es.srt

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Este gráfico muestra el índice PM2.5 de Beijing en Enero de 2013


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En un único mes hubo 25 días de polución


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Yo estaba en Beijing en aquel momento


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y mientras miraba este gráfico a lo largo del año


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intente recordar todos los sentimientos y emociones


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pero no pude


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Entonces todo el mundo decía que la niebla era 


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creada por condiciones climáticas aleatorias 


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Casi nadie se se lo tomaba en serio


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En ese mes, hice cuatro viajes de negocios:


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a Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi y Zhejiang


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Recordando el cielo en esos viajes


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parece que entonces China estaba immersa en una niebla tóxica


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cubriendo 25 provincias y 600 millones de personas




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Yo estaba en medio de eso, pero ni siquiera me di cuenta


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Per la sensación en mi garganta permaneció


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Cuando estaba en Xi´an, tosía tanto que no pude ni dormir


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Corte un limon y lo puse a lado de la almohada


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Cuando regrese a Beijing


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Me entere de que estaba embarazada


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Así era la primera vez que la ví


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En ese momento, supe que era una niña


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Porque parece que tenia un corte de pelo de niña


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Cuando oí el latido de su corazón por primera vez,


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No había nada que quisiera más para ella que estar sana


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Pero


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mi niña fue diagnosticada con un tumor benigno


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que nécessiterai cirugia nada mas nacer


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Before the anaesthesia, the doctor told me
Antes de la anestesia, el doctor me dijó


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“Tu bebe es tan joven que existe la posibilidad


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de que no sobreviviese a la anestesia general


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Necesitas preparar para lo peor”


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Antes de poder incluso abrazarla, se la llevaron al quirófano


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Después de eso, la enfermera me dio un oso de peluche


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que era usado para calmar a niños


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Pero esta vez, se usaba para calmar me a mi


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Cuando vi a mi pequeño angel después de la cirugía, ella estaba inconsciente


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El doctor me dijo,


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La operación ha tenido éxito


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Pero hay algo que tienes que perdonarme


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Ella es tan regordeta que tuve que probar varias veces para encontrar una vena para la anestesia 


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Le agarre la mano, llena de marcas de agujas


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y la puse en mi cara


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La llame por su nombre


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hasta que ella abro los ojos y me miro


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Soy una persona con mucha suerte


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Después, deje mi trabajo para poder


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pasar mi tiempo haciendo compañía y cuidandola


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Mientras estemos juntas, a salvo, nada importa


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Pero ya en el camino desde el hospital, me empece a asustar


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El olor de humo negro y fuego esta por todas partes


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Le cubre la nariz con mi pañuelo


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Se que suena muy estupido


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porque en su lucha por respirar atraves de el, ella respiraría mas polución


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Hasta entonces, nunca había temido la contaminación del aire


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y nunca lleve una mascarilla antipolución


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Y ahora, con una pequeña vida en tus brazos


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toda su respiración,  comida y bebida depende de ti


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Ahi es donde empiezas a tener miedo


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Esa polución grave al final de 2013 duró como 2 meses


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La larga polución me pareció mas que nada una ocurrencia aleatoria


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y que no podia acabarse rapido


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Era el mismo cielo que cuando lo vi hace 10 años, cuando estaba en Shanxi


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Entrevista 2004


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Chai: “Es así todos los días?”


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Niño “Es así todos los días, todos los años¡


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Dura 3 años ya, no solo 1 o 2 días.”


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“benzopireno es un fuerte cancerígeno


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Conforme pasa el tiempo, se va acumulando en tu cuerpo


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Cuando esta suficientemente acumulado, incrementa el riesgo de padecer cancer en esa persona.”


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Rios de Shanxi: 88.4% están contaminados, 62% no se pueden usar mas


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Chai: “Señor, cree usted que esto es aun un rio?”


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Wang: “Esto no es un rio, son aguas residuales.


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Los test muestran que la media anual del


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nivel de benzopireno aquí es 290 veces el limite regulatorio.”


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Mina abandonada: Niveles de agua subterránea han caído; la crisis ambiental es inminente


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Persona: “Todos esos arboles por ahi han muerto.


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Esos dos grandes arboles se han abierto completamente.”


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Chai: “Has visto alguna vez las estrellas?”


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Wang Huiqing: “No, no las he visto”


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Chai: “Y el cielo azul lo has visto?”


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Wang Huiqing: “Una vez vi uno un poco azul”


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Chai: “Y las nubes blancas?”


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Wang Huiqing: “No, no las he visto.”


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Cuando entreviste a esta niña de 6 años en 2004,


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no, se me cruzo por mi mente, que lo que ella decía 


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podía ser la misma experiencia que mi hija podría tener


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Estas fotos muestran cada día de 2014 en Beijing


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Solo cuando la calidad del aire es buena se me ocurría sacar a mi hija afuera


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Pero cuantos días buenos hubo?


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175 días fueron contaminados


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Eso quiere decir que en 1 año, la mitad del tiempo no tengo otra elección


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que dejarla en casa como una prisionera


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Hace 10 años, el director de la agencia medioambiental me dijo,


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“Xiaoyi es el microcosmos de Shanxi, Shanxi es el microcosmos de China.”


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En solo una decada,


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He visto sin poder hacer nada como esto ocurría


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En Marzo-Abril de 2014


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46 fotografias


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Imágenes grabadas del cielo por 40 días consecutivos


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Tianjin - 197 días con polución en 2014


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Shenyang - 152 días con polución en 2014


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Chengdu - 125 días de polución en 2014


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Lanzhou - 112 días de polución en 2014


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Shijiazhuang - 264 días de polución en 2014


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Una vez vi una serie de TV llamada ”La cúpula" (Under the Dome en inglés)


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Era sobre una pequeña ciudad que se queda de repente envuelta bajo una cúpula 
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Desconectada del mundo, sin salida


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Y un día me entere que nosotros estamos viviendo en la misma realidad


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A veces, cuando me levanto por la mañana


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Veo a mi hija enfrente del balcón golpeando la ventana de cristal


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Esa es su forma de decirme que quiere salir afuera


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Creo, que un día me preguntará


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Mama, ¿porqué me tienes encerrada dentro de casa?


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¿Qué es lo que hay de verdad afuera?


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¿Algo me hará daño?


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Todo lo que he hecho este año


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es contestar las preguntas que ella me preguntará en el futuro


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¿Qué es la polución?


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¿De donde viene?


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¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?


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Entonces, ¿qué es la polución?


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A veces, apago la luz


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y quiero verla


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Se que el PM2.5 está ahí


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Son partículas en el aire con un diámetro de 2.5 milímetros


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así que reflejan un montón de luz visible,


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dejándonos en un mundo con poca visibilidad


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Pero no puedo verlas


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porque las partículas más pequeñas que el ojo puede ver son 20 veces más grandes


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En otras palabras, es una lucha con un enemigo invisible


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Solo hay una forma de verlas


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Es esta


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Esto es un dispositivo de medición de PM2.5


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Le puse un filtro de muestras muy limpio


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Y lo lleve durante 24 horas


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26 deNoviembre, 2014 - AQI (Indice de Calidad del aire): 282


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Así estaba el filtro cuando empezamos, verdad?


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Después de 24 horas


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se ve así


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Si no hago nada para proteger a mi niña


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ella aspirara todo esto


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Cuando aspirara?


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305.91 microgramos por metro cúbico


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Pero ¿quién entiende este número? Sólo podemos compararlo


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(Gráfica: Límites de la concentraciones de PM 2.5, media cada 24 horas)


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Esta la OMS estándar para el máximo diario de PM2.5


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Este es el estándar de EEUU


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Este es el estándar de Europa


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y este es el estándar de China


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¿Cuando hemos aspirado en ese día?


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Casi 5 veces el máximo diario de China


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Aunque parece solamente un número alarmante


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quería saber realmente que substancias habían en la muestra


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El profesor Qiu Xinhua de la Universidad de Peking fue tan amable 


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de realizar esta prueba para mi


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Estos son los resultados de su análisis


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La muestra contiene 15 tipos de cancerígenos


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incluyendo benzo [a] pireno, uno de los cancerígenos más potentes


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¿Cuántas veces el estándar estaba allí?


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14 veces el estándar del gobierno


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No podía cree este número


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Os acordáis del vídeo, cuando estaba en Xiaoyi


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rodeada de plantas de carbón?


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La cantidad de benzo[a]pireno que estaba respirando ahí


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era solo 9 veces el estándar legal


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Ahora, vivo en el centro de una ciudad internacional


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Cuando miro alrededor, no puedo ver ninguna fábrica o chimenea


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So how can it possibly be 14 times the legal limit?
Entonces, ¿como puede ser que sea 14 veces ele límite legal?


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El profesor Qiu dudo de los resultados también


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Me dijo “No puede ser posible que sea tan algo. Realizare otra el análisis.”


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Me llamo al día siguiente y me dijo


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“No hay errores, es 14 veces el límite.”


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“Nuestro muestreo más amplio mostró


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que hay gente cuya exposición era incluso mas grande que la tuya,20 veces el límite legal.”


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Todos estos cancerígenos estaban en el filtro de  muestra que visteis antes


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unido a una sustancia llamada de carbono negro


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Es muy diminuta, solo 0.2 milímetros 


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Pero tiene una estructura de cadena, así si se desenrolla


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2 gramos es el tamaño de un campo de basquet


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Por esto, puede absorber muchas partículas de cancerígenos y metales pesados


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Cuando carbon negro hay en China?


