuscum erant congressae, ex locō superiōre in ipsīs flūminis rīpīs proeliā- bantur. At tōtīs ferē castrīs ā fronte et ā sinistrā parte nūdātīs, cum in dextrō cornū legiō x11 ot nōn magnō ab eā intervāllō vi11 cōnstitisset, omnēs Nerviī cōnfertissimō agmine duce Boduognātō, quī summam imperiī tenēbat, ad eum locum contendērunt; quōrum pars ab apertō latere legiōnēs circumvenīre, pars summum castrōrum locum petere coepit.

24. Eōdem tempore equitēs nostrī levisque armātūrae peditēs, quī cum iīs ūnā fuerant, quōs prīmō hostium impetū

pulsōs dīxeram, cum sē in castra reciperent, adversīs īhet fapture hostibus occurrēbant ac rūrsus aliam in partem sūā rīugts fagam petēbant, et cālōnēs, quī ab decumānā portā

ac summō iugō collis nostrōs victōrēs flūmen trāns- īsse cōnspexerant, praedandī causā ēgressī, cum respexissent et hostēs in nostrīs castrīs versārī vīdissent, praecipitēs fugae sēsē mandābant. Simul eōrum, quī cum impedīmentīs veniē- bant, clāmor fremitusque oriēbātur, aliīque aliam in partem perterritī ferēbantur. Quibus omnibus rēbus permōtī equitēs Trēverī, quōrum inter Gallōs virtūtis opīniō est singulāris, quī auxiliī causā ā cīvitāte missī ad Caesarem vēnerant, cum multi- tūdine hostium castra nostra complērī, legiōnēs premī et paene circumventās tenērī, cālōnēs, equitēs, funditōrēs, Numidās dispersōs dissipātōsque in omnēs partēs fugere vīdissent, dē- spērātīs notssīs rēbus domum contendērunt: Rōmānōs pulsōs

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superātōsque, castrīs impedīmentīsque eōrum hostēs potītōs cīvitātī renūntiāvērunt. 26. Caesar ab x legiōnis cohortātiōne aū dextrum cornū pro- fectus, ubi suōs urgērī signīsque in ūnum locum conlātīs xir legiōnis cōnfertōs mīlitēs sibi ipsōs ad pugnam esse

2ho Rmmam. impedīmentō vīdit, quārtae cohortis omnibus centu- place 2ōassar riōnibus occīsīs, signiferō interfectō, signō āmissō, in the bastia reliquārum cohortium omnibus ferē centuriōnibus the attacx. aut vulnerātīs aut occīsīs, in hīs prīmipīlō P. Sextiō Baculō, fortissimō virō, multīs gravibusque vulneribus

cōnfectō, ut iam sē sustinēre nōn posset, reliquōs esse tardiōrēs et nōn nūllōs ab novissimīs dēsertō locō proeliō excēdere ac tēla vītāre, hostēs neque ā fronte ex īnferiōre locō subeuntēs inter- mittere et ab utrōque latere īnstāre et rem esse in angustō vīdit neque ūllum esse subsidium, quod submittī posset, scūtō ab novis- simīs mīlitī dētractō, quod ipse eō sine scūtō vēnerat, in prīmam aciem prōcessit centuriōnibusque nōminātim appellātīs reliquōs cohortātus mīlitēs signa īnferre et manipulōs laxāre iussit, quō facilius gladiīs ūtī possent. Cuius adventū spē inlātā mīlitibus ac redintegrātō animō, cum prō sē quisque in cōnspectū

imperātōris etiam in extrēmīs suīs rēbus operam nāvāre cuperet,

paulum hostium impetus tardātus est.

26. Caesar cum vi11 legiōnem, quae iūxtā cōnstiterat, item urgērī ab hoste vīdisset, tribūnōs mīlitam monuit, ut paulātim Labienus a sēsē legiōnēs coniungerent et conversa signa in hostēs mūle aX. īnferrent. Quō factō, cum aliīs aliī subsidium ferrent, Juī gnauabes neque timērent, nē āversī ab hoste circumvenīrentur,

audācius resistere ac fortius pugnāre coepērunt. Interim mīlitēs legiōnum duārum, quae in novissimō agmine praesidiō impedīmentīs fuerant, proeliō nūntiātō cursū incitātō, in summō colle ab hostibus cōnspiciēbantur, et T. Labiēnus castrīs hostium potītus et ex locō superiōre, quae rēs in nostrīs castrīs gererentur, cōnspicātus, x legiōnem subsidiō nostrīs mīsit. Quī cum ex equitum et cālōnum fugā, quō in locō rēs esset, quantōque in perīculō et castra et legiōnēs et imperātor

29. 5] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 7?7

versārētur, cognōvissent, nihil ad celeritātem sibi reliquī fēcērunt.

27. Hōrum adventū tanta rērum commūtātiō est facta, ut nostrī, etiam quī vulneribus cōnfectī prōcubuiesent, scūtīe The tenth innīxī proelium redintegrārent, cālōnēs perter- legion io 25- ritōs hostēs cōnspicātī etiam inermēs armātīs occur- Jgsperate xe. rerent, equitēs vērō ut turpitūdinem fugae virtūte Nervitare dēlērent, omnibus in locīs pugnandō sē legiōnāriīs

mīlitibus praeferrent. At hostēs etiam in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut, cum prīmī eōrum cecidissent, proximī iacentibus īnsisterent atque ex eōrum cor- poribus pugnārent; hīs dēiectīs et coacervātīs cadāveribus, quī superessent ut ex tumulō tēla in nostrōs coicerent et pīla inter- cepta remitterent: ut nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis hominēs iūdicārī dēbēret ausōs esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimās rīpās, subīre inīquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimīs animī magnitūdō redēgerat.

28. Hōc proeliō factō et prope ad interneciōnem gente ac nōmine Nerviōrum redāctō, maiōrēs nātū, quōs ūnā cum

puerīs mulieribusque in aestuāria ac palūdēs coniectōs Fne sureimme dīxerāmus, hāc pugnā nūntiātā, cum victōribus Gro kindiu nihil impedītum, victīs nihil tūtum arbitrārentur,

omnium, quī supererant, cōnsēnsū lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt sōque eī dēdidērunt et in commemorandā cīvitātis calamitāte ex nc ad trēs senātōrēs, ex hominum mīlibus LX vix ad D, quī arma ferre possent, sēsē redāctōs esse dīxērunt. Quōs Caesar, ut in miserōs ac supplicēs ūsus misericordiā vidērētur, dīligentissimē cōnservāvit suīsque fīni- bus atque oppidīs ūtī iussit et fīnitimīs imperāvit, ut ab iniūriā et maleficiō sē suōsque prohibērent.

29. Atuatucī, dē quibus suprā dīximus, cum omnibus cōpiīs auxiliō Nerviīs venīrent, hāc pugnā nūntiātā ex itinere domum revertērunt; cūnctīs oppidīs castellīsque dēsertīs sua omnia in ūnum oppidum ēgregiē nātūrā mūnītum contulērunt. Quod

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tūsque habēret, ūnā ex parte lēniter acclīvis aditus in lātitū-

dinem nōn amplius pedum cc relinquēbātur; quem The Atuatuct icī altissimō mūrō mūni ; 2e;arīeu4 locum duplicī altissimō nyēsē mūnierant; tum magnī hesistance. ponderis saxa et praeacūtās trabēs in mūrō con-

Their origin. locābant. Ipsī erant ex Cimbrīs Teutonīsque prōgnātī, quī, cum iter in prōvinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, iīs impedīmentīs, quae sēcum agere ac portāre nōn poterant, citrā flūmen Rhēnum dēpositīs custōdiam ex suīs ac praesidium vi mīlia hominum ūnā relīquerant. Hī post eōrum obitum multōs annōs ā fīnitimīs exagitātī, cum aliās bellum īnferrent, aliās inlātum dēfenderent, cōnsēnsū eōrum omnium pāce factā hunc sibi domiciliō locum dēlēgerant. 30. Ac prīmō adventū exercitūs nostrī crēbrās ex oppidō excursiōnēs faciēbant parvulīsque proeliīs cum nostrīs conten- dēbant; posteā vāllō pedum Xi1, in circuitū xv before dos mīlium crēbrīsque castellīs circummīūnītī oppidō sēsē ccontinēbant. Ubi, vīneīs āctīs aggere extrūctō, turrim procul cōnstituī vīdērunt, prīmum inrīdēre ex mūrō atque increpitāre vōcibus, quod tanta māchinātiō ā tantō spatiō īnstituerētur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus vīribus prae- sertim hominēs tantulae statūrae (nam plērumque hominibus Gallīs prae magnitūdine corporum suōrum brevitās nostra con- temptuī est) tantī oneris turrim in mūrō sēsē posse conlocāre cōnfīderent? 31. Ubi vērō movērī et adpropinquāre mūrīs vīdērunt, novā atque inūsitātā speciē commōtī lēgātōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsērunt, quī ad hunc modum locūtī: nōn sē exīsti- Inevpīopase, māre Rōmānōs sine ope deōrum bellum gerere, quī heg to retain tantae altitūdinis māchinātiōnēs tantā celeritāte prō- movēre possent; sē suaque omnia eōrum potestātī permittere dīxērunt. UŌnum petere ac dēprecārī: sī forte prō suā clēmentiā ac mānsuētūdine, quam ipsī ab aliīs audīrent, statuisset Atuatucōs esse cōnservandōs, nē sē armīs dēspoliāret. Sibi omnēs ferē fīnitimōs esse inimīcōs ac suae virtūtī invidēre; ā quibus sē dēfendere trāditīs armīs nōn possent. Sibi praestāre,

8S. 20] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 2 79

sī in eum cāsum dēdūcerentur, quamvīs fortūnam ā populō Rōmānō patī, quam ab hīs per cruciātum interficī, inter quōs dominārī cōnsuēssent.

32. Ad haec Caesar respondit: Sē magis cōnsuētūdine suā

quam meritō eōrum cīvitātem cōnservātūrum, sī prius quam

Caesar re mūrum ariēs attigisset, sē dēdidissent; sed dēditiōnis

r 2 p ] 5 .. E] 0 a a ī - -

ceives their nūllam esse condiciōnem nisi armīs trāditīs. Sē surrender, . . . .. - 0 - - 0 , o -

demands id, quod in Nerviīs fēcisset, factūrum fīnitimīsque

arms. . - - - 303 - 6-- - - 2 -

imperātūrum, nē quam dēditīciīs populī Rōmānī

iniūriam īnferrent. Rē renūntiātā ad suōs, quae imperārentur,

facere dīxērunt. Armōrum magnā multitūdine dē mūrō in

fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iactā, sīe ut prope summam

mūrī aggerisque altitūdinem acervī armōrum adaequārent, et tamen circiter parte tertiā, ut posteā perspectum est, cēlātā atque in oppidō retentā, portīs patefactīs eō diē pāce sunt ūsī. 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portās claudī mīlitēsque ex oppidō exīre iussit, nē quam noctū oppidānī ā mīlitibus iniūriam acciperent. Illī ante initō, ut intellēctum est, cōn-

4 dospenata siliō, quod dēditiōne factā nostrōs praesidia dēductū-

cape by night rōs aut dēnique indīligentius servātūrōs crēdiderant, s

and a dread- : i . Iul pundsh- partim cum iīs, quae retinuerant et cēlāverant,

armīs, partim scūtīs ex cortice factīs aut vīminibus intextīs, quae subitō, ut temporis exiguitās postulābat, pellibus indūxerant, tertiā vigiliā, quā minimē arduus ad nostrās mūnī-

tiōnēs ascēnsus vidēbātur, omnibus cōpiīs repente ex oppidō io

ēruptiōnem fēcērunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperāverat, ignibus significātiōne factā, ex proximīs castellīs eō concursum est, pugnātumque ab hostibus ita ācriter est, ut ā virīs fortibus in extrēmā spē salūtis inīquō locō contrā eōs, quī ex vāllō

turribusque tēla iacerent, pugnārī dēbuit, cum in ūnā virtūte is

omnis spēs cōnsisteret. Occīsīs ad hominum mīlibus rr11, reliquī in oppidum reiectī sunt. Postrīdiē eius diēī, refrāctīs portīs, cum iam dēfenderet nēmō, atque intrōmissīs mīlitibus nostrīs sectiōnem eius oppidī ūniversam Caesar vēndidit. Ab iīs,

quī ēmerant, capitum numerus ad eum relātus est mīlium LIII. 2

8SO SECOND LATIN BOOK (84.1

34. Eōdem tempore ā P. Crassō, quem cum legiōne ūnā

mīserat ad Venetōs, Venellōs, Osismōs, Coriosolitas, Esuviōs,

Aulercōs, Redonēs, quae sunt maritimae cīvitātēs

x īrsmn nnn

ōraqued potestātemque populī Rōmānī esse redāctās.

35. Hīs rēbus gestīs, omnī Galliā pācātā, tanta huius bellī ad barbarōs opīniō perlāta est, utī ab iīs nātiōnibus, quae trāns Rhēnum incolerent, lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur, quī sē

o0bsidēs datūrās, imperāta factūrās pollicērentur. Quās lēgā- 5 tiōnēs Caesar, quod in Italiam īllyricumque properābat, initā Arrtoat of proximā aestāte ad sē revertī iussit. Ipse in Car-

embassies. nutēs, Andēs, Turonō uaeque cīvitātēs propin- īnbuses. ēs, ēs, onōs quaeque cīvitātēs prop

3rture quae iīs locīs erant ubi bellum gesserat, legiōnibus in Hanter ing hīberna dēductīs, in Italiam profectus est: ob eāsque 10 rēs ex litterīs Caesaris diērum xv supplicātiō dēcrēta

est, quod ante id tempus accidit nūllī.

BOOK 3

1. Cum in Italiam proficīscerētur Caesar, Ser. Galbam cum Gatba pre. legiōne xIn et parte equitātūs in Nantuātēs, Vera- xarss !sin. grōs Sedūnōsque mīsit, quī ā fīnibus Allobrogum durus. et lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodanō ad sum-

5 mās Alpēs pertinent. Causa mittendī fuit, quod iter per Alpēs, quō magnō cum perīculō magnīsque cum portōriīs . mercātōrēs īre cōnsuērant, patefierī volēbat. Huic permīsit, sī opus esse arbitrārētur, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem hiemandī causā conlocāret. Galba, secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs i0 castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs, missīs ad eum undique lēgātīs obsidibusque datīs et pāce factā, cōnstituit cohortēs duās in Nantuātibus conlocāre et ipse cum reliquīs eius legiōnis cohortibus in vīcō Veragrōrum, quī appellātur Octodūrus, hiemāre; quī vīcus positus in valle, nōn magnā i16 adiectā plānitiē, altissimīs montibus undique continētur. Cum

S. 13] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 3 8S1i

hic in duās partēs flūmine dīviderētur, alteram partem eius vīcī Gallīs ad hiemandum concessit, alteram vacuam ab hīs relictam cohortibus attribuit. Eum locum vāllō fossāque mūnīvit.

2. Cum diēs hībernōrum complūrēs trānsīssent frūmen- tumque eō comportārī iussisset, subitō per explōrātōrēs certior factus est ex eā parte vīcī, quam Gallīs concesserat, omnēs noctū discessisss montēōsque, quī impendērent, ā maximā Tho Atptne multitūdine Sedūnōrum et Veragrōrum tenērī. tribes vesoit. Jd aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī

bellī renovandī legiōnisque opprimendae cōnsilium caperent: prīmum, quod legiōnem neque eam plēnissimam dētractīs cohortibus duābus et complūribus singillātim, quī commeātūs petendī causā missī erant, absentibus, propter paucitātem dēspiciēbant; tum etiam, quod propter inīquitātem locī, cum ipsī ex montibus in vallem dēcurrerent et tēla coicerent, nē prīmum quidem impetum suum posse sustinērī exīstimābant. Accēdēbat, quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstractōs obsidum nōmine dolēbant et Rōmānōs nōn sōlum itinerum causā, sed etiam perpetuae possessiōnis culmina Alpium occu- pāre cōnārī et ea loca fīnitimae prōvinoiae adiungere sibi persuāsum habēbant.

3S. Hīe nūntiīs acceptīs, Galba, cum neque opus hībernōrum mīinītiōnēsque plēnē essent perfectae neque dē frūmentō reli-

quōque commeātū satis esset prōvīsum, quod dēdi- Theicotmssn tiōne factā obsidibusque acceptīs nihil dē bellō uactanms timendum exīstimāverat, cōnsiliō celeriter convo-

cātō, sententiās exquīrere coepit. Quō in cōnsiliō, cum tantum repentīnī perīculī praeter opīniōnem accidisset ac iam omnia ferē superiōra loca multitūdine armātōrum complēta cōnspicerentur, neque subsidiō venīrī neque com- meātūs supportārī interclūsīs itineribus possent, prope iam dēspērātā salūte nōn nūllae eius modī sententiae dīcēbantur, ut impedīmentīs relictīs ēruptiōne factā, īsdem itineribus, quibus eō pervēnissent, ad salūtem contenderent. Maiōrī

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tamen partī placuit, hōc reservātō ad extrēmum cāsum cōnsiliō, interim reī ēventum experīrī et castra dēfendere.

4. Brevī spatiō interiectō, vix ut iīs rēbus, quās cōnstituis- sent, conlocandīs atque administrandīs tempus darētur, hostēs ne asaut x omnibus partibus signō datō dēcurrere, lapidēs upon the Ro- gaesaque in vāllum coicere. Nostrī prīmō integrīs man qampqyīribus fortiter prōpugnāre neque ūllum frūstrā tēlum ex locō superiōre mittere, et quaecumque pars castrōrum nūdāta dēfēnsōribus premī vidēbātur, eō occurrere et auxilium ferre, sed hōc superārī, quod diūturnitāte pugnae hostēs dēfessī proeliō excēdēbant, aliī integrīs vīribus succēdēbant; quārum rērum ā nostrīs propter paucitātem fierī nihil poterat, ac nōn modo dēfessō ex pugnā excēdendī, sed nē sauciō quidem eius locī, ubi cōnstiterat, relinquendī ac suī recipiendī facultās dabātur.

5. Cum iam amplius hōrīs sex continenter pugnārētur ac nōn sōlum vīrēs, sed etiam tēla nostrōs dēficerent, atque hostēs ācrius īnstārent languidiōribusque nostrīs vāllum scindere

50n. Ot fossās complēre coepissent, rēsque esset iam ad suggat qua sxtrēmum perducta cāsum, P. Sextius Bacu-

v. lus, prīmī pīlī centuriō, quem Nervicō proeliō complūribus cōnfectum vulneribus dīximus, et item C. Volu- sēnus, tribūnus mīlitum, vir et cōnsiliī magnī et virtūtis, ad Galbam accurrunt atque ūnam esse spem salūtis docent, sī ēruptiōne factā extrēmum auxilium experīrentur. Itaque con- vocātīs centuriōnibus celeriter mīlitēs certiōrēs facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tēla missa exciperent sēque ex labōre reficerent, post datō signō ex castrīs ērumperent atque omnem spem salūtis in virtūte pōnerent

6. Quod iussī sunt, faciunt, ac subitō omnibus portīs ērup- The tases. Ptiōne factā, neque cognōscendī, quid fieret, neque suī are turneacolligendī hostibus facultātem relinquunt. Ita com-

and the Gauls

routed. Galba ātātā ānā A 1: 3 : Jā routea. āalba mūtātā fortūnā eōs, quī in spem potiundōrum

the Province. castrōrum vēnerant, undique circumventōs inter- ficiunt et ex hominum mīlibus amplius XxXX, quem numerum

8. 12] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 3 8s3

barbarōrum ad castra vēnisse cōnstābat, plūs tertiā parte interfectā, reliquōs perterritōs in fugam coiciunt ac nē in locīs quidem superiōribus cōnsistere patiuntur. Sīc omnibus hostium cōpiīs fūsīs armīsque exūtīs sē intrā mūnītiōnēs suās recipiunt. Quō proeliō factō, quod saepius fortūnam temptāre Galba nōlēbat atque aliō sē in hīberna cōnsiliō vēnisse meminerat, aliīs occurrisse rēbus vīderat, maximē frūmentī commeātūsque inopiā permōtus, posterō diē, omnibus eius vīcī aedificiīs incēnsīs, in prōvinciam revertī contendit ac, nūllō hoste prohi- bente aut iter dēmorante, incolumem legiōnem in Nantuātēs, inde in Allobrogēs perdūxit ibique hiemāvit.

T. Hīs rēbus gestīs, cum omnibus dē causīs Caesar pācātam Galliam exīstimāret, superātīs Belgīs, expulsīs Germānīs, victīs 4 prospet in Alpibus Sedūnīs, atque ita initā hieme in īllyri- nā4ueaa. cum profectus esset, quod eās quoque nātiōnēs terea. adīre et regiōnēs cognōscere volēbat, subitum bellum in Galliā coōrtum est. Eius bellī haec fuit causa. P. Crassus adulēscēns cum legiōne vii proximus mare ōceanum in Andibus hiemābat. Is, quod in hīs locīs inopia frūmentī erat, praefectōs tribūnōsque mīlitum complūrēs in fīnitimās cīvitātēs frūmentī causā dīmīsit; quō in numerō est T. Terra- sidius missus in Esuviōs, M. Trebius Gallus in Coriosolitas, q. Velānius cum T. Sīliō in Venetōs.

8S. Huius est cīvitātis longē amplissima auctōritās omnis ōrae maritimae regiōnum eārum, quod et nāvēs habent Venetī Ine Venett plūrimās, quibus in Britanniam nāvigāre cōnsuērunt, take Inalea3 et scientiā atque ūsū rērum nauticārum cēterōs Romam am- antecēdunt et in magnō impetū maris vāstī atque

apertī, paucīs portibus interiectīs, quōs tenent ipsī, omnēs ferē, quī eō marī ūtī cōnsuērunt, habent vectīgālēs. Ab hīs fit initium retinendī Sīliī atque Velāniī, quod per eōs suōs sē obsidēs, quōs Crassō dedissent, recuperātūrōs exīsti- mābant. Hōrum auctōritāte fīnitimī adductī, ut sunt Gal- lōrum subita et repentīna cōnsilia, eādem dē causā Trebium Terrasidiumque retinent, et celeriter missīs lēgātīs per suōs

10

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prīncipēs inter sē coniūrant, nihil nisi commīūnī cōnsiliō āctūrōs eundemque omnēs fortūnae exitum esse lātūrōs, reliquāsque

i5 cīvitātēs sollicitant, ut in eā lībertāte, quam ā maiōribus accēperint, permanēre quam Rōmānōrum servitūtem perferre mālint. Omnī ōrā maritimā celeriter ad suam sententiam per- ductā, commūnem lēgātiōnem ad P. Crassum mittunt, sī velit suōs recuperāre, obsidēs sibi remittat.

9. Quibus dē rēbus Caesar ā Crassō certior factus, quod ipse aberat longius, nāvēs interim longās aedificārī in flūmine Preparations Higerī, quod īnfluit in ōceanum, rēmigēs ex prō- īp; īne uar. vinciā īnstituī, nautās gubernātōrēsque comparārī

5 iage is siin iubet. Hīs rēbus celeriter administrātīs, ipse, cum prīmum per annī tempus potuit, ad exercitum con- tendit. Venetī reliquaeque item cīvitātēs, cognitō Caesaris adventū, simul quod, quantum in sē facinus admīsissent, intel- legēbant, lēgātōs, quod nōmen ad omnēs nātiōnēs sānctum 10 inviolātumque semper fuisset, retentōs ab sē et in vincula coniectōs, prō magnitūdine perīculī bellum parāre et maximē ea, quae ad ūsum nāvium pertinent, prōvidēre īnstituunt, hōc maiōre spē, quod multum nātūrā locī cōnfīdēbant. Pedestria esse itinera concīsa aestuāriīs, nāvigātiōnem impedītam 18 propter īnscientiam locōrum paucitātemque portuum sciēbant, neque nostrōs exercitūs propter frūmentī inopiam diūtius apud sē morārī posse cōnfīdēbant; ac iam ut omnia contrā opīniōnem acciderent, tamen sē plūrimum nāvibus posse; Rōmānōs neque ūllam facultātem habēre nāvium neque eōrum locōrum ubi 2 bellum gestūrī essent, vada, portūs, īnsulās nōvisse; ac longē aliam esse nāvigātiōnem in conclūsō marī atque in vāstissimō atque apertissimō ōceanō perspiciēbant. Hīs initīs cōnsiliīs, oppida mūniunt, frūmenta ex agrīs in oppida comportant, nāvēs in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem prīmum bellum gestūrum 28 cōnstābat, quam plūrimās possunt cōgunt. Sociōs sibi ad id bellum Osismōs, Lexoviōs, Namnetēs, Ambiliatōs, Morinōs. Diablintēs, Menapiōs adscīscunt; auxilia ex Britanniā, quae contrā eās regiōnēs posita est, arcessunt.

12. 9] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-—HBOOK 3 85ō

10. Erant hae difficultātēs bellī gerendī, quās suprā osten- Cemars dimus, sed tamen multa Caesarem ad id bellum reasons for incitābant: iniūria retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum, the war. rebelliō facta post dēditiōnem, dēfectiō datīs obsi- dibus, tot cīvitātum coniūrātiō, in prīmīs, nē hāc parte neglēctā reliquae nātiōnēs sibi idem licēre arbitrā- rentur. Itaque cum intellegeret omnēs ferē Gallōs novīs rēbus studēre et ad bellum mōbiliter celeriterque excitārī, omnēs autem hominēs nātūrā lībertātī studēre et condiciōnem servi- tūtis ōdisse, priusquam plūrēs cīvitātēs cōnspīrārent, partien- dum sibi ac lātius distribuendum exercitum putāvit.

11. Itaque T. Labiēnum lēgātum in Trēverōs, quī proximī flūminī Rhēnō sunt, cum equitātū mittit. Huic mandat,

Rēmōs reliquōsque Belgās adeat atque in officiō con- īi3 Jistehutes tineat Germānōsque, quī auxiliō ā Gullīs arcessitī

dīcēbantur, sī per vim nāvibus flūmen trānsīre cōnentur, prohibeat. P. Crassum cum cohortibus legiōnāriīs xII et magnō numerō equitātūs in Aquītāniam proficīscī iubet, nē ex hīs nātiōnibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae nātiōnēs coniungantur. Q. Titūrium Sabīnum lēgātum cum legiōnibus tribus in Venellōs, Coriosolitas Lexoviōsque mittit, quī eam manum distinendam cūret. D. Brūtum adulēscentem classī Gallicīsque nāvibus, quās ex Pictonibus et Santonīs reliquīsque pācātīs regiōnibus convenīre iusserat, praeficit et, cum prīmum possit, in Venetōs proficīscī iubet. Ipse eō pedes- tribus cōpiīs contendit.

12. Erant eius modī ferē sitūs oppidōrum, ut posita in extrēmīs lingulīs prōmunturiīsque neque pedibus aditum

habērent, cum ex altō sē aestus incitāvisset, quod Situatim of .a- -- .- -- he toums of accidit semper hōrārum XI1ī spatiō, neque nāvibus,

quod rūrsus minuente aestū nāvēs in vadīs adflīctā- rentur. Ita utrāque rē oppidōrum oppugnātiō impediēbātur; ac sī quandō magnitūdine operis forte superātī, extrūsō marī aggere ac mōlibus atque hīs oppidī moenibus adaequātīs, dēspērāre fortūnīs snīs coeperant, magnō numerō nāvium ad-

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pulsō, cuius reī summam facultātem habēbant, sua dēportābant omnia sēque in proxima oppida recipiēbant: ibi sē rūrsus īsdem oportūnitātibus locī dēfendēbant. Haec eō facilius magnam partem aestātis faciēbant, quod nostrae nāvēs tempestātibus dētinēbantur, summaque erat vāstō atque apertō marī, magnīs aestibus, rārīs ac prope nūllīs portibus, difficultās nāvigandī.

18. Namque ipsōrum nāvēs ad hunc modum factae armā- taeque erant: carīnae aliquantō plāniōrēs quam nostrārum

nāvium, quō facilius vada ac dēcessum aestūs exci- Dīnarum .. pere possent; prōrae admodum ērēctae atque item

puppēs ad magnitūdinem flūctuum tempestātumque accommodātae, nāvēs tōtae factae ex rōbore ad quamvīs vim et contumēliam perferendam; trānstra ex pedālibus in altitāū- dinem trabibus cōnfīxa clāvīs ferreīs digitī pollicis crassitūdine; ancorae prō fūnibus ferreīs catēnīs revīnctae; pellēs prō vēlīs alūtaeque tenuiter cōnfectae, sīve propter inopiam līnī atque eius ūsūs īnscientiam, sīve eō, quod est magis vērī simile, quod tantās tempestātēs Ōōceanī tantōsque impetūs ventōrum susti- nērī ac tanta onera nāvium regī vēlīs nōn satis commodē posse arbitrābantur. Cum hīs nāvibus nostrae classī eius modī con- gressus erat, ut ūnā celeritāte et pulsū rēmōrum praestāret, reliqua prō locī nātūrā, prō vī tempestātum illīs essent aptiōra et accommodātiōra. Neque enim iīs nostrae rōstrō nocēre poterant (tanta in iīs erat firmitūdō), neque propter altitūdinem facile tēlum adigēbātur, et eādem dē causā minus commodē cōpulīs continēbantur. Accēdēbat, ut, cum saevīre ventus coepisset et sē ventō dedissent, et tempestātem ferrent facilius et in vadīs cōnsisterent tūtius et ab aestū relictae nihil saxa et cōtēs timērent; quārum rērum omnium nostrīs nāvibus cāsus erat extimēscendus.