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Esta es la estimación de la NASA desde 2009


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Ese punto violeta y blanco es China


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Nos esta sobre nosotros como un fantasma


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Así que fui a la Universidad de Peking


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Sabía que tenían un laboratorio para esos experimentos


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Pregunte a un experto si podia hacer de voluntaria


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“Si podían poner en una cámara cerrada con alta concentración de carbón negro


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y observar y probar mi reacciones físicas,


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así powder mostrar a todo el mundo los resultados.”


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El dudo un momento y me contesto


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“Perdón, no puedo hacer este experimento.”


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Yo pregunte porque.


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Me dijo, “Cada experimento requiere limites éticos académicos.


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Estos límites previenen de daño extremo a los participantes.


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No puedo realizar un experimento con estos límites


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incluso si la concentración afuera is mayor que en la cámara cerrada."


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"Para decirlo de otra manera, cada uno de nosotros


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esta viviendo en una cámara experimental toda su vida


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y no sabemos cual será el resultado de este experimento.”


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La universidad de Beijing usa un sistema diferente


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Ellos toman datos de como las personas reaccionan a la contaminación del aire directamente


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Durante 1 año, participe en este experimento


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Y descubrí


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que tenía una inflamación crónica respiratoria y que pertenecía a grupo sensible 


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Las partículas finas impactan en el sistema respiratorio, exacerbando las inflamaciones de la traca respiratoria


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y afectan al sistema cardíovacular entero

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Pequeñas partículas se correlacionan con una mayor posibilidad de insuficiencia cardiaca debido a la reducción de suministro de sangre cardíaca 


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Yo no entiendo muy bien lo que significa la jerga médica

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Por lo tanto, con la ayuda de los científicos


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hicimos una animación para explicar el efecto


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Yo soy PM 2.5


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Tengo muchos hermanos y hermanas


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Hidrocarbonatos policíclicos aromáticos y otros metales pesados


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cada unoarmando


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En el juego de atacar cuerpos humanos
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Rara vez me fracaso


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Escena 1: Fosa nasal 


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El Bello nasal y las mucosas pueden bloquear partículas grandes


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El 90% de las partículas son mayores de 10 micras y son anuladas automáticamente


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pero no pueden pararme


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Escena 2: Garganta


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El tracto respiratorio superior tiene cilios de menos de 10 micras de longitud


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00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:36,260
Vibran 20 veces por segundo, pero paso a través de ellos con facilidad


226
00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:38,860
Los músculos suaves de la tráquea se irritan, contraen y


227
00:10:38,860 --> 00:10:41,920
tratan de bloquearme, pero este acoso no puede pararme


228
00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:43,920
Escena 3: Tracto respiratorio inferior


229
00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,700
Aquí los bronquios se dividen en pequeños bronquiolos


230
00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:50,520
Estas son las mejores pendientes de esquí para nosotros


231
00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:56,660
Por el camino luchamos con leucocitos y linfocitos


232
00:10:56,660 --> 00:11:00,060
Estas luchas causarán todos tipo de inflamaciones en el cuerpo humano


233
00:11:00,060 --> 00:11:03,920
Nuestra tropa finalmente llega a su destino:


234
00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:06,060
Los alveolos pulmonares


235
00:11:06,060 --> 00:11:09,420
El pulmón humano cuenta con más de 300 millones de alveolos


236
00:11:09,420 --> 00:11:13,660
Si bloqueamos los alveolos, el humanos no será capaz de respirar más


237
00:11:13,660 --> 00:11:17,700
Sin embargo, nuestro más feroz enemigo está aquí: Los macrófagos


238
00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:20,600
Su especialidad es devorar materia externa


239
00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:22,800
y son conocidos como los barrenderos del cuerpo


240
00:11:22,900 --> 00:11:24,880
Esta va a ser una batalla dura


241
00:11:35,620 --> 00:11:37,460
Sin embargo, les superamos en número


242
00:11:37,460 --> 00:11:41,840
Nuestro núcleo es complejo de quebrar y contenemos metales pesados tóxicos


243
00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:44,480
Los macrófagos no pueden neutralizarnos a todos nosotros


244
00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:46,880
y pueden ser fácilmente eliminados por sobredosis


245
00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,740
Así es como el sistema inmune humano se desmantela


246
00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,280
Tenemos otra fuerza especial:


247
00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:55,380
partículas de menos de 0,5 micras


248
00:11:55,380 --> 00:11:59,980

Una vez han llegado a los alevéolos, son suficientemente pequeñas para pasar a los vasos sanguíneos a través de las membranas
249
00:11:59,980 --> 00:12:02,940
dañando el revestimiento de los vasos sanguíneos, forzando a las arterias a estrecharse


250
00:12:02,940 --> 00:12:04,940
lo que produce una subida de la presión arterial y trombosis


251
00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:08,590
incluso podemos entrar el centro de los cuerpos humanos


252
00:12:08,590 --> 00:12:12,160
a través del sistema circulatorio pulmonar


253
00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:13,900
y atacar tu corazón
254
00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:17,900
causando enfermedades coronarias y aritmias


255
00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:19,900
que producen ataques al corazón


256
00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:24,520
Aterrorizáos, humanos


257
00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,220
Estamos en cada respiración


258
00:12:31,540 --> 00:12:34,360
Estas medidas han sido suministradas por la Academia China de Ciencias (CAS)


259
00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,360
Está trama compleja demuestras


260
00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:38,360
que a menudos que la concentración de PM2,5 crece,


261
00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:40,920
la mortalidad humana también aumenta


262
00:12:40,920 --> 00:12:43,820
muchas otras instituciones de investigación científica han observado la misma tendencia


263
00:12:43,820 --> 00:12:47,080
El ex ministro de sanidad Chino Chen Zhu


264
00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:51,600
ha calculados que el número de muertes prematuras causadas por


265
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:53,860
la polución del aire en China es


266
00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:55,600
500.000 personas


267
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:57,600
En la batalla contra la humanidad,


268
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,500
las poblaciones más frágiles y vulnerables son


269
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:02,500
nuestros hijos y padres


270
00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:04,900
Estos bebés tienen unos dos meses


271
00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:07,260
Nunca han estado en el exterior


272
00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:08,760
pero se les ha diagnosticado con neumonía


273
00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:10,480
Están recibiendo terapia nebulizadora


274
00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:12,660
Los padres de estos bebes me pidieron que fotografiara a sus hijos


275
00:13:12,660 --> 00:13:15,760
sospechaban que sus hijos se pusieron enfermos debido a la falta de protección durante la niebla tóxica densa


276
00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:17,420
El médico les dijo:


277
00:13:17,420 --> 00:13:20,900
"Sólo puedo diagnosticar 'Neumonía por causa desconocida'"


278
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:23,520
debido a la falta de estudios epidemiológicos actualizados


279
00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:25,520
Pero puedo deciros esta estadística:


280
00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:29,500
En enero de 2013 durante la niebla tóxica densa


281
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:31,500
por todo el país


282
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:36,800
27 ciudades sufrieron crecidas exponenciales en las visitas a las unidades de urgencias


283
00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:41,300
Una vez, las madres de mi comunidad hablaron sobre este evento


284
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:43,300
Una madre me preguntó:


285
00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,720
"¿Cómo debería lidiar con la nube tóxica?"


286
00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:47,200
¿Deberíamos dejar a nuestros hijos exponerse a la nube tóxica


287
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,640
tan pronto como sea posible para entrenarlos, y que así se acostumbren


288
00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:52,340
¿y no estén en desventaja desde el primer momento?


289
00:13:52,340 --> 00:13:54,540
Un experto médico de Los Ángeles,


290
00:13:54,560 --> 00:13:57,140
una ciudad que una vez sufrió una extrema contaminación atmosférica, nos informó


291
00:13:57,140 --> 00:13:59,140
sobre los riesgos de exponer los niños a la contaminación atmosférica


292
00:13:59,140 --> 00:14:01,140
esperando que sean capaces de ajustarse a las condiciones:


293
00:14:03,780 --> 00:14:05,540
No creo que tengamos ninguna información


294
00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:07,790
que sugiera que exponiendo a los niños a la contaminación atmosférica


295
00:14:07,790 --> 00:14:09,590
les va a ayudar a adaptarse.


296
00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:12,480
Si los exponemos el primer día, perderán algunas funciones.


297
00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,790
Si los exponemos el segundo día, no perderán la misma cantidad.


298
00:14:15,790 --> 00:14:18,450
Pero eso no no es porque se hayan adaptado,


299
00:14:18,450 --> 00:14:20,450
si no porque ya han perdido las funciones,


300
00:14:20,450 --> 00:14:21,870
y ya están afectados.


301
00:14:21,870 --> 00:14:24,660
Se ha mostrado en varios estudios a largo de todo el mundo,


302
00:14:24,660 --> 00:14:28,000
que los niños en entornos más limpios crecen más rápido


303
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,000
que los niños que crecen en zonas más contaminadas.


304
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,420
El funcionamiento pobre de los pulmones en las etapas tempranas de la vida


305
00:14:32,420 --> 00:14:35,600
es un indicativo de problemas pulmonares en el futuro.


306
00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:39,300
or ello, hacer algo sobre el aire mientras un niño está creciendo


307
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:41,780
puede crear cambios en la vida de tu hijo.


308
00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:43,850
Esto es abajo donde vivo


309
00:14:43,850 --> 00:14:46,150
y tomé esta foto hace dos días durante una nube tóxica severa.


310
00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:48,960
El AQI (Indice de Calidad del aire) ese día había superado los 500,


311
00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:50,230
por encima del nivel "Nocivo" de contaminación


312
00:14:50,230 --> 00:14:52,860
Sin embargo, los niños en la escuela básica de al lado


313
00:14:52,860 --> 00:14:55,420
estaban en la calle jugando a la pelota, corriendo y jugando.


314
00:14:55,420 --> 00:14:56,550
Mientras la gente hace ejercicio


315
00:14:56,550 --> 00:14:59,060
respira entre cinco y diez veces más profundo de lo normal


316
00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:01,060
cuando vi esto, me di cuenta del hecho de que


317
00:15:01,060 --> 00:15:02,660
No podía proteger a mi hija siempre


318
00:15:02,660 --> 00:15:04,660
Algún día tendrá que unirse al resto de la sociedad


319
00:15:04,660 --> 00:15:06,660
y siempre tendrá que respirar 
320
00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:07,630
es algo inevitable


321
00:15:07,630 --> 00:15:09,630
Y eso (PM2.5) esta siempre en cada respiración
322
00:15:09,630 --> 00:15:13,140
Un adulto como nosotros respira aproximadamente 25000 veces al día


323
00:15:13,140 --> 00:15:18,050
Al pasar el tiempo, esto se acumula ¿Qué sucede con estas sustancias dentro de nuestros pulmones?


324
00:15:18,050 --> 00:15:20,820
Estamos muy agradecidos con un paciente y un doctor


325
00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:23,920
en el Hospital de Cáncer de Beijing que nos permitieron filmar esta cirugía 
326
00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:25,550
Es un paciente en una etapa temprana de cáncer pulmonar


327
00:15:25,550 --> 00:15:27,030
Mujer, 50 años
328
00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:28,790
y trabaja en el departamento de contabilidad del hospital


329
00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:30,790
Ella y su familia no tienen historial de fumadores


330
00:15:31,180 --> 00:15:35,530
El siguiente vídeo fue filmado con el permiso de la familia del paciente y del hospital


331
00:15:37,890 --> 00:15:41,460
Las siguientes escenas pueden resultar incomodas, por favor veánlas bajo su propia discreción


332
00:15:45,090 --> 00:15:46,670
Dentro de la cavidad pulmonar
333
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,960
Todo el mundo respira en estos puntos negros
334
00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:51,520
Incluídos nosotros


335
00:15:52,180 --> 00:15:53,400
¿Esta persona fuma?


336
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:55,400
No, ella no es fumadora


337
00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:57,300
Pero es de la ciudad de (censurado)


338
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:58,560
En su pueblo natal


339
00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:00,770
La calidad del aire es realmente mala


340
00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:02,000
Sí, no es nada limpio (allá)


341
00:16:02,010 --> 00:16:04,720
Así que esto puede ser a causa de lo que hay en el aire


342
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,620
El color del ganglio linfático pulmonar - el acumulamiento de partículas conforme ha pasado el tiempo lo ha tornado completamente negro


343
00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,340
En todo su cuerpo solo los ganglios linfáticos son negros


344
00:16:12,350 --> 00:16:14,870
Esto se debe a que ha inhalado mucho polvo


345
00:16:14,870 --> 00:16:17,360
El sistema linfático es crucial para el funcionamiento de nuestro sistema inmunológico


346
00:16:17,370 --> 00:16:20,020
Yang Yue, Director del 2do Dept. Torácico del Hospital de Cáncer de la Universidad de Pekín 
347
00:16:20,020 --> 00:16:22,020
esto quiere decir que ayuda a nuestro sistema inmunológico a combatir las enfermedades


348
00:16:22,020 --> 00:16:23,600
Cuando las manchas negras se acumulan sobre la superficie


349
00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:27,000
¿afectan la habilidad de nuestro cuerpo para combatir células cancerígenas?


350
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,550
Puede ser que esto haya sobrecargado de más el sistema linfático


351
00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:33,510
Este año la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)


352
00:16:33,510 --> 00:16:36,860
ha reportado que las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas
353
00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:39,070
son unos de los factores de más alto riesgo del cáncer pulmonar


354
00:16:41,970 --> 00:16:43,250
Podemos consolarnos con el hecho de


355
00:16:43,250 --> 00:16:44,210
que este tipo de cirugía es muy exitosa


356
00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:45,730
y el paciente puede hacer una recuperación completa


357
00:16:45,730 --> 00:16:47,460
una vez que se hayan extraído los tumores


358
00:16:47,460 --> 00:16:49,460
Después de haber extraído los ganglios linfáticos negros
359
00:16:49,460 --> 00:16:51,460
el doctor se los entregó a la familia del paciente


360
00:16:51,490 --> 00:16:54,980
Le preguntaron: “¿Porqué le dio cáncer a mi esposa?”


361
00:16:54,980 --> 00:16:57,850
El respondío, “Sólo puedo decir que de acuerdo con mi experiencia clínica


362
00:16:57,850 --> 00:16:59,540
sospecho que fue debido a la polución del aire”


363
00:16:59,550 --> 00:17:05,060
(Conforme incrementa el número de partículas y deteriora la calidad del aire, también incrementa el riesgo de cáncer pulmonar, y las partículas han sido identificadas entre los principales cancerígenos en los humanos
364
00:17:05,130 --> 00:17:06,830
Cuando me dijo esto yo tuve una pregunta


365
00:17:06,830 --> 00:17:09,330
¿ No tiene el cáncer de pulmón un periodo de incubación
366
00:17:09,330 --> 00:17:11,010
de por lo menos diez años?


367
00:17:11,010 --> 00:17:13,280
Pero sólo empezamos a saber sobre la polución del aire apenas hace dos años ¿correcto?


368
00:17:13,280 --> 00:17:16,490
Entonces ¿cómo es posible que haya causado  cáncer tan rápido?


369
00:17:17,030 --> 00:17:18,790
Así que pedí un favor a la NASA 


370
00:17:18,790 --> 00:17:20,270
que me mandasen imágenes satelitales


371
00:17:20,270 --> 00:17:22,270
del aire sobre el norte de China durante los últimos 10 años


372
00:17:22,610 --> 00:17:24,040
Esto fue lo que conseguí


373
00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,040
2012


374
00:17:26,040 --> 00:17:27,700
El aire sobre Beijing


375
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:29,200
2011


376
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:30,960
Beijing en diciembre


377
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:32,480
2010


378
00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:33,680
El aire sobre el norte de China


379
00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:35,310
2009


380
00:17:35,310 --> 00:17:36,540
El aire sobre el norte de China


381
00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:38,020
Veamos lo 10 años atrás


382
00:17:38,020 --> 00:17:40,020
El norte de China en el 2005


383
00:17:40,020 --> 00:17:41,690
Pero no podía creerlo


384
00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:44,130
Yo había estado viviendo bajo estos cielos en el norte de China durante ese tiempo


385
00:17:44,130 --> 00:17:46,740
¿Cómo es que no me di cuenta que había polución en el aire por 10 años?


386
00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:49,860
Así que busqué al jefe de la calidad del aire para las Olímpiadas de nuestro país
387
00:17:49,860 --> 00:17:51,120
Un académico llamado Dr. Tang Xiaoyan


388
00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:53,420
Ella me proporcionó esta gráfica


389
00:17:54,030 --> 00:17:55,4204
Es de 2004


390
00:17:55,420 --> 00:17:57,420
Hace 11 años


391
00:17:57,420 --> 00:17:59,510
Entonces, aún no monitoreámos los niveles de PM2.5


392
00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:00,580
Pero tenemos los niveles de PM10


393
00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:02,530
Me dijo que de acuerdo con estimaciones de entonces


394
00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:03,620
Entonces
395
00:18:03,620 --> 00:18:05,050
cuando estaba muy contaminado


396
00:18:05,050 --> 00:18:06,800
PM2.5 pudieron haber alcanzado los 300-400


397
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:08,800
Hoy lo clasificaríamos como polución muy nociva


398
00:18:09,250 --> 00:18:10,370
Le pregunté


399
00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:12,020
¿Es posible que en realidad estaba tan ciega?


400
00:18:12,020 --> 00:18:14,020
Yo estaba en Beijing en el 2004


401
00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:16,430
Me dijo, ves esta imagen


402
00:18:16,430 --> 00:18:18,720
¿Qué es eso?
403
00:18:18,950 --> 00:18:21,470
Dije, es probablemente polución ¿Cierto?


404
00:18:21,470 --> 00:18:23,310
¿Entonces cómo es que no sabía en ese entonces?


405
00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:24,420
Me respondió, deberías ver


406
00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:26,020
que titulares de noticias había entonces


407
00:18:26,020 --> 00:18:30,050
“El Aeropuerto Internacional de Pekín experimenta la mayoría de los retrasos de los últimos años debido a la neblina” - 2 de Diciembre, 2004, Sina News


408
00:18:30,050 --> 00:18:32,050
Entonces creíamos que era sólo neblina


409
00:18:32,050 --> 00:18:34,050
Seguíamos llamándola “neblina”


410
00:18:34,050 --> 00:18:36,050
Así que ví esta fotografía


411
00:18:36,050 --> 00:18:37,600
Como ex-reportera


412
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:39,600
estaba muy arrepentida


413
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,130
porque todos esos años de reportera siempre pensaba que


414
00:18:42,130 --> 00:18:43,730
estaba informando sobre polución por todo el país


415
00:18:43,730 --> 00:18:44,700
Pero siempre pensé que


416
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:47,410
sólo se le llamaba polución cuando oía explosiones en las minas


417
00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:49,520
it was only called pollution when I saw smoke from factory chimneys
sólo se llamaba polución cuando veía humo salir de las chimeneas de las fábricas


418
00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:52,380
Nunca pensé que para nosotros que vivíamos en el centro de una ciudad
419
00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:53,900
the sky we saw everyday
el cielo que veíamos todos los días


420
00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:54,900
también tenía polución


421
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:56,530
Entonces ya no era reportera


422
00:18:56,530 --> 00:18:58,530
Me había convertido ya en una espectadora


423
00:18:59,540 --> 00:19:01,320
Pero aún tenía una pregunta


424
00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:03,320
Si realmente era así


425
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:04,840
cuando era joven, cada familia
426
00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:06,480
quemaba queroseno en sus estufas ¿no?