14. Complūribus expugnātīs oppidīs, Caesar, ubi intellēxit frūstrā tantum labōrem sūmī, neque hostium fugam captīs oppidīs reprimī neque iīs nocērī posse, statuit expectandam classem. Quae ubi convēnit ac prīmum ab hostibus vīsa est,

5 circiter ccXX nāvēs eōrum parātissimae atque omnī genere

1. 13] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-—BOOK 3 8ī

armōrum ōrnātissimae profectae ex portū nostrīs adversae tīntnntnītestā ul baitie que, quibus sin- nomnm tie gulae nāvēs erant attribūtae, cōnstābat, quid agerent triumphant. aut quam ratiōnem pugnae īnsisterent. Rōstrō enim nocērī nōn posse cognōverant; turribus autem excitātīs, tamen hās altitūdō puppium ex barbarīs nāvibus superābat, ut neque ex īnferiōre locō satis commodē tēla adigī possent et missa ā Gallīs gravius acciderent. Ōna erat magnō ūsuī rēs praeparāta ā nostrīs, falcēs praeacūtae īnsertae adfīxaeque longuriīs, nōn absimilī fōrmā mūrālium falcium. Hīs cum

bn.

fūnēs, quī antemnās ad mālōs dēstinābant, comprehēnsī

adductīque erant, nāvigiō rēmīs incitātō praerumpēbantur. Quibus abscīsīs antemnaē necessāriō concidēbant, ut, cum omnis Gallicīs nāvibus spēs in vēlīs armāmentīsque cōnsisteret, hīs ēreptīs, omnis ūsus nāvium ūnō tempore ēriperētur. Reli- quum erat certāmen positum in virtūte, quā nostrī mīlitēs facile superābant, atque eō magis, quod in cōnspectū Caesaris atque omnis exercitūs rēs gerēbātur, ut nūllum paulō fortius factum latēre posset: omnēs enim collēs ac loca superiōra, unde erat propinquus dēspectus in mare, ab exercitū tenē- bantur. 1ē. Dāēiectīs, ut dīximus, antemnīs, cum singulās bīnae ac ternae nāvēs circumsteterant, mīlitēs summā vī trānscendere in An attempted hostium nāvēs contendēbant. Quod postquam n 5 pressat barbarī fierī animadvertērunt, expugnātīs complūri- A compīet. bus nāvibus, cum eī reī nūllum reperīrētur auxilium, fugā salūtem petere contendērunt. Ac iam con- versīs in eam partem nāvibus, quō ventus ferēbat, tanta subitō malacia ac tranquillitās extitit, ut sē ex locō movēre nōn possent. Quae quidem rēs ad negōtium cōnficiendum maximē fuit oportūna: nam singulās nostrī cōnsectātī expugnāvērunt, ut perpaucae ex omnī numerō noctis interventū ad terram pervenīrent, cum ab hōrā ferē r1ii usque ad sōlis occāsum pugnārētur.

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16. Quō proeliō bellum Venetōrum tōtīusque ōrae maritimae cōnfectum est. Nam cum omnis iuventūs, omnēs etiam gravi- The Venett Oris aetātis, in quibus aliquid cōnsiliī aut dignitātis n ane2;na fuit, eō convēnerant, tum nāvium quod ubīque

5 penailty. fuerat in ūnum locum coēgerant; quibus āmīssīs, reliquī neque quō sē reciperent, neque quem ad modum oppida dēfenderent, habēbant. Itaque sē suaque omnia Caesarī dēdi- dērunt. In quōs eō gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, quō dīligentius in reliqaum tempus ā barbarīs iūs lēgātōrum cōn-

10 servārētur. Itaque omnī senātū necātō, reliquōs sub corōnā vēndidit.

17. Dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titūrius Sabīnus cum iīs cōpiīs, quās ā Caesare accēperat, in fīnēs Venellōrum per- vēnit. Hīs praeerat Viridovīx ac summam imperiī tenēbat Sabinus agz. ēārum omnium cīvitātum, quae dēfēcerant, ex

5 pances iata. quibus exercitum magnāsque cōpiās coēgerat; atque

the country i i , : of the wenelli. hīs paucīs diēbus Aulercī Eburovīcēs Lexoviīque

nx āīumn. senātū suō interfectō, quod auctōrēs bellī esse nōlē- bant, portās clausērunt sēque cum Viridovīce coniūnxērunt; magnaque praetereā multitūdō undique ex Galliā perditōrum i0 hominum latrōnumque convēnerat, et quōs spēs praedandī studiumque bellandī ab agrī cultūrā et cotīdiānō labōre sēvocā- bat. Sabīnus idōneō omnibus rēbus locō castrīs sēsē tenēbat, cum Viridovīx contrā eum duōrum mīlium spatiō cōnsēdisset cotīdiēque prōductīs cōpiīs pugnandī potestātem faceret, ut iam i158 nōn sōlum hostibus in contemptiōnem Sabīnus venīret, sed etiam nostrōrum mīlitum vōcibus nōn nihil carperētur; tan- tamque opīniōnem timōris praebuit, ut iam ad vāllum castrō- rnm hostēs accēdere audērent. Id eā dē causā faciēbat, quod cum tantā multitūdine hostium, praesertim eō absente, quī sum- 20 mam imperiī tenēret, nisi aequō locō aut oportūnitāte aliquā datā lēgātō dīmicandum nōn exīstimābat. 18. Hāc cōnfirmātā opīniōne timōris idōneum quendam hominem et callidum dēlēgit, Gallum, ex iīs, quōs auxiliī causā sēcum habēbat. Huic magnīs praemiīs pollicitātiōni-

19. 18] CAESARS GALLIC WAR-BOOK 3 89

busque persuādet, utī ad hostēs trānseat, et, quid fierī velit, ēdocet. Quī ubi prō perfugā ad eōs vēnit, timōrem

By a strat-

em he 2 51 b= n = 3 . 0-. . itdusatn. Rōmānōrum prōpōnit, quibus angustiīs ipse Caesar enem 53 7 H 2 . - mg ta, āīō enetīs premātur, docet, neque longius abesse quīn camp. proximā nocte Sabīnus clam ex castrīs exercitum

ēdūcat et ad Caesarem auxiliī ferendī causā proficīscātur. Quod ubi audītum est, conclāmant omnēs occāsiōnem negōtiī bene gerendī āmittendam nōn esse; ad castra īrī oportēre. Multae rēs ad hoc cōnsilium Gallōs hortābantur: superiōrum diērum Sabīnī cūnctātiō, perfugae cōnfirmātiō, inopia cibāriō- rum, cui reī parum dīligenter ab iīs erat prōvīsum, spēs Veneticī bellī, et quod ferē libenter hominēs id, quod volunt, crēdunt. Hīs rēbus adductī nōn prius Viridovīcem reliquōsque ducēs ex conciliō dīmittunt, quam ab iīs sit concessum, arma utī capiant et ad castra contendant. Quā rē concessā laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, sarmentīs virgultīsque collēctīs, quibus fossās Rōmānōrum compleant, ad castra pergunt.

19. Locus erat castrōrum ēditus et paulātim ab īmō acclīvis circiter passūs mīllee. Hūc magnō cursū contendērunt, ut ne aault quam minimum spatiī ad sē colligendōs armandōsque Cbīnen Rōmānis darētur, exanimātīque pervēnērunt. Sabī Bursutt ūstv nus suōs hortātus cupientibus signum dat. Impedi-

tīs hostibus propter ea, quae ferēbant, onera, subitō duābus portīs ēruptiōnem fierī iubet. Factum est oportūni- tāte locī, hostium īnscientiā ac dēfatīgātiōne, virtūte mīlitum et superiōrum pugnārum exercitātiōne, ut nē prīmum quidem nostrōrum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent. Quōs integrīs vīribus mīlitēs nostrī cōnsecūtī magnum numerum eōrum occīdērunt; reliquōs equitēs cōnsectātī paucōs, quī ex fugā ēvāserant, relīquērunt. Sīc ūnō tempore et dē nāvālī pugnā Sabīnus et dē Sabīnī victōriā Caesar est certior factus

t-a

0

cīvitātēsque omnēs sē statim Titūriō dēdidērunt. Nam ut ad i5

bella suscipienda Gallōrum alacer ac prōmptus est animus, sīc mollis ac minimē resistēns ad calamitātēs ferendās mēns eōrum est.

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20. Eōdem ferē tempore P. Crassus, cum in Aquītāniam pervēnisset, quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et regiōnum lāti- Crassus tūdine et multitūdine hominum est tertia pars makes care. Galliae aestimanda, cum intellegeret in iīs locīs sibi

ul prepara- . - - : tion for tae. hellum gerendum, ubi paucīs ante annīs L. Valerius

se4 ut-nc Praecōnīnus lēgātus exercitū pulsō interfectus esset, Sotiates. atque unde L. Mānlius prōcōnsul impedīmentīs āmissīs profūgisset, nēn mediocrem sibi dīligentiam adhibendam intellegēbat. Itaque rē frūmentāriā prōvīsā, auxiliīs equitā- tūque comparātō, multīs praetereā virīs fortibus Tolōsā et Car- casōne et Narbōne, quae sunt cīvitātēs Galliae prōvinciae fīnitimae hīs regiōnibus, nōminātim ēvocātīs, in Sotiātium fīnēs exercitum intrōdūxit. Cuius adventū cognitō, Sotiātēs magnīs cōpiīs coāctīs equitātūque, quō plūrimum valēbant, in itinere agmen nostrum adortī prīmum equestre proelium commīsērunt, deinde equitātū suō pulsō atque īnsequentibus nostrīs subitō pedestrēs cōpiās, quās in convalle in īnsidiīs conlocāverant, ostendērunt. Hī nostrōs disiectōs adortī proelium renovārunt. 2l1. Pugnātum est diū atque ācriter, cum Sotiātēs superiōri- bus victōriīs frētī in suā virtūte tōtīus Aquītāniae salūtem posi- 4 detoat a tam putārent, nostrī autem, quid sine imperātōre et siegē and a sine reliquīs legiōnibus adulēscentulō duce efficere possent, perspicī cuperent: tandem cōnfectī vulneri- bus hostēs terga vertērunt. Quōrum magnō numerō interfīectō, Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sotiātium oppugnāre coepit. Quibus fortiter resistentibus vīneās turrēsque ēgit. Illī aliās ēruptiōne temptātā, aliās cunīculīs ad aggerem vīneāsque āctīs (cuius reī sunt longē perītissimī Aquītānī, proptereā quod multīs locīs apud eōs aerāriae sectūraeque sunt), ubi dīligentiā nostrōrum nihil hīs rēbus prōficī posse intellēxērunt, lēgātōs ad Crassum mittunt sēque in dēditiōnem ut recipiat, petunt. Quā rē impetrātā arma trādere iussī faciunt. 22. Atque in eam rem omnium nostrōrum intentīs animīs, aliā ex parte oppidī Adiatunnus, quī summam imperiī tenēbat, cum nc dēvōtīs, quōs illī soldūriōs appellant, quōrum haec est

24. 4] CAESAR’S GALLIŌC WAR—BOOK 3 91

condiciō, ut omnibus in vītā commodīs ūnā cum iīs fruantur, An unsusces ,. quōrum sē amīcitiae dēdiderint, sī quid hīs per vim fus stsms accidat, aut eundem cāsum ūnā ferant aut sibi mortem

cōnscīscant; neque adhūc hominum memoriā reper- tus est quisquam, quī eō interfectō, cuius sē amīcitiae dēvōvisset, mortem recūsāret — cum hīs Adiatunnus ēruptiōnem facere cōnātus clāmōre ab eā parte mūnītiōnis sublātō, cum ad arma mīlitēs concurrissent vehementerque ibi pugnātum esset, repulsus in oppidum tamen, utī eādem dēditiōnis condiciōne ūterētur, ā Crassō impetrāvit.

23. Armīs obsidibusque acceptīs, Crassus in fīnēs Vocātium et Tarusātium profectus est. Tum vērō barbarī commōtī, quod Enemies tnat Ppidum et nātūrā locī et manū mūnītum paucīs Jaht sqm, diēbus, quibus eō ventum erat, expugnātum cognō- tactics. verant, lēgātōs quōque versus dīmittere, coniū- rāre, obsidēs inter sē dare, cōpiās parāre coepērunt. Mittuntur etiam ad eās cīvitātēs lēgātī, quae sunt citeriōris Hispāniae fīnitimae Aquītāniae: inde auxilia ducēsque arcessuntur. Quōrum adventū magnā cum auctōritāte et magnā cum homi- num multitūdine bellum gerere cōnantur. Ducēs vērō iī dēliguntur, quī ūnā cum Q. Sertōriō omnēs annōs fuerant summamque scientiam reī mīlitāris habēre exīstimābantur. Hī cōnsuētūdine populī Rōmānī loca capere, castra mūnīre, com- meātibus nostrōs interclūdere īnstituunt. Quod ubi Crassus animadvertit, suās cōpiās propter exiguitātem nōn facile dīdūcī, hostem et vagārī et viās obsidēre et castrīs satis praesidiī relinquere, ob eam causam minus commodē frūmentum com- meātumque sibi supportārī, in diēs hostium numerum auggērī, nōn cūnctandum exīstimāvit, quīn pugnā dēcertāret. Hāc rē ad cōnsilium dēlātā ubi omnēs idem sentīre intellēxit, posterum diem pugnae cōnstituit.

24. Prīmā lūce, prōductīs omnibus cōpiīs, duplicī aciē īnstitūtā, auxiliīs in mediam aciem coniectīs, quid hostēs cōn- siliī caperent, expectābat. Illī, etsī propter multitūdinem et veterem bellī glōriam paucitātemque nostrōrum sē tūtō dīmi-

20 5

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cātūrōs exīstimābant, tamen tūtius esse arbitrābantur, obsessīs

viīs commeātū interclūsō sine vulnere victōriā potīrī, Jhenādspt et, sī propter inopiam reī frūmentāriae Rōmānī ēmeu and sēsē recipere coepissent, impedītōs in agmine et īdes tnmtack sub sarcinīs īnfirmiōrēs animō adorīrī cōgitābant.

Hōc cōnsiliō probātō ab ducibus, prōductīs Rōmā- nōrum cōpiīs sēsē castrīs tenēbant. Hāc rē perspectā, Crassus, cum suā cūnctātiōne atque opīniōne timōris hostēs nostrōs mīlitēs alacriōrēs ad pugnandum effēcissent, atqne omnium vōcēs audīrentur expectārī diūtius nōn oportēre, quīn ad castra īrētur, cohortātus suōs omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra contendit.

25. Ibi cum aliī fossās complērent, aliī multīs tēlīs coniectīs dēfēnsōrēs vāllō mūnītiōnibusque dēpellerent, auxiliārēsque,

quibus ad pugnam nōn multum Crassus cōnfīdēbat, tī netua aīā tēlīsque subministrandīs et ad aggerem āefends pitibus comportandīs speciem atque opīniōnem

pugnantium praebērent, cum item ab hostibus cōn- stanter ac nōn timidē pugnārētur tēlaque ex locō superiōre missa nōn frūstrā acciderent, equitēs circumitīs hostium castrīs Crassō renūntiāvērunt nōn eādem esse dīligentiā ab decumānā portā castra mūnīta facilemque aditum habēre.

26. Crassus equitum praefectōs cohortātus, ut magnīs prae- miīs pollicitātiōnibusque suōs excitārent, quid fierī vellet ostendit. Illī, ut erat imperātum, dēvectīs iīs cohortibus, quae praesidiō castrīs relictae intrītae ab labōre erant, et The cump 1s longiōre itinere circumductīs, nē ex hostium castrīs captured and cōnspicī possent, omnium oculīs mentibusque ad Roaqrīnē at Pugnam intentīs celeriter ad eās, quās dīximus, andslaughter. mūnītiōnēs pervēnērunt atque hīs prōrutīs prius in hostium castrīs cōnstitērunt, quam plānē ab hīs vidērī aut, quid reī gererētur, cognōscī posset. Tum vērō clāmōre ab eā parte audītō nostrī redintegrātīs vīribus, quod plērumque in spē victōriae accidere cōnsuēvit, ācrius impugnāre coepērunt. Hostēs undique circumventī, dēspērātīs omnibus rēbus, sē per

29. 9] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—HBOOK 3 93

mūnītiōnēs dēicere et fugā salūtem petere contendērunt. Quōs equitātus apertissimīs campīs cōnsectātus ex mīlium L numerō, quae ex Aquītāniā Cantabrīsque convēnisse cōnstābat, vix quārtā parte relictā, multā nocte sē in castra recēpit.

27. Hāc audītā pugnā, maxima pars Aquītāniae sēsē Crassō Thesurren- dēdidit obsidēsque ultrō īisit; quō in numerō der cf n the fuērunt Tarbelli, Bigerriōnēs, Ptianiī, Vocātēs,

Tarusātēs, Elusātēs, Gatēs, Auscī, Garumnī, Sibusātēs, Cocosātēs; paucae ultimae nātiōnēs annī tempore cōnfīsae, quod hiems suberat, id facere neglēxērunt.

28. Eōdem ferē tempore Caesar, etsī prope exācta iam aestās erat, tamen, quod omnī Galliā pācātā Morinī Menapiī- caesar aq. ūne supererant, quī in armīs essent neque ad eum Janses against umquam lēgātōs dē pāce mīsissent, arbitrātus id bel- 55 Menāar- lum celeriter cōnficī posse, eō exercitum dūxit; quī othe longē aliā ratiōne ac reliquī Gallī bellum gerere coepērunt. Nam quod intellegēbant maximās nātiōnēs, quae proeliō contendissent, pulsās superātāsque esse, continentēsque silvās ac palūdēs habēbant, eō sē suaque omnia contulērunt. Ad quārum initium silvārum cum Caesar pervē- nisset castraque mūnīre īnstituisset, neque hostis interim vīsus esset, dispersīs in opere nostrīs subitō ex omnibus partibus silvae ēvolāvērunt et in nostrōs impetum fēcērunt. Nostrī celeriter arma cēpērunt eōsque in silvās reppulērunt et com- plūribus interfectīs longius impedītiōribus locīs secūtī paucōs ex suīs dēperdidērunt.

29. Reliquīs deinceps diēbus Caesar silvās caedere īnstituit et, nē quis inermibus imprūdentibusque mīlitibus ab latere Casr at- impetus fierī posset, onnem eam māteriam, quae lemnta 5 heu erat caesa, conversam ad hostem conlocābat et prō fhnough ine vāllō ad utrumque latus extruēbat. Incrēdibilī cele- siorms pre- ritāte magnō spatiō paucīs diēbus cōnfectō, cum iam

pecus atque extrēma impedīmenta ā nostrīs tenēren- tur, ipsī dēnsiōrēs silvās peterent, eius modī sunt tempestātēs cōnsecūtae, utī opus necessāriō intermitterētur et continuātiōne

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imbrium diūtius sub pellibus mīlitēs continērī nōn possent. Itaque vāstātīs omnibus eōrum agrīs, vīcīs aedificiīsque incēnsīs Caesar exercitum redūxit et in Aulercīs Lexoviīsque reliquīs item cīvitātibus, quae proximē bellum fēcerant, in hībernīs conlocāvit.

BOOK 4

1. Eā, quae secūta est, hieme, quī fuit annus Cn. Pompeiō, M. Crassō cōnsulibus, Usipetēs Germānī et item Tencterī magnā cum multitūdine hominum flūmen Rhēnum trānsiērunt, nōn longē ā marī, quō Rhēnus īnfluit. Causa trānseundī fuit, erman quod ab Suēbīs complūrēs annōs exagitātī bellō iribes enoas premēbantur et agrī cultūrā prohibēbantur. Sue- Sustoms of bōrum gēns est longē maxima et bollicōsissima

Germānōrum omnium. Hī centum pāgōs habēre dīcuntur, ex quibus quotannīs singula mīlia armātōrum bellandī causā ex fīnibus ēdūcunt. Reliquī, quī domī mānsērunt, sē atque illōs alunt; hī rūrsus in vicem annō post in armīs sunt, illī domī remanent. Sīc neque agrī cultūra nec ratiō atque ūsus bellī intermittitur. Sed prīvātī ac sēparātī agrī apud eōs nihil est, neque longius annō remanēre ūnō in locō colendī causā licet. Neque multum frūmentō, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vīvunt multumque sunt in vēnātiōnibus; quae rēs et cibī genere et cotīdiānā exercitātiōne et lībertāte vītae, quod ā puerīs nūllō officiō aut disciplīnā adsuēfactī nihil omnīnō contrā voluntātem faciunt, et vīrēs alit et immānī cor- porum magnitūdine hominēs efficit. Atque in eam sē cōn- suētūdinem addūxērunt, ut locīs frīgidissimīs neque vestītūs praeter pellēs habērent quicquam, quārum propter exiguitātem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavārentur in flūminibus.

2. Mercātōribus est aditus magis eō, ut, quae bellō cēperint, quibus vēndant, habeant, quam quō ūllam rem ad sē importārī dēsīderent. Quīn etiam iūmentīs, quibus maximē Gallī dēlec-

4. 10] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-—BOOK 4 95

tantur, quaeque impēnsō parant pretiō, Germānī importātīs Thetr eun. nōn ūtuntur, sed quae sunt apud eōs nāta, parva īngroe uiin atque dēfōrmia, haec cotīdiānā exercitātiōne, summī Hneir cavairy ut sint labōris, efficiunt. Equestribus proeliīs saepe ex equīs dēsiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur, equōsque eōdem remanēre vestīgiō adsuēfēcērunt, ad quōs sē celeriter, cum dūsus est, recipiunt; neque eōrum mōribus turpius quic- quam aut inertius habētur quam ephippiīs ūtī. Itaque ad quemvīs numerum ephippiātōrum equitum quamvīs paucī adīre audent. Viīnum omnīnō ad sē importārī nōn patiuntur, quod eā rē ad labōrem ferendum remollēscere hominēs atque effēmi- nārī arbitrantur. 3S. Pūblicē maximam putant esse laudem, quam lātissimē ā suīs fīnibus vacāre agrōs: hāc rē significārī, magnum numerum cīvitātum suam vim sustinēre nōn posse. Itaque Ēheir netgh. ūnā ex parte ā Suēbīs circiter mīlia passuum c agrī vacāre dīcuntur. Ad alteram partem succēdunt Uvit, quōrum fuit cīvitās ampla atque flōrēns, ut est captus Germānōrum; iī paulō, quamquam sunt einsdem generis, sunt cēterīs hūmāniōrēs, proptereā quod Rhēnum attingunt, mul- tumque ad eōs mercātōrēs ventitant, et ipsī propter propin- quitātem Gallicīs sunt mōribus adsuēfactī. Hōs cum Suēbī multīs saepe bellīs expertī propter amplitūdinem gravitātemque cīvitātis fīnibus expellere nōn potuissent, tamen vectīgālēs sibi fēcērunt ac multō humiliōrēs īnfirmiōrēsque redēgērunt. 4. In eādem causā fuērunt Usipetēs et Tencterī, quōs suprā dīximus, quī complūrēs annōs Suēbōrum vim sustinuērunt, ad extrēmum tamen agrīs expulsī et multīs locīs Ger- The Dsipetes māniae triennium vagātī ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt,

and Tencterīi

surprise the gatis ūnd quās regiōnēs Menapiī incolēbant. Hī ad utramque Rnhoshe rīpam flūminis agrōs, aedificia vīcōsque habēbant;

sed tantae multitūdinis adventū perterritī ex iīs

aedificiīs, quae trāns flūmen habuerant, dēmigrāverant et cis Rhēnum dispositīs praesidiīs Germānōs trānsīre prohibēbant.

ēr

Illī omnia expertī cum neque vī contendere propter inopiam io

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nāvium neque clam trānsīre propter custōdiās Menapiōrum possent, revertī sē in suās sēdēs regiōnēsque simulāvērunt et trīduī viam prōgressī rūrsus revertērunt atque, omnī hōc itinere ūnā nocte equitātū cōnfectō, īnsciōs inopīnantēsque Menapiōs oppressērunt, quī dē Germānōrum discessū per explōrātōrēe certiōrēs factī sine metū trāns Rhēnum in suōs vīcōs remi- grāverant. Hīs interfectīs nāvibusque eōrum occupātīs, prius- quam e9? pars Menapiōrum, quae citrā Rhēnum erat, certior fieret, flūmen trānsiērunt atque, omnibus eōrum aedificiīs occu- pātīs, reliquam partem hiemis sē eōrum cōpiīs aluērunt.

5. Hīs dē rēbus Caesar certior factus et īnfirmitātem Gal- lōrum veritus, quod sunt in cōnsiliīs capiendīs mōbilēs et ho ponte novīs plērumque īētus student, nihil his committen- gnaxacier of dum exīstimāvit. Est enim hoc Gallicae cōnsuētū-

dinis, utī et viātōrēs etiam invītōs cōnsistere cōgant et, quid quisque eōrum dē quāque rē audierit aut cognōverit, quaerant et mercātōrēs in oppidīs vulgus circumsistat, quibus- que ex regiōnibus veniant quāsque ibi rēs cognōverint, prō- nūntiāre cōgat. Hīs rēbus atque audītiōnibus permōtī, dē summīs saepe rēbus cōnsilia ineunt, quōrum eōs in vestīgiō paenitēre necesse est, cum incertīs rūmōribus serviant et plērīque ad voluntātem eōrum ficta respondeant.

. Quā cōnsuētūdine cognitā Caesar, nē graviōrī bellō occur- reret, mātūrius, quam cōnsuērat, ad exercitum proficīscitur. The restiess EŌ cum vēnisset, ea, quae fore suspicātus erat, facta a āme cognōvit: missās lēgātiōnēs ab nōn nūllīs cīvitātibus the Germams. ad Germānōs invītātōsque eōs, utī ab Rhēnō dis- tennnes lo cēderent, omniaque, quae postulāssent, ab sē fore latter. parāta. Quā spē adductī Germānī lātius iam vagā- bantur et in fīnēs Eburōnum et Condrūsōrum, quī sunt Trēverōrum clientēs, pervēnerant. Prīncipibus Galliae ēvocātīs, Caesar ea, quae cognōverat, dissimulanda sibi exīstimāvit eōrumque animīs permulsīs et cōnfirmātīs equitātūque imperātō, bellum cum Germānīs gerere cōnstituit.

T7. Rē frūmentāriā comparātā equitibusque dēlēctīs, iter in

10. 5] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOKR 4 o7

ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locīs esse Germānōs audiēbat. The Germans quibus cum paucōrum diērum iter abesset, lēgātī Sen3ambas. ab iīs vēnērunt, quōrum haec fuit ōrātiō: Germānōs Caesar with y i1ā3vā 2 Bām ā n A -

SVassfutt neque priōrēs populō Rōmānō bellum īnferre, neque message. tamen recūsāre, sī lacessantur, quīn armīs conten- dant, quod Germānōrum cōnsuētūdō haec sit ā maiōribus trādita, quīcumque bellum īnferant, resistere neque dēprecārī. Haec tamen dīcere, vēnisse invītōs, ēiectōs domō; sī suam grātiam Rōmānī velint, posse iīs ūtilēs esse amīcōs; vel sibi

agrōs attribuant vel patiantur eōs tenēre, quōs armīs pos-

10

sēderint; sēsē ūnīs Suēbīs concēdere, quibus nē diī quidem.

immortālēs parēs esse possint; reliquum quidem in terrīs esse nēminem, quem nōn superāre possint.

8. Ad haec Caesar quae vīsum est respondit; sed exitus fuit Caesar in ōrātiōnis: sibi nūllam cum iīs amīcitiam esse posse, rept de sī in Galliā remanērent; neque vērum esse quī suōs ;pharauat fīnēs tuērī nōn potuerint, aliēnōs occupāre; neque

ūllōs in Galliā vacāre agrōs, quī darī tantae prae- sertim multitūdinī sine iniūriā possint; sed licēre, sī velint, in Ubiōrum fīnibus cōnsīdere, quōrum sint lēgātī apud sē et dē Suēbōrum iniūriīs querantur et ā sē auxilium petant: hoc sē Ubiīs imperātūrum.

9. Lēgātī haec sē ad suōs relātūrōs dīxērunt et, rē dēlīberātā, post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversūrōs: intereā nē propius The sē castra movēret, petiērunt. Nē id quidem Caesar Sesaī3. 8b sē impetrārī posse dīxit. Cognōverat enim delav. magnam partem equitātūs ab iīs aliquot diēbus ante praedandī frūmentandīque causā ad Ambivaritōs trāns Mosam missam; hōs expectārī equitēs atque eius reī causā moram interpōnī arbitrābātur.

10. Mosa prōfluit ex monte Vosegō, quī est in fīnibus n sertgm Lingonum, et parte quādam ex Rnēnō recepts, quae 425812 appellātur Vacalus, īnsulam efficit Batāvōrum, neque Rhine. longius inde mīlibus passuum LXXX in ŌCceanum īnfluit. Rhēnus autem oritur ex Lepontiīs, quī Alpēs inco-

5

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lunt, et longō spatiō per fīnēs Nantuātium, Helvētiōrum, Sēquanōrum, Mediomatricum, Tribocōrum, Trēverōrum citātus fertur et, ubi ōceanō adpropinquāvit, in plūrēs diffluit partēs multīs ingentibusque īnsulīs effectīs, quārum pars magna ā

i0 ferīs barbarīsque nātiōnibus incolitur, ex quibus sunt, quī piscibus atque ōvīs avium vīvere exīstimantur, multīsque capi- tibus in ōceanum īnfluit.

11. Caesar cum ab hoste nōn amplius passuum x11I mīlibus abesset, ut erat cōnstitūtum, ad eum lēgātī revertuntur; quī Further in itinere congressī magnopere, nē longius prōgre-

neqotsatims. derētur, ōrābant. Cum id nōn impetrāssent,

5 declares. petēbant, utī ad eōs equitēs, quī agmen antecessis- sent, praemitteret eōsque pugnā prohibēret, sibique ut potestā- tem faceret in Ubiōs lēgātōs mittendī: quōrum sī prīncipēs ac senātus sibi iūre iūrandō fidem fēcisset, eā condiciōne, quae ā Caesare ferrētur, sē ūsūrōs ostendēbant: ad hās rēs cōnficiendās

10 sibi trīduī spatium daret. Haec omnia Caesar eōdem illō pertinēre arbitrābātur, ut trīduī morā interpositā equitēs eōrum, quī abessent, reverterentur; tamen sēsē nōn longius mīlibus passuum 1I111 aquātiōnis causā prōcessūrum eō diē dīxit; hūc posterō diē quam frequentissimī convenīrent, ut dē

18 eōrum postulātīs cognōsceret. Interim ad praefectōs, quī cum omnī equitātū antecesserant, mittit, quī nūntiārent, nē hostēs proeliō lacesserent et, sī ipsī lacesserentur, sustinērent, quoad ipse cum exercitū propius accessisset.