427
00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:07,770
Cada noche nos


428
00:19:07,770 --> 00:19:09,600
dormíamos y despertábamos con el olor a humo


429
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,120
¿Cómo es posible que entonces no se supiera de ninguna persona contrayendo cáncer de pulmón?


430
00:19:12,120 --> 00:19:13,650
Seguí haciendo esta pregunta


431
00:19:13,670 --> 00:19:15,220
hasta que conocí al profesor He Xingzhou


432
00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:17,650
que ha estado investigando este tema por más de 30 años


433
00:19:17,650 --> 00:19:19,650
Me dio un libro con información


434
00:19:20,050 --> 00:19:21,450
This
Este


435
00:19:21,450 --> 00:19:29,390
Un informe sobre la relación entre la polución del aire y las causas de fallecimiento en 26 ciudades chinas 1976-1981


436
00:19:29,390 --> 00:19:30,770
Para que todo veamos claro
437
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:32,810
He puesto la conclusión aquí en la pantalla


438
00:19:32,810 --> 00:19:34,010
Es muy simple


439
00:19:34,010 --> 00:19:35,620
La polución de ese entonces


440
00:19:35,620 --> 00:19:38,720
estaba ya relacionada con fallecimientos a causa del cáncer de pulmón


441
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:41,120
La polución de ese entonces se debía a la quema de carbón


442
00:19:41,120 --> 00:19:43,220
Sólo que en ese entonces esos datos


443
00:19:43,220 --> 00:19:45,220
eran considerados información reservada


444
00:19:47,420 --> 00:19:48,620
No era que la gente entonces


445
00:19:48,620 --> 00:19:49,660
no pudiera oler el humo sofocante


446
00:19:49,660 --> 00:19:51,660
Pero el calor y la energía que proporcionaba el carbón


447
00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:52,780
era más importante entonces


448
00:19:52,780 --> 00:19:54,060
Alrededor de 1980,


449
00:19:54,060 --> 00:19:55,940
había 3700 fábricas en Beijing


450
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:58,460
para un país mayoritariamente agropecuario, ansioso por desarrollarse


451
00:19:58,460 --> 00:20:00,660
las chimeneas era una señal de progreso


452
00:20:00,660 --> 00:20:03,020
Para algunas personas, son solo dos chimeneas 


453
00:20:03,020 --> 00:20:05,740
Para algunas personas, son referencias que te llevan a casa


454
00:20:06,460 --> 00:20:08,820
No teníamos en absoluto experiencia o conciencia de la contaminación


455
00:20:08,820 --> 00:20:10,220
Ni la capacidad para controlarla


456
00:20:10,220 --> 00:20:11,940
Los principales contaminantes no tenían normas establecidas


457
00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:13,940
Incluso la cantidad de carbón que quemábamos no está cerca de la que se quema ahora


458
00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:15,420
La contaminación creada era enorme


459
00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:17,900
En términos de niveles de PM 2.5 


460
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:21,500
En 2006, la concentración media de PM2.5 fue mayor que la de hoy en día


461
00:20:21,740 --> 00:20:24,380
Ese año China propuso el ahorro de energía y reducir las emisiones


462
00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:26,540
Y el establecimiento de normas para el dióxido de azufre y otros contaminantes


463
00:20:26,540 --> 00:20:29,060
Después, la contaminación del aire empezó a descender


464
00:20:29,060 --> 00:20:32,780
Pero la cantidad de pequeñas partículas que afectaban a la visibilidad aumento


465
00:20:32,780 --> 00:20:35,060
La cantidad de días extremadamente contaminantes aumentó


466
00:20:35,060 --> 00:20:36,820
La gente empezó a encontrarse mal por la contaminación


467
00:20:37,340 --> 00:20:39,260
El desarrollo económico ha aumentado la esperanza de vida en China




468
00:20:39,260 --> 00:20:41,460
Y hoy hay más formas de curarse de las enfermedades




469
00:20:41,460 --> 00:20:44,260
Pero el riego que viene de la contaminación del aire se ha vuelto obvia


470
00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:45,260
En los últimos 30 años,


471
00:20:45,260 --> 00:20:48,100
el índice de mortalidad de cáncer de pulmón en China aumentó en un 465%


472
00:20:48,100 --> 00:20:49,820
Aunque fumar o el envejecimiento de la población 


473
00:20:49,820 --> 00:20:51,780
Son los principales factores de la estadística




474
00:20:51,780 --> 00:20:54,220
El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de pulmón proviene de las partículas finas 


475
00:20:54,220 --> 00:20:55,620
está recibiendo mayor atención


476
00:20:55,860 --> 00:20:58,940
Monitorizar el nivel de PM2.5 empezó en el 2012  


477
00:20:58,940 --> 00:21:01,740
China puso en marcha su ¨plan de prevención de la contaminación del aire 


478
00:21:01,740 --> 00:21:03,500
Como los sueldos aumentaron y la información se hizo más transparente 


479
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,380
las expectativas de la gente sobre el medio ambiente también aumentaron


480
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:10,380
Una persona


481
00:21:10,380 --> 00:21:11,140
o incluso no una persona


482
00:21:11,140 --> 00:21:13,300
Cómo debería vivir un organismo vivo? 




483
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:14,620
Cuando el verano llega, se abren las puertas 


484
00:21:14,620 --> 00:21:16,300
el viento sopla


485
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:17,260
y el olor de las flores llena el aire


486
00:21:17,260 --> 00:21:18,820
y los colores vuelven a la vida


487
00:21:18,820 --> 00:21:19,900
Algunas veces cuando llueve


488
00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:20,980
o cuando hay niebla


489
00:21:20,980 --> 00:21:24,660
No puedes evitar que aspirar fuerte el aire en tus pulmones


490
00:21:24,660 --> 00:21:26,460
y la sensación de pequeñas gotas de agua llenando los


491
00:21:26,460 --> 00:21:27,860
No sólo frío penetrante, sino también puro y fresco


492
00:21:28,940 --> 00:21:30,220
En otoño


493
00:21:30,220 --> 00:21:31,300
puedes pasar unas tarde entera


494
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:33,020
con un ser querido y no hacer absolutamente nada


495
00:21:33,020 --> 00:21:35,740
disfrutando del sol


496
00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:37,100
En invierno


497
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:38,780
querrás ir fuera con tus hijos


498
00:21:38,780 --> 00:21:39,660
cuando esté nevando


499
00:21:39,660 --> 00:21:41,460
y ella sacará la lengua para atrapar copos de nieve


500
00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:42,780
Tendrás que enseñarle


501
00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:44,860
sobre la naturaleza y la belleza de la vida


502
00:21:46,580 --> 00:21:47,740
Pero ahora...


503
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:51,660
Este año, todos los días cuando me levanto


504
00:21:51,660 --> 00:21:53,700
lo primero que hago es


505
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:56,300
comprobar la calidad de aire (AQI) en mi móvil


506
00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:58,140
Porque determinará mi dia entero


507
00:21:58,140 --> 00:22:00,980
Y si dependo deun viento que viene del noroeste para vivir mi vida


508
00:22:00,980 --> 00:22:02,180
Llevaré una mascarilla cuando salga a pasear 


509
00:22:02,180 --> 00:22:03,460
Llevaré una mascarilla cuando vaya a comprar


510
00:22:03,460 --> 00:22:05,260
Llevaré una mascarilla cuando vea a mis amigos


511
00:22:05,260 --> 00:22:07,420
Usaré una cinta para tapar


512
00:22:07,420 --> 00:22:09,700
todos los huecos de la ventana y de la puerta de mi casa


513
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:11,420
Cuando llevo a mi hija a vacunar


514
00:22:11,420 --> 00:22:13,860
Tengo miedo incluso cuando ella me sonríe


515
00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:18,260
Realmente, no tengo miedo a la muerte


516
00:22:18,260 --> 00:22:20,340
Solo que no quiero vivir así


517
00:22:21,940 --> 00:22:23,500
Así que cuando alguien me pregunta


518
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:25,740
Porque estás haciendo esto?


519
00:22:25,740 --> 00:22:26,940
Solo puedo decir


520
00:22:26,940 --> 00:22:28,460
Esto en una batalla


521
00:22:28,460 --> 00:22:29,500
entre la contaminación del aire y yo


522
00:22:29,500 --> 00:22:30,620
¿de donde viene esta contaminación del aire?


523
00:22:30,620 --> 00:22:32,620
Me gustaría saber de donde viene


524
00:22:32,620 --> 00:22:34,700
Me gustaría entender qué está pasando realmente


525
00:22:35,620 --> 00:22:37,220
Examiné una tira de muestras




526
00:22:37,220 --> 00:22:39,180
bajo un microscopio


527
00:22:39,180 --> 00:22:40,940
y observe como era


528
00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:42,500
La contaminación no era la colección de partículas idénticas


529
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:43,580
que imaginaba que iba a ser


530
00:22:43,580 --> 00:22:45,860
Es un mezcla de pequeñas cosas


531
00:22:45,860 --> 00:22:47,620
y ser una mezcla lo hace más tóxico


532
00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:49,780
así como permitir que se extienda más rápidamente 


533
00:22:49,780 --> 00:22:51,660
Los contaminantes puede reaccionar químicamente entre ellos
534
00:22:51,660 --> 00:22:54,580
La Academia de Ciencia de China me explicó las fuentes de contaminación


535
00:22:54,580 --> 00:22:56,380
la quema de carbón, aceite, de materiales orgánicos 


536
00:22:56,380 --> 00:22:58,700
industria, agricultura, fertilizantes químicos, emisión de polvo


537
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:01,300
Muchas de estas causas son antropogénicas en la naturaleza


538
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:02,820
Si analizamos estos factores 


539
00:23:02,820 --> 00:23:06,420
encuentras de donde viene la mayor contaminación


540
00:23:06,420 --> 00:23:07,740
Esta es la conclusión


541
00:23:07,740 --> 00:23:11,300
El 60% de PM2.5 en China viene de


542
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:12,500
la quema de carbón y petróleo 


543
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:14,420
Es decir, la quema de combustibles fósiles 


544
00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:18,020
PM2.5 ha existido 


545
00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:18,980
antes incluso que los humanos


546
00:23:18,980 --> 00:23:19,780
erupciones volcánicas


547
00:23:19,780 --> 00:23:21,620
e incendios forestales emiten gran cantidad de partículas 


548
00:23:22,260 --> 00:23:24,380
Empezando cuando se descubrió como hacer fuego con madera


549
00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:26,540
la actividad humana ha contribuido al PM 2.5


550
00:23:26,940 --> 00:23:28,180
En el pasado, el uso de carbón en grandes cantidades 


551
00:23:28,180 --> 00:23:29,340
condujo a una grave contaminación


552
00:23:29,340 --> 00:23:30,780
en Inglaterra  y Alemania


553
00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:32,420
y cuando entramos la era del petróleo


554
00:23:32,420 --> 00:23:35,900
la quema de petróleo condujo a serios problemas de contaminación en América y Japón


555
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:38,740
En este momentos hay aún muchos  


556
00:23:38,740 --> 00:23:40,860
países desarrollados en proceso de industrialización 


557
00:23:41,330 --> 00:23:42,070
India


558
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:43,060
Iran


559
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:43,710
Pakistán


560
00:23:43,730 --> 00:23:44,340
Afganistán


561
00:23:44,340 --> 00:23:47,580
Todos se enfrentan a problemas con la contaminación de la quema de combustibles fósiles 




562
00:23:47,580 --> 00:23:49,460
como lo hace China, el país que


563
00:23:49,460 --> 00:23:50,660
más rápido se ha desarrollado en el mundo




564
00:23:50,660 --> 00:23:51,660
Su gran tamaño
565
00:23:51,660 --> 00:23:54,740
ha llevado a la quema de grandes cantidades de ambos tipos de combustibles fósiles
566
00:23:58,540 --> 00:24:00,220
Cuánto fuel estamos actualmente quemando?
567
00:24:00,220 --> 00:24:02,780
Podemos verlo en el año 2014


568
00:24:02,780 --> 00:24:03,780
Los números representan


569
00:24:03,780 --> 00:24:06,620
la cantidad de fuel que ha sido quemado alrededor del mundo


570
00:24:06,620 --> 00:24:08,220
Puedes ver como brilla China


571
00:24:08,220 --> 00:24:11,340
Esa zona blanca y roja brillante 


572
00:24:11,340 --> 00:24:13,140
ese es nuestro país (China)
573
00:24:13,140 --> 00:24:14,180
De la imagen podemos ver que


574
00:24:14,180 --> 00:24:16,460
China quema 3 o 4 veces más combustible fósil que Europa


575
00:24:16,460 --> 00:24:18,860
Hemos quemado demasiado combustible fósil


576
00:24:18,860 --> 00:24:21,060
Pero lo más sorprendente


577
00:24:21,060 --> 00:24:23,820
que los contaminantes de carbón y petróleo pueden tener


578
00:24:23,820 --> 00:24:25,860
reacciones químicas a gran escala.
579
00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,900
Wang Yuesi, Du Jiming y Tang Xiaoyan


580
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:30,420
Todavía no hemos tratado con la contaminación de carbón


581
00:24:30,420 --> 00:24:32,020
y ahora la contaminación por vehículos se han añadido a la mezcla


582
00:24:32,020 --> 00:24:33,380
Ahora, la contaminación en China 


583
00:24:33,380 --> 00:24:36,140
es básicamente una superposición de estos dos tipos de contaminación


584
00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:37,660
Todos los tipos de partículas 


585
00:24:37,660 --> 00:24:40,020
reacción entre ellas en el aire.


586
00:24:40,340 --> 00:24:41,500
El movimiento del aire ha disminuido


587
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:42,660
pero la misma cantidad de contaminantes permanecen


588
00:24:42,660 --> 00:24:43,820
Desafortunadamente las cosas son así


589
00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:44,740
estos contaminantes no se han extendido 


590
00:24:44,740 --> 00:24:46,460
sino que están reaccionando entre ellos 


591
00:24:46,460 --> 00:24:47,660
esto es a lo que llamamos partículas secundarias


592
00:24:47,860 --> 00:24:48,340
Contaminantes complejos 


593
00:24:48,340 --> 00:24:49,100
absorben
594
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:49,940
adhieren


595
00:24:49,940 --> 00:24:50,660
chocan


596
00:24:50,660 --> 00:24:51,420
funden


597
00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:52,900
Son juntos una mezcla
598
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:55,380
No tenemos ninguna forma de cambiar las condiciones naturales


599
00:24:55,380 --> 00:24:57,060
sólo podemos cambiarnos a nosotros mismos


600
00:24:57,060 --> 00:24:58,180
y la manera de hacerlo 


601
00:24:58,180 --> 00:24:59,420
es reduciendo emisiones


602
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:04,780
Todo el mundo necesita quemar carbón y petróleo, ¿no?


603
00:25:04,780 --> 00:25:06,340
¿Así que qué tiene de malo nuestro carbón? 


604
00:25:06,340 --> 00:25:08,420
¿Sabes cuánto carbón ha quemado China?


605
00:25:08,420 --> 00:25:09,340
En 2013


606
00:25:09,340 --> 00:25:11,980
Ya habíamos quemado 3.6 billones de toneladas


607
00:25:11,980 --> 00:25:13,660
¿Pero sabes cuánto


608
00:25:13,660 --> 00:25:16,060
han quemado todos los demás países del mundo juntos?


609
00:25:16,060 --> 00:25:18,340
Hemos quemado más carbón


610
00:25:18,340 --> 00:25:20,020
que el resto del mundo


611
00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:21,900
La última vez que un país tuvo este tipo de consumo


612
00:25:21,900 --> 00:25:23,820
fue Inglaterra en 1860


613
00:25:23,820 --> 00:25:24,500
Pero como consecuencia, 


614
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:26,860
pagaron un precio muy alto


615
00:25:29,540 --> 00:25:32,140
En lo profundo de la minas abandonadas en el sur de Gales


616
00:25:32,140 --> 00:25:35,180
yace el corazón de la edad industrial de Inglaterra


617
00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:36,540
Que solía ser el motor


618
00:25:36,540 --> 00:25:39,060
del imperio más poderoso del mundo


619
00:25:39,060 --> 00:25:41,300
Pero también llevó a este país


620
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:42,700
a un desastre espeluznante y negro


621
00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:47,380
Estas cuatro chimeneas tienen 103 metros de altura


622
00:25:47,380 --> 00:25:50,100
Son símbolos de la era industrial de Inglaterra


623
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:52,980
Cuando se construyó la planta de electricidad de Battersea en 1930


624
00:25:52,980 --> 00:25:54,900
quemaba aproximadamente 10,000 toneladas de carbón por semana


625
00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:57,020
para producir un quinto de la electricidad de la ciudad de Londres


626
00:25:57,020 --> 00:25:59,460
Se podría decir que Londres comía carbón para sobrevivir


627
00:25:59,460 --> 00:26:01,620
trenes, barcos,


628
00:26:01,620 --> 00:26:03,140
hierro, acero, objeto del día a día
629
00:26:03,140 --> 00:26:04,700
En todo Londres, era como si


630
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,660
millones de micro-volcanes hicieran erupción todos a la vez


631
00:26:07,660 --> 00:26:09,220
Debido a que quemaban grandes cantidades de carbón de baja calidad


632
00:26:09,220 --> 00:26:10,700
y emitían polución de baja altitud


633
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:13,020
la cantidad de polución de chimeneas familiares


634
00:26:13,020 --> 00:26:15,180
equivalía al doble de contaminación de la industria


635
00:26:15,180 --> 00:26:16,700
Y paulatinamente


636
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:18,500
Londres se cubrió por completo de hollín


637
00:26:18,940 --> 00:26:20,660
La gente se veía forzada a usar máscaras para ir a la escuela


638
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:22,540
Y usaba máscaras para ir de compras
639
00:26:22,940 --> 00:26:23,780
Usaba mascarillas para pasear a sus perros


640
00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:25,580
E incluso para besar


641
00:26:30,460 --> 00:26:31,580
El día del desastre fue 


642
00:26:31,580 --> 00:26:33,980
el 5 de diciembre de 1952


643
00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:36,300
un frente frío se expandió a lo largo del Canal de la Mancha 


644
00:26:36,860 --> 00:26:38,740
y cubrió todo el valle del río Támesis


645
00:26:38,740 --> 00:26:41,060
Lo cual mantuvo al smog debajo de las nubes, 


646
00:26:41,060 --> 00:26:42,020
y no permitió que se disipara


647
00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:43,460
Un humo venenoso cubría todo 