12. At hostēs, ubi prīmum nostrōs equitēs cōnspexērunt, quōrum erat v mīlium numerus, cum ipsī nōn amplius pccc 2 treacherous equitēs habērent, quod iī, quī frūmentandī causā gitack ana a ierant trāns Mosam, nōndum redierant, nihil timen-

5 tibus nostrīs, quod lēgātī eōrum paulō ante ā Caesare discesserant atque is diēs indūtiīs erat ab hīs petītus, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt; rūrsus hīs resistentibus, cōnsuētūdine suā ad pedēs dēsiluērunt, subfossīsque equīs complūribusque nostrīs dēiectīs reliquōs in fugam coniēcērunt

1 atque ita perterritōs ēgērunt, ut nōn prius fugā dēsisterent,

14. ō] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 4 99

quam in cōnspectum agminis nostrī vēnissent. In eō proeliō ex equitibus nostrīs interficiuntur rnin et Lxx, in hīs vir fortis- simus Pīsō Aquītānus amplissimō genere nātus, cuius avus in cīvitāte suā rēgnum obtinnerat amīcus ā senātū nostrō appel- lātus. Hic cum frātrī interclūsō ab hostibus auxilium ferret, illum ex perīculō ēripuit, ipse equō vulnerātō dēiectus, quoad potuit, fortissimē restitit: cum circumventus multīs vulneribus acceptīs cecidisset, atque id frāter, quī iam proeliō excesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitātō equō sē hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est.

13. Hōc factō proeliō, Caesar neque iam sibi lēgātōs audi- endōs neque condiciōnēs accipiendās arbitrābātur ab iīs, quī Caesar per dolum atque īnsidiās petītā pāce ultrō bellum īmius tne , intulissent: expectāre vērō, dum hostium cōpiae mns 4repay 8ugērentur equitātusque reverterētur, summae dē- lsageheu mentiae esse iūdicābat, et cognitā Gallōrum īnfirmi- treacheru. tāte, quantum iam apud eōs hostēs ūnō proeliō auctōritātis essent cōnsecūtī, sentiēbat; quibus ad cōnsilia capienda nihil spatiī dandum exīstimābat. Hīs cōnstitūtīs rēbus et cōnsiliō cum lēgātīs et quaestōre commūnicātō, nē quem diem pugnae praetermitteret, oportūnissima rēs accidit, quod postrīdiē eius diēī māne eādem et simulātiōne et perfidiā ūsī Germānī frequentēs, omnibus prīncipibus maiōribusque nātū adhibitīs, ad eum in castra vēnērunt, simul, ut dīcēbātur, pūr- gandī suī causā, quod contrā, atque esset dictum et ipsī petīs- sent, proelium prīdiē commīsissent, simul ut, sī quid possent, dē indūtiīs fallendō impetrārent. Quōs sibi Caesar oblātōs gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit: ipse ōmnēs cōpiās castrīs ēdūxit equitātumque, quod recentī proeliō perterritum esse exīsti- mābat, agmen subsequī iussit.

l4. Aciē triplicī īnstitūtā et celeriter vrīī mīlium itinere cōnfectō, prius ad hostium castra pervēnit quam quid agerētur Germānī sentīre possent. Quī omnibus rēbus subitō perterritī et celeritāte adventūs nostrī et discessū suōrum, neque cōn-

2

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cōpiāsne adversus hostem dūcere, an castra dēfendere, an fugā

The Germans salūtem petere praestāret. Quōrum timor cum

offer little itiā = : : 2 .= 2122 - - orenute fremitū et concursū significārētur, mīlitēs nostrī

utenemy of prīstinī diēī perfidiā incitātī in castra inrūpērunt. and chilaren. Quō locō quī celeriter arma capere potuērunt, pau- lisper nostrīs restitērunt atque inter carrōs impedīmentaque proelium commīsērunt; at reliqua multitūdō puerōrum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suīs domō excesserant Rhē- numque trānsierant) passim fugere coepit; ad quōs cōnsec-

tandōs Caesar equitātum mīsit. . 1ē. Germānī, post tergum clāmōre audītō, cum suōs interficī vidērent, armīs abiectīs signīsque mīlitāribus relictīs sē ex castrīs ēiēcērunt, et cum ad cōnfluentem Mosae et

rāna4num Rhēnī pervēnissent, reliquā fugā dēspērātā, magnō ānnue.. numerō interfectō, reliquī sē in flūmen praecipitā- W5netēō vērunt atque ibi timōre, lassitūdine, vī flūminis ēscape- oppressī periērunt. Nostrī ad ūnum omnēs in-

columēs, perpaucīs vulnerātīs, ex tantī bellī timōre, cum hostium

numerus capitum ccccxXxXX mīlium fuisset, sē in castra recēpē-

runt. Caesar iīs, quōs in castrīs retinuerat, discēdendī potestā- tem fēcit. Illī supplicia cruciātūsque Gallōrum veritī, quōrum agrōs vexāverant, remanēre sē apud eum velle dīxērunt. Hīe Caesar lībertātem concessit.

1. Germānicō bellō cōnfectō, multīs dē causīs Caesar statuit sibi Rhēnum esse trānseundum; quārum illa fuit iūstissīma, Caesars res. quod, cum vidēret Germānōs tam facile impellī, ut sons for gp9ss in Galliam venīrent, suīs quoque rēbus eōs timēre

ing the Rhine.

Sugambrī i i ē ī neSuīemōrt voluit, cum intellegerent et posse et audēre populī

Sīntnemtu Rōmānī exercitam Rhēnum trānsīre. Accessit agxce- etiam, quod illa pars equitātūs Usipetum et Tencte- rōrum, quam suprā commemorāvī praedandī frūmentandīque causā Mosam trānsīsse neque proeliō interfuisse, post fugam suōrum sē trāns Rhēnum in fīnēs Sugambrōrum recēperat sōque cum hīs coniūnxerat. Ad quōs cum Caesar nūntiōs

mīsisset, quī postulārent, eōs, quī sibi Galliaeque bellum

17. 21] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 4 101

intulissent, sibi dēderent, respondērunt: Populī Rōmānī imperium Rhēnum fīnīre: sī sē invītō Germānōs in Galliam trānsīre nōn aequum exīstimāret, cūr suī quicquam esse imperiī aut potestātis trāns Rhēnum postulāret? Ubiī autem, quī ūnī ex Trānsrhēnānīs ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīse- rant, amīcitiam fēcerant, obsidēs dederant, magnopere ōrā- bant, ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Suēbīs premeren- tur; vel, sī id facere occupātiōnibus reī pūblicae prohibērētur, exercitam modo Rhēnum trānsportāret: id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliquī temporis satis futūram. Tantum esse nōmen atque opīniōnem eius exercitūs, Ariovistō pulsō et hōc novis- simō proeliō factō, etiam ad ultimās Germānōrum nātiōnēs, utī opīniōne et amīcitiā populī Rōmānī tūtī esse possent. Nāvium magnam cōpiam ad trānsportandum exercitum pollicēbantur. 17. Caesar hīs dē causīs, quās commemorāvī, Rhēnum trānsīre dēcrēverat; sed nāvibus trānsīre neque satis tūtum Desertotim 6Sse arbitrābātur, neque suae neque populī Rōmānī d tne nriage dignitātis esse statuēbat. Itaque, etsī summa diffi- Rhntne. cultās faciendī pontis prōpōnēbātur propter lātitūdi- nem, rapiditātem altitūdinemque flūminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter nōn trādūcendum exercitum exīsti- mābat. Ratiōnem pontis hanc īnstituit. Tigna bīna sēsquipe- dālia paulum ab īmō praeacūta dīmēnsa ad altitūdinem flūminis intervāllō pedum duōrum inter sē iungēbat. Haec cum māchi- nātiōnibus immissa in flūmen dēfīxerat festūcīsque adēgerat, nōn sublicae modō dērēctē ad perpendiculum, sed prōnē ac fastīgātē ut secundum nātūram flūminis prōcumberent, iīs item contrāria duo ad eundem modum iūncta intervāllō pedum quadrāgēnum ab īnferiōre parte contrā vim atque impetum flūminis conversa statuēbat. Haec utraque īnsuper bipedālibus trabibus immissīs, quantum eōrum tignōrum iūnctūra distābat, bīnīs utrimque fībulīs ab extrēmā parte distinēbantur; quibus disclūsīs atque in contrāriam partem revīnctīs tanta erat operis firmitūdō atque ea rērum nātūra, ut, quō maior vīs aquae sē incitāvisset, hōc artius inligāta tenērentur. Haec dērēctā

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māteriā iniectā contexēbantur ac longuriīs crātibusque cōn- sternēbantur; ac nihilō sētius sublicae et ad īnferiōrem partem flūminis oblīquē agēbantur, quae prō ariete subiectae et cum omnī opere coniūnctae vim flūminis exciperent, et aliae item suprā pontem mediocrī spatiō, ut, sī arborum truncī sīve nāvēs dēiciendī operis causā essent ā barbarīs immissae, hīs dēfēn- sōribus eārum rērum vīs minuerētur, neu pontī nocērent.

18. Diēbus x, quibus māteria coepta erat comportārī, omnī opere effectō exercitus trādūcitur. Caesar, ad utramque par- tem pontis firmō praesidiō relictō, in fīnēs Sugambrō-

The Romans .

ēroes the rum contendit. Interim ā complūribus cīvitātibus Rhine. The

ftugampis ad eum lēgātī veniunt; quibus pācem atque amīci-

tiam petentibus līberāliter respondet obsidēsque ad sē addūcī iubet. At Sugambrī ex eō tempore, quō pōns īnsti- tuī coeptus est, fugā comparātā, hortantibus iīs, quōs ex Tencterīs atque Usipetibus apud sē habēbant, fīnibus suīs excesserant suaque omnia exportāverant sēque in sōlitūdinem ac silvās abdiderant. 19. Caesar paucōs diēs in eōrum fīnibus morātus, omnibus vīcīs aedificiīsque incēnsīs frūmentīsque succīsīs, sē in fīnēs Caesar rae-. Ubiōrum recēpit, atque hīs auxilium suum pollicitus,

ages their

terriom; and, sī ā Suēbīs premerentur, haec ab iīs cognōvit: Suēbōs,

rning to the Ub4 posteāquam per explōrātōrēs pontem fierī comperis-

ns Sus; see sent, mōre suō conciliō habitō, nūntiōs in omnēs

tanae2 u5 He partēs dīmīsisse, utī dē oppidīs dēmigrārent, līberōs, Gaul. uxōrēs suaque omnia in silvīs dēpōnerent, atque omnēs, quī arma ferre possent, ūnum in locum convenīrent: hunc esse dēlēctum medium ferē regiōnum eārum, quās Suēbī obtinērent: hīc Rōmānōrum adventum expectāre atque ibīdem dēcertāre cōnstituisse. Quod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus iīe rēbus cōnfectīs, quārum rērum causā trādūcere exercitum cōnstituerat, ut Germānīs metum iniceret, ut Sugambrōs ulcīscerētur, ut Ubiōs obsidiōne līberāret, diēbus omnīnō xvirI1I trāns Rhēnum cōnsūmptīs, satis et ad laudem et ad ūtilitātem prōfectum arbitrātus, sē in Galliam recēpit pontemque rescidit.

21. 19] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 4 103

20. Exiguā parte aestātis reliquā, Caesar, etsī in hīs locīs, quod omnis Guallia ad septentriōnēs vergit, mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam proficīscī contendit, quod omnibus ferē Gallicīs bellīs hostibus nostrīs inde subministrāta

auxilia intellegēbat et, sī tempus annī ad bellum ge- Caesar deter gtssu sē;: rendum dēficeret, tamen magnō sibi ūsuī fore arbi-

Brītain. seeks infor trābātur, sī modo īnsulam adīsset, genus hominum

mation from traders. but perspexisset, loca, portūs, aditūs cognōvisset; quae omnia ferē Gallīs erant incognita. Neque enim temerē praeter mercātōrēs illō adit quisquam, neque hīs ipsīs quicquam praeter ōram maritimam atque eās regiōnēs, quae sunt contrā Galliās, nōtum est. Itaque vocātīs ad sē undique mercātōri- bus, neque quanta esset īnsulae magnitūdō, neque quae aut quantae nātiōnēs incolerent, neque quem ūsum bellī habērent aut quibus īnstitūtīs ūterentur, neque quī essent ad maiōrem nāvium multitūdinem idōneī portūs, reperīre poterat.

21. Ad haec cognōscenda, priusquam perīculum faceret, idōneum esse arbitrātus C. Volusēnum cum nāvī longā prae- mittit. Huic mandat, ut explōrātīs omnibus rēbus ad sē quam prīmum revertātur. Ipse cum omnibus cōpiīs in Morinōs pro- le sends ficīscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam

Volusenus obtain infor- trāiectus. Hūc nāvēs undique ex fīnitimīs regiōni-

ōcttatsn bus et, quam superiōre aestāte ad Veneticum bellum īith the : : 1: Britons. fēcerat, classem iubet convenīre. Interim cōnsiliō eius cognitō et per mercātōrēs perlātō ad Britannōs, ā complū- ribus īnsulae cīvitātibus ad eum lēgātī veniunt, quī pollice- antur obsidēs dare atque imperiō populī Rōmānī obtemperāre. Quibus audītīs, līberāliter pollicitus hortātusque, ut in eā sen- tentiā permanērent, eōs domum remittit, et cum iīs ūnā Com- mium, quem ipse Atrebātibus superātīs rēgem ibi cōnstituerat, cuius et virtūtem et cōnsilium probābat et quem sibi fidēlem esse arbitrābātur, cuiusque auctōritās in hīs regiōnibus magnī habēbātur, mittit. Huic imperat, quās possit, adeat cīvitātēs hortēturque, ut populī Rōmānī fidem sequantur, sēque cele- riter eō ventūrum nūntiet. Volusēnus perspectīs regiōnibus,

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quantum eī facultātis darī potuit quī nāvī ēgredī ac sē barbarīs committere nōn audēret, v diē ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renūntiat.

22. Dum in hīs locīs Caesar nāvium parandārum causā morātur, ex magnā parte Morinōrum ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt, quī sē dē superiōris temporis cōnsiliō excūsārent, quod homi- Ine2 uem nēs īīī ot nost ae cōnsuētūdinis imperītī bellam 2onm īem- populō Rōmānō fēcissent, sēque ea, quae impe- crossing. rāsset, factūrōs pollicērentur. Hoc sibi Caesar satis oportūnē accidisse arbitrātus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volēbat neque bellī gerendī propter annī tempus facultātem habēbat neque hās tantulārum rērum occupātiōnēs Britanniae antepōnendās iūdicābat, magnum iīs numerum obsi- dum imperat. Quibus adductīs, eōs in fidem recipit. Nāvibus circiter LXXX onerāriīs coāctīs contractīsque, quot satis esse ad duās trānsportandās legiōnēs exīstimābat, quod praetereā nāvium longārum habēbat, quaestōrī, lēgātīs praefectīsque distribuit. Hūc accēdēbant xviīī onerāriae nāvēs, quae ex eō locō ā mīlibus passuum vi111 ventō tenēbantur, quōminus in eundem portum venīre possent; hās equitibus distribuit. Reli- quum exercitum Titūriō Sabīnō et Aurunculeiō Cottae lēgātīs in Menapiōs atque in eōs pāgōs Morinōrum, ā quibus ad eum lēgātī nōn vēnerant, dūcendum dedit; Sulpicium Rūfum lēgā- tum cum eō praesidiō, quod satis esse arbitrābātur, portum tenēre iussit.

23. Hīs cōnstitūtīs rēbus, nactus idōneam ad nāvigandum tempestātem r111 ferē vigiliā solvit equitēsque in ulteriōrem por- tum prōgredī et nāvēs cōnscendere et sē sequī iussit. Ā quibus cum paulō tardius esset administrātum, ipse hōrā diēī circiter rrm cum prīmīs nāvibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositās hostium cōpiās armātās cōnspexit. Cuius locī haec erat nātūra, atque ita montibus angustē mare continēbātur, utī ex locīs superiōribus in lītus tēlum adigī posset. Hunc ad 2ēgrediendum nēquāquam

The passage.

10 idōneum locum arbitrātus, dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent,

2ē5. 12] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOKX 4 105

ad hōram nōnam in ancorīs expectāvit. Interim lēgātīs tribū- nīsque mīlitum convocātīs et quae ex Volusēnō cognōvisset, et quae fierī vellet, ostendit monuitque, ut reī mīlitāris ratiō, maximē ut maritimae rēs postulārent, ut quae celerem atque īnstabilem mōtum habērent, ad nūtum et ad tempus omnēs rēs ab iīs administrārentur. Hīs dīmissīs et ventum et aestum ūnō tempore nactus secundum, datō signō et sublātīs ancorīs, circiter mīlia passuum vii ab eō locō prōgressus, apertō ac plānō lītore nāvēs cōnstituit.

24. At barbarī, cōnsiliō Rōmānōrum cognitō, praemissō equitātū et essedāriīs, quō plērumque genere in proeliīs ūtī cōnsuērunt, reliquīs cōpiīs subsecūtī nostrōs nāvibus

The enem ditemmis tn 2ēgredī prohibēbant. Ērat ob hās causās summa tanatms. difficultās, quod nāvēs propter magnitūdinem nisi in

altō cōnstituī nōn poterant, mīlitibus autem ignōtīs locīs, impedītīs manibus magnō et gravī onere armōrum pressīs, sumul et dē nāvibus dēsiliendum et in flūctibus cōnsistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illī aut ex āridō aut paulum in aquam prōgressī omnibus membrīs expedītīs, nōtissimīs locīs audācter tēla coicerent et equōs īnsuēfactōs incitārent. Quibus rēbus nostri perterritī atque huius omnīnō generis pugnae imperīti nōn eādem alacritāte ac studiō, quō in pedestribus ūtī proeliīs cōnsuērant, ūtēbantur. 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, nāvēs longās, quārum et speciēs erat barbarīs inūsitātior et mōtus ad ūsum expedītior, paulum removērī ab onerāriīs nāvibus et rēmīs Hontiunar. Incnta īi nd latus apertum hostium cōnstituī atque a3qie sedn , sagittīs, tormentīs hostēs prōpellī ac ringe matus. submovērī iussit; quae rēs magnō ūsuī nostrīs fuit. Nam et nāvium figūrā et rēmōrum mōtū et inūsitātō genere tormentōrum permōtī, barbarī cōnstitērunt ac paulum etiam pedem rettulērunt. Atque nostrīs mīlitibus cūnctantibus, maximē propter altitūdinem maris, quī x legiōnis aquilam ferēbat, obtestātus deōs, ut ea rēs legiōnī fēlīciter ēvenīret, “Decsilīte, ” inquit, ‘“commīlitōnēs, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus

P-a

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prōdere: ego certē meum reī pūblicae atque imperātōrī officium praestiterō.’ Hoc cum vōce magnā dīxisset, sē ex nāvī prōiēcit atque in hostēs aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostrī cohortātī inter sē, nē tantum dēdecus admitterētur, ūniversī ex nāvī dēsiluērunt. Hōs item ex proximīs nāvibus cum cōn- spexissent, subsecūtī hostibus adpropinquāvērunt.

28. Pugnātum est ab utrīsque ācriter. Nostrī tamen, quod neque ōrdinēs servāre neque firmiter īnsistere neque signa sub- The Britom sequī poterant, atque alius aliā ex nāvī, quibuscum- ēne deented. que signīs occurrerat, sē adgregābat, Mmagnopere īā perturbābantur; hostēs vērō, nōtīs omnibus vadī,

ubī ex lītore aliquōs singulārēs ex nāvī ēgredientēs cōnspexerant, incitātīs equīs impedītōs adoriēbantur, plūrēs paucōs circumsistēbant, aliī ab latere apertō in ūniversōs tēla coiciēbant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphās lon- gārum nāvium, item speculātōria nāvigia mīlitibus complērī iussit et, quōs labōrantēs cōnspexerat, hīs subsidia submittē- bat. Nostrī, simul in āridō cōnstitērunt, suīs omnibus cōnse- cūtīs in hostēs impetum fēcērunt atque eōs in fugam dedērunt, neque longius prōsequī potuērunt, quod equitēs cursum tenēre atque īnsulam capere nōn potuerant. Hoc ūnum ad prīstinam fortūnam Caesarī dēfuit.

27. Hostēs proeliō superātī, simul atque sē ex fugārecēpērunt, statim ad Caesarem lēgātōs dē pāce mīsērunt; obsidēs datūrōs,

quaeque imperāsset factūrōs sēsē pollicitī sunt. ntesass ūna enm his te gna Comsmins Atrebās Cemit quem and opet prā dēmōnstrāveram ā Caesare in Britanniam

praemissum. Hunc illī ē nāvī ēgressum, cum ad eōs ōrātōris modō Caesaris mandāta dēferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coiēcerant; tum proeliō factō remīsērunt et in petendā pāce eius reī culpam in multitūdinem contulērunt et propter imprūdentiam ut ignōscerētur petīvērunt. Caesar questus, quod, cum ultrō in continentem lēgātīs missīs pācem ab sē petīssent, bellum sine causā intulissent, ignōscere imprū- dentiae dīxit obsidēsque imperāvit; quōrum illī partem statim

3802Ō. 6] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 4 107

dedērunt, partem ex longinquiōribus locīs arcessītam paucīs

diēbus sēsē datūrōs dīxērunt. Intereā suōs remigrāre in agrōs iussērunt, prīncipēsque undique convenīre et sē cīvitātēsque suās Caesarī commendāre coepērunt.

28. Hīs rēbus pāce cōnfirmātā, post diem quārtum, quam est in Britanniam ventum, nāvēs xvrir, dē quibus suprā īno su4: dēmōnstrātum est. quae equitēs sustulerant, ex ōarniiug tne superiōre portū lēnī ventō solvērunt. Quae cum īirīnen out of adpropinquārent Britanniae et ex castrīs vidērentur,

tanta tempestās subitō coōrta est, ut nūlla eārum cursum tenēre posset, sed aliae eōdem, unde erant profectae, referrentur, aliae ad īnferiōrem partem īnsulae, quae est propius sōlis occāsum, magnō suō cum perīculō dēicerentur; quae tamen ancorīs iactīe cum flūctibus complērentur, necessāriō adversā nocte in altum prōvectae continentem petiērunt.

29. Eādem nocte accidit, ut esset lūna plēna, quī diēs maritimōs aestūs maximōs in ōceanō efficere cōnsuēvit, nostrīs- que id erat incognitum. Ita ūnō tempore et longās nāvēs, quās Caesar in āridum subdūxerat, aestus complēbat, et onerāriās quae ad ancorās erant dēligātae, tempestās adflīctābat, neque 4 storm ūlla nostrīs facultās aut dministrandī aut auxili- shatters te!. andī dabātur. Complūribus nāvibus frāctīs reli- Roman fleet. -- - - -

quae cum essent fūnibus, ancorīs reliquīsque armā- mentīs āmissīs ad nāvigandum inūtilēs, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, tōtīus exercitūs perturbātiō facta est. Neque enim nāvēs erant aliae, quibus reportārī possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendās nāvēs erant ūsuī, et, quod omnibus cōnstābat hiemārī in Galliā oportēre, frūmentum in hīs locīs in hiemem prōvīsum nōn erat.

30. Quibus rēbus cognitīs, prīncipēs Britanniae, quī post proelium ad Caesarem convēnerant, inter sē conlocūtī, cum et

equitēs et nāvēs et frūmentum Rōmānīs deesse

The B uoonsptren to ijntellegerent et paucitātem mīlitum ex castrōrum

renev hos-

tūlites. exiguitāte cognōscerent, quae hōc erant etiam

angustiōra, quod sine impedīmentīs Caesar legiōnēs trāns-

ct

3

0

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portāverat, optimum factū esse dūxērunt rebelliōne factā frūmentō commeātūque nostrōs prohibēre et rem in hiemem prōdūcere, quod, hīs superātīs aut reditū interclūsīs, nēminem i0 posteā bellī īnferendī causā in Britanniam trānsitūrum cōnfī- dēbant. Itaque, rūrsus coniūrātiōne factā, paulātim ex castrīs discēdere et suōs clam ex agrīs dēdūcere coepērunt. 31. At Caesar, etsī nōndum eōrum cōnsilia cognōverat, tamen et ex ēventū nāvium suārum et ex eō, quod obsidēs dare

Caesars fore. intermīserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicābātur.

ā524, sna Itaque ad omnēs cāsūs subsidia comparābat. Nam 5 paired. et frūmentum ex agrīs cotīdiē in castra cōnferēbat

et quae gravissimē adflīctae erant nāvēs, eārum māteriā atque

aere ad reliquās reficiendās ūtēbātur et quae ad eās rēs erant

ūsuī ex continentī comparārī iubēbat. Itaque, cum summō

studiō ā mīlitibus administrārētur, x1ī nāvibus āmissīs, reli- io quīs ut nāvigārī satis commodē posset, effēcit.

S2. Dum ea geruntur, legiōne ex cōnsuētūdine ūnā frūmen- tātum missā, quae appellābātur vi1, neque ūllā ad id tempus The Britons bellī suspīciōne interpositā, cum pars hominum in ānnush the agrīs remanēret, pars etiam in castra ventitāret, iī,

5 foragers. quī prō portīs castrōrum in statiōne erant, Caesarī nūntiāvērunt pulverem maiōrem, quam cōnsuētūdō ferret, in eā parte vidērī, quam in partem legiō iter fēcisset. Caesar id, quod erat, suspicātus, aliquid novī ā barbarīs initum cōnsiliī, cohortēs, quae in statiōnibus erant, sēcum in eam partem

i0 proficīscī, ex reliquīs duās in statiōnem succēdere, reliquās armārī et cōnfestim sēsē subsequī iussit. Cum paulō longius ā castrīs prōcessisset, suōs ab hostibus premī atque aegrē sustinēre et, cōnfertā legiōne, ex omnibus partibus tēla coicī animad- vertit. Nam quod omnī ex reliquīs partibus dēmessō frūmentō

158 pars ūna erat reliqua, suspicātī hostēs hūc nostrōs esse ven- tūrōs noctū in silvīs dēlituerant: tum dispersōs dēpositīs armīs in metendō occupātōs subitō adortī paucīs interfectīs reliquōs incertīs ōrdinibus perturbāverant, simul equitātū atque essedīs circumdederant.

8ō. 6] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 4 109

B3S. Genus hoc est ex essedīs pugnae. Prīmō per omnēs partēs perequitant et tēla coiciunt atque ipsō terrōre equōrum Deserintion et strepitū rotārum ōrdinēs plērumque perturbant, nhariot et cum sē inter equitum turmās īnsinuāvērunt, ex

essedīs dēsiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurīgae s interim paulātim ex proeliō excēdunt atque ita currūs con- locant, ut, sī illī ā multitūdine hostium premantur, expedītum ad suōs receptum habeant. Ita mōbilitātem equitum, stabili- tātem peditum in proeliīs praestant, ac tantum ūsū cotīdiānō et exercitātiōne efficiunt, utī in dēclīvī ac praecipitī locō io incitātōs equōs sustinēre et brevī moderārī ac flectere et per tēmōnem percurrere et in iugō īnsistere et sē inde in currūs citissimē recipere cōnsuērint.

34. Quibus rēbus perturbātīs nostrīs novitāte pugnae tem- pore oportūnissimō Caesar auxilium tulit; namque eius adventū hostēs cōnstitērunt, nostrī sē ex timōre recēpērunt. Quō factō ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium aliēnum Caesar brings ēSSē tempus arbitrātus suō sē locō continuit et brevī s han .rne tempore intermissō in castra legiōnēs redūxit.

ons de- cide to attace Dum haec geruntur, nostrīs omnibus occupātīs, quī

ēās erant in agrīs reliquī, discessērunt. Secūtae sunt continuōs complūrēs diēs tempestātēs, quae et nostrōs in castrīs continērent et hostem ā pugnā prohibērent. Interim i0 barbarī nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsērunt paucitātemque nostrōrum mīlitum suīs praedicāvērunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum suī līberandī facultās darētur, sī Rōmānōs castrīs expulissent, dēmōnstrāvērunt. Hīs rēbus celeriter magnā multitūdine peditātūs equitātūsque coāctā, ad 1s castra vēnērunt.

385. Caesar etsī idem, quod superiōribus diēbus acciderat, Tne Britom fore vidēbat, ut, sī essent hostēs pulsī, celeritāte dre dereated. periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equitēs circiter āqes iheir xxX4 quōs Commius Atrebās, dē quō ante dictum

est, sēcum trānsportāverat, legiōnēs in aciē prō cas- s trīs cōnstituit. Commissō proeliō diūtius nostrōrum mīlitum

110 SECOND LATIN BOOK [8ē. 7

impetum hostēs ferre nōn potuērunt ac terga vertērunt. Quōs

tantō spatiō secūtī, quantum cursū et vīribus efficere potuērunt,

complūrēs ex iīs occīdērunt, deinde omnibus longē lātēque i0 aedificiīs incēnsīs sē in castra recēpērunt.

36. Eōdem diē lēgātī ab hostibus missī ad Caesarem dē pāce vēnērunt. Hīs Caesar numerum obsidum, quem ante imperā- Tne retum Pverat, duplicāvit eōsque in continentem addūcī ius- into Gaul. sit, quod propinquā diē aequinoctiī īnfirmīs nāvibus

5 hiemī nāvigātiōnem subiciendam nōn exīstimābat. Ipse idō- neam tempestātem nactus paulō post mediam noctem nāvēs solvit: quae omnēs incolumēs ad continentem pervēnērunt; sed ex iīs onerāriae duae eōsdem portūs, quōs reliquae, capere nōn potuērunt et paulō īnfrā dēlātae sunt.

37. Quibus ex nāvibus cum essent expositī mīlitēs circiter ccc atque in castra contenderent, Morinī, quōs Caesar in Tne treuch. Britanniam proficīscēns pācātōs relīquerat, spē a” of the praedae adductī prīmō nōn ita magnō suōrum

Morini. The : ī . l 5 ;holow cir- numerō circumstetērunt ac, sī sēsē interficī nōllent,

maa arma pōnere iussērunt. Cum illī orbe factō sēsē dēfenderent, celeriter ad clāmōrem hominum circiter mīlia vr convēnērunt. Quā rē nūntiātā Caesar omnem ex castrīs equitātum suīs auxiliō mīsit. Interim nostrī mīlitēs impetum

10 hostium sustinuērunt atque amplius hōrīs rnir fortissimē pugnāvērunt et paucīs vulneribus acceptīs complūrēs ex hīs occīdērunt. Posteā vērō quam equitātus noster in cōnspectum vēnit, hostēs abiectīs armīs terga vertērunt magnusque eōrum numerus est occīsus.