648
00:26:43,460 --> 00:26:45,860
Los habitantes tenían dificultades para respirar el pesado aire


649
00:26:46,020 --> 00:26:48,300
La gente que caminaba por la calle no podía siquiera ver sus propios pies


650
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:50,100
Se necesitaba un ciego para llevarte a casa


651
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:51,540
La policía de tránsito usaba grandes lámparas para iluminarse a sí mismos


652
00:26:51,540 --> 00:26:52,780
y prevenir que los atropellen


653
00:26:52,780 --> 00:26:54,660
Todo Londres estaba callado 


654
00:26:55,980 --> 00:26:58,020
Sólo se podían ver ambulancias, ya que debían de llevar


655
00:26:58,020 --> 00:26:59,340
a quienes sufrían peligro de perder la vida al hospital


656
00:26:59,340 --> 00:27:00,780
Pero cuando estaban en camino dependían


657
00:27:00,780 --> 00:27:03,700
de que personas con antorchas les mostrarán el camino


658
00:27:06,380 --> 00:27:10,060
Al final, 12.000 personas murieron en la contaminación


659
00:27:10,060 --> 00:27:11,300
Se tomaron muestras de los pulmones de los muertos


660
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:13,500
y de las pruebas se confirmó que la causa de muerte había sido


661
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:15,900
exposición prolongada a carbón negro, una consecuencia de quemar carbón


662
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:17,980
así como una sobre exposición de corto plazo a una alta concentración


663
00:27:17,980 --> 00:27:19,220
de partículas finas que contenían metales pesados


664
00:27:19,220 --> 00:27:21,260
La Coalición por el Aire Limpio calculó que 


665
00:27:21,260 --> 00:27:22,660
la concentración de contaminación en Londres en ese momento


666
00:27:22,660 --> 00:27:24,580
podría haber sido superior a la polución actual de China por un margen amplio


667
00:27:24,580 --> 00:27:26,500
Aunque no se medía PM2.5 en el momento


668
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:28,380
Durante el Gran Smog


669
00:27:28,380 --> 00:27:29,180
la concentración de dióxido de sulfuro


670
00:27:29,180 --> 00:27:31,780
era 190 veces el estándar de la OMS


671
00:27:31,780 --> 00:27:33,620
y excedía el estándar de China en relación con el PM2.5


672
00:27:33,620 --> 00:27:34,940
por una orden de magnitud


673
00:27:38,220 --> 00:27:41,620
En la década de 1960, después del Gran Smog de Londres,
674
00:27:41,620 --> 00:27:45,860
otros países empezaron a reducir el uso que hacían del carbón


675
00:27:45,860 --> 00:27:49,700
Pero ese fue también el momento en que China inició sus reformas económicas 


676
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:52,100
Un país que había estado cerrado por tantos años
677
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:55,220
necesitaban desesperadamente cantidades enormes de energía para desarrollarse
678
00:27:55,220 --> 00:27:56,780
Y buscó aquella energía en el carbón
679
00:27:56,780 --> 00:27:58,060
Esta curva muestra el crecimiento del carbón como fuente de energía
680
00:28:00,140 --> 00:28:03,100
India está en un camino parecido
681
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:06,540l
En el futuro cercano, India será el segundo consumidor de carbón del mundo


682
00:28:06,540 --> 00:28:08,180
Pero hasta el momento, India no ha impuesto estándares


683
00:28:08,180 --> 00:28:11,060
para las emisiones de contaminantes importantes en sus industrias


684
00:28:11,060 --> 00:28:14,340
India también es un país que sufre de contaminación aérea muy severa


685
00:28:14,340 --> 00:28:17,460
Pero ¿dónde se termina usando todo el carbón en China?


686
00:28:17,460 --> 00:28:20,940
Veamos las 3.6 mil millones de toneladas de carbón que se consumieron en 2013


687
00:28:20,940 --> 00:28:23,780
380 millones de toneladas fueron quemadas en Beijing, Tianjin y Hebei


688
00:28:23,780 --> 00:28:27,820
De esas 380 millones de toneladas, 300 millones de toneladas


689
00:28:27,820 --> 00:28:29,500
se quemaron en Hebei


690
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:30,620
Yo estaba muy sorprendida porque
691
00:28:30,620 --> 00:28:32,900
Siempre pensé que éramos nosotros los de Shanxi los que quemábamos más carbón
692
00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:35,140
¿Cuándo empezó Hebei a quemar tanto carbón? 
693
00:28:35,140 --> 00:28:37,020
El Dr. Hao Jiming de la Universidad de Qinghua me preguntó  
694
00:28:37,940 --> 00:28:40,660
¿Has visto los rankings mundiales de la producción de carbón y acero?
695
00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:45,060
Me dijo que China está en primer lugar
696
00:28:45,060 --> 00:28:46,500
Y Hebei, en el segundo
697
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:47,900
Tangshan, en el tercero
698
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:48,740
Y Estados Unidos en el cuarto (risas)
699
00:28:50,380 --> 00:28:51,420
También dijo que, originalmente,
700
00:28:51,420 --> 00:28:53,980
Tangshan mintió para quedar en el quinto lugar (risas)
701
00:28:53,980 --> 00:28:56,300
¿Conlleva el uso de más carbón e industrialización necesariamente a más contaminación?
702
00:28:56,300 --> 00:28:57,980
Otros países producen acero
703
00:28:57,980 --> 00:28:58,580
He said
Me dijo,


704
00:28:58,580 --> 00:29:00,820
Lo entenderas si vas a Tangshan
705
00:29:00,820 --> 00:29:02,380
Así que, en octubre pasado


706
00:29:02,380 --> 00:29:04,900
en conjunto con el MEP del Centro de Supervisión del Norte de China


707
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:07,420
Visitamos Tangshan, armados con drones


708
00:29:07,420 --> 00:29:09,090
para ver las condiciones reales


709
00:29:09,090 --> 00:29:12,580
Zhang Dawe - MEP del Buró de Supervisión Ambiental


710
00:29:12,860 --> 00:29:14,100
¿Puedes ver el humo que emerge de allí?


711
00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:15,700
No hay claridad debido a la gran cantidad de humo


712
00:29:19,010 --> 00:29:21,010
La inspección visual de las emisiones desde la fábrica resultó ser imposible


713
00:29:25,140 --> 00:29:28,020
El clima ahora dificulta ver con claridad


714
00:29:33,940 --> 00:29:36,850
La inspección de los drones falló debido al intenso smog


715
00:29:37,020 --> 00:29:39,260
Mira detrás a ver si alguien nos está siguiendo


716
00:29:40,990 --> 00:29:42,720
El MEP visitó, sin anunciarse, la fábrica


717
00:29:51,180 --> 00:29:54,460
Este olor asfixiante de dióxido de sulfuro debe ser el humo


718
00:29:54,460 --> 00:29:55,540
Que se puede ver en estos momentos


719
00:29:55,540 --> 00:29:58,380
hay mucho humo que se cuela por las esquinas


720
00:29:58,700 --> 00:29:59,740
Este humo 


721
00:29:59,740 --> 00:30:01,180
se emite sin ningún control o supervisión


722
00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:02,340
y se queda en la atmósfera


723
00:30:02,340 --> 00:30:03,980
Porque no estas usando filtros de polvo?


724
00:30:03,980 --> 00:30:05,100
Estamos usándolos


725
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:07,180
Entonces, porque hay tanto humo?


726
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:11,980
Están funcionando, mira están llenos


727
00:30:17,820 --> 00:30:19,780
Dios mío, mira abajo


728
00:30:19,780 --> 00:30:20,460
Voy abajo a ver


729
00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:23,020
Esto es lo más peligroso que he visto en mi carrera, en mi vida


730
00:30:23,020 --> 00:30:24,260
Dios mío, es aterrador


731
00:30:24,340 --> 00:30:25,460
Para, para, para!


732
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:26,540
Alguien se ha caído


733
00:30:29,460 --> 00:30:31,500
El que se cayó es el Inspector Zhang Dawei


734
00:30:31,500 --> 00:30:32,700
del Buró MEP del Norte de China


735
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:34,540
Todos estábamos asustados en ese momento


736
00:30:34,540 --> 00:30:38,380
porque no había luces ni señales en la fábrica


737
00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,740
Había un huevo de 3 metros lleno de acero y cemento


738
00:30:41,740 --> 00:30:44,420
Dawei quiso bajar y medir las emisiones en ese sitio


739
00:30:44,420 --> 00:30:46,140
y se cayó


740
00:30:46,140 --> 00:30:47,820
Por suerte, no se hirio gravemente


741
00:30:47,820 --> 00:30:50,580
así que lo llevamos de vuelta al hospital en Beijing esa noche


742
00:30:51,940 --> 00:30:55,060
Pero lo que más me sorprendió cómo nos esforzamos


743
00:30:55,060 --> 00:30:58,770
tantos problemas y aunque encontramos clara evidencia de la contaminación


744
00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:01,780
al final, la compañía no fue multada 


745
00:31:03,140 --> 00:31:04,160
Pregunté a Dawei porque


746
00:31:04,170 --> 00:31:05,570
Me dijo,  “Deberías preguntar a tu jefe”


747
00:31:05,570 --> 00:31:06,700
Xiong Yuehui - Departamento MEP de Ciencia, Technologia y Estandars


748
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,900
Más del 60% de las compañías de acero


749
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:11,460
no han completado el proceso de certificación


750
00:31:11,460 --> 00:31:13,300
No se preocupan de informarse de las leyes de protección ambiental 


751
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:15,780
sino que intentan parar el proceso de certificación


752
00:31:15,780 --> 00:31:18,900
Parán el proceso de certificación aunque la producción sea legal o no


753
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:22,060
Saben que no hay alternativa, así que actúan con total imprudencia
754
00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:23,300
No tienen licencia para sus operaciones


755
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:26,900
Los inspectores ni siquiera quieren ir o tocar esta industria 


756
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:28,900
Puedes realmente cerrarlas (empresas del acero)?


757
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:30,540
Puedes realmente pararlas? 


758
00:31:30,540 --> 00:31:31,900
Porque no podemos cerrarlas?


759
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:33,220
Debes de estar de broma


760
00:31:33,220 --> 00:31:35,180
Sabes cuantos trabajos creas cuando produces 10 millones de acero?


761
00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:36,540
100.000 trabajos


762
00:31:36,780 --> 00:31:39,100
¿Qué tan importante es la industria del acero en Hebei?


763
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:42,860
Es tan importante que no puedes simplemente cerrarlas
764
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:46,900
Esta provincia tiene una enorme cantidad de industria pesada dispersada,


765
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:48,540
consumiendo grandes cantidades de carbón


766
00:31:48,540 --> 00:31:52,060
sin controles de contaminación eficaces


767
00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:53,740
y las industrias no pueden ser obligadas a cerrar


768
00:31:53,740 --> 00:31:55,100
¿Cuales son las consecuencias de todo esto?


769
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:56,580
Tengo un buen amigo, Hao


770
00:31:56,580 --> 00:31:58,100
que también es colega de <i>News Investigation</i>


771
00:31:58,100 --> 00:31:59,300
Ella es la que me acompañó hace 10 años


772
00:31:59,300 --> 00:32:00,780
a Shanxi a informar de la contaminación local


773
00:32:00,780 --> 00:32:02,300
Ella sabía que yo era de Linfen (en Shanxi) y


774
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:03,940
a veces me enviaba bromeando algunas fotos


775
00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:05,580
Me decía, “He oído que tu ciudad natal es ahora 


776
00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:08,580
el lugar más contaminado del planeta”


777
00:32:08,580 --> 00:32:09,700
Me quedé sin palabras


778
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:12,940
Pero hace 10 años le envié esta foto


779
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:16,740
Veámosla de más cerca


780
00:32:19,540 --> 00:32:21,700
Celebramos que el aire de nuestra ciudad


781
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:24,220
no es más entre las 74 ciudades más contaminadas de China (risas)


782
00:32:24,220 --> 00:32:26,420
Esta pancarta es real en Hebei


783
00:32:26,420 --> 00:32:29,940
Por desgracia, esta ciudad fue una vez más la ciudad más contaminada en la lista (3 meses después)


784
00:32:29,940 --> 00:32:34,420
Pero esta broma me pone triste


785
00:32:34,420 --> 00:32:37,060
Y para gente que  vive en Beijing


786
00:32:37,060 --> 00:32:39,260
cada vez que el viento sopla del sur


787
00:32:39,260 --> 00:32:41,300
la contaminación de Hebei se mueve con el


788
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:43,860
No puedes mantener el aire fuera con un muro


789
00:32:43,860 --> 00:32:45,900
Eso es lo que quieren decir cuando dicen 


790
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:47,780”
“Respiremos y vivamos juntos”


791
00:32:47,780 --> 00:32:49,940
Tengo, otro amigo, se llama Fan


792
00:32:49,940 --> 00:32:52,100
Ella es de Jiangsu


793
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:53,780
Yo solía discutir con Hao


794
00:32:53,780 --> 00:32:56,020
sobre que provincia es más contaminada, si Hebei o Shanxi


795
00:32:56,020 --> 00:32:57,500
Fan solía decir,


796
00:32:57,500 --> 00:32:59,900
"Bueno, nosotros los sureños en realidad no tenemos ningún tipo de contaminación"
797
00:33:01,380 --> 00:33:02,980
Ahora el este de China también tiene contaminación extrema


798
00:33:05,460 --> 00:33:06,220
Pero Fan estaba sorprendida


799
00:33:06,220 --> 00:33:08,380
Ella decía, “Es imposíbe,


800
00:33:08,380 --> 00:33:10,260
al menos la contaminación del este de China no tiene nada que ver con el carbón


801
00:33:10,260 --> 00:33:12,020
porque nunca he visto carbón en mi vida”




802
00:33:12,020 --> 00:33:12,860
Cierto


803
00:33:12,860 --> 00:33:15,380
le mostré esta imagen


804
00:33:15,380 --> 00:33:17,540
Estas son las fábricas de hierro y acero cerca de su casa


805
00:33:17,540 --> 00:33:19,380
Estas centrales de electricidad cerca de tu casa


806
00:33:19,380 --> 00:33:22,700
Estas las fábricas de cemento cerca de tu casa


807
00:33:22,700 --> 00:33:26,540
En Jiangsu, hay una central de electricidad cada 30 km cuadrados


808
00:33:26,540 --> 00:33:29,420
y cual es el estado actual de emisiones de esas compañías?


809
00:33:29,420 --> 00:33:33,940
Aquí podemos ver las emisiones en tiempo real


810
00:33:33,940 --> 00:33:36,340
Los puntos rojos muestran las emisiones excediendo los estándares


811
00:33:36,340 --> 00:33:37,900
Si nos acercamos,


812
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:39,260
podemos ver cuantas compañías en el este


813
00:33:39,260 --> 00:33:42,540
están emitiendo contaminantes excediendo los límites


814
00:33:42,540 --> 00:33:44,220
Entre ellas, Shanghai


815
00:33:44,220 --> 00:33:45,820
que quema un montón de carbón sola


816
00:33:45,820 --> 00:33:48,540
esta quemando la mayor cantidad de carbón por metro cuadrado


817
00:33:48,540 --> 00:33:49,780
de todas las ciudades


818
00:33:49,780 --> 00:33:51,220
10 Kg de carbón se queman


819
00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:52,980
por cada metro cuadrado de tierra


820
00:33:52,980 --> 00:33:56,060
Cuales son las consecuencias de quemar tanto carbón?


821
00:33:56,060 --> 00:33:57,860
Un problema que nunca pense


822
00:33:57,860 --> 00:33:59,860
es que el carbón de alta calidad será cada vez más escaso


823
00:33:59,860 --> 00:34:00,460
Cierto?


824
00:34:00,460 --> 00:34:01,580
Entonces qué debemos hacer?


825
00:34:01,580 --> 00:34:04,020
Carbón de más baja calidad será más común


826
00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:06,380
¿Qué tan bajo puede ser la calidad?


827
00:34:06,380 --> 00:34:08,220
Este el carbón común


828
00:34:08,220 --> 00:34:11,780
Y este, es carbón también?


829
00:34:11,780 --> 00:34:13,100
Al principio no podía pensar que era carbón


830
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:14,060
será madera,


831
00:34:14,060 --> 00:34:17,020
todavía se puede ver la textura y los fósiles en la parte superior
832
00:34:17,020 --> 00:34:18,740
Pero la gente de las fábricas de lavado de carbón me dijeron que


833
00:34:18,740 --> 00:34:19,380
pero es también carbón


834
00:34:19,380 --> 00:34:20,620
Se llama lignito, o lignito


835
00:34:20,620 --> 00:34:22,260
Es el carbón más joven del mundo


836
00:34:22,260 --> 00:34:24,540
Es tan joven que el nivel de carbonización es extremadamente baja


837
00:34:24,540 --> 00:34:26,140
Cuando se quema, la mitad de ella


838
00:34:26,140 --> 00:34:28,980
se convertirá en negro humo, flotando en el aire


839
00:34:28,980 --> 00:34:30,900
¿Cuánto lignito hemos utilizado?


840
00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:35,100
Este es un gráfico de la producción de carbón marrón en los últimos años


841
00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:36,820
Y estas son las consecuencias


842
00:34:36,820 --> 00:34:39,500
El 21 de octubre de 2013


843
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:41,820
en el primer día que la calefacción urbana se encendió en Harbin


844
00:34:41,820 --> 00:34:42,980
Había tanto humo que


845
00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:45,340
que el índice superó PM2.5 1000


846
00:34:45,340 --> 00:34:47,260
Así fue como la gente de Harbin pasaron ese día


847
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,500
Hablé con la gente de la oficina de protección ambiental de Harbin


848
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,140
y mencioné que oí autobuses se perdieron durante esos dos días


849
00:34:55,140 --> 00:34:56,860
Él sonrió amargamente y dijo


850
00:34:56,860 --> 00:34:59,750
No importan los autobuses, incluso nuestro propio director de la oficina se perdió (risas)
851
00:35:00,340 --> 00:35:02,860
Nos dijo que cuando estaba supervisando los sitios ese día.


852
00:35:02,860 --> 00:35:06,060
nadie lo reconoció debido al smog.


853
00:35:06,060 --> 00:35:07,060
El smog en Harbin


854
00:35:07,060 --> 00:35:08,180
fue ocasionado por la quema 


855
00:35:08,180 --> 00:35:09,900
de más de 20 millones de toneladas de carbón marrón.


856
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:13,900
Adicionalmente, en el 2013, varios cientos de miles de plantas de carbón como esta a lo largo de China


857
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:15,260
no cumplían con ningún estándar ambiental


858
00:35:15,260 --> 00:35:16,900
y no estaban reguladas en modo alguno.


859
00:35:16,900 --> 00:35:17,700
El carbón era quemado


860
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:18,500
y las sustancias contaminantes eran emitidas
861
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:19,780
y liberadas hacia la atmósfera.