38. Caesar posterō diē T. Labiēnum lēgātum cum iīs legiōnibus, quās ex Britanniā redūxerat, in Morinōs, quī rebel- The Rumans liōnem fēcerant, mīsit. Quī cum propter siccitātēs ravage tee. palūdum, quō sē reciperent, nōn habērent, quō per-

territory of

the Menapti. iō iō ō ūsī ē ē i - 5 īWīnter auar- fugiō superiōre annō erant ūsī, omnēs ferē in potes

ters. A sec- ā 18mī 2 n 2. te4 ina sēe. tātem Labiēnī vēnērunt. At Q. Titūrius et L.

givin. Cotta lēgātī, quī in Menapiōrum fīnēs legiōnēs dūxerant, omnibus eōrum agrīs vāstātīs, frūmentīs succīsīs,

2. 1] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK ō5 111

aedificiīs incēnsīs, quod Menapiī sē omnēs in dēnsissimās silvās abdiderant, sē ad Caesarem recēpērunt. Caesar in Belgīs omnium legiōnum hīberna cōnstituit. Eō duae omnīnō cīvi- tātēs ex Britanniā obsidēs mīsērunt, reliquae neglēxērunt. Hīs rēbus gestīs ex litterīs Caesaris diērum xx supplicātiō ā ā senātū dēcrēta est.

BOOK 5

1. L. Domitiō, Ap. Claudiō cōnsulibus, discēdēns ab hībernīs Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannīs facere cōnsuērat, lēgātīs The butdt imperat, quōs legiōnibus praefēcerat, utī quam ōf a fleet. plūrimās possint hieme nāvēs aedificandās veterēs- igftigptum. que reficiendās cūrent. Eārum modum fōrmamque gre “paēi!“ dēmōnstrat. Ad celeritātem onerandī subductiō- nea.n nisque paulō facit humiliōrēs, quam quibus in nostrō marī ūtī cōnsuēvimus, atque id eō magis, quod propter crēbrās commūtātiōnēs aestuum minus magnōs ibi flūctūs fierī cognō- verat, ad onera ac multitūdinem iūmentōrum trānsportandam paulō lātiōrēs, quam quibus in reliquīs ūtimur maribus. Hās omnēs āctuāriās imperat fierī, quam ad rem multum hunmilitās adiuvat. EĒa, quae sunt ūsuī ad armandās nāvēs, ex Hispāniā adportārī iubet. Ipse, conventibus Galliae citeriōris perāctīs, in llyricum proficīscitur, quod ā Pīrūstīs fīnitimam partem prōvinciae incursiōnibus vāstārī audiēbat. Eō cum vēnisset, cīvitātibus mīlitēs imperat certumque in locum convenīre iubet. Quā rē nūntiātā, Pīrūstae lēgātōs ad eum mittunt, quī

doceant nihil eārum rērum pūblicō factum cōnsiliō, sēsēque

parātōs esse dēmōnstrent omnibus ratiōnibus dē iniūriīs satis- facere. Perceptā ōrātiōne eōrum, Caesar obsidēs imperat eōsque ad certam diem addūcī iubet; nisi ita fēcerint, sēsē bellō cīvitātem persecūtūrum dēmōnstr... F5īs ad diem adductīs ut imperāverat, arbitrōs inter oīvitatēs dat, quī lītem aestiment poenamque cōnstituant.

2. Hīs cōnfectīs rēbus conventibusqne perāetīs. in citeriōrem

bua

0

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Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum proficīscitur. Eō

cum vēnisset, circumitīs omnibus hībernīs, singulārī mīlitum

studiō in summā omnium rērum inopiā circiter nc eius gene-

ris, cuius suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, nāvēs et longās xxXvIII invēnit īnstrūctās neque multum abesse ab ceō,

Caesar arrives

in Gaul anīquīn paucīs diēbus dēdūcī possint. Conlaudātīs

proceeds

against the mīlitibus atque iīs, quī negōtiō praefuerant, quid

reve

fierī velit, ostendit atque omnēs ad portum Itium

i0 convenīre iubet, quō ex portū commodissimum in Britanniam

1ō

et

10

1

5

trāiectum esse cognōverat, circiter mīlium passuum xXX ā continentī: huic reī quod satis esse vīsum est mīlitum relin- quit. Ipse cum legiōnibus expedītīs 1111 et equitibus. nccc in fīnēs Trēverōrum proficīscitur, quod hī neque ad concilia veni- ēbant neque imperiō pārēbant Germānōsque Trānsrhēnānōs sollicitāre dīcēbantur. 3S. Haec cīvitās longē plūrimum tōtīus Galliae equitātū valet magnāsque habet cōpiās peditum, Rhēnumque, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, tangit. In eā cīvitāte duo dē Factions 2s5242 2 - - 241 gmang īae prīncipātū inter sē contendēbant, Indūtiomārus et 3ar in a ra- Cingetorīx; ex quibus alter, simul atque dē Caesaris legiōnumque adventū cognitum est, ad eum vēnit, sē suōsque omnēs in officiō futūrōs neque ab amīcitiā populī Rōmānī dēfectūrōs cōnfirmāvit quaeque in Trēverīs gererentur ostendit. At Indūtiomārus equitātum peditātumque cōgere iīsque, quī per aetātem in armīs eese nōn poterant, in silvam Arduennam abditīs, quae ingentī magnitūdine per mediōs fīnēs Trēverōrum ā flūmine Rhēnō ad initium Rēmōrum pertinet, bellum parāre īnstituit. Sed posteāquam nōn nūllī prīncipēs ex eā cīvitāte et auctōritāte Cingetorīgis adductī et adventū nostrī exercitūs perterritī ad Caesarem vēnērunt et dē suīs prīvātī rēbus ab eō petere coepērunt, quoniam cīvitātī cōnsulere nōn possent, veritus, nē ab omnibus dēsererētur, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittit: Sēsē idcircō ab suīs discēdere atque ad eum venīre nōluisse, quō facilius cīvitātem in officiō continēret, nē

20 omnis nōbilitātis discessū plēbs propter imprūdentiam lābe-

6.7] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 5 113

rētur: itaque cīvitātem in suā potestāte esse sēque, sī Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra ventūrum et suās cīvitātisque fortūnās eius fideī permissūrum.

4. Caesar, etsī intellegēbat, quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, quaeque eum rēs ab īnstitūtō cōnsiliō dēterrēret, tamen, nē caar de aestātem : in Trēverīs cōnsūmere cōgeretur, omnibus 41 rēbus ad Britannicum bellum comparātis, Indātio- ofers consoia. mārum ad sē cum cc obsidibus venīre iussit. Hīs

adductīs, in iīs fīliō propinquīsque eius omnibus, quōs nōminātim ēvocāverat, cōnsōlātus Indūtiomārum hortā- tusque est, utī in officiō manēret; nihilō tamen sētius, prīncipi- bus Trēverōrum ad sē convocātīs, hōs singillātim Cingetorīgī conciliāvit, quod cum meritō eius ab sē fierī intellegēbat, tum magnī interesse arbitrābātur eius auctōritātem inter suōs quam plūrimum valēre, cuius tam ēgregiam in sē voluntātem per- spexisset. Id factum graviter tulit Indūtiomārus, suam grātiam inter suōs minuī, et quī iam ante inimīcō in nōs animō fuisset, multō gravius hōc dolōre exārsit.

5. Hīs rēbus cōnstitūtīs, Caesar ad portum Itium cum legiōnibus pervenit. Ibi cognōscit LX nāvēs, quae in Meldīs Evrything factae erant, tempestāte reiectās cursum tenēre nōn oeday qm potuisse atque eōdem, unde erant profectae, rever-

tisse; reliquās parātās ad nāvigandum atque omnibus rēbus īnstrūctās invenit. Eōdem equitātus tōtīus Galliae con-

tud

0

15

venit numerō mīlia r11 prīncipēsque ex omnibus cīvitātibus;

ex quibus perpaucōs, quōrum in sē fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Galliā, reliquōs obsidum locō sēcum dūcere dēcrēverat, quod cum ipse abesset mōtum Galliae verēbātur.

6. Ērat ūnā cum cēterīs Dumnorīx Haeduus, dē quō ante ā nōbīs dictum est. Hunc sēcum habēre in prīmīs cōnstituerat, Dummora quod eum cupidum rērum novārum, cupidum āuses iroupte. imperiī, magnī animī, magnae inter Gallōs auctōri- ggmain in tātis cognōverat. Accēdēbat hūc, quod in con-

ciliō Haeduōrum Dumnorīx dīxerat sibi ā Caesare

rēgnum cīvitātis dēferrī; quod dictam Haeduī graviter

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ferēbant, neque recūsandī aut dēprecandī causā lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere audēbant. Id factum ex suīs hospitibus Caesar cognōverat. Ille omnibus prīmō precibus petere con- tendit, ut in Galliā relinquerētur, partim quod īnsuētus nāvi- gandī mare timēret, partim quod religiōnibus impedīrī sēsē dīceret. Posteāquam id obstinātē sibi negārī vīdit, omnī spē impetrandī adēmptā, prīncipēs Galliae sollicitāre, sēvocāre singulōs hortārīque coepit, utī in continentī remanērent; metū territāre: nōn sine causā fierī, ut Gallia omnī nōbilitāte spoliārētur; id esse cōnsilium Caesaris, ut, quōs in cōnspectū Galliae interficere verērētur, hōs omnēs in Britanniam trāductōs necāret; fidem reliquīs interpōnere, iūs iūrandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex ūsū Galliae intellēxissent, commūnī cōnsiliō administrārent. Haec ā complūribus ad Caesarem dēferēban- tur.

T. Quā rē cognitā Caesar, quod tantum cīvitātī Haeduae dig- nitātis tribuēbat, coērcendum atque dēterrendum, quibuscum- Cassar is Jue rēbus posset, Dumnorīgem statuēbat; quod iatohul longius eius āmentiam prōgredī vidēbat, prōspicien- Jiusqs detau dum, nē quid sibi ac reī pūblicae nocēre posset. gauēā Itaque diēs circiter xxv in eō locō commorātus, quod

Chōrus ventus nāvigātiōnem impediēbat, quī mag- nam partem omnis temporis in hīs locīs flāre cōnsuēvit, dabat operam, ut in officiō Dumnorīgem continēret, nihilō tamen sētius omnia eius cōnsilia cognōsceret: tandem idōneam nactus tempestātem mīlitēs equitēsque cōnscendere nāvēs iubet. At omnium impedītīs animīs, Dumnorīx cum equitibus Haeduōrum ā castrīs īnsciente Caesare domum discēdere coepit. Quā rē nūntiātā Caesar, intermissā profectiōne atque omnibus rēbus postpositīs, magnam partem equitātūs ad eum īnsequendum mittit retrahīque imperat; sī vim faciat neque pāreat, interficī iubet, nihil hunc sē absente prō sānō factūrum arbitrātus, quī praesentis imperium neglēxisset. Ille autem revocātus resistere ac sē manū dēfendere suōrumque fidem

2 implōrāre coepit saepe clāmitāns līberum sē līberaeque esse

ē. 11] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—HBOOK 5 115

cīvitātis. Illī, ut erat imperātum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt: at equitēs Haeduī ad Caesarem omnēs revertuntur.

8. Hīs rēbus gestīs, Labiēnō in continentī cum r11ī legiōnibus et equitum mīlibus duōbus relictō, ut portūs tuērētur et reī Labienus frūmentāriae prōvidēret, quaeque in Galliā gereren-

uards Cae- ō ōnsili ō ā rā guauas Cae tur cognōsceret cōnsiliumque prō tempore et prō rē

iīsaqs, . ī3psma. ipse cum v legiōnibus et pari numerō equi- 4 lonepul , quem in continentī relinquēbat, ad sōlis occā- pu. sum nāvēs solvit et lēnī Āfricō prōvectus mediā circiter nocte ventō intermissō cursum nōn tenuit et longius dēlātus aestū ortā lūce sub sinistrā Britanniam relictam cōn- spexit. Tum rūrsus aestūs commūtātiōnem secūtus rēmīs contendit, ut eam partem īnsulae caperet, quā optimum esse ēgressum superiōre aestāte cognōverat. Quā in rē admodum fuit mīlitum virtūs laudanda, quī vectōriīs gravibusque nāvigiīs nōn intermissō rēmigandī labōre longārum nāvium cursum adaequārunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus nāvibus merīdiānō ferē tempore, neque in eō locō hostis est vīsus; sed, ut posteā Caesar ex captīvīs cognōvit, cum magnae manūs eō convēnissent, multitūdine nāvium perterritae, quae cum annō- tinīs prīvātīsque, quās suī quisque commodī causā fēcerat, amplius pccc ūnō erant vīsae tempore, ā lītore discesserant ac sē in superiōra loca abdiderant.

9. Caesar expositō exercitū et locō castrīs idōneō captō, ubi ex captīvīs cognōvit, quō in locō hostium cōpiae cōnsēdissent, cohortibus x ad mare relictīs et equitibus ccc, quī praesidiō nāvibus essent, dē tertiā vigiliā ad hostēs contendit eō minus veritus nāvibus, quod in lītore mollī atque apertō dēligātās Caesar. leav. d ancorās relinquēbat. Eī praesidiō nāvibusque r4īūus to Q. Ātrium praefēcit. Ipse noctū prōgressus mīlia p d int Passuum circiter xīr hostium cōpiās cōnspicātus the enemy. est. Illī equitātū atque essedīs ad flūmen prōgressī ex locō superiōre nostrōs prohibēre et proelium committere

coepērunt. Repulsī ab equitātū sē in silvās abdidērunt locum

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nactī ēgregiē et nātūrā et opere mūnītum, quem domesticī bellī, ut vidēbātur, causā iam ante praeparāverant; nam crēbrīs arboribus succīsīs omnēs introitūs erant praeclūsī. Ipsī ex

i5 silvīs rārī prōpugnābant nostrōsque intrā mūnītiōnēs ingredī prohibēbant. At mīlitēs legiōnis vi1 testūdine factā et aggere ad mūnītiōnēs adiectō locum cēpērunt eōsque ex silvīs expulē- runt paucīs vulneribus acceptīs. Sed eōs fugientēs longius Caesar prōsequī vetuit, et quod locī nātūram ignōrābat, et quod

20 magnā parte diēī cōnsūmptā mīūnītiōnī castrōrum tempus relinquī volēbat.

10. Postrīdiē eius diēī māne tripertītō mīlitēs equitēsque in expedītiōnem mīsit, ut eōs, quī fūgerant, persequerentur. Hīs Atrius sends Sliquantum itineris prōgressīs, cum iam extrēmī had news. essent in prōspectū, equitēs ā Q. Ātriō ad Caesarem

5 vēnērunt, quī nūntiārent superiōre nocte maximā coōrtā tempestāte prope omnēs nāvēs adfiīctās atque in lītus ēiectās esse, quod neque ancorae fūnēsque sustinērent, neque nautae gubernātōrēsque vim tempestātis patī possent: itaque ex eō concursū nāvium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.

11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs Caesar legiōnēs equitātumque revocārī atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad nāvēs revertitur: eadem

ferē, quae ex nūntiīs litterīsque cognōverat, cōram Caesar ar. perspicit, sīc ut āmissīs circiter XL nāvibus reliquae

ranges to re-

air the fleet. ī 2 2t12 1d5n 5 naiī the leet. tamen reficī posse magnō negōtiō vidērentur. Itaque

camp. Cassi- iān; = 212 .: . - .. camn. Casst ex legiōnibus fabrōs dēligit et ex continentī aliōs

hts genaue arcessī iubet; Labiēnō scrībit, ut, quam plūrimās possit, iīs legiōnibus, quae sint apud eum, nāvēs

īnstituat. Ipse, etsī rēs erat multae operae ac labōris, tamen 10 commodissimum esse statuit omnēs nāvēs subdūcī et cum castrīs ūnā mūnītiōne coniungī. In hīs rēbus circiter diēs x cōnsūmit nē nocturnīs quidem temporibus ad labōrem mīlitum intermissīs. Subductīs nāvibus castrīsque ēgregiē mūnītīs eāsdem cōpiās, quās ante, praesidiō nāvibus relinquit, ipse 15 eōdem, unde redierat, proficīscitur. Eō cum vēnisset, maiōrēs iam undique in eum locum cōpiae Britannōrum convēnerant

-

13. 18] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-—BOOK 5 117

summā imperiī bellīque administrandī commūnī cōneiliō per- missā Cassivellaunō; cuius fīnēs ā maritimīs cīvitātibus flūmen dīvidit, quod appellātur Tamesis, ā marī circiter mīlia passuum LXXX. Huic superiōre tempore cum reliquīs cīvitātibus con- tinentia bella intercesserant; sed nostrō adventū permōtī Bri- tannī hunc tōtī bellō imperiōque praefēcerant.

12. Britanniae pars interior ab iīs incolitur, quōs nātōs in īnsulā ipsā memoriā prōditum dīcunt, maritima pars ab iīs, quī Britain praedae ac bellī īnferendī cau sā ex Belgiō trānsiērunt Ingbiants (quī omnēs ferē īsdem nōminibus cīvitātum appel-

lantur, quibus ortī ex cīvitātibus eō pervēnērunt) et bellō inlātō ibi remānsērunt atque agrōs colere coepērunt. Hominum est īnfīnīta multitūdō crēberrimaque aedificia ferē Gallicīs cōnsimilia, pecoris magnus numerus. CUtuntur aut aere aut nummō aureō aut tāleīs ferreīs ad certum pondus exāminātīs prō nummō. Nāscitur ibi plumbum album in mediterrāneīs regiōnibus, in maritimīs ferrum, sed eius exigua est cōpia; aere ūtuntur importātō. Māteria cuiusque generis, ut in Galliā, est praeter fāgum atque abietem. Leporem et gallīnam et ānserem gustāre fās nōn putant; haec tamen alunt animī voluptātisque causā. Loca sunt temperātiōra quam in Galliā, remissiōribus frīgoribus.

13. īnsula nātūrā triquetra, cuius ūnum latus est contrā Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, quī est ad Cantium, quō ferē omnēs ex Galliā nāvēs adpelluntur, ad orientem sōlem, īnferior ad merīdiem spectat. Hoc latus tenet circiter mīlia Tie formand PāSSUUm b. Alterum vergit ad Hispāniam atque Hiuditon of occidentem sōlem; quā ex parte est Hibernia īnsula,

dīmidiō minor, ut exīstimātur, quam Britannia, sed parī spatiō trānsmissūs atque ex Galliā est in Britanniam. In hōc mediō cursū est īnsula, quae appellātur Mona: complūrēs praetereā minōrēs obiectae īnsulae exīstimantur; dē quibus īnsulīs nōn nūllī scrīpsērunt diēs continuōs XxXX sub brūmam esse noctem. Nōs nihil dē eō percontātiōnibus reperiēbāmus, nisi certīs ex aquā mēnsūrīs breviōrēs esse quam in continentī

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noctēs vidēbāmus. Huius est longitūdō lateris, ut fert illōrum

opīniō, ncc mīlium. Tertium est contrā septentriōnēs; cui

partī nūlla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus alter maximē ad Germāniam spectat. Hoc mīlium passuum bccc in longitūdi- nem esse exīstimātur. Ita omnis īnsula est in circuitū vīciēs centum mīlium passuum.

14. Ex hīs omnibus longē sunt hūmānissimī, quī Cantium incolunt, quae regiō est maritima omnis, neque multum ā ho mannor Gallicā differunt cōnsuētūdine. Interiōrēs plērīque q uge uf tne frūmenta nōn serunt, sed lacte et carne vīvunt pelli-

busque sunt vestītī. Omnēs vērō sē Britannī vitrō īnficiunt quod caeruleum efficit colōrem, atque hōc horribiliōrēs sunt in pugnā aspectū; capillōque sunt prōmissō atque omnī parte corporis rāsā praeter caput et labrum superius.

1ē. Equitēs hostium essedāriīque ācriter proeliō cum equitātū nostrō in itinere cōnflīxērunt, ita tamen ut nostrī omnibus Fight with partibus superiōrēs fuerint atque eōs in silvās col- Dnitm. lēsque compulerint; sed complūribus interfectīs

cupidius īnsecūtī nōn nūllōs ex suīs āmīsērunt. At illī intermissō spatiō imprūdentibus nostrīs atque occupātīs in mūnītiōne castrōrum subitō sē ex silvīs ēiēcērunt impetūque in eōs factō, quī erant in statiōne prō castrīs conlocātī, ācriter pugnāvērunt, duābusque missīs subsidiō cohortibus ā Caesare atque hīs prīmīs legiōnum duārum, cum eae perexiguō inter- missō locī spatiō inter sē cōnstitissent, novō genere pugnae perterritīs nostrīs per mediōs audācissimē perrūpērunt sēque inde incolumēs recēpērunt. Eō diē Q. Laberius Dūrus, tri- būnus mīlitum, interficitur. Illī plūribus submissīs cohortibus repelluntur.

16. Tōtō hōc in genere pugnae cum sub oculīs omnium ac prō castrīs dīmicārētur, intellēctum est nostrōs propter gravi- hotaotics tātem armōrum, quod neque īnsequī cēdentēs possent g īhe neque ab signīs discēdere audērent, minus aptōs esse

ad huius generis hostem, equitēs autem magnō cum perīculō proeliō dīmicāre, proptereā quod illī etiam cōnsultō

19. 2] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOKX ō5 119

plērumque cēderent et, cum paulum ab legiōnibus nostrōs remōvissent, ex essedīs dēsilīrent et pedibus disparī proeliō contenderent. Equestris autem proeliī ratiō et cēdentibus et īnsequentibus pār atque idem perīculum īnferēbat. Accēdēbat hūc, ut numquam cōnfertī, sed rārī magnīsque intervāllīs proe- liārentur statiōnēsque dispositās habērent, atque aliōs aliī dein-

ceps exciperent, integrīque et recentēs dēfatīgātīs succēderent.

17. Posterō diē procul ā castrīs hostēs in collibus cōnstitērunt rārīque sē ostendere et lēnius quam prīdiē nostrōs equitēs Ine foragers proeliō lacessere coepērunt. Sed merīdiē cum Caesar gre attacked, pābulandī causā 111 legiōnēs atque omnem equitātum

but repulse -s22 1-- 24 -- : the enēmy. cum C. Trebōniō lēgātō mīsisset, repente ex omni-

āot breuxs bus partibus ad pābulātōrēs advolāvērunt, sīc utī ab un- signīs legiōnibusque nōn absisterent. Nostrī ācriter in eōs impetū factō reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad subsidiō cōnfīsī equitēs, cum post sē legiōnēs vidērent, praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt, magnōque eōrum numerō interfectō neque suī colligendī neque cōnsistendī aut ex essedīs dēsiliendī facultātem dedērunt. Ex hāc fugā prōtinus, quae undique convēnerant, auxilia discessērunt, neque post id tempus umquam summīs nōbīscum cōpiīs hostēs contendērunt.

18. Caesar cognitō cōnsiliō eōrum ad flūmen Tamesim in fīnēs Cassivellaunī exercitum dūxit; quod flūmen ūnō omnīnō Cacsar crosses l0cō pedibus, atque hōc aegrō, trānsīrī potest. Ēō the Thames. cum vēnisset, animadvertit ad alteram flūminis rīpam magnās esse cōpiās hostium īnstrūctās. Rīpa autem erat acūtīs sudibus praefīxīsque mūnīta, eiusdemque generis sub aquā dēfīxae sudēs flūmine tegēbantur. Hīs rēbus cognitīs ā cap- tīvīs perfugīsque Caesar praemissō equitātū cōnfestim legiōnēs subsequī iussit. Sed eā celeritāte atque eō impetū mīlitēs iērunt, cum capite sōlō ex aquā extārent, ut hostēs impetum legiōnum atque equitum sustinēre nōn possent rīpāsque dīmit- terent ac sē fugae mandārent.

19. Cassivellaunus, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, omnī dēpositā spē contentiōnis, dīmissīs ampliōribus cōpiīs mīlibus circiter 1ir

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essedāriōrum relictīs, itinera nostra servābat paulumque ex viā Casstolllau. excēdēbat locīsque impedītīs ac sjjwestritmus sēsē nus Jaraases occultābat atque iīs regiōnibus, quibus nōs iter fac-

tūrōs cognōverat, pecora atque hominēs ex agrīs in silvās compellēbat et, cum equitātus noster līberius praedandī vāstandīque causā sē in agrōs effunderet, omnibus viīs sēmi- tīsque essedāriōs ex silvīs ēmittēbat et magnō cum perīculō nostrōrum equitum cum hīs cōnflīgēbat atque hōc metū lātius vagārī prohibēbat. Relinquēbātur, ut neque longius ab agmine legiōnum discēdī Caesar paterētur, et tantum agrīs vāstandīs incendiīsque faciendīs hostibus nocērētur, quantum in labōre atque itinere legiōnāriī mīlitēs efficere poterant.

20. Interim Trinovantēs, prope firmissima eārum regiōnum cīvitās, ex quā Mandubracius adulēscēns Caesaris fidem secūtus Tne Trinr.. 8d eum in continentem Galliam vēnerat, cuius pater ranses eur- in eā cīvitāte rēgnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat ask protection. Cassivellaunō, ipse fugā mortem vītāverat, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque sēsē eī dēditūrōs atque imperāta factūrōs; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab iniūriā Cassi- vellaunī dēfendat atque in cīvitātem mittat, quī praesit imperiumque obtineat. Hīs Caesar imperat obsidēs XL frū- mentumque exercituī Mandubraciumque ad eōs mittit. Illī imperāta celeriter fēcērunt, obsidēs ad numerum frūmentumque mīsērunt.

21. Trinovantibus dēfēnsīs atque omnī mīlitum iniūriā pro- hibitīs Cēnimagnī, Segontiācī, Ancalitēs, Bibrocī, Cassī lēgā- The enemys tiōnibus missīs sēsē Caesarī dēdunt. Ab hīs cognōscit bumueīps nōn longē ex eō locō oppidum Cassivellaunī abesse sil- storm. vīs palūdibusque mūnītum, quō satis magnus homi- num pecorisque numerus convēnerit. Oppidum autem Britannī vocant, cum silvās impedītās vāllō atque fossāī mūniērunt, quō incursiōnis hostium vītandae causā convenīre cōnsuērunt. Eō proficīscitur cum legiōnibus; locum reperit ēgregiē nātūrā atque opere mūnītum: tamen hunc duābus ex partibus oppug- nāre contendit. Hostēs paulisper morātī mīlitum nostrōrum

23. 14] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK ō5 121

impetum nōn tulērunt sēsēque aliā ex parte oppidī ēiēcērunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus multīque in fugā sunt comprehēnsī atque interfectī.

22. Dum haec in hīs locīs geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, quibus Cautvellau regiōnibus r111 rēgēs praeerant, Cingetorīx, Carvi- nus orders an lius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nūntiōs mittit atque

attack on the naval camp. hīs imperat, utī coāctīs omnibus cōpiīs castra nāviālia

nsssha dē imprōvīsō adoriantur atque oppugnent. Hī

cum ad castra vēnissent, nostrī ēruptiōne factā multīs eōrum interfectīs, captō etiam nōbilī duce Lugotorīge, suōs incolumēs redūxērunt. Cassivellaunus hōc proeliō nūnti- ātō, tot dētrīmentīs acceptīs, vāstātīs fīnibus, maximē etiam permōtus dēfectiōne cīvitātum, lēgātōs per Atrebātem Com- mium dē dēditiōne ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar cum cōnsti- tuisset hiemāre in continentī propter repentīnōs Galliae mōtūs, neque multum aestātis superesset atque id facile extrahī posse intellegeret, obsidēs imperat et quid in annōs singulōs vec- tīgālis populō Rōmānō Britannia penderet, cōnstituit; inter- dīcit atque imperat Cassivellaunō, nē Mandubraciō neu Tri- novantibus noceat.

23. Obsidibus acceptīs exercitum redūcit ad mare, nāvēs invenit refectās. Hīs dēductīs, quod et captīvōrum magnum Caesar numerum habēbat, et nōn nūllae tempestāte dēpe- aul. rierant nāvēs, duōbus commeātibus exercitum repor- tāre īnstituit. Ac sīc accidit, utī ex tantō nāvium numerō tot nāvigātiōnibus neque hōc neque superiōre annō ūlla omnīnō nāvis, quae mīlitēs portāret, dēsīderārētur; at ex iīs, quae inānēs ex continentī ad eum remitterentur et priōris commeātūs expositīs mīlitibus et quās posteā Labiēnus faciendās cūrāverat numerō LX, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae ferē omnēs reicerentur. Quās cum aliquamdiū Caesar frūstrā expectāsset, nē annī tempore ā nāvigātiōne exclūderētur, quod aequinoc- tium suberat, necessāriō angustius mīlitēs conlocāvit ac summā tranquillitāte cōnsecūtā, secundā initā cum solvisset vigiliā,

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1s prīmā lūce terram attigit omnēsque incolumēs nāvēs per- dūxit.

24-58. The summer of 51 B.C. had been one of drought and bad harvests. The provisioning of an army became a serious matter, and Caesar, contrary to his usual custom, decided to distribute his forces in six divisions among various Gallic tribes. One of these divisions was placed in the territory of the Eburones, under two lieutenants, Sabinus and Cotta. A cruel fate awaitedi it.

The Eburones, under their chief Ambiorix, revolted and attacked the camp. Beaten back, they asked for a conference. When this was granted, the crafty Ambiorix, under the guise of friendship. pre- tended to warn the Romans of impending danger, advising them to leave their own quarters, and to seek safety in the camp of Cicero or Labienus. Sabinus believed the Gaul and wanted to go, but Cotta spurned the counsel of an enemy with Roman haughtiness A long discussion followed, and at length, as Cotta was overborne, the Romans made ready to march. The Eburones were waiting in ambush, and a fearful carnage ensued. Only a few Romans were left alive, and they, through all manner of difficulties and dangers, strag- gled through the woods to the camp of Labienus.

A second division of Caesar’s army was quartered among the Nervii, under the command of Quintus Cicero. The cunning Ambiorix, stim- ulated by success, roused the Nervii and Atuatuci to rebellion, and the Roman camp was assaulted. Other tribes rose, but to no purpose. Ampbiorix tried his former trick, but the wary Cicero refused to leave his quarters, and, after many fruitless attempts, succeeded in sending a letter to his commander. Caesar replied at once, and took instant measures for the relief of his men. His dispatch, wrapped around an arrow and shot into Cicero’s camp, remained unnoticed for several days; but the soldiers held out undaunted. Wnen the letter was found, smoke was already to be seen in the distance—Caesar was com- ing. The Gauls were crushed and the siege was raised, but the Romans had little reason to feel sure of their hold on the Gallic terri- tory. Under the outward show of peace, there was sullen discontent and revengeful plotting. The Treveri were leaguing against their conquerors, and all Gaul was stirring and restless—a condition of growing rebellion that was not to reach its culmination until the last great struggle for Gallic freedom. which took place in the spring and summer of 52 B.C.

10. 6] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 6 123

BOOK 6

1-8. Caesar, realizing the unrest of Gaul, now increased his forces by levying two new legions, and borrowing a third from Pompeius. The winter was not yet past, but, eager to strike at the centres of rebellion, he began his work by laying waste the country of the Nervii. Next came the turn of the Senones. who submitted without delay; the Car- nutes and the Menapii, who had given refuge to Ambiorix, followed their example, but Ambiorix made his escape. The Treveri, who had called for German aid, beset the winter quarters of Labienus, but were outwitted and utterly routed. Gaul was, for the time being, quiet; and Caesar, knowing that his greatest danger lay in the aid the German hosts were likely to give the disaffected Gauls, resolved once more to make his power and resource felt on the German side of the Rhine.

9. Caesar, postquam ex Menapiīs in Trēverōs vēnit, duābus dē causīs Rhēnum trānsīre cōnstituit; quārum ūna erat, quod Germānī auxilia contrā sē Trēverīs mīserant, altera, nē ad eōs Ambiorīx receptum habēret. Hīs cōnstitūtīs rēbus paulō su- prā eum locum, quō ante exercitum trādūxerat, facere pontem īnstituit. Nōtā atque īnstitūtā ratiōne magnō mīlitum studiō The remsms baucīs diēbus opus efficitur. Firmō in Trēverīs ad for the second nontem praesidiō relictō, nē quis ab hīs subitō mōtus

passage of the

Rhine. Tn 5 iauās cōbiā itā 3dīūci 2īme Jrne orerētur, reliquās cōpiās equitātumque trādūcit.

planations iī 5 1Aa . - 3:;44- āndpromtse Ubiī, quī ante obsidēs dederant atque in dēditiōnem heip. vēnerant, pūrgandī suī causā ad eum lēgātōs mit-

tunt, quī doceant neque auxilia ex suā cīvitāte in Trēverōs missa neque ab sē fidem laesam: petunt atque ōrant, ut sibi parcat, nē commūnī odiō Germānōrum innocentēs prō nocenti- bus poenās pendant; sī amplius obsidum velit darī, pollicentur. Cognitā Caesar causā reperit ab Suēbīs auxilia missa esse; Ubiō- rum satisfactiōnem accipit, aditūs viāsque in Suēbōs perquīrit. IŌ. Interim paucīs post diēbus fit ab Ubiīs certior Suēbōs m ubu omnēs in ūnum locum cōpiās cōgere atque iīs nātiō- urnish sup- i 5 i i iō ānīūmntiā p2 and 1ā nibus, quae sub sōrum sint imperiō, dēnūntiāre, ut buatoftn,. āuxilia peditātūs equitātūsque mittant. Hīs cogni- Suebi. tīs rēbus rem frūmentāriam prōvidet, castrīs idō- neum locum dēligit; Ubiīs imperat, ut pecora dēdūcant suaque

Co]

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omnia ex agrīs in oppida cōnferant, spērāns barbarōs atque imperītōs hominēs inopiā cibāriōrum adductōs ad inīquam pugnandī condiciōnem posse dēdūcī; mandat, ut crēbrōs explōrātōrēs in Suēbōs mittant quaeque apud eōs gerantur cognōscant. Illī imperāta faciunt et paucīs diēbus intermissīs referunt: Suēbōs omnēs, posteāquam certiōrēs nūntiī dē exercitū Rōmānōrum vēnerint, cum omnibus suīs sociōrumque cōpiīs, quās coēgissent, penitus ad extrēmōs fīnēs sē recēpisse: silvam esse ibi īnfīnītā magnitūdine, quae appellētur Bacēnis; hanc longē intrōrsus pertinēre et prō nātīvō mūrō obiectam Cherūscōs ab Suēbōrum Suēbōsque ab Cherūscōrum iniūriīs incursiōnibusque prohibēre: ad eius silvae initium Suēbōs adventum Rōmānōrum expectāre cōnstituisse.

11. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, nōn aliēnum csse vidētur dē Galliae Germāniaeque mōribus et quō differant Poltties hae nātiōnēs inter sēsē, prōpōnere. In Galliā nōn gmong the sōum in omnibus cīvitātibus atque in omnibus pāgīs āystem or partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulīs domibus

factiōnēs sunt, eārumque factiōnum prīncipēs sunt, quī summam auctōritātem eōrum iūdiciō habēre exīstimantur, quōrum ad arbitrium iūdiciumque samma omnium rērum cōn- siliōrumque redeat. Idque eius reī causā antīquitus īnstitūtum vidētur, nē quis ex plēbe contrā potentiōrem auxiliī egēret; suōs enim quisque opprimī et circumvenīrī nōn patitur, neque, aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habeat auctōritātem. Haec eadem ratiō est in summā tōtīus Galliae; namque omnēs cīvi- tātēs dīvīsae sunt in duās partēs.

12. Cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit, alterīus factiōnis prīncipēs erant Haeduī, alterīus Sēquanī. Hī cum per sē minus va- The factions lērenmt, quod summa auctōritās antīquitus erat in. in Gaut. The Haeduīs magnaeque eōrum erant clientēlae, Ger-

fomans ut

ne baltance ānaō q i ihi iī A omanst mānōs atque Ariovistum sibi adiūnxerant eōsque ad they use t. sē magnīs iactūrīs pollicitātiōnibusque perdūxerant. Proeliīs vērō complūribus factīs secundīs atque omnī nōbili-

tāte Haeduōrum interfectā tantum potentiā antecesserant, ut

18. 16] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 6 125

magnam partem clientium ab Haeduīs ad sē trādūcerent obsidēsque ab hīs prīncipum fīliōs acciperent et pūblicē iūrāre cōgerent, nihil sē contrā Sēquanōs cōnsiliī initūrōs, et partem fīnitimī agrī per vim occupātam possidērent Galliaeque tōtīus prīncipātum obtinērent. Quā necessitāte adductus Dīviciācus auxiliī petendī causā Rōmam ad senātum profectus īnfectā rē redierat. Adventū Caesaris factā commūtātiōne rērum, obsi- dibus Haeduīs redditīs, veteribus clientēlīs restitūtīs, novīs per Caesarem comparātīs, quod iī, quī sē ad eōrum amīcitiam adgregāverant, meliōre condiciōne atque aequiōre imperiō sē ūtī vidēbant, reliquīs rēbus eōrum grātiā dignitāteque amplificātā, Sēquanī prīncipātum dīmīserant. In eōrum locum Rēmī suc- cesserant: quōs quod adaequāre apud Caesarem grātiā intel- legēbātur, iī, quī propter veterēs inimīcitiās nūllō modō cum Haeduīs coniungī poterant, sē Rēmīs in clientēlam dicābant. Hōs illī dīligenter tuēbantur: ita et novam et repente collēctam auctōritātem tenēbant. Eō tamen statū rēs erat, ut longē prīncipēs habērentur Haeduī, secundum locum dignitātis Rēmī obtinērent.

13. In omnī Galliā eōrum hominum, quī aliquō sunt numerō Tuo classes in atque honōre, genera sunt duo. Nam plēbēs paene Gaul. The servōrum habētur locō, quae nihil audet per sē, nūllī influence and 3 - - u16- āīī - pactices 5 adhibētur cōnsiliō. Plērīque, cum aut aere aliēnō

aut magnitūdine tribūtōrum aut iniūriā potentiō- rum premuntur, sēsē in servitūtem dicant nōbilibus, quibus in hōs eadem omnia sunt iūra, quae dominīs in servōs. Sed dē hīs duōbus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equitum. Ilī rēbus dīvīnīs intersunt, sacrificia pūblica ac prīvāta prōcū- rant, religiōnēs interpretantur: ad eōs magnus adulēscentium numerus disciplīnae causā concurrit, magnōque hī sunt apud eōs honōre. Nam ferē dē omnibus contrōversiīs pūblicīs prīvā- tīsque cōnstituunt, et sī quod est admissum facinus, sī caedēs facta, sī dē hērēditāte, dē fīnibus contrōversia est, īdem dēcer- nunt, praemia poenāsque cōnstituunt; sī quī aut prīvātus aut populus eōrum dēcrētō nōn stetit, sacrificiīs interdīcunt. Haec

b2

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25

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poena apud eōs est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, hī numerō impiōrum ac scelerātōrum habentur, hīs omnēs dēcē- dunt, aditum eōrum sermōnemque dēfugiunt, nē quid ex con- tāgiōne incommodī accipiant, neque iīs petentibus iūs redditur neque honōs ūllus commūnicātur. Hīs autem omnibus drui- dibus praeest ūnus, quī summam inter eōs habet auctōritātem. Hōc mortuō aut, sī quī ex reliquīs excellit dignitāte, succēdit, aut, sī sunt plūrēs parēs, suffrāgiō druidum, nōn numquam etiam armīs dē prīncipātū contendunt. Hī certō annī tem- pore in fīnibus Carnutum, quae regiō tōtīus Galliae media habētur, cōnsīdunt in locō cōnsecrātō. Hūc omnēs undique, quī contrōversiās habent, conveniunt eōrumque dēcrētīs iūdiciīsque pārent. Disciplīna in Britanniā reperta atque inde in Galliam trānslāta exīstimātur, et nunc, quī dīligentius eam rem cognōscere volunt, plērumque illō discendī causā proficīscuntur.

14. Druidēs ā bellō abesse cōnsuērunt neque tribūta ūnā cum reliquīs pendunt, mīlitiae vacātiōnem omniumque rērum Thotr educa- habent immūnitātem. Tantis excitātī praemiīs et īnstnt suā sponte multī in disciplīnam conveniunt et ā

parentibus propinquīsque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum 2ēdiscere dīcuntur. Itaque annōs nōn nūllī xx in disciplīnā permanent. Neque fās esse exīstimant ea litterīs mandāre, cum in reliquīs ferē rēbus, pūblicīs prīvā- tīsque ratiōnibus, Graecīs litterīs ūtantur. Id mihi duābus dē

i0 causīs īnstituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgus disciplīnam

efferrī velint, neque eōs, quī discunt, litterīs cōnfīsōs minus memoriae studēre; quod ferē plērīsque accidit, ut praesidiō litterārum dīligentiam in perdiscendō ac memoriam remittant. In prīmīs hoc volunt persuādēre, nōn interīre animās, sed ab

15 aliīs post mortem trānsīre ad aliōs, atque hōc maximē ad vir-

tūtem excitārī putant, metū mortis neglēctō. Multa praetereā dē sīderibus atque eōrum mōtū, dē mundī ac terrārum magni- tūdine, dē rērum nātūrā, dē deōrum immortālium vī ac potes- tāte disputant et iuventūtī trādunt.

I17. 14] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 6 127

1ē. Alterum genus est equitam. Hī, cum est ūsus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod ferē ante Caesaris adventum quotannīs accidere solēbat, utī aut ipsī iniūriās īnferrent aut inlātās prōpulsārent), omnēs in bellō versantur, atque eōrum ut quisque est genere cōpiīsque amplis- simus, ita plūrimōs circum sē ambuctōs clientēsque huabet. Hanc ūnam grātiam potentiamque nōvērunt.

16. Nātiō est omnis Gallōrum admodum dēdita religiōnibus, atque ob eam causam quī sunt adfectī graviōribus morbīs Human quīque in proeliīs perīculīsque versantur, aut prō sdertce. victimīs hominēs immolant aut sX immolātūrōs vovent administrīsque ad ea sacrificia druidibus ūtuntur, quod, prō vītā hominis nisi hominis vīta reddātur, nōn posse deōrum immortālium nūmen plācārī arbitrantur, pūblicēque eiusdem generis habent īnstitūta sacrificia. Aliī immānī magnitūdine simulācra habent, quōrum contexta vīminibus membra vīvīs hominibus complent; quibus succēnsīs circumventī flammā exanimantur hominēs. Supplicia eōrum, quī in fūrtō aut latrōciniō aut aliquā noxiā sint comprehēnsī, grātiōra dīs immortālibus esse arbitrantur; sed cum eius generis cōpia dēficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia dēscendunt.

I7. Deōrum maximē Mercurium colunt: huius sunt plūrima simulācra; hunc omnium inventōrem artium ferunt, hunc Thegods or Viārum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestūs tne Gaus. pecūniae mercātūrāsque habēre vim maximam arbi- trantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Mārtem et Iovem et Miner- vam. Dē hīs eandem ferē, quam reliquae gentēs, habent opīniōnem: Apollinem morbōs dēpellere, Minervam operum atque artificiōrum initia trādere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenēre, Mārtem bella regere. Huic, cum proeliō dīmicāre cōnstituērunt, ea, quae bellō cēperint, plērumque dēvovent: cum superāvērunt, animālia capta immolant, reliquās rēs in ūnum locum cōnferunt. Multīs in cīvitātibus hārum rērum extrūctōs cumulōs locīs cōnsecrātīs cōnspicārī licet; neque saepe accidit, ut neglēctā quispiam religiōne aut capta apud sē

The knights.

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occultāre aut posita tollere audēret, gravissimumque eī reī supplicium cum cruciātū cōnstitūtum est.

18. Gallī sē omnēs ab Dīte patre prōgnātōs praedicant idque ab druidibus prōditum dīcunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis Thetr beltef temporis nōn numerō diērum, sed noctium fīniunt; ahout their diēs nātālēs et mēnsium et annōrum initia sīc obser- Tratment vant, ut noctem diēs subsequātur. In reliquīs vītae of children. . -4- - - . - . -

īnstitūtīs hōc ferē ab reliquīs differunt, quod suōs līberōs, nisi cum adolēvērunt, ut mūnus mīlitiae sustinēre pos- sint, palam ad sē adīre nōn patiuntur fīliumque puerīlī aetāte in pūblicō in cōnspectū patris adsistere turpe dūcunt.

19. Virī, quantās pecūniās ab uxōribus dōtis nōmine accēpērunt, tantās ex suīs bonīs aestimātiōne factā cum dōti- bus commūnicant. Huius omnis pecūniae coniūnctim ratiō paageana īīt.? īgīuīā; servantur: uter eōrum vitā imiat cum; superāvit, ad eum pars utrīusque cum frūctibus the Gauls. superiōrum temporum pervenit. Virī in uxōrēs, sīcutī in līberōs, vītae necisque habent potestātem; et cum pater familiae inlūstriōre locō nātus dēcessit, eius propinquī conveniunt et, dē morte sī rēs in suspīciōnem vēnit, dē uxōri- bus in servīlem modum quaestiōnem habent et, sī compertum est, ignī atque omnibus tormentīs excruciātās interficiunt. Fūnera sunt prō cultū Gallōrum magnifica et sūmptuōsa; omniaque, quae vīvīs cordī fuisse arbitrantur, in ignem īnfe- runt, etiam animālia, ac paulō suprā hanc memoriam servī et clientēs, quōs ab iīs dīlēctōs esse cōnstābat, iūstīs fūnebribus cōnfectīs ūnā cremābantur.

20. Quae cīvitātōs commodius suam rem pūblicam adminie- trāre exīstimantur, habent lēgibus sānctum, sī quis quid dē rē How the pūblicā ā fīnitimīs rūmōre ac fāmā accēperit, utī magistrates . - - - - : 2 obtain inior. ad magistrātum dēferat nēve cum quō aliō com- use it. mūnicet, quod saepe hominēs temerāriōs atque imperītōs falsīs rūmōribus terrērī et ad facinus impellī et dē summīs rēbus cōnsilium capere cognitum est. Magistrātūs quae vīsa sunt occultant, quae esse ex ūsū iūdicāvērunt, multi-

23. 9] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-BOOK 6 129

tūdinī prōdunt. Dē rē pūblicā nisi per concilium loquī nōn concēditur. 35

21. Germānī multum ab hāc cōnsuētūdine differunt. Nam Retigion ana neque druidēs habent, quī rēbus divīnīs praesint, nēerm neque sacrificiīs student. Deōrum numerō eōs sōlōs Germans. dūcunt, quōs cernunt et quōrum apertē opibus iuvantur, Sōlem et Vulcānum et Lūnam, reliquōs nē fāmā quidem accēpērunt. Vīta omnis in vēnātiōnibus atque in studiīs reī mīlitāris cōnsistit: ā parvīs labōrī ac dūritiae stu- dent. Quī diūtissimē impūberēs permānsērunt, maximam inter suōs ferunt laudem: hōc alī statūram, alī vīrēs nervōsque cōnfirmārī putant.

22. Agrī cultūrae nōn student, maiorque pars eōrum vīctūs in lacte, cāseō, carne cōnsistit. Neque quisquam agrī modum Serman certum aut fīnēs habet propriōs; sed magistrātūs ac īatsm: Humo. prīncipēs in annōs singulōs gentibus cognātiōni-

busque hominum, quīque ūnā coīērunt, quantum et quō locō vīsum est agrī attribuunt atque annō post aliō trānsīre cōgunt. Eius reī multās adferunt causās: nē adsiduā cōn- suētūdine captī studium bellī gerendī agrī cultūrā commūtent; nē lātōs fīnēs parāre studeant, potentiōrēs atque humiliōrēs possessiōnibus expellant; nē accūrātius ad frīgora atque aestūs vītandōs aedificent; nē qua oriātur pecūniae cupiditās, quā ex rē factiōnēs dissēnsiōnēsque nāscuntur; ut animī aequitāte plēbem contineant, cum suās quisque opēs cum potentissimīs aequārī videat.

23. Cīvitātibus maxima laus est quam lātissimē circum sē vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre. Hoc proprium virtūtis Iner exīstimant, expulsōs agrīs fīnitimōs cēdere, neque īnerumen. quemquam prope sē audēre cōnsistere; simul hōe sē Thnetr m fore tūtiōrēs arbitrantur, repentīnae incursiōnis

timōre sublātō. Cum bellum cīvitās aut inlātum dēfendit aut īnfert, magistrātūs, quī eī bellō praesint et vītae necisque habeant potestātem, dēliguntur. In pāce nūllus est commūnis magistrātus, sed prīncipēs regiōnum atque pāgōrum

10

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i0 inter suōs iūs dīcunt contrōversiāsque minuunt. Latrōcinia nūllam habent īnfāmiam, quae extrā fīnēs cuiusque cīvitātis fīunt, atque ea iuventūtis exercendae ac dēsidiae minuendae causā fierī praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex prīncipibus in conciliō dīxit sē ducem fore, quī sequī velint, profiteantur,

i18 cōnsurgunt iī, quī et causam et hominem probant, suumque auxilium pollicentur atque ā multitūdine conlaudantur; quī ex hīs secūtī nōn sunt, in dēsertōrum ac prōditōrum numerō dūcuntur, omniumque hīs rērum posteā fidēs dērogātur. Hospitem violāre fās nōn putant; quī quācumque dē causā ad

20 eōs vēnērunt, ab iniūriā prohibent, sānctōsque habent, hisque omnium domūs patent vīetusque commūnicātur.

24. Ac fuit anteā tempus, cum Germānōs Gallī virtūte superārent, ultrō bella īnferrent, propter hominum multitūdi- Comparissm nem agrīque inopiam trāns Rhēnum colōniās mit- of the Gaus terent. Itaque ea, quae fertilissima Germāniae

5 Germans. sunt, loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Fratos- thenī et quibusdam Graecīs fāmā nōtam esse videō, quam illī Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosagēs occupāvērunt atque ibi cōnsēdērunt: quae gēns ad hoc tempus hīs sēdibus sēsē con- tinet summamque habet iūstitiae et bellicae laudis opīniōnem.

i10 Nunc, quod in eādem inopiā, egestāte, patientiā, quā ante, Germānī permanent, eōdem vīctū et cultū corporis ūtuntur, Gallīs autem prōvinciārum propinquitās et trānsmarīnārum rērum nōtitia multa ad cōpiam atque ūsūs largītur, paulātim adsuēfactī superārī multīsque victī proeliīs nē sē quidem ipsī 15s cum illīs virtūte comparant.

25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae suprā dēmōnstrāta est, lāti- tūdō virrir diērum iter expedītō patet; nōn enim aliter fīnīrī Deseription Ppotest, neque mēnsūrās itinerum nōvērunt. Oritur

9 the iun ab Helvētiōrum et Nemetum et Rauracōrum fīnibus 5 fores rēctāque flūminis Dānuviī regiōne pertinet ad fīnēs

Dācōrum et Anartium, hine sē flectit sinistrōrsus dīversīs ā flūmine regiōnibus multārumque gentium fīnēs propter magni- tūdinem attingit; neque quisquam est huius Germāniae, quī sē

28. 11] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 6 131

aut adīsse ad initium eius silvae dīcat, cum diērum iter Lx prōcesserit, aut, quō ex locō oriātur, accēperit, multaque in eā genera ferārum nāscī cōnstat, quae reliquīs in locīs vīsa nōn sint; ex quibus quae maximē differant ā cēterīs et memoriae prōdenda videantur, haec sunt.

26. Est bōs cervī figūrā cuius ā mediā fronte inter aurēs ūnum cornū existit excelsius magisque dērēctum hīs, quae nōbīs nōta sunt, cornibus: ab eius summō sīcut palmae rāmīque lātē diffunduntur. Eadem est fēminae marisque nātūra, eadem fōrma magnitūdōque cor- nuum.

27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alcēs. Hārum est cōnsi- Description. milis caprīs figūra et varietās pellium, sed magnitū- of tne ets.. diine paulō antecēdunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crūra sine nōdīs articulīsque habent, neque quiētis causā prō- cumbunt, neque, sī quō adflīctae cāsū concidērunt, ērigere sēsē ac sublevāre possunt. Hīs sunt arborēs prō cubīlibus: ad eās sē adplicant atque ita paulum modo reclīnātae quiē- tem capiunt. Quārum ex vestīgiīs cum est animadversum ā vēnātōribus, quō sē recipere cōnsuērint, omnēs eō locō aut ab rādīcibus subruunt aut accīdunt arborēs, tantum ut summa speciēs eārum stantium relinquātur. Hūc cum sē cōnsuētūdine reclīnāvērunt, īnfirmās arborēs pondere adflīgunt atque ūnā ipsae concidunt.

28. Tertium est genus eōrum, quī ārī appellantur. Hī sunt magnitūdine paulō īnfrā elephantōs, speciē et colōre et Description. figūrā taurī. Magna vīs eōrum est et magna of the urus. vēlōcitās, neque hominī neque ferae, quam cōn- spexērunt, parcunt. Hōs studiōsē foveīs captōs interficiunt; hōc sē labōre dūrant adulēscentēs atque hōc genere vēnātiōnis exercent, et quī plūrimōs ex hīs interfēcērunt, relātīs in pūbli- cum cornibus, quae sint testimōniō, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuēscere ad hominēs et mānsuēfierī nē parvulī quidem exceptī possunt. Amplitūdō cornuum et figūra et speciēs multum ā nostrōrum boum cornibus differt. Haec studiōsē

The reindeer.

ō

10 ērt

10

1382 SECOND LATIN BOOK [28. 12

conquīsīta ab labrīs argentō circumclūdunt atque in amplissi- mīs epulīs prō pōculīs ūtuntur.

29. Caesar, postquam per Ubiōs explōrātōrēs comperit Suēbōs sēsē in silvās recēpisse, inopiam frūmentī veritus, Caesar re. quod, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, minimē hominēs turns to qaul. Germānī agrī cultūrae student, cōnstituit nōn prōgredī longius; sed nē omnīnō metum reditūs suī barbarīs tolleret atque ut eōrum auxilia tardāret, reductō exercitū partem ultimam pontis, quae rīpās Ubiōrum contingēbat, in longitūdinem pedum cc rescindit, atque in extrēmō ponte turrim tabulātōrum n111 cōnstituit praesidiumque cohortium xII pontis tuendī causā pōnit magnīsque eum locum mūnītiōni- bus firmat.

30C-44. Caesar now turned through the forest of Ardennes, in pur- suit of the treacherous and elusive Ambiorix; but still the rebel chief- tain escaped. Pressed hard by the Romans, he disbanded hnis forces and fled alone. Caesar followed him. For the sake of greater speed and effectiveness, the Roman army was divided into four parts, one of which, under Quintus Cicero, was left in Sabinus’s old camp in charge of the baggage, while the others advanced through the regions where Ambiorix was likely to be discovered. In the hope of active aid against the scattered and outlawed Eburones, Caesar invited other tribes to come at will and aid in the pillaging; and, attracted by the opportunity, a band of German Sugambri straightway came from beyond the Rhine, intent on spoil, and caring not the least from what quarter they might happen to take it. Cicero’s division, with its baggage, attracted them, and turning aside from the wretched Ebu- rones, they advanced to storm the Roman camp.

Whaen Caesar set out, he had promised to return in seven days, and had warned Cicero to let no man set foot outside the limits of his defenses. But Cicero unhappily undertook to think for himself, and sent five cohorts out to forage. The Sugambri surprised the camp, and, being with difficulty beaten back, fell on the foragers as they were coming back to their quarters. Only with great loss did the men rejoin their friends, and so great was the alarm that not even the withdrawal of the Germans reassured the frightened soldiers. It was a forlorn and panic-stricken band that Caesar found when he returned, according to his promise, on the seventh day; and only their leader’s presence could restore the soldiers’ confidence.

CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK? 133

Ambiorix had not been taken, and Caesar turned his vengeance on the outlaw’s people. He burned the villages of the Eburones, ravaged their crops, and nearly exterminated the miserable tribe. Yet Gallic love of freedom still survived, and Gallic resistance was not yet at an end. The next year was to see the greatest struggle of united Gaul agaīnst the power of sovereign Rome that had yet been made.

BOOK?

1-7. Caesar now went southward, as was his wont, to hold the proconsular courts in Cisalpine Gaul. Stirring events had been going on at Rome; Clodius, the brawling demagogue of the popular party, had been killed in a street fight, and the utmost disorder had fol- lowed; Pompeius had been clothed with dictatorial power, and new levies of soldiers had been ordered in Italy. Crassus the triumvir had fallen before the Parthians in the far east. In such a state of affairs no one had more at stake in the political game of the capital than Caesar himself—and no men knew this better than the angry Gauls he had left behind him half-subdued.

Rebellion rose, spread, and burst into fury. The Romans at Cena- bum were massacred. The tribes of the south leagued together with marvelous rapidity, and chose for their leader Vercingetorix, a prince of the Arverni, the ablest leader, as it proved, that the Gallic patriots ever had. They hoped to overwhelm the Roman army while its gen- eral was gone, but Caesar learned the facts, and, winter as it was, set out at once to cross the Alps. In the face of all manner of hardships, through the heart of the enemy’s country, the resourceful leader came swiftly and secretly to his own forces, and so began his prepara- tions for war. Several towns were reduced without difficulty, and Caesar then besieged Avaricum, or modern Bourges, the principal town of the Bituriges.

Vercingetorix. meanwhile, was learning his lesson. The disciplined veterans of the Roman army were not to be overcome in fair fight on the open field, but they might be harassed, starved, and worn out by delays. A Fabian policy was adopted; town after town of the Bituriges was burned, and the Gallic fields were laid waste. But Avaricum had been spared at the intercession of its people, against the judgment of Vercingetorix; and Caesar, after a long and arduous siege, took the city and butchered its inhabitants.

The Roman force was now divided, Labienus marching with four legions among the Senones and the Parisii, and the commander him-

10

134 SECOND LATIN BOOK [es. 1

self, with the remaining six, investing Gergovia, the chief town of the Arverni. But the siege was unsuccessful; Caesar was beaten back with heavy losses—his sole personal defeat at the hands of the Gauls —and was compelled to retire into the country of his nominal allies, the Haeduan people.

But the Haedui, all this while, had been playing a double game, apparently caring nothing for their ancient relations with Rome, or the rights and wrongs of their fellow Gauls. All their desire, it seemed, was to save their own skins and their own property, and be on the winning side at the last. Caesar, they now saw, was in straits. It was a good time to desert the Roman cause; so they burned his storex at Noviodunum, and ranged themselves forthwith on the side of the Gallic patriots. Caesar, beset with dangers, crossed the Loire and marched to join Labienus; the lieutenant, on his side, behaved with admirable judgment and courage, and, outwitting the Gauls whc opposed his march, hurried toward the southeast, and succeeded ir joining his chief. From that day the tide of war began to turn.

Vercingetorix, it is true, was still winning other tribes to the Gallic confederacy, and to all appearances had never been stronger in the power and number of his allies. He easily kept his leadership in spite of the claims of the Haedui, who greedily grasped at the supremacy for themselves; and, backed by the united strength of most of the Gallic tribes, he felt that he had the retreating Romans at his mercy. He risked battle—a serious mistake. The two armies met each other at the river Vingeanne, and Roman skill and discipline were once more victorious.

ē8. Fugātō omnī equitātū Vercingetorīx cōpiās suās, ut prō castrīs conlocāverat, redūxit prōtinusque Alesiam, quod est Caesar pur- oppidum Mandubiōrum, iter facere coepit celeriter- quss the auls que impedīmenta ex castrīs ēdūcī et sē subsequī begins tam iussit. Caesar impedīmentīs in proximum collem nege. ductīs, duābus legiōnibus praesidiō relictīs, secūtus hostēs, quantum diēī tempus est passum, circiter 111 mīlibus ex novissimō agmine interfectīs alterō diē ad Alesiam castra fēcit. Perspectō urbis sitū perterritīsque hostibus, quod equi- tātū, quā maximē parte exercitūs cōnfīdēbant, erant pulsī, adhortātus ad labōrem mīlitēs Alesiam circumv3āllāre īnstituit.

29. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summō admodum ēāditō locō, ut nisi obsidiōne expugnārī nōn posse vidērētur; cuius

71. 5] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK7? 135

collis rādīcēs duo duābus ex partibus flūmina subluēbant. Ante Sttuation oppidum plānitiēs circiter mīlia passuum I111 in lon- and īrenses gitūdinem patēbat; reliquīs ex omnibus partibus collēs mediocrī interiectō spatiō parī altitūdinis fastīgiō oppidum cingēbant. Sub mūrō quae pars collis ad orientem sōlem spectābat, hunc omnem locum cōpiae Gallōrum complēverant fossamque et māceriam in altitūdinem vi pedum praedūxerant. Eius mūnītiōnis, quae ab Rōmānīs īnstituē- bātur, circuitus xī mīlia passuum tenēbat. Castra oportūnīs locīs erant posita vrīī castellaque xx11I facta; quibus in castellīs interdiū statiōnēs pōnēbantur, nē qua subitō ēruptiō fieret: haec eadem noctū excubitōribus ac firmīs praesidiīs tenēbantur.

T0. Opere īnstitūtō fit equestre proelium in eā plānitiē, quam intermissam collibus tria mīlia passuum in longitūdinem patēre suprā dēmōnstrāvimus. Summā vī ab utrīsque con- Jj;!R tenditur. Labōrantibus Bostrīs Caesar Germānōs batite. Be. submittit legiōnēsque prō castrīs cōnstituit, nē qua feat and -- .- . -4 - p- ī82 m īignt of the subitō inruptiō ab hostium peditātū fīat. Praesidiō

legiōnum additō nostrīs animus augētur: hostēs in fugam coniectī sē ipsī multitūdine impediunt atque angustiōri- bus portīs relictīs coartantur. Germānī ācrius usque ad mūnītiōnēs sequuntur. Fit magna caedēs: nōn nūllī relictīs equīs fossam trānsīre et māceriam trānscendere cōnantur. Paulum legiōnēs Caesar, quās prō vāllō cōnstituerat, prōmovērī iubet. Nōn minus, quī intrā mūnītiōnēs erant Gallī, pertur- bantur: venīrī ad sē cōnfestim exīstimantēs ad arma conclāmant: nōn nūllī perterritī in oppidum inrumpunt. Vercingetorīx iubet portās claudī, nē castra nūdentur. Multīs interfectīs, complūribus equīs captīs Germānī sēsē recipiunt.

T71. Vercingetorīx, priusquam mūnītiōnēs ab Rōmānīs per- ficiantur, cōnsilium capit, omnem ab sē equitātum noctū dīmittere. Discēdentibus mandat, ut suam quisque eōrum cīvitātem adeat omnēsque, quī per aetātem arma ferre possint,

4

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10

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136 SECOND LATIN BOOK 71.6

ut suae salūtis ratiōnem habeant neu sē optimē dē commūnī Vercingetoris lībertāte meritum hostibus in cruciātum dēdant. 3qps aau Quod sī indīligentiōres fuerint, mīlia hominum joith an up- dēlēcta LXXX ūnā sēcum interitūra dēmōnstrat. Rati- cuntrgī=. ōne initā frūmentum sē exiguē diērum xxX habēre, Jares Jo sed paulō etiam longius tolerārī posse parcendō.

Hīs datīs mandātīs, quā erat nostrum opus inter- missum, secundā vigiliā silentiō equitātum dīmittit. Frūmen- tum omne ad sē referrī iubet; capitis poenam iīs, quī nōn pāruerint, cōnstituit: pecus, cuius magna erat cōpia ā Mandu- biīs compulsa, virītim distribuit: frūmentum parcē et paulātin mētīrī īnstituit. Cōpiās omnēs, quās prō oppidō conlocāverat, in oppidum recipit. Hīs ratiōnibus auxilia Galliae expectāre et bellum administrāre parat.

T72. Quibus rēbus cognitīs ex perfugīs et captīvīs Caesar haec genera mūnītiōnis īnstituit. Fossam pedum xx dērēctīs lateribus dūxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem patēret, quantum summa labra distārent, reliquās omnēs mūnītiōnēs ab eā fossā pedēs cccc redūxit, hōc cōnsiliō, quoniam tantum esset necessāriō spatium complexus nec facile tōtum opus Caesar plans corōnā mīlitum cingerētur, nē dē imprōvīsō aut his work of noctū ad mūnītiōnēs multitūdō hostium advolāret,

circumvalta- . . . . . tion. Tne. aut interdiū tēla in nostrōs operī dēstinātōs coi-

ditehes and

walt cere possent. Hōc intermissō spatiō duās fossās xXvV pedēs lātās, eādem altitūdine perdūxit, quārum interiōrem campestribus ac dēmissīs locīs aquā ex flūmine dērīvātā com- plēvit. Post eās aggerem ac vāllum x11 pedum extrīūcxit. Huic lōrīcam pinnāsque adiēcit, grandibus cervīs ēminentibus ad commissūrās pluteōrum atque aggeris, quī ascēnsum hostium tardārent, et turrēs tōtō opere circumdedit, quae pedēs LXxX inter sē distārent.

T73. Erat eōdem tempore et māteriārī et frūmentārī et tantās mūnītiōnēs fierī necesse dēminūtīs nostrīs cōpiīs, quae longius ā castrīs prōgrediēbantur; ac nōn numquam opera nostra Gallī temptāre atque ēruptiōnem ex oppidō plūribus portīs summā

75. 5] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 7? 137

viī facere cōnābantur. Quārē ad haec rūrsus opera addendum s Heemptoys Caesar putāvit, quō minōre numerō mīlitum mūnī- soms in- tiōnēs dētfendī possent. Itaque truncīs arborum ioes iv nin- aut admodum firmīs rāmīs abscīsīs atque hōrum dgēli-

brātīs ac praeacūtīs cacūminibus perpetuae fossae quīnōs pedēs altae dūcēbantur. Hīūc illī stīpitēs dēmissī et ab io īnfimō revīnctī, nē revellī possent, ab rāmīs ēminēbant. Quīnī erant ōrdinēs coniūnctī inter sē atque implicātī; quō quī intrāverant, sē ipsī acūtissimīs vāllīs induēbant. Hōs cippōs appellābant. Ante hōs oblīquīs ōrdinibus in quīncūncem dispositīs scrobēs in altitūdinem trium pedum fodiēbantur paulātim angustiōre ad īnfimum fastīgiō. Hūc teretēs stīpitēs feminis crassitūdine ab summō praeacūtī et praeustī dēmittē- bantur ita, ut nōn amplius digitīs n1 ex terrā ēminērent; simul cōnfirmandī et stabiliendī causā singulī ab īnfimō solō- pedēs terrā exculcābantur, reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandās 2o īnsidiās vīminibus ac virgultīs integēbātur. Huius generis octōnī ōrdinēs ductī ternōs inter sē pedēs distābant. Id ex similitūdine flōris līlium appellābant. Ante haec tāleae pedem longae ferreīs hāmīs īnfīxīs tōtae in terram īnfodiēbantur mediocribusque intermissīs spatiīs omnibus locīs disserēbantur; 25 quōs stimulōs nōminābant.

T74. Hīs rēbus perfectīs regiōnēs secūtus quam potuit aequissimās prō locī nātūrā xr1iīr mīlia passuum complexus 4 smiar. barēs eiusdem generis mūnītiōnēs, dīversās ab hīs, sustem of de. contrā exteriōrem hostem perfēcit, ut nē magnā dstatiam. quidem multitūdine mūnītiōnum praesidia circum- s npmem fandī possent, nē autem cum perīculō ex castrīs

ēgredī cōgātur, diērum xxx pābulum frūmentum- que habēre omnēs convectum iubet.

75. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Gallī conciliō prīnci- The CGaula. Pum indictō nōn omnēs quī arma ferre possent,

assemhtea ut. cēnsuit Vercingetorīx, convocandōs statuunit, large army. :

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1388 SECOND LATIN BOOK [(7ō. 6

suōs nec frūmentandī ratiōnem habēre possent. Imperant Haeduīs atque eōrum clientibus, Segusiāvīs, Ambivaretīs, Aulercīs Brannovīcibus, mīlia xxxVvV; parem numerum Arvernīs adiūnctīs Eleutetīs, Cadūrcīs, Gabalīs, Vellaviīs, quī sub

i0 imperiō Arvernōrum esse cōnsuērunt; Sēquanīs, Senonibus,

1

10

Biturīgibus, Santonīs, Rutēnīs, Carnutibus duodēna mīlia; Bellovacīs x; totidem Lemovīcibus; octōna Pictonibus et Turonīs et Parīsiīs et Helvētiīs; sēna Andibus, Ambiānīs, Mediomātricīs, Petrocoriīs, Nerviīs, Morinīs, Nitiobrogibus; v mīlia Aulercīs Cēnomanīs; totidem Atrebātibus; rr1ii Velio- cassīs; Lexoviīs et Aulercīs Eburovīcibus 111; Rauracīs et Bōīs bīna; X ūniversīs cīvitātibus, quae ōceanum attingunt quaeque eōrum cōnsuētūdine Aremoricae appellantur, quō sunt in numerō Coriīosolitēs, Redonēs, Ambibariī, Caletēs, Osismī, Venetī, Lexoviī, Venellī. Ex hīs Bellovacī suum numerum nōn contulērunt, quod sē suō nōmine atque arbitriō cum Rōmānīs bellum gestūrōs dīcerent neque cuiusquam imperiō obtemperātūrōs; rogātī tamen ā Commiō prō eius hospitiō duo mīlia mīsērunt. T76. Huius operā Commiī, ut anteā dēmōnstrāvimus, fidēlī atque ūtilī superiōribus annīs erat ūsus in Britanniā Caesar; prō quibus meritīs cīvitātem eius immūnem esse Tne army of iusserat, iūra lēgēsque reddiderat atque ipsī Morinōs

relief sets out : - j for Altesia. attribuerat. Tanta tamen ūniversae Galliae cōn-

confident of immodiat4. sēnsiō fuit lībertātis vindicandae et prīstinae bellī laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiīs neque amīcitiae memoriā movērētur, omnēsque et animō et opibus in id bellum incumberent. Coāctīs equitum mīlibus vi1ī et pedi- tum circiter ccL haec in Haeduōrum fīnibus recēnsēbantur, numerusque inībātur, praefectī cōnstituēbantur. Commiō Atrebātī, Viridomārō et Eporēdorīgī Haeduīs, Vercassivellaunō Arvernō, cōnsobrīnō Vercingetorīgis, summa imperiī trāditur. Hīs dēlēctī ex cīvitātibus attribuuntur, quōrum cōnsiliō bellum

i15s administrārētur. Omnēs alacrēs et fīdūciae plēnī ad Alesiam

proficīscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam, quī aspectum

77.32] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOKT? 139

modo tantae multitūdinis sustinērī posse arbitrārētur, praeser- tim ancipitī proeliō, cum ex oppidō ēruptiōne pugnārētur, forīs tantae cōpiae equitātūs peditātūsque cernerentur.

Tī7. At iī, quī Alesiae obsidēbantur, praeteritā diē, quā auxilia suōrum expectāverant, cōnsūmptō omnī frūmentō, The Qauls in īnsciī quid in Haeduīs gererētur, conciliō coāctō dē hlesia hola a exitū suārum fortūnārum cōnsultābant. Ac variīs

council. The desperate. dictīs sententiīs, quārum pars dēditiōnem, pars, dum

proposal of

Critognatus. vīrēs suppeterent, ēruptiōnem cēnsēbat, nōn prae- tereunda ōrātiō Critognātī vidētur propter eius singulārem et nefāriam crūdēlitātem. Hic summō in Arvernīs ortus locō et magnae habitus auctōritātis ‘‘Nihil,” inquit, ‘“dē eōrum sen- tentiā dictūrus sum, quī turpissimam servitūtem dēditiōnis nōmine appellant, neque hōs habendōs cīvium locō neque ad concilium adhibendōs cēnseō. Cum hīs mihi rēs est, quī ērup- tiōnem probant; quōrum in cōnsiliō omnium vestrum cōnsēnsū prīstinae residēre virtūtis memoria vidētur. Animī est ista mollitia, non virtūs, paulisper inopiam ferre nōn posse. Quī sē ultrō mortī offerant, facilius reperiuntur, quam quī dolōrem patienter ferant. Atque ego hanc sententiam probārem (tan- tam apud mē dignitās potest), sī nūllam praeterquam vītae nostrae iactūram fierī vidērem: sed in cōnsiliō capiendō omnem Galliam respiciāmus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitāvimus. Quid hominum mīlibus LXXX ūnō locō interfectīs propinquīs cōnsanguineīsque nostrīs animī fore exīstimātis, sī paene in ipsīs cadāveribus proeliō dēcertāre cōgentur? Nōlīte hōs vestrō auxiliō expoliāre, quī vestrae salūtis causā suum perīculum neglēxērunt, nec stultitiā ac temeritāte vestrā aut animī imbēcillitāte omnem Galliam prōsternere et perpetuae servitūtī subicere. An, quod ad diem nōn vēnērunt, dē eōrum fidē cōnstantiāque dubitātis? Quid ergōY Rōmānōs in illīs ulteriō- ribus mūnītiōnibus animīne causā cotīdiē exercērī putātis? Sī illōrum nūntiīs cōnfirmārī nōn potestis omnī aditū praesaeptō, hīs ūtiminī testibus adpropinquāre eōrum adventum; cuius reī timōre exterritī diem noctemque in opere versantur. Quiad ergō

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meī cōnsiliī est? Facere, quod nostrī maiōrēs nēquāquam parī bellō Cimbrōrum Teutonumque fēcērunt; quī in oppida com- pulsī ac similī inopiā subāctī eōrum corporibus, quī aetāte ad bellum īnūtilēs vidēbantur, vītam tolerāvērunt neque sē hosti- bus trādidērunt. Cuius reī sī exemplum nōn habērēmus, tamen lībertātis causā īnstituī et posterīs prōdī pulcherrimum iūdicā- rem. Nam quid illī simile bellō fuit? Dēpopulātā Galliā Cimbrī magnāque inlātā calamitāte fīnibus quidem nostrīs ali- quandō excessērunt atque aliās terrās petiērunt; iūra, lēgēs, agrōs, lībertātem nōbīs relīqauērunt. Rōmānī vērō quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidiā adductī, quōs fāmā nōbilēs potentēsque bellō cognōvērunt, hōrum in agrīs cīvitātibusque cōnsīdere atque hīs aeternam iniungere servitūtem? Neque enim umquam aliā condiciōne bella gessērunt. Quod sī ea, quae in longinquīs nātiōnibus geruntur, ignōrātis, respicite fīni- timam Galliam, quae in prōvinciam redācta, iūre et lēgibus commūtātīs secūribus subiecta perpetuā premitur servitūte.”’ 78. Sententiīs dictīs cōnstituunt, ut iī, quī valētūdine aut aetāte inūtilēs sint bellō, oppidō excēdant, atque omnia prius experiantur, quam ad Critognātī sententiam dēscen- The Gauls dant: illō tamen potius ūtendum cōnsiliō, sī rēs

attempt to

send away all aā 113 -2202 m 2 hoarwnāt cōgat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut dēditiōnis

Tāanateu. aut pācis subeundam condiciōnem. Mandubiī, quī ī them pas. eōs oppidō recēperant, cum līberīs atque uxōribus exīre cōguntur. Hī cum ad mūnītiōnēs Rōmānōrum accessissent, flentēs omnibus precibus ōrābant, ut sē in servi- tūtem receptōs cibō iuvārent. At Caesar dispositīs in vāllō custōdiīs recipī prohibēbat.

79. Intereā Commius reliquīque ducēs, quibus summa imperiī permissa erat, cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Alesiam per- Tho bestegers vēniunt et colle exteriōre occupātō nōn longius besieged. Tne mīlle passibus ā nostrīs mūnītiōnibus cōnsīdunt.

Gauls in Ale-

sia prepare A i5 3408tī 2 &2 . īxēmne Posterō diē equitātū ex castrīs ēductō omnem eam

sautt. plānitiem, quam in longitūdinem mīlia passuum 111 patēre dēmōnstrāvimus, complent pedestrēsque cōpiās pau-

8l. 5] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK 7ī 141

lum ab eō locō abductās in locīs superiōribus cōnstituunt. Erat ex oppidō Alesiā dēspectus in campum. Concurrunt hīs auxiliīs vīsīs; fit grātulātiō inter eōs atque omnium animī ad laetitiam excitantur. Itaque prōductīs cōpiīs ante oppidum cōnsistunt et proximam fossam crātibus integunt atque aggere explent sēque ad ēruptiōnem atque omnēs cāsūs comparant. 8Ō. Caesar omnī exercitū ad utramque partem mūnītiōnum dispositō, ut, sī ūsus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et nōverit, equitātum ex castrīs ēdūcī et proelium com- higsasta- mieu iubet. ras ex ompnibus castrīs, quae summum n—liēōglme que iugum tenēbant, dēspectus, atque omnēs ttdns c3āum ete nuont pugnne prōventum expectābant. mīcs4 quitēs rārōs sagittāriōs expedītōsque levis armātūrae interiēcerant, quī suīs cēdentibus auxiliō succurrerent et nostrōrum equitum impetūs sustinērent. Ab hīs complūrēs dē imprōvīsō vulnerātī proeliō excēdēbant. Cum suōs pugnā superiōrēs esse Gallī cōnfīderent et nostrōs multitūdine premī vidērent, ex omnibus partibus et iī, quī mūnī- tiōnibus continēbantur, et iī, quī ad auxilium convēnerant, clāmōre et ululātū suōrum animōs cōnfirmābant. QqQuod in cōnspectū omnium rēs gerēbātur neque rēctē ac turpiter factum cēlārī poterat, utrōsque et laudis cupiditās et timor ignōminiae ad virtūtem excitābat. Cum ā merīdiē prope ad sōlis occāsum dubiā victōriā pugnārētur, Germānī ūnā in parte cōnfertīs turmīs in hostēs impetum fēcērunt eōsque prōpulērunt; quibus in fugam coniectīs sagittāriī circumventī interfectīque sunt. Item ex reliquīs partibus nostrī cēdentēs usque ad castra īnsecūtī suī colligendī facultātem nōn dedērunt. At iī, quī Alesiā prōcesserant, maestī, prope victōriā dēspērātā sē in oppidum recēpērunt.

8l. Ōnō diē intermīssō Gallī atque hōc spatiō magnō crātium, scālārum, harpagōnum numerō effectō mediā nocte silentiō ex castrīs ēgressī ad campestrēs mūnītiōnēs accēdunt. Subitō clāmōre sublātō, quā significātiōne quī in oppidō obsidēbantur dē suō adventū cognōscere possent, crātēs prō-

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icere, fundīs, sagittīs, lapidibus nostrōs dē vāllō prōturbāre 4 night at reliquaque, quae ad oppugnātiōnem pertinent, pa- tackūupon the rant administrāre. Eōdem tempore clāmōre exau- Romans from ,. - - - ; - within ana dītō dat tubā signum suīs Vercingetorīx atque ex from without. 3 - 3 - - - a 5 .-

oppidō ēdūcit. Nostrī, ut superiōribus diēbus suus cuique erat locus attribūtus, ad mūnītiōnēs accēdunt; fundīs lībrīlibus sudibusque, quās in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallōs prōterrent. Prōspectū tenebrīs adēmptō multa utrim- que vulnera accipiuntur. Complūra tormentīs tēla coiciuntur.

i1s At M. Antōnius et C. Trebōnius lēgātī, quibus hae partēs ad

5 tag

10

5

dēfendendum obvēnerant, quā ex parte nostrōs premī intellēxe- rant, hīs auxiliō ex ulteriōribus castellīs dēductōs submittēbant. 82. Dum longius ā mūnītiōne aberant Gallī, plūs mutti- tūdine tēlōrum prōficiēbant: posteāquam propius successērunt, Atfmt the aut sē stimulīs inopīnantēs induēbant aut in scrobas Gauis have q!ēlārī trānsfodiēbantur aut ex vāllō ac turribus tagt , e trāiectī pīlīs mūrālibus interībant. Multīs undique from Atesia vulneribus acceptīs nūllā mūnītiōne perruptā, cum Inietī- lūx adpeteret, veritī, nē ab latere apertō ex superi- ōribus castrīs ēruptiōne circumvenīrentur, sē ad suōs recēpērunt. At interiōrēs, dum ea, quae ā Vercingetorīge ad ēruptiōnem praeparāta erant, prōferunt, priōrēs fossās explent, diūtius in hīs rēbus administrandīs morātī prius suōs discessisse cognōvērunt, quam mūnītiōnibus adpropinquārent. Ita rē īnfectā in oppidum revertērunt. 8ē3. Bis magnō cum dētrīmentō repulsī Gallī, quid agant, cōnsulunt: locōrum perītōs adhibent: ex hīs superiōrum cas- Tne army of trōrum sitūs mūnītiōnēsque cognōscunt. Erat ā

reenude septentriōnibus collis, quem propter magnitūdinem

ne amtcircuitūs opere circumplectī nōn potuerant nostri: nonth. necessāriōque paene inīquō locō et lēniter dēclīvī castra fēcerant. Haec C. Antistius Rēgīnus et C. Canīnius Rebilus lēgātī cum duābus legiōnibus obtinēbant. Cognitis

per explōrātōrēs regiōnibus ducēs hostium LX mīlia ex omnī

10 numerō dēligunt eārum cīvitātum, quae maximam virtūtis

85. 14] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR—BOOK7 143

opīniōnem habēbant; quid quōque pactō agī placeat, occultē inter sē cōnstituunt, adeundī tempus dēfīniunt, cum merīdiēs esse videātur. Hīs cōpiīs Vercassivellaunum Arvernum, ūnum ex IīīI ducibus, propinquum vVercingetorīgis, praeficiunt. Ille ex castrīs prīmā vigiliā ēgressus prope cōnfectō sub lūcem itinere post montem sē occultāvit mīlitēsque ex nocturnō labōre sēsē reficere iussit. Cum iam merīdiēs adpropinquāre vidērē- tur, ad ea castra, quae suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, contendit; eōdemque tempore equitātus ad campestrēs mūnītiōnēs accē- dere et reliquae cōpiae prō castrīs sēsē ostendere coepērunt. 84. Vercingetorīx ex arce Alesiae suōs cōnspicātus ex oppidō ēgreditur; crātēs, longuriōs, mūrālēs falcēs, reliquaque, quae The Romans ēruptiōnis causā parāverat, prōfert. Pugnātur ūnō are assauea tempore omnibus locīs, atque omnia temptantur:

all along the .. i . tine from. quae minimē vīsa pars firma est, hūc concurritur.

within and without. Rōmānōrum manus tantīs mūnītiōnibus distinētur nec facile plūribus locīs occurrit. Multum ad terrendōs nos- trōs valet clāmor, quī post tergum pugnantibus extitit, quod suum perīculum in aliēnā vident virtūte cōnstāre: omnia enim plērumque, quae absunt, vehementius hominum mentēs per- turbant.

8ō. Caesar idōneum locum nactus, quid quāque in parte gerātur, cognōscit; labōrantibus subsidium submittit. Utrīs- Both sides ūue ad animum occurrit, ūnum esse illud tempus, realiae that i quō maximē contendī conveniat: Gallī, nisi per-

is ‘“now or

never.” The frēegeri ūnītiōnē ō ī ūt ēsDē . Ēnu. gne frēgerint mūnītiōnēs, dē omnī salūte dēspērant;

īgssea qn. Rōmānī, sī rem obtinuerint, fīnem labōrum omnium stse- expectant. Maximē ad superiōrēs mūnītiōnēs labōrātur, quō Vercassivellaunum missum dēmōnstrāvimus. Inīquum locī ad dēclīvitātem fastīgium magnum habet mōmentum. Aliī tēla coiciunt, aliī testūdine factā subeunt; dēfatīgātīs in vicem integrī succēdunt. Agger ab ūniversīs in mūnītiōnem coniectus et ascēnsum dat Gallīs et ea, quae in terrā occultāverant Rōmānī, contegit; nec iam arma nostrīs

nec vīrēs suppetunt.

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8S6. Hīs rēbus cognitīs Caesar Labiēnum cum cohortibus vI subsidiō labōrantibus mittit: imperat, sī sustinēre nōn possit, dēductīs cohortibus ēruptiōne pugnet: id nisi necessāriō nē faciat. Ipse adit reliquōs, cohortātur, nē labōrī succumbant; Caesar sends ōmnium superiōrum dīmicātiōnum frūctum in eō diē Labienus atque hōrā docet cōnsistere. Interiōrēs dēspērātīs Iqycements. campestribus locīs propter magnitūdinem mūnītiō- ages his men. num loca praerupta ex ascēnsū temptant: hūc ea, quae parāverant, cōnferunt. Multitūdine tēlōrum ex turribus prōpugnantēs dēturbant, aggere et crātibus fossās explent, falcibus vāllum ac lōrīcam rescindunt.

87. Mittit prīmō Brūtum adulēscentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliīs C. Fabium lēgātum; postrēmō ipse, Caesar direots ōm. vepementius pugnārētur, integrōs subsidiō ihe eontest! addūcit. Restitūtō proeliō ac repulsīs hostibus eō,

all almg the - .- - . - line. Hē hur- quō Labiēnum mīserat, contendit; cohortēs rniī; ex

ries to the 1 5 2 3 5 3.2 2 . . supportar proximō castellō dēdūcit, equitum partem sē sequī, partem circumīre exteriōrēs mūnītiōnēs et ā tergō hostēs adorīrī inbet. Labiēnus, postquam neque aggerēs neque fossae vim hostium sustinēre poterant, coāctīs XL cohortibus, quās ex proximīs praesidiīs dēductās fors obtulit, Caesarem per nūntiōs facit certiōrem, quid faciendum exīstimet. Acce- lerat Caesar, ut proeliō intersit. ē88. Eius adventū ex colōre vestītūs cognitō, quō īnsignī in proeliīs ūtī cōnsuērat, turmīsque equitum et cohortibus vīsīs, on Cassam,. luās sē sequī iusserat ut dē locīs superiōribus haec arrivaī ta?. dēclīvia et dēvexa cernēbantur hostēs proelium com-

tide of battie . . - - - - .. - turns. “īhe mittunt. Utrimque clāmōre sublātō excipit rūrsus

Gauls flee, -11 - . - 30-- - but are not ex vaāllō atque omnibus mūnītiōnibus clāmor. pursued. - 2 -- -1- 12

Nostrī ēmissīs pīlīs gladiīs rem gerunt. Repente post tergum equitātus cernitur; cohortēs aliae adpropinquant. Hostēs terga vertunt; fugientibus equitēs occurrunt. Fit magna caedēs. Sedulius, dux et prīnceps Lemovīcum, occīdi- tur: Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vīvus in fugā comprehenditur;

signa mīlitāria LXX I1II ad Caesarem referuntur: pauci ex tantō

90. 16] CAESAR’S GALLIC WAR-—BOOK?ī 145

numerō sē incolumēs in castra recipiunt. Cōnspicātī ex oppidō caedem et fugam suōrum dēspērātā salūte cōpiās ā mūnītiōni- bus redūcunt. Fit prōtinus hāc rē audītā ex castrīs Gallōrum fuga. Quod nisi crēbrīs subsidiīs ac tōtīns diēī labōre mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent. Dē mediā nocte missus equitātus novissimum agmen cōnsequitur: magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur; reliquī ex fugā in cīvitātēs discēdunt.

89. Posterō diē Vercingetorīx conciliō convocātō id bellum sē suscēpisse nōn suārum necessitātum, sed commūnis lībertātis īax aoi2 cusā dēmōnstrat, et quoniam sit fortūnae cēden-

dum, ad utramque rem sē illīs offerre, seu morte suā Rōmānīs satisfacere seu vīvum trādere velint. Mittuntur dē hīs rēbus ad Caesarem lēgātī. Iubet arma trādī, prīncipēs prōdūcī. Ipse in mūnītiōne prō castrīs cōnsīdit: eō ducēs prōdūcuntur; Vercingetorīx dēditur, arma prōiciuntur. Reser- vātīs Haeduīs atque Arvernīs, sī per eōs cīvitātēs recuperāre posset, ex reliquīs captīvīs tōtī exercituī capita singula praedae nōmine distribuit.

90. Hīs rēbus cōnfectīs in Haeduōs proficīscitur; cīvitātem recipit. Eō lēgātī ab Arvernīs missī quae imperāret sē fac- butrbuton Sūrōs pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum īthe ammy obsidum. Legiōnēs in hīberna mittit. Captīvōrum Caesar’ sthind circiter XX mīlia Haeduīs Arvernīsque reddit. T. thanksgivi . - 1 -4.. 5

Labiēnum cum duābus legiōnibus et equitātū in Sēquanōs proficīscī iubet: huic M. Semprōnium Rutilum attri- buit. C. Fabium lēgātum et L. Minucium Basilam cum legiōnibus duābus in Rēmīs conlocat, nē quam ā fīnitimīs Bel- lovacīs calamitātem accipiant. C. Antistium Rēgīnum in Ambvivaretōs, T. Sextium in Biturīgēs, C. Canīnium Rebilum in Rutēnōs cum singulīs legiōnibus mittit. Q. Tullium Cicerō- nem et P. Sulpicium Cavillōnī et Matiscōne in Haeduīs ad Ararim reī frūmentāriae causā conlocat. Ipse Bibracte hiemāre eōnstituit. Hīs rēbus ex Caesaris litterīs cognitīs Rōmae diē- rum xX supplicātiō redditur.

ōt

L3

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STORIES FROM OVID

147 STORIES FROM OVID

I. How THE HUMAN RACE WwWAaS DESTROYED BY FLOOD, AND How THE EARTH WAS REPEOPLED (Metamorphoses I 262-415)

In olden times, the human race had become so wicked, that Jove

decided to destroy them from the earth by a flood. Prōtinus Aeoliīs Aquilōnem claudit in antrīs Et quaecumque fugant inductās flāmina nūbēs, Ēmittitque Notam. Madidīs Notus ēvolat ālīs Terribilem piceā tēctus cālīgine vultum: Barba gravis nimbīs, cānīs fluit unda capillīs, Fronte sedent nebulae, rōrant pennaeque sinūsque, Utque manū lātā pendentia nūbila pressit, Fit fragor, inclūsī funduntur ab aethere nimbī. Nūntia Iūnōnis variōs indūta colōrēs Concipit Iris aquās, alimentaque nūbibus adfert. Sternuntur segetēs et dēplōrāta colōnī Vōta iacent, longīque perit labor inritus annī. Nec caelō contenta suō est Iovis īra, sed illam Caeruleus frāter iuvat auxiliāribus undīs Convocat hic amnēs. Quī postquam tēcta tyrannī Intrāvēre suī, ‘“nōn est hortāmine longō Nunc” ait ‘“ūtendum. Vīrēs effundite vestrās, Sīc opus est. Aperīte domōs, ac mōle remōtā Flūminibus vestrīs tōtās immittite habēnās.” Iusserat. Hī redeunt, ac fontibus ōra relaxant, Et dēfrēnātō volvuntur in aequora cursū. Ipse tridente suō terram percussit. At illa Intremuit mōtūque viās patefēcit aquārum. Expatiāta ruunt per apertōs flūmina campōs,

Cumque satīs arbusta simul pecudēsque virōsque 149

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Tēctaque, cumque suīs rapiunt penetrālia sacnis. Sīqua domus mānsit potuitque resistere tantō Indēiecta malō, culmen tamen altior huius

Unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turrēs. Iamque mare et tellūs nūllum discrīmen habēbant:

Omnia pontus erant. Deerant quoque lītora pontō.

Occupat hic collem; cumbā sedet alter aduncā Et dūcit rēmōs illīc ubi nūper arārat;

Ille super segetēs aut mersae culmina vīllae Nāvigat, hic summā piscem dēprēndit in ulmō Fīgitur in viridī, sī fors tulit, ancora prātō Aut subiecta terunt curvae vīnēta carīnae.

Et, modo quā gracilēs grāmen carpsēre capellae, Nunc ibi dēfōrmēs pōnunt sua corpora phōcae. Mīrantur sub aquā lūcōs urbēsque domōsque Nēreīdes. Silvāsque tenent delphīnes, et altīs Incursant rāmīs agitātaque rōbora pulsant. Nat lupus inter ovēs, fulvōs vehit unda leōnēs, Unda vehit tigrēs. Nec vīrēs fulminis aprō, Crūra nec ablātō prōsunt vēlōcia cervō.

Quaesītīsque diū terrīs, ubi sistere dētur,

In mare lassātīs volucris vaga dēcidit ālīs. Obruerat tumulōs immēnsa licentia pontī, Pulsābantque novī montāna cacūmina flūctūs. Maxima pars undā rapitur: quibus unda pepercit, Illōs longa domant inopī iēiūnia vīctū.

(1. 287

All human beings perish except one man and one woman, whose boat, when the floods subside, rests on Mt. Parnassus.

Sēparat Āoniōs Oetaeīs Phōcis ab arvīs,

Terra ferāx, dum terra fuit: sed tempore in illō Pars maris et lātus subitārum campus aquārum. Mōns ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duōbus, Nōmine Parnāsus, superantque cacūmina nūbēs Hīc ubi Deucaliōn, nam cētera tēxerat aequor, Cum cōnsorte torī parvā rate vectus adhaesit,

1. 361] STORIES FROM OVID 151

Cōrycidas nymphās et nūmina montis adōrant, 2 Fātidicamque Themin, quae tunc ōrācla tenēbat

Nōn illō melior quisquam nec amantior aequī

Vir fuit, aut illā metuentior ūlla deōrum.

Iuppiter ut liquidīs stāgnāre palūdibus orbem,

Et superesse virum dē tot modo mīlibus ūnum, s5 Et superesse videt dē tot modo mīlibus ūnam,

Innocuōs ambōs, cultōrēs nūminis ambōs,

Nūbila disiēcit, nimbīsque Aquilōne remōtīs

Et caelō terrās ostendit et aethera terrīs.

Nec maris īra manet, positōque tricuspide tēlō s30 Mulcet aquās rēctor pelagī, suprāque profundum

Extantem atque umerōs innātō mūrice tēctum

Caeruleum Trītōna vocat, conchaeque sonantī

īnspīrāre iubet, flūctūsque et flūmina signō

Iam revocāre datō. Cava būcina sūmitur illī s85 Tortilis, in lātum quae turbine crēscit ab īmō,

Būcina, quae mediō concēpit ubi āera pontō,

Lītora vōce replet sub utrōque iacentia Phoebō.

Tunc quoque, ut ōra deī madidā rōrantia barbā

Contigit, et cecinit iussōs īnflāta receptūs, s40 Omnibus audīta est tellūris et aequoris undīs,

Et quibus est undīs audīta, coērcuit omnēs.

Flūmina subsīdunt, collēsque exīre videntur.

Iam mare lītus habet, plēnōs capit alveus amnēs,

Surgit humus; crēscunt loca dēcrēscentibus undīs. 315 Postque diem longam nūdāta cacūmina silvae

Ostendunt, līmumque tenent in fronde relictum.

The surviving pair, with much grief for the destruction of their race, find their way to the oracle and inquire of the goddess how the earth may be repeopled.

Redditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vīdit inānem

Et dēsōlātās agere alta silentia terrās,

Deucaliōn lacrimīs ita Pyrrham adfātur obortīs: 350 “]ō soror, ō coniūnx, ō fēmina sōla superstes,

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Quam commūne mihī genus et patruēlis orīgō, Deinde torus iūnxit, nunc ipsa perīcula iungunt: Terrārum, quāscumque vident occāsus et ortus,

Nōs duo turba sumus: possēdit cētera pontus.

Haec quoque adhūc vītae nōn est fīdūcia nostrae Certa satis. Terrent etiam nunc nūbila mentem. Quis tibi, sī sine mē fātīs ērepta fuissēs,

Nunc animus, miseranda, foret? Quō sōla timōrem Ferre modō possēs? Quō cōnsōlante dolērēs? Namque ego, crēde mihī, sī tē quoque pontus habēret, Tē sequerer, coniūnx, et mē quoque pontus habēret. Ō utinam possem populōs reparāre paternīs

Artibus atque animās fōrmātae īnfundere terrae! Nunc genus in nōbīs restat mortāle duōbus;

Sīc vīsum est superīs: hominumque exempla manēmus.”’ Dīxerat, et flēbant. Placuit caeleste precārī Nūmen, et auxilium per sacrās quaerere sortēs. Nūlla mora est, adeunt pariter Cēphīsidas undās, Ut nōndum liquidās, sīc iam vada nōta secantēs. Inde ubi lībātōs inrōrāvēre liquōrēs

Vestibus et capitī, flectunt vestīgia sānctae

Ad dēlūbra deae, quōrum fastīgia turpī

Pallēbant mūscō stābantque sine ignibus ārae.

Ut templī tetigēre gradūs, prōcumbit uterque Prōnus humī, gelidōque pavēns dedit ōscula saxō. Atque ita ‘“sī precibus” dīxērunt ‘“nūmina iūstīs Victa remollēscunt, sī flectitur īra deōrum,

Dīc, Themi, quā generis damnum reparābile nostrī Arte sit, et mersīs fer opem, mītissima, rēbus.”

The mytsterious response is given by the oracle that they must cast behind them the bones of their parent. They are horrified at the thought of this impious deed, until they discover its real meaning.

Mōta dea est sortemque dedit, ‘“discēdite templō, Et vēlāte caput, cīnctāsque resolvite vestēs, Ossaque post tergum magnae iactāte parentis.”

1.415] STORIES FROM OVID 153

Obstipuēre diū, rumpitque silentia vōce Pyrrha prior, iussīsque deae pārēre recūsat, s85 Detque sibī veniam, pavidō rogat ōre, pavetque Laedere iactātīs māternās ossibus umbrās. Intereā repetunt caecīs obscūra latebrīs Verba datae sortis sēcum, inter sēque volūtant; Unde Promēthīdēs placidīs Epimēthida dictīs ē90 Mulcet et ‘“aut fallāx” ait ““est sollertia nōbīs, Aut pia sunt nūllumque nefās ōrācula suādent Magna parēns terra est: lapidēs in corpore terrae Ossa reor dīcī: iacere hōs post terga iubēmur.” Then they throw behind them stones, which are the bones of mother earth, and these stones change to men and women. Coniugis auguriō quamquam Tītānia mōta est, 305 Spēs tamen in dubiō est: adeō caelestibus ambō Diffīdunt monitīs. Sed quid temptāre nocēbit? Dēscendunt vēlantque caput tunicāsque recingunt Et iussōs lapidēs sua post vestīgia mittunt. Saxa—quis hoc crēdat, nisi sit prō teste vetustās?— 400 Pōnere dūritiem coepēre suumque rigōrem, Mollīrīque morā, mollītaque dūcere fōrmam. Mox ubi crēvērunt, nātūraque mītior illīs Contigit, ut quaedam, sīc nōn manifesta, vidērī Fōrma potest hominis, sed utī est dē marmore coeptīs 405 Nōn exācta satis rudibusque simillima signīs. Quae tamen ex illīs aliquō pars ūmida sūcō Et terrēna fuit, versa est in corporis ūsum; Quod solidum est flectīque nequit, mūtātur in ossa; Quae modo vēna fuit, sub eōdem nōmine mānsit; 410 Inque brevī spatiō superōrum nūmine saxa Missa virī manibus faciem trāxēre virōrum, Et dē fēmineō reparāta est fēmina iactū. Inde genus dūrum sumus experiēnsque labōrum, Et documenta damus, quā sīmus orīgine nātī. a5

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155. How THE YOoUTHFUL GOD BACCHUS Wwas KIDNAPPED, AND How HE PUNISHED HIS CAPTORS (Metamorphoses III, 597-691)

Acoetes, the captain of a ship, relates how once, touching at Ceos, his sailors found a beautiful youth and decided to make him their own captive, against the vigorous protest of the captain. who insisted that the youth was some god.

“Forte petēns Dēlon Cīae tellūris ad ōrās Adplicor, et dextrīs addūcor lītora rēmīs, Dōque levēs saltūs ūdaeque immittor harēnae, Nox ubi cōnsūmpta est. Aurōra rubēscere prīmō Coeperat; exurgō, laticēsque īnferre recentēs Admoneō, mōnstrōque viam, quae dūcat ad undās. Ipse, quid aura mihī tumulō prōmittat ab altō, Prōspiciō, comitēsque vocō, repetōque carīnam. ‘Adsumus, ēn?! inquit sociōrum prīmus Opbheltēs, Utque putat, praedam dēsertō nactus in agrō, Virgineā puerum dūcit per lītora fōrmā. IDlle merō somnōque gravis titubāre vidētur Vixque sequī. Spectō cultum faciemque gradumque; Nīl ibi quod crēdī posset mortāle vidēbam. Et sēnsī et dīxī sociīs ‘quod nūmen in istō Corpore sit, dubitō: sed corpore nūmen in istō est. Quisquis es, ō faveās, nostrīsque labōribus adsīs: Hīs quoque dēs veniam.” ‘Prō nōbīs mitte precārī’ Dictys ait, quō nōn alius cōnscendere summās Ōcior antemnās, prēnsōque rudente relābī. Hoc Libys, hoc flāvus, prōrae tūtēla, Melanthus, Hoc probat Alcimedōn, et quī requiemque modumque Vōce dabat rēmīs, animōrum hortātor Epōpeus; Hoc omnēs aliī: praedae tam caeca cupīdō est. ‘Nōn tamen hanc sacrō violārī pondere pīnum Perpetiar’, dīxī, ‘pars hīc mihi maxima iūris’; Inque aditū obsistō. Furit audācissimus omnī Dē numerō Lycabās, quī Tuscā pulsus ab urbe

2. 655] STORIES FROM OVID 155

Exilium dīrā poenam prō caede luēbat.

Is mihi, dum restō, iuvenālī guttura pugnō

Rūpit, et excussum mīsisset in aequora, sī nōn

Haesissem, quamvīs āmēns, in fūne retentus

The boy, who turns out to be the youthful Bacchus, discovers that

he is betrayed, and protests against his capture, but to no purpose; while Acoetes, trying to steer the vessel to Naxos, the desired haven of Bacchus, is overpowered by the sailors.

Impia turba probat factum. Tum dēnique Bacchus,—

Bacchus enim fuerat—rvelutī clāmōre solūtus

Sit sopor, āque merō redeant in pectora sēnsūs,

‘Quid facitis? quis clāmor?’ ait, ‘quā, dīcite, nautae,

Hūc ope pervēnī? quō mē dēferre parātis?’

‘Pōne metum,’ Prōreus cet quōs contingere portūs

Ēde velīs’ dīxit: ‘terrā sistēre petītā.’

‘Naxon’ ait Līber ccursūs advertite vestrōs.

Illa mihī domus est: vōbīs erit hospita tellūs.’

Per mare fallācēs perque omnia nūmina iūrant

Sīc fore, mēque iubent pictae dare vēla carīnae.

Dextera Naxos erat: dextrā mihi lintea dantī

‘Quid facis, ō dēmēns? quis tē furor’ inquit Opbheltēs,

Prō sē quisque, tenet? laevam pete.” Maxima nūtū

Pars mihi significat, pars, quid velit, aure susurrat.

Obstipuī, ‘capiat’que ‘aliquis moderāmina’ dīxī,

Mēque ministeriō scelerisque artisque remōvī.

Increpor ā cūnctīs, tōtumque immurmurat agmen.

Ē quibus Aethaliōn ‘tē scīlicet omnis in ūnō

Nostra salūs posita est!” ait, et subit ipse meumque

Explet opus, Naxōque petit dīversa relictā.

Tum deus inlūdēns, tamquam modo dēnique fraudem

Sēnserit, ē puppī pontum prōspectat aduncā

Et flentī similis ‘nōn haec mihi lītora, nautae,

Prōmīsistis,’ ait, ‘nōn haec mihi terra rogāta est.

Quō meruī poenam factō? quae glōria vestra est,

Sī puerum iuvenēs, sī multī fallitis ūnum?’

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Iamdūdum flēbam; lacrimās manus impia nostrās Rīdet et impellit properantibus aequora rēmīs.

And now, suddenly, wonderful portents happen: the ship seems rooted in the sea; ivy clings round the oars and climbs the mast. and panthers appear on the deck surrounding the god. The sailors in terror leap overboard, and are changed in the act to dolphins.

Per tibi nunc ipsum, nec enim praesentior illō

Est deus, adiūrō, tam mē tibi vēra referre,

Quam vērī maiōra fidē. Stetit aequore puppis Haud aliter, quam sī siccum nāvāle tenēret.

Illī admīrantēs rēmōrum in verbere perstant, Vēlaque dēdūcunt, gemināque ope currere temptant. Impediunt hederae rēmōs, nexūque recurvō Serpunt et gravidīs distinguunt vēla corymbīs. Ipse racēmiferīs frontem circumdatus ūvis Pampineīs agitat vēlātam frondibus hastam.

Quem circā tiīgrēs simulācraque inānia lyncum Pictārumque iacent fera corpora panthērārum. Exiluēre virī, sīve hoc īnsānia fēcit,

Sīve timor. Prīmusque Medōn nigrēscere coepit Corpore, et expressō spīnae curvāmine flectī. Incipit huic Lycabās: ‘in quae mīrācula’ dīxit ‘Verteris?’ et lātī rictūs et panda loquentī

Nāris erat, sannamque cutis dūrāta trahēbat.

At Libys abstentōs dum vult obvertere rēmōs, In spatium resilīre manūs breve vīdit, et illās

Iam nōn esse manūs, iam pinnās posse vocārī. Alter ad intortōs cupiēns dare bracchia fūnēs Bracchia nōn habuit, truncōque repandus in undās Corpore dēsiluit; falcāta novissima cauda est, Quālia dīmidiae sinuantur cornua lūnae.

Undique dant saltūs, multāque aspergine rōrant, Ēmerguntque iterum, redeuntque sub aequora rūrsus; Inque chorī lūdunt speciem, lascīvaque iactant Corpora et acceptum patulīs mare nāribus efflant.

8.77] STORIES FROM OVID 15

Dē modo vīgintī, tot enim ratis illa ferēbat, Restābam sōlus. Pavidum gelidumque trementī Corpore vixque meum firmat deus, ‘excute’ dīcēns ‘Corde metum, Dīamque tenē.” D2elātus in illam, Accēneīs ārīs, Baccheia sacra frequentō.”

S3. How Two Youxc Lovers CaxE r0 A TrRacIC END (Metamorphoses IV, 55-166)

Pyramus and Thisbe, two young people of Babylon, being thwarted in love by their parents, agree to meet by night without the walls at Ninus’s tomb.

Pȳramus et Thisbē, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter, Altera, quās oriēns habuit, praelāta puellīs, Contiguās tenuēre domōs, ubi dīcitur altam Coctilibus mūrīs cīnxisse Semīramis urbem. Nōtitiam prīmōsque gradūs vīcīnia fēcit;

Tempore crēvit amor. Taedae quoque iūre coīssent; Sed vetuēre patrēs. Quod nōn potuēre vetāre,

Ēx aequō captīs ārdēbant mentibus amhō.

Cōnscius omnis abest, nūtū signīsque loquuntur, Quōque magis tegitur, tēctus magis aestuat ignis. Fissus erat tenuī rīmā, quam dūxerat ōlim,

Cum fieret, pariēs domuī commūnis utrīque.

Id vitium nūllī per saecula longa notātum—

Quid nōn sentit amor?—prīmī vīdistis, amantēs,

Et vōcis fēcistis iter; tūtaeque per illud

Murmure blanditiae minimō trānsīre solēbant. Saepe, ubi cōnstiterant, hinc Thisbē, Pȳramus illinc, Inque vicēs fuerat captātus anhēlitus ōris,

‘“Invide”’ dīcēbant ‘“pariēs, quid amantibus obstās? Quantum erat, ut sinerēs tōtō nōs corpore iungī, Aut hoc sī nimium, vel ad ōscula danda patērēs! Nec sumus ingrātī: tibi nōs dēbēre fatēmur,

Quod datus est verbīs ad amīcās trānsitus aurēs.”

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Tālia dīversā nēquīquam sēde locūtī

Sub noctem dīxēre ‘“valē,” partīque dedēre Ōscula quisque suae nōn pervenientia contrā. Postera nocturnōs aurōra remōverat ignēs, Sōlque pruīnōsās radiīs siccāverat herbās:

Ad solitum coiēre locum. Tum murmure parvō Multa prius questī, statuunt ut nocte silentī Fallere custōdēs foribusque excēdere temptent, Cumque domō exierint, urbis quoque tēcta relinquant; Nēve sit errandum lātō spatiantibus arvō, Conveniant ad busta Ninī, lateantque sub umbrā Arboris. Arbor ibī niveīs ūberrima pōmīe Ardua mōrus erat, gelidō contermina fontī. Pacta placent, et lūx tardē discēdere vīsa est; Praecipitātur aquīs, et aquīs nox exit ab īsdem.

Thisbe reaches the trysting place first, and, while waiting for her

lover, is alarmed to see a lioness approaching the spring near by to drink. Thisbe hastily retreats to the tomb of Ninus, dropping her veil in her flignt. This the lioness tears as she departs.

Callida per tenebrās versātō cardine Thisbē Ēgreditur fallitque suōs, adopertaque vultum Pervenit ad tumulum, dictāque sub arbore sēdit Audācem faciēbat amor. vVenit ecce recentī Caede leaena boum spūmantēs oblita rictūs, Dēpositūra sitim vīcīnī fontis in undā. Quam procul ad lūnae radiōs Babylōnia Thisbē īdit, et obscūrum trepidō pede fūgit in antrum, Dumque fugit, tergō vēlāmina lāpsa relīquit Ut lea saeva sitim multā compescuit undā, Dum redit in silvās, inventōs forte sine ipsā Ōre cruentātō tenuēs laniāvit amictūs.

Pyramus, coming later, hastily concludes from the bloody veil and

the lion’s tracks that his sweetheart is dead, and straightway kills himself with his sword.

Sērius ēgressus vestīgia vīdit in altō

S. 136] STORIES FROM OVID 159

Pulvere certa ferae, tōtōque expalluit ōre

Pȳramus. Ut vērō vestem quoque sanguine tīnctam Repperit, ‘“ūna duōs”’ inquit ‘“nox perdet amantēs;

Ē quibus illa fuit longā dignissima vītā,

Nostra nocēns anima est. Ego tē, miseranda, perēmī, 110 In loca plēna metūs quī iussī nocte venīrēs,

Nec prior hūc vēnī. Nostrum dīvellite corpus,

Et scelerāta ferō cōnsūmite vīscera morsū,

Ō quīcumque sub hāc habitātis rūpe, leōnēs.

Sed timidī est optāre necem”’ —vēlāmina Thisbēs 15 Tollit, et ad pactae sēcum fert arboris umbram.

Utque dedit nōtae lacrimās, dedit ōscula vestī,

“Accipe nunc” inquit ‘““nostrī quoque sanguinis haustūs!” Quōque erat accīnctus, dēmīsit in īlia ferrum,

Nec mora, ferventī moriēns ē vulnere trāxit. 120 Ut iacuit resupīnus humō, cruor ēmicat altē;

Nōn aliter quam cum vitiātō fistula plumbō

Scinditur, et tenuī strīdente forāmine longās

Riaculātur aquās atque ictibus āera rumpit.

Arboreī fētūs aspergine caedis in ātram 125 Vertuntur faciem. Madefactaque sanguine rādīx

Pūniceō tinguit pendentia mōra colōre.

Thisbe now comes forth from her hiding place, discovers her dying lover, and, after a pathetic lamentation and a prayer that their ashes may rest together in the same urn, stabs herself with her lover’s sword.

Ecce metū nōndum positō, nē fallat amantem,

Dla redit, iuvenemque oculīs animōque requīrit,

Quantaque vītārit narrāre perīcula gestit. 180 Utque locum et riguā cognōscit in arbore fōrmam,

Sīc facit incertam pōmī color. Haeret, an haec sit.

Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsāre cruentum

Membra solum, retrōque pedem tulit, ōraque buxō

Pallidiōra gerēns exhorruit aequoris īnstar, 188 Quod tremit, exiguā cum summunm stringitur aurā.

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Sed postquam remorāta suōs cognōvit amōrēs, Percutit indignōs clārō plangōre lacertōs,

Et laniāta comās amplexaque corpus amātum Vulnera supplēvit lacrimīs flētumque cruōrī Miscuit, et gelidīs in vultibus ōscula fīgēns, “Pprame”’ clāmāvit, ‘“quis tē mihi cāsus adēmit? Pȳrame, respondē: tua tē cārissima Thisbē Nōminat. Exaudī, vultūsque attolle iacentēs!”

Ad nōmen Thisbēs oculōs iam morte gravātōs

Pȳramus ērēxit, vīsāque recondidit illā.

Quae postquam vestemque suam cognōvit, et ēnse Vidit ebur vacuum, ‘“tua tē manus” inquit, ‘‘amorque Perdidit, īnfēlīx. EĒst et mihi fortis in ūnum

Hoc manus, est et amor: dabit hic in vulnera vīrēs. Persequar extīnctum, lētīque miserrima dīcar

Causa comesque tuī. Quīque ā mē morte revellī

Heu sōlā poterās, poteris nec morte revellī

Hoc tamen ambōrum verbīs estōte rogātī,

ō multum miserī, meus illīusque parentēs,

Tt quōs certus amor, quōs hōra novissima iūnxit,

Compōnī tumulō nōn invideātis eōdem.

At tū, quae rāmīs arbor miserābile corpus

Nunc tegis ūnīus, mox es tēctūra duōrum,

Signa tenē caedis, pullōsque et lūctibus aptōs Semper habē fētūs, geminī monumenta cruōris.” Dīxit, et aptātō pectus mūcrōne sub īmum Incubuit ferrō, quod adhūc ā caede tepēbat. Vōta tamen tetigēre deōs, tetigēre parentēs. Nam color in pōmō est, ubi permātūruit, āter: Quodque rogīs superest, ūnā requiēscit in urnā.

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4. How MELEAGER SLEwW THE CALYDONIAN BOAR, AND

MET A MīSTERIOUS FATE (Metamorphoses VIII, 270-525)

Once Oeneus, king of Aetolia, gave dire offense to Diana, goddess of

the chase. For, at a harvest festival, though he gave offerings to all 4. 298] STORIES FROM OVID 161

other appropriate divinities, he wholly neglected Diana’s shrine. To punish this neglect, the goddess sent a huge boar to ravage Calydon, a city and district of Aetolia.

Huius opem Calydōn, quamvīs Meleagron habēret, Sollicitā supplex petiit prece; causa petendī

Sūs erat, īnfestae famulus vindexque Diānae. Oenea namque ferunt plēnī successibus annī Prīmitiās frūgum Cererī, sua vīna Lyaeō, Palladiōs flāvae laticēs lībāsse Minervae

Coeptus ab agricolīs superōs pervēnit ad omnēs Ambitiōsus honor: sōlās sine tūre relictās Praeteritae cessāsse ferunt Lātōidos ārās.

Tangit et īra deōs: ‘“At nōn impūne ferēmus, Quaeque inhonōrātae, nōn et dīcēmur inultae” Inquit; et Oenēōs ultōrem sprēta per agrōs

Mīsit aprum, quantō maiōrēs herbida taurōs

Nōn habet Ēpīros, sed habent Sicula arva minōrēs. Sanguine et igne micant oculī, riget horrida cervīx, Et saetae similēs rigidīs hastīlibus horrent; Fervida cum raucō lātōs strīdōre per armōs Spūma fluit; dentēs aequantur dentibus Indīs; Fulmen ab ōre venit; frondēs adflātibus ārdent. Is modo crēscentēs segetēs prōcnlcat in herbā, Nunc mātūra metit flētūrī vōta colōnī,

Et Cererem in spīcīs intercipit. XĀrea frūstrā,

Et frūstrā expectant prōmissās horrea messēs. Sternuntur gravidī longō cum palmite fētūs, Bācaque cum rāmīs semper frondentis olīvae. Saevit et in pecudēs: nōn hās pāstorve canēsve, Nōn armenta trucēs possunt dēfendere taurī.

To slay this terrible creature Meleager, the king’s son, himself a īamous hero, organizes a mighty hunt, to which he bids all the heroes of Greece.

Diffugiunt populī, nec sē nisi moenibus urbis Esse putant tūtōs, dōnec Meleagros et ūnā

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Lēcta manus iuvenum coīēre cupīdine laudis.

3 x 3e 30 3 3

Rāsilis huic summam mordēbat fībula vestem; Crīnis erat simplex, nōdum conlēctus in ūnum; Ex umerō pendēns resonābat eburnea laevō Tēlōrum custōs, arcum quoque laeva tenēbat. Tālis erat cultū: faciēs, quam dīcere vērēō Virgineam in puerō, puerīlem in virgine possēs. Hanc pariter vīdit, pariter Calydōnius hērōs Optāvit, renuente deō, flammāsque latentēs Hausit, et ‘“ō fēlīx, sīquem dignābitur” inquit “Ista virum!” nec plūra sinit tempusque pudorque Dīcere: maius opus magnī certāminis urguet.

They first invade a dense old forest where the boar is supposed to be lurking. Soon he is roused, and as he comes rushing forth. the fight begins fiercely between the wild boar on the one side and dogs and armed men on the other.

Silva frequēns trabibus, quam nūlla cecīderat aetās, Incipit ā plānō, dēvexaque prōspicit arva.

Quō postquam vēnēre virī, pars rētia tendunt, Vincula pars adimunt canibus, pars pressa sequuntur Signa pedum, cupiuntque suum reperīre perīclum. Concava vallis erat, quō sē dēmittere rīvī Adsuērant pluviālis aquae; tenet īma lacūnae Lenta salix ulvaeque levēs iuncīque palūstrēs Viīminaque et longā parvae sub harundine cannae. Hinc aper excītus mediōs violentus in hostēs Fertur, ut excussīs ēlīsī nūbibus ignēs.

Sternitur incursū nemus, et prōpulsa fragōrem Silva dat; exclāmant iuvenēs, praetentaque fortī Tēla tenent dextrā lātō vibrantia ferrō.

Ille ruit spargitque canēs, ut quisque furentī Obstat, et oblīquō lātrantēs dissipat ictū.

4. 379] STORIES FROM OVID 163

Cuspis Echīoniō prīmum contorta lacertō 315 Vāna fuit, truncōque dedit leve vulnus acernō.

Proxima, sī nimiīs mittentis vīribus ūsa

Nōn foret, in tergō vīsa est haesūra petītō:

Longius īt; auctor tēlī Pagasēus Iāsōn.

“FPhoebe, ” ait Ampycidēs, ‘“sī tē coluīque colōque, 310 Dā mihi quod petitur certō contingere tēlō!”

Quā potuit, precibus deus adnuit. Ictus ab illō est,

Sed sine vulnere, aper: ferrum Dīāna volantī

Abstulerat iaculō; lignum sine acūmine vēnit.

īra ferī mōta est, nec fulmine lēnius ārsit: s65 Ēmicat ex oculīs, spīrat quoque pectore flamma.

Utque volat mōlēs adductō concita nervō,

Cum petit aut mūrōs aut plēnās mīlite turrēs,

In iuvenēs vāstō sīc impete vulnificus sūs

Fertur, et Eupalamon Pelagōnaque, dextra tuentēs a60 Cornua, prōsternit; sociī rapuēre iacentēs.

At nōn lētiferōs effūgit Enaesimus ictūs,

Hippocoonte satus; trepidantem et terga parantem

Vertere succīsō līquērunt poplite nervī.

Forsitan et Pylius citrā Troiāna perīsset 36 Tempora: sed sūmptō positā cōnāmine ab hastā,

Arboris īnsiluit, quae stābat proxima, rāmīs,

Dēspexitque, locō tūtus, quem fūgerat hostem.

Dentibus ille ferōx in quernō stīpite trītīs

Imminet exitiō, fīdēnsque recentibus armīs s70 Eurytidae magnī rōstrō femur hausit aduncō.

At geminī, nōndum caelestia sīdera, frātrēs,

Ambō cōnspicuī, nive candidiōribus ambō

Vectābantur equīs, ambō vibrāta per aurās

Hastārum tremulō quatiēbant spīcula mōtū. 315 Vulnera fēcissent, nisi saetiger inter opāc3ās,

Nec iaculīs īsset nec equō loca pervia, silvās.

Persequitur Telamōn, studiōque incautus eundī

Prōnus ab arboreā cecidit rādīce retentus.

;īl

164 SECOND LATIN BOOK [4. 380

After many heroes have hurled their weapons, and some have met death by the boar’s tusks, Atalanta has the good fortune to give him his first wound. This arouses the others to renewed energy.

380 Dum levat hunc Pēleus, celerem Tegeaea sagittam Imposuit nervō sinuātōque expulit arcū Fīxa sub aure ferī summum dēstringit harundō Corpus, et exiguō rubefēcit sanguine saetās. Nec tamen illa suī successū laetior ictūs

s85 Quam Meleagros erat. Prīmus vīdisse putātur, Et prīmus sociīs vīsum ostendisse cruōrem, Et ‘“meritam” dīxisse ‘“ferēs virtūtis honōrem.” Ērubuēre virī, sēque exhortantur et addunt Cum clāmōre animōs, iaciuntque sine ōrdine tēla.

300 Turba nocet iactīs, et quōs petit, impedit ictūs. Ecce furēns contrā sua fāta bipennifer Arcas, a“Discite fēmineīs quid tēla virīlia praestent, Ō iuvenēs, operīque meō concēdite!” dīxit; “Ipsa suīs licet hunc Lātōnia prōtegat armīs,

305 Invītā tamen hunc perimet mea dextra Diānā.” Tālia magniloquō tumidus memorāverat ōre, Ancipitemque manū tollēns utrāque secūrim

• Institerat digitīs, prōnōs suspēnsus in artūs. Occupat audentem, quāque est via proxima lētō, 400 Summa ferus geminōs dīrēxit ad inguina dentēs.

Concidit Ancaeus, glomerātaque sanguine multō Vīscera lāpsa fluunt, madefactaque terra cruōre est. Ibat in adversum prōlēs Ixīonis hostem,

Pīrithous, validā quatiēns vēnābula dextrā.

105 Cui “procul,” Aegīdēs ‘“ō mē mihi cārior” inquit, “Pars animae cōnsiste meae! licet ēminus esse Fortibus; Ancaeō nocuit temerāria virtūs.”

Dīxit, et aerātā torsit grave cuspide cornum; Quō bene lībrātō vōtīque potente futūrō,

410 Obstitit aesculeā frondōsus ab arbore rāmus.

Mīsit et Aesonidēs iaculum, quod cāsus ab illō

4. 438] STORIĒS FROM OVID 166

Vertit in immeritī fātum lātrantis, et inter īlia coniectum tellūre per īlia fīxum est.

After the others have all tried in vain, Meleager at last succeeds in slaying the monster, and is loudly congratulated by his fellows. But he, with thought only for Atalanta, presents the coveted prize of the boar’s head to her.

At manus Oenīdae variat, missīsque duābus

Hasta prior terrā, mediō stetit altera tergō. 415 Nec mora, dum saevit, dum corpora versat in orbem Strīdentemque novō spūmam cum sanguine fundit,

Vulneris auctor adest, hostemque inrītat ad īram, Splendidaque adversōs vēnābula condit in armōs.

Gaudia testantur sociī clāmōre secundō, 420 Victrīcemque petunt dextrae coniungere dextram; Immānemque ferum multā tellūre iacentem

Mīrantēs spectant, neque adhūc contingere tūtum

EĒsse putant, sed tēla tamen sua quisque cruentat.

Ipse pede impositō caput exitiābile pressit, 428 Atque ita ‘“sūme meī spolium, Nōnācria, iūris,”

Dīxit, ‘“et in partem veniat mea glōria tēcum.”

Prōtinus exuviās, rigidīs horrentia saetīs

Terga, dat et magnīs īnsignia dentibus ōra.

Ilī laetitiae est cum mūnere mūneris auctor. 430

The others murmur at this, and especially Meleager’s two uncles, who claim that the head should fall to them if the victor does not desire it. Attempting to take the prize away from the girl, they are slain by their enraged nephew.

Invīdēre aliī, tōtōque erat agmine murmur.

Ē quibus ingentī tendentēs bracchia vōce,

“Pōne age, nec titulōs intercipe, fēmina, nostrōs,” Thestiadae clāmant, “‘“nec tē fīdūcia fōrmae

Dēcipiat, nē sit longē tibi captus amōre 435

Auctor,” et huic adimunt mūnus, iūs mūneris illī.

Nōn tulit, et tumidā frendēns Māvortius īrā

“Discite, raptōrēs aliēnī” dīxit ‘“honōris,

440

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Facta minīs quantum distent,” hausitque nefandō Pectora Plexippī, nīl tāle timentia, ferrō.

Toxea, quid faciat, dubium, pariterque volentem Ulcīscī frātrem frāternaque fāta timentem,

Haud patitur dubitāre diū, calidumque priōris Caede recalfēcit cōnsortī sanguine tēlum.

At the birth of Meleager, the Fates had appeared and declared that the babe should die when the billet then burning on the hearth should be consumed. The mother quickly snatched it up. and preserved it with the utmost care. But now, enraged at the murder of her two brothers by her son, she takes out the fatal billet, intending to consume it at once. Then ensues a terrible struggle in her breast between love for her son and desire to avenge her brotners.

Dōna deum templīs nātō victōre ferēbat,

Cum videt extīnctōs frātrēs Althaea referrī.

Quae plangōre datō maestīs clāmōribus urbem Implet, et aurātīs mūtāvit vestibus ātrās:

At simul est auctor necis ēditus, excidit omnis Lūctus, et ā lacrimīs in poenae versus amōrem est. Stīpes erat, quem, cum partūs ēnīxa iacēret Thestias, in flammam triplicēs posuēre sorōrēs; Stāminaque impressō fātālia pollice nentēs, “$Uempora” dīxerunt ‘“eadem lignōque tibīque,

Ō modo nāte, damus;” quō postquam carmine dictō Ēxcessēre deae, flagrantem māter ab igne

Ēripuit torrem sparsitque liquentibus undīs.

Nle diū fuerat penetrālibus abditus īmīs, Servātusque tuōs, iuvenis, servāverat annōs. Prōtulit hunc genetrīx, taedāsque et fragmina pōnī Imperat, et positīs inimīcōs admovet ignēs.

Tum cōnāta quater flammīs impōnere rāmum, Coepta quater tenuit; pugnant māterque sororque, Et dīversa trahunt ūnum duo nōmina pectus. Saepe metū sceleris pallēbant ōra futūrī,

Saepe suum fervēns oculīs dabat īra rubōrem;

4. 501] STORIES FROM OVID 16

Et modo nesciō quid similis crūdēle minantī

Vultus erat, modo quem miserērī crēdere possēs.

Cumque ferus lacrimās animī siccāverat ārdor,

Inveniēbantur lacrimae tamen; utque carīna, 110 Quam ventus ventōque rapit contrārius aestus,

Vim geminam sentit, pāretque incerta duōbus:

Thestias haud aliter dubiīs adfectibus errat,

Perque vicēs pōnit positamque resuscitat īram.

Incipit esse tamen melior germāna parente, 415 Et cōnsanguineās ut sanguine lēniat umbrās,

Impietāte piā est; nam postquam pestifer ignis

Convaluit, ‘“rogus iste cremet mea vīscera” dīxit;

Utque manū dīrā lignum fātāle tenēbat

Ante sepulerālēs īnfēlīx adstitit ārās, 480 “Poenārum’que “deae triplicēs, furiālibus,” inquit, “PEumenides, sacrīs vultūs advertite vestrōs.

Ulcīscor faciōque nefās; mors morte pianda est;

In scelus addendum scelus est, in fūnera fūnus;

Per coacervātōs pereat domus impia lūctūs. 485 An fēlīx Oeneus nātō victōre fruētur,

Thestius orbus erit? melius lūgēbitis ambō.

Vōs modo, frāternī mānēs animaeque recentēs,

Officium sentīte meum, magnōque parātās

Accipite īnferiās, uterī mala pignora nostrī. 490 Ēi mihi! quō rapior? frātrēs ignōscite mātrī!

Dēficiunt ad coepta manūs; meruisse fatēmur

Illum, cūr pereat: mortis mihi displicet auctor.

Ergō impūne feret, vīvusque et victor et ipsō

Successū tumidus rēgnum Calydōnis habēbit, 405 Vōs cinis exiguus gelidaeque iacēbitis umbrae?

Haud equidem patiar; pereat scelerātus, et ille

Spemque patris rēgnīque trahat patriaeque ruīnam.

Mēns ubi māterna est? ubi sunt pia iūra parentum?

Et quōs sustinuī bis mēnsum quīnque labōrēs* 500 Ō utinam prīmīs ārsissēs ignibus īnfāns,

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Idque ego passa forem! vīxistī mūnere nostrō; Nunc meritō moriēre tuō. Cape praemia factī, Bisque datam, prīmum partū, mox stīpite raptō, Redde animam, vel mē frāternīs adde sepulerīs.

Et cupiō et nequeō; quid agam? modo vulnera frātram Ante oculōs mihi sunt et tantae caedis imāgō, Nunc animum pietās māternaque nōmina frangunt. Mē miseram! male vincētis, sed vincite, frātrēs: Dummodo quae dederō vōbīs sōlācia, vōsque

Ipsa sequar.” Dīxit, dextrāque āversa trementī Fūnereum torrem mediōs coniēcit in ignēs.

At last she yields to her desire for revenge and tosses the charred billet into the fire. As this begins to burn, Meleager is seized with burning pains, and with the last flicker of the wood he himself expires.

Aut dedit, aut vīsus gemitūs est ille dedisse Stīpes, ut īnvītīs correptus ab ignibus ārsit. īnscius atque absēns flammā Meleagros ab illā Ōritur, et caecīs torrērī vīscera sentit

Ignibus, ac magnōs superat virtūte dolōrēs.

Quod tamen ignāvō cadat et sine sanguine lētō, Maeret, et Ancaeī fēlīcia vulnera dīcit; Grandaevumque patrem frātrēsque piāsque sorōrēs Cum gemitū sociamque torī vocat ōre suprēmō, Forsitan et mātrem. Crēscunt ignisque dolorque, Languēscuntque iterum: simul est extīnctus uterque, Inque levēs abiit paulātim spīritus aurās

Paulātim cānā prūnam vēlante favīllā.

5. How Two Pious OLD PEOPLE ENTERTAINED ANGEĒLS UNAWwARES (Metamorphoses VIII, 611-724)

The river-god Acheloūs has been relating some wonderful changes wrought by the hands of the gods. One of his hearers scoffs at this, and calls in question the very existence of the gods. Whnereupon an old man present tells a story of Jove and Mercury to illustrate their divine power.

5. 640] STORIES FROM OVID 169

Amnis ab hīs tacuit. Factum mīrābile cūnctōs

Mōverat. Inrīdet crēdentēs, utque deōrum

Sprētor erat mentisque ferōx Ixīone nātus,

“Ficta refers, nimiumque putās, Achelōe, potentēs

Ēsse deōs,” dīxit, ‘“sī dant adimuntque figūrās.” e15 Obstipuēre omnēs, nec tālia dicta probārunt;

Ante omnēsque Lelex, animō mātūrus et aevō,

Sīc ait: ‘“immēnsa est fīnemque potentia caelī

Nōn habet, et quicquid superī voluēre, perāctum est.

Quōque minus dubitēs, tiliae contermina quercus 620 Collibus est Phrygiīs, modicō circumdata mūrō.

Ipse locum vīdī; nam mē Pelopēia Pittheus

Mīsit in arva, suō quondam rēgnāta parentī.

Haud procul hinc stāgnum est, tellūs habitābilis ōlim,

Nunc celebrēs mergīs fulicīsque palūstribus undae. 625

These gods, traveling in disguise upon the earth, are again and again denied the hospitality which is the sacred right of every wagyfarer, until they come to the humble cottage of an aged pair, Philemon and Baucis. These welcome the strangers, and supply them with the very best that their house affords.

Iuppiter hūc speciē mortālī, cumque parente

Vēnit Atlantiadēs positīs cādūcifer ālīs.

Mille domōs adiēre, locum requiemque petentēs:

Mille domōs clausēre serae. Tamen ūna recēpit,

Parva quidem, stipulīs et cannā tēcta palūstrī: eso Sed pia Baucis anus parilīque aetāte Philēmōn

Illā sunt annīs iūnctī iuvenālibus, illā

Cōnsenuēre casā; paupertātemque fatendō

Effēcēre levem nec inīquā mente ferendō.

Nec rēfert, dominōs illīc famulōsne requīrās: es5 Tōta domus duo sunt, īdem pārentque iubentque.

Ergō ubi caelicolae placitōs tetigēre penātēs,

Submissōque humilēs intrārunt vertice postēs,

Membra senex positō iussit relevāre sedīlī,

Quō superiniēcit textum rude sēdula Baucis. 610

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Inde focō tepidum cinerem dīmōvit et ignēs Suscitat hesternōs foliīsque et cortice siccō Nūitrit et ad flammās animā prōdūcit anīlī, Multifidāsque facēs rāmāliaque ārida tēctō Dētulit et minuit, parvōque admōvit aēnō. Quodque suus coniūnx riguō conlēgerat hortō, Truncat holus foliīs. Furcā levat ille bicornī Sordida terga suis nigrō pendentia tignō, Servātōque diū resecat dē tergore partem Exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undīs.

x 2 b2 3 3 3 Intereā mediās fallunt sermōnibus hōr3ās, Concutiuntque torum dē mollī flūminis ulvā Impositum lectō, spondā pedibusque salignīs. Vestibus hunc vēlant, quās nōn nisi tempore fēstō Sternere cōnsuērant: sed et haec vīlisque vetusque Vestis erat, lectō nōn indignanda salignō. Accubuēre deī. Mēnsam succīncta tremēnsque Pōnit anus. Mēnsae sed erat pēs tertius impār: Testa parem fēcit. Quae postquam subdita clīvum Sustulit, aequātam mentae tersēre virentēs. Pōnitur hīc bicolor sincērae bāca Minervae, Conditaque in liquidā corna autumnalia faece, Intibaque et rādīx et lactis māssa coāctī, ōvaque nōn ācrī leviter versāta favīllā,

Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelātus eōdem Sistitur argentō crātēr fabricātaque fāgō

Pōcula, quā cava sunt, flāventibus inlita cērīs. Parva mora est, epulāsque focī mīsēre calentēs, Nec longae rūrsus referuntur vīna senectae, Dantque locum mēnsīs paulum sēducta secundīs. Hīc nux, hīc mixta est rūgōsīs cārica palmīs Prūnaque et in patulīs redolentia māla canistrīs Et dē purpureīs conlēctae vītibus ūvae.

Candidus in mediō favus est. Super omnia vultūs

[6. 641 5. 702] STORIES FROM OVID 171

Accessēre bonī nec iners pauperque voluntaās.

When the feast is nearly over, the old couple discover by the mirac- ulous replenishing of the wine that their guests are gods, and beg pardon for their meagre entertainment. The gods calm their fears, and bid them follow to the nearest hillside.

Intereā totiēns haustum crātēra replērī

Sponte suā, per sēque vident succrēscere vīna: eso Attonitī novitāte pavent, manibusque supīnīs

Concipiunt Baucisque precēs timidusque Philēmōn,

Et veniam dapibus nūllīsque parātibus ōrant

Ōnicus ānser erat, minimae custōdia vīllae,

Quem dīs hospitibus dominī mactāre parābant. ess Ille celer pennā tardōs aetāte fatīgat,

Elūditque diū, tandemque est vīsus ad iīpsōs

Cōnfūgisse deōs. Superī vetuēre necārī:

‘Dī’ que ‘sumus, meritāsque luet vīcīnia poenās

Impia,’ dīxērunt; ‘vōbīs inmūnibus huius 620 EĒsse malī dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tēcta

Ac nostrōs comitāte gradūs et in ardua montis

īte simul. Pārent ambō, baculīsque levātī

Nītuntur longō vestīgia pōnere clīvō.

Here, looking back, they discover that the whole countryside has been flooded as a judgment upon its inhospitality. Ōnly the house of the pious old pair remains, and this, before their very eyes, is changed into a magnificent temple.

Tantum aberant summō, quantum semel īre sagitta ess Missa potest: flexēre oculōs, et mersa palūde

Cētera prōspiciunt, tantum sua tēcta manēre.

Dumque ea mīrantur, dum dēflent fāta suōrum,

Illa vetus, dominīs etiam casa parva duōbus

Vertitur in templum: furcās subiēre columnae, 700 Strāmina flāvēscunt aurātaque tēcta videntur,

Caelātaeque forēs, adopertaque marmore tellūs.

Bidden to make any request which they desire of the gods, Philemon and Baucis ask that while they live they may serve as priest and

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priestess in this temple, and that they may die at the self-same time. This prayer is granted, and in the end they are both changed into trees. Tālia tum placidō Sāturnius ēdidit ōre: ‘Dīcite, iūste senex et fēmina coniuge iūstō Digna, quid optētis. Cum Baucide pauca locūtus, Iūdicium superīs aperit commūne Philēmōn: ‘Esse sacerdōtēs dēlūbraque vestra tuērī Poscimus; et quoniam concordēs ēgimus annōs, Auferat hōra duōs eadem, nec coniugis umquam Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab illā.’ Vōta fidēs sequitur. Templī tūtēla fuēre, Dōnec vīta data est. Annīs aevōque solūtī Ante gradūs sacrōs cum stārent forte locīque Nāvārent cūrās, frondēre Philēmona Baucis, Baucida cōnspexit senior frondēre Philēmōn. Iamque super geminōs crēscente cacūmine vultūs, Mūtua, dum licuit, reddēbant dicta ‘valē’que ‘Ō coniūnx’ dīxēre simul, simul abdita tēxit Ōra frutex. Ostendit adhūc Cibyreius illīc Incola dē geminō vīcīnōs corpore truncōs. Haec mihi nōn vānī, neque erat cūr fallere vellent, Nārrāvēre senēs. Equidem pendentia vīdī Serta super rāmōs, pōnēnsque recentia dīxī ‘Cūra piī dīs sunt, et quī coluēre coluntur.”

6. How A BEAUTIFUL YOUTH WAS ACCIDĒENTALLY SLAIN BY APOLLO, AND CHANGED INTO A FLOWER (Metamorphoses X, 162-219)

Hyacinthus was a Spartan youth much beloved by Phoebus Apollo. While the two were once engaged with a game of quoits, the youth was accidentally killed by the god. Apollo grieves over the loss of his friend, and, unable to restore him to his former life, ordains that he shall have lasting life in the beautiful flower that now bears his name.

Tē quoque, Amȳclīdē, posuisset in aethere Phoebus,

ē. 197] STORIES FROM OVID 173

Trīstia sī spatium pōnendī fāta dedissent.

Quā licet, aeternus tamen es; quotiēnsque repellit

Vēr hiemem, Piscīque Ariēs succēdit aquōsō, 1e5 Tū totiēns oreris, viridīque in caespite flōrēs.

Tē meus ante omnēs genitor dīlēxit, et orbe

In mediō positī caruērunt praeside Delphī,

Dum deus Eurōtān immūnītamque frequentat

Spartēn. Nec citharae nec sunt in honōre sagittae: 170 Immemor ipse suī nōn rētia ferre recūsat,

Nōn tenuisse canēs, nōn per iuga montis inīquī

īsse comes; longāque alit adsuētūdine flammās.

Iamque ferē medius Tītān venientis et āctae

Noctis erat, spatiōque parī distābat utrimque: 175 Corpora veste levant, et sūcō pinguis olīvī

Splendēscunt, lātīque ineunt certāmina discī.

Quem prius āeriās lībrātum Phoebus in aurās

Mīsit, et oppositās disiēcit pondere nūbēs.

Reccidit in solidam longō post tempore terram i80 Pondus, et exhibuit iūnctam cum vīribus artem.

Prōtinus imprūdēns āctusque cupīdine lūsūs

Tollere Taenaridēs orbem properābat. At illum

Dūra repercussō subiēcit verbere tellūs

In vultūs, Hyacinthe, tuōs. Expalluit aequē 185 Quam puer ipse deus, conlāpsōsque excipit artūs,

Et modo tē refovet, modo trīstia vulnera siccat,

Nunc animam admōtīs fugientem sustinet herbīs.

Nīl prōsunt artēs; erat immedicābile vulnus.

Ut sīquis violās riguōve papāver in hortō 190 Līliaque īnfringat fulvīs haerentia virgīs,

Marcida dēmittant subitō caput illa gravātum,

Nec sē sustineant, spectentque cacūmine terram:

Sīc vultus moriēns iacet, et dēfecta vigōre

Ipsa sibi est onerī cervīx umerōque recumiuit. 1558 “Lāberis, Oebalidē, prīmā fraudāte iuventā,”

Phoebus ait ‘“videōque tuum, mea crīmina, vulnus.

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Eī

Tū dolor es facinusque meum: mea dextera lētō īnscrībenda tuō est! ego sum tibi fūneris auctor. Quae mea culpa tamen? nisi sī lūsisse vocārī Culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amāsse vocārī. Atque utinam prō tē vītam, tēcumve licēret Reddere! quod quoniam fātālī lēge tenēmur, Semper eris mēcum, memorīque haerēbis in ōre. Tē lyra pulsa manū, tē carmina nostra sonābunt; Flōsque novus scrīptō gemitūs imitābere nostrōs. Tempus et illud erit, quō sē fortissimus hērōs Addat in hunc flōrem, foliōque legātur eōdem.” Tālia dum vērō memorantur Apollinis ōre,

Ecce cruor, quī fūsus humō signāverat herbās, Dēsinit esse cruor, Tyriōque nitentior ostrō

Flōs oritur, fōrmamque capit quam līlia, sī nōn Purpureus color hīs, argenteus esset in illīs.

Nōn satis hoc Phoebō est—is enim fuit auctor honōris; Ipse suōs gemitūs foliīs īnscrībit, et AI AI

Flōs habet īnscrīptum, fūnestaque littera ducta est. Nec genuisse pudet Spartēn Hyacinthon, honorque Dūrat in hoc aevī, celebrandaque mōre priōrum Annua praelātā redeunt Hyacinthia pompā.

T. How A YOoUNG MXN WON A RAXCE AND A WIFE AT THE

SAME TIME (Metamorphoses X, 560-680)

Venus, to entertain Adonis, relates to him how Atalanta, famous for her swiftness of foot, being warned by an oracle to shun marriage, had established a law that only he should win her who was able to outrun her; and further that he who tried the race and lost should die.-

“Forsitan audierīs aliquam certāmine cursūs

Vēlōcēs superāsse virōs. Nōn fābula rūmor Hlle fuit; superābat enim. Nec dīcere possēs, Laude pedum, fōrmaene bonō praestantior esset.

Scītantī deus huic dē coniuge, ‘coniuge’ dīxit

7. 2595] STORIES FROM OVID 175

“Nīl opus est, Atalanta, tibī; fuge coniugis ūsum. 565

Ncc tamen effugiēs, tēque ipsā vīva carēbis.’

Territa sorte deī per opācās innuba silvās

Vīvit, et īnstantem turbam violenta procōrum

Condiciōne fugat, nec ‘sum potiunda, nisi’ inquit

‘Victa prius cursū; pedibus contendite mēcum. 570

Praemia vēlōcī coniūnx thalamīque dabuntur;

Mors pretium tardīs: ea lēx certāminis estō.’

Notwithstanding this harsh law, her wonderful beauty drew many

suitors to attempt the race, only to meet their death in the end. Among others, Hippomenes, an exceptionally handsome youth, offered himself.

īila quidem immītis; sed tanta potentia fōrmae est,

Vēnit ad hanc lēgem temerāria turba procōrum.

Sēderat Hippomenēs cursūs spectātor inīquī, 575

Et “‘petitur cuiquam per tanta perīcula coniūnx?’

Dīxerat, ac nimiōs iuvenum damnārat amōrēs.

Tt faciem et positō corpus vēlāmine vīdit,

Quāle meum, vel quāle tuum, sī fēmina fīās,

Obstipuit, tollēnsque manūs “ignōscite,’ dīxit 580

‘Quōs modo culpāvī; nōndum mihi praemia nōta,

Quae peterētis, erant.” Laudandō concipit ignēs,

Et, nē quis iuvenum currat vēlōcius, optat

Invidiāque timet. “Sed cūr certāminis huius

Intemptāta mihī fortūna relinquitur? inquit, 585

‘Audentēs deus ipse iuvat.” Dum tālia sēcum

Exigit Hippomenēs, passū volat ālite virgō.

Quae quamquam Scythicā nōn sētius īre sagittā

Xoniō vīsa est iuvenī, tamen ille decōrem

Mīrātur magis. Et cursus facit ille decōrem: 590

Aura refert ablāta citīs tālāria plantīs;

Tergaque iactantur crīnēs per eburnea, quaeque

Poplitibus suberant pictō genuālia limbō;

Inque puellārī corpus candōre rubōrem

Trāxerat, haud aliter, quam cum super ātria vēlum 595

176 SECOND LATIN BOOK r7. 500

Candida purpureum simulātās īnficit umbraās. Dum notat haec hospes, dēcursa novissima mēta est, Ēt tegitur fēstā victrīx Atalanta corōnā. Dant gemitum victī, penduntque ex foedere poenās. 600 Non tamen ēventū iuvenis dēterritus hōrum Cōnstitit in mediō, vultūque in virgine fīxō ‘Quid facilem titulum superandō quaeris inertēs? Mēcum cōnfer? ait, ‘seu mē fortūna potentem Fēcerit, ā tantō nōn indignābere vincī. 605 Namque mihī genitor Megareus Onchēstius; illī EĒst Neptūnus avus; pronepōs ego rēgis aquārum; Nec virtūs citrā genus est; seu vincar, habēbis Hippomenē victō magnum et memorābile nōmen.’ Atalanta, beholding him, is moved, unconsciously to herself, by love for the beautiful youth, and grieves that he should thus expose him- self to certain death. Tālia dīcentem mollī Schoeneia vultū 610 Aspicit, et dubitat, superārī an vincere mālit. Atque ita ‘quis deus hunc fōrmōsīs’ inquit “inīquus Perdere vult, cāraeque iubet discrīmine vītae Coniugium petere hoc? nōn sum, mē iūdice, tantī. Nec fōrmā tangor,—poteram tamen hāc quoque tangī— 615 Sed quod adhūc puer est; nōn mē movet ipse, sed aetās. Quid, quod inest virtūs et mēns interrita lētī? Quid, quod ab aequoreā numerātur orīgine quārtus? Quid, quod amat, tantīque putat cōnūbia nostra, Ut pereat, sī mē fors illī dūra negārit? e20 Dum licet, hospes, abī, thalamōsque relinque cruentōs. Coniugium crūdēle meum est; tibi nūbere nūlla Nōlet; et optārī potes ā sapiente puellā. Cūr tamen est mihi cūra tuī, tot iam ante perēmptīs? Viderit! intereat, quoniam tot caede procōrum 62 Admonitus nōn est, agiturque in taedia vītae.— Occidet hic igitur, voluit quia vīvere mēcum, Indignamque necem pretium patiētur amōris?

7. 656] STORIES FROM OVID 177

Nōn erit invidiae victōria nostra ferendae.

Sed nōn culpa mea est; utinam dēsistere vellēs!

Aut, quoniam es dēmēns, utinam vēlōcior essēs!/— 630 At quam virgineus puerīlī vultus in ōre est!

Āt miser Hippomenē, nōllem tibi vīsa fuissem!

Vīvere dignus erās; quod sī fēlīcior essem,

Nec mihi coniugium fāta importūna negārent,

Ōnus erās, cum quō sociāre cubīlia vellem.’ 63s Dīxerat: utque rudis, prīmōque Cupīdine tācta,

Quid facit ignōrāns, amat et nōn sentit amōrem.

Whnen all is ready for the race, Hippomenes seeks the aid of Venus, who secretly gives him three golden apples and instructs him how to use them.

Iam solitōs poscunt cursūs populusque paterque:

Cum mē sollicitā prōlēs Neptūnia vōce, Invocat Hippomenēs, ‘Cytherēa’ que ‘comprecor, ausīs e40 Adsit’ ait ‘nostrīs et quōs dedit, adiuvet ignēs.’

Dētulit aura precēs ad mē nōn invida blandās;

Mōtaque sum, fateor; nec opis mora longa dabātur.

Ēst ager, indigenae Tamasēnum nōmine dīcunt,

Tellūris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prīscī ess Sacrāvēre senēs, templīsque accēdere dōtem

Hanc iussēre meīs; mediō nitet arbor in arvō,

Fulva comam, fulvō rāmīs crepitantibus aurō.

Hinc tria forte meā veniēns dēcerpta ferēbam

Aurea pōma manū; nūllīque videnda nisi ipsī eso Hippomenēn adiī, docuīque quis ūsus in illīs.

By throwing these apples one by one in the path of the maiden, who stops to pick them up, the youth so retards her progress that he is enabled to win the race and thus to win the maiden for his wife.

Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere prōnus uterque

Fmicat, et summam celerī pede lībat harēnam.

Posse putēs illōs siccō freta rādere passū,

Et segetis cānae stantēs percurrere aristās. 6s5 Adiciunt animōs iuvenī clāmorque favorque,

660

670

67

620

178

SECOND LATIN BOOK

Verbaque dīcentum ‘nunc, nunc incumbere tempus, Hippomenē, properā! nunc vīribus ūtere tōtīs. Pelle moram, vincēs.. Dubium, Megarēius hērōs Gaudeat, an virgō magis hīs Schoenēia dictīs.

Ō quotiēns, cum iam posset trānsīre, morāta est, Spectātōsque diū vultūs invīta relīquit!

Āridus ē lassō veniēbat anhēlitus ōre,

Mētaque erat longē; tum dēnique dē tribus ūnum Fētibus arboreīs prōlēs Neptūnia. mīsit.

Obstipuit virgō, nitidīque cupīdine pōmī

Dēclīnat cursūs, aurumque volūbile tollit.

Praeterit Hippomenēs; resonant spectācula plausū. IDlla moram celerī cessātaque tempora cursū Corrigit, atque iterum iuvenem post terga relinquit. Et rūrsus pōmī iactū remorāta secundī, Cōnsequitur trānsitque virum. Pars ultima eursūs Restābat: ‘nunc’ inquit ‘ades, dea mūneris auctor!” Inque latus eampī, quō tardius illa redīret,

Iēcit ab oblīquō nitidum iuvenāliter aurum.

An peteret, virgō vīsa est dubitāre: coēgī

Tollere, et adiēcī sublātō pondera mālō, Impediīque oneris pariter gravitāte morāque.

Nēve meus sermō cursū sit tardior ipsō,

Practerita est virgō: dūxit sua praemia victor.”

[7. 651 [OCR skipped on page(s) 182-183]