862
00:35:19,780 --> 00:35:21,940
Cuando miras abajo desde el cielo


863
00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:23,860
es como si 12 millones de personas estuviesen


864
00:35:23,860 --> 00:35:26,860
enterradas bajo cemento.


865
00:35:26,860 --> 00:35:29,340
No obstante, el empleo de carbón no significa necesariamente polución. 


866
00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:31,420
Alemania también emplea carbón marrón,


867
00:35:31,420 --> 00:35:34,380
pero allá primero limpian y lavan el carbón marrón para mejorar su calidad.
868
00:35:34,380 --> 00:35:35,900
El carbón puede ser limpiado,


869
00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:38,900
y, de hecho, los británicos lavan el 95% de su carbón.


870
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,260
¿Y cómo es en China?


871
00:35:41,260 --> 00:35:44,860
Aquí lavamos menos de la mitad de nuestro carbón.


872
00:35:44,860 --> 00:35:47,900
La otra mitad, varios cientos de millones de toneladas de carbón
873
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:50,340
contenían el prácticamente inútil, altamente contaminante e ineficiente


874
00:35:50,340 --> 00:35:51,740
material llamado polvo.


875
00:35:51,740 --> 00:35:54,300
Pero lo transportamos en trenes y camiones


876
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:57,420
alrededor del mundo y lo quemamos en las estufas de nuestras cocinas.


877
00:35:57,420 --> 00:35:59,420
Y (ese polvo) es completamente inútil.


878
00:35:59,420 --> 00:36:00,940
El resultado es que


879
00:36:00,940 --> 00:36:04,140
la mayor parte del carbón marrón se quema en las casas.


880
00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:05,420
Incluso en las áreas urbanas de China


881
00:36:05,420 --> 00:36:07,500
la cuarta parte de la población quema carbón marrón.


882
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:09,340
No queman tanto carbón,


883
00:36:09,340 --> 00:36:10,540
sólo es 20 % del total en el país,


884
00:36:10,540 --> 00:36:12,620
pero el dióxido de azufre que emiten


885
00:36:13,260 --> 00:36:16,380
equivale a las emisiones de todas las centrales eléctricas (de China) combinadas.


886
00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:18,300
Así de grande es la diferencia que lavar el carbón puede hacer.


887
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:21,300
Lo más preocupante es que (el carbón no lavado) es altamente tóxico.


888
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:24,340
En Beijing, el nivel de toxicidad del PM2.5 durante el invierno


889
00:36:24,340 --> 00:36:27,020
es mucho más alto que en el verano.




890
00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:28,300
Su contenido carcinógeno en invierno


891
00:36:28,300 --> 00:36:29,900
es 25 veces mayor que en verano.


892
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:31,180
¿Por qué el PM 2.5 es tan tóxico en invierno?


893
00:36:31,180 --> 00:36:34,100
Principalmente porque la gente quema más “carbón chatarra”


894
00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:36,260
Esta clase de carbón emite cantidades masivas de cacerinógenos.


895
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:38,660
Por varios años la población china


896
00:36:38,660 --> 00:36:41,660
ha venido sufriendo las consecuencias de quemar “carbón chatarra”.


897
00:36:42,580 --> 00:36:43,900
En Xuanwei (Yunnan) hay un pueblo llamado Hutou.


898
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:45,020
Debido a la quema de “carbón chatarra” (el pueblo) ahora tiene


899
00:36:45,020 --> 00:36:47,820
uno de los mayores índices de cáncer de pulmón en el mundo.


900
00:36:50,860 --> 00:36:52,820
Esta persona está en una fase avanzada del cáncer de pulmón.


901
00:36:52,820 --> 00:36:54,460
Está tosiendo sangre.


902
00:36:54,460 --> 00:36:57,340
Se sentía muy débil para espantar a los mosquitos,


903
00:36:57,340 --> 00:37:01,180
así que le pidió alguien poner papel matamoscas encima de su cuerpo.


904
00:37:04,180 --> 00:37:06,660
Este anciano fue fotografiado junto con toda la gente cercana a él


905
00:37:06,660 --> 00:37:09,180
que perdió la vida debido al cáncer de pulmón en años recientes.


906
00:37:11,860 --> 00:37:14,380
Hay incluso familias enteras que han fallecido debido a este mal.




907
00:37:15,860 --> 00:37:18,700
Siempre oímos decir que China es todavía un país en vías de desarrollo


908
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:20,500
y que la protección del medio ambiente es un lujo que no podemos permitirnos.


909
00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:23,820
Pero frecuentemente son los más pobres


910
00:37:23,820 --> 00:37:25,020
quienes sufren más debido a la polución.


911
00:37:25,020 --> 00:37:27,100
Son quienes tienen mayores posibilidades de ser perjudicados


912
00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:29,140
y cuyas voces necesitan más ser escuchadas.


913
00:37:29,140 --> 00:37:30,740
Son quienes más necesitan ayuda.


914
00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:34,780
Estos últimos años, nuestro consumo de carbón ha sido extremadamente alto.


915
00:37:34,780 --> 00:37:36,580
Como resultado, la calidad del carbón que usamos ha disminuido.


916
00:37:36,580 --> 00:37:38,060
Además no lavamos nuestro carbón


917
00:37:38,060 --> 00:37:39,660
y casi no hay controles sobre las emisiones.


918
00:37:39,660 --> 00:37:41,140
Este es el resultado.


919
00:37:42,020 --> 00:37:42,780
Los lugares de China


920
00:37:42,780 --> 00:37:44,860
con mayor consumo de carbón


921
00:37:44,860 --> 00:37:48,060
también tienen las mayores concentraciones de PM 2.5.


922
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:50,380
La forma más fácil de limpiar nuestro ambiente


923
00:37:50,380 --> 00:37:52,660
sería reducir nuestro consumo de carbón a menos de 2 mil millones de toneladas.


924
00:37:52,660 --> 00:37:54,220
Ello garantizaría cielos azules.


925
00:37:54,220 --> 00:37:55,540
Si no podemos alcanzar dicha meta,


926
00:37:55,540 --> 00:37:57,540
podemos tratar de centralizar la quema de carbón


927
00:37:57,540 --> 00:37:59,660
y reemplazar la de “carbón chatarra” con el empleo de centrales eléctricas de carbón.


928
00:37:59,660 --> 00:38:01,300
Como siguiente paso,


929
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:02,620
si aún no podemos lograr mejorar el ambiente,


930
00:38:02,620 --> 00:38:05,020
podemos intentar lavar el “carbón chatarra” que usamos.


931
00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:07,700
Si se lava todo el “carbón chatarra”, ¿cuál sería el efecto sobre las emisiones?


932
00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:09,140
Como mínimo reduciría nuestras emisiones a la mitad.
933
00:38:09,140 --> 00:38:10,980
Actualmente, podemos realizar dos cambios


934
00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,060
Primero, debemos reducir el consumo de carbón


935
00:38:13,060 --> 00:38:14,220
o podemos lavar nuestro carbón.


936
00:38:14,220 --> 00:38:15,960
El Artículo 23° de la Ley de Protección de la Atmósfera


937
00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:16,980
señala que el gobierno promueve el lavado y la mejora en la calidad del carbón,


938
00:38:16,980 --> 00:38:18,300
la reducción del contenido de polvo y azufre en el carbón ,


939
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:19,540
y restricciones en las extracción de carbón con alto contenido de polvo y azufre.


940
00:38:19,540 --> 00:38:21,120
“1° de los Diez artículos sobre protección de la atmósfera”:


941
00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:22,210
Deben renovarse los pequeños incineradores de carbón,


942
00:38:22,210 -->  :38:23,870
acelerando la des-sulfurización y la reducción de componentes de nitrógeno y polvo.   


943
00:38:23,870 --> 00:38:28,580
En 2014, el PM se redujo 11.1% de su nivel máximo en 74 ciudades,


944
00:38:28,930 --> 00:38:31,980
pero sólo 8 ciudades alcanzaron los estándares fijados por el gobierno.


945
00:38:31,980 --> 00:38:34,180
Si pudiésemos implementar eficazmente todas las medidas de protección ambiental vigentes,


946
00:38:34,180 --> 00:38:36,700
sólo las que tenemos actualmente, y hacerlas cumplir al 100%,


947
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:39,700
nuestras emisiones de polvo y dióxido de azufre


948
00:38:39,700 --> 00:38:41,060
disminuirían en un 60% respecto a su nivel actual,


949
00:38:41,060 --> 00:38:43,420
nuestras emisiones de óxido de nitrógeno serían un 35% más bajas.




950
00:38:43,420 --> 00:38:45,580
Para solucionar el problema ambiental en China,


951
00:38:45,580 --> 00:38:47,300
primero, necesitamos tener una mejor gestión,


952
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:49,300
segundo, necesitamos una gestión todavía mejor,


953
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,420
tercero, necesitamos una aún mejor gestión.


954
00:38:51,420 --> 00:38:52,580
El presidente Xi Jinping dijo:


955
00:38:52,580 --> 00:38:55,700
“La dignidad de las leyes depende de su cumplimiento”.


956
00:38:56,260 --> 00:38:57,380
China necesitó 30 años


957
00:38:57,380 --> 00:38:59,060
para completar un proceso de industrialización


958
00:38:59,060 --> 00:39:00,260
que tomó cien años en otros países.


959
00:39:00,260 --> 00:39:02,340
Por tanto, por encima de la polución producida por el carbón,


960
00:39:02,340 --> 00:39:03,980
tenemos que además hacer frente


961
00:39:03,980 --> 00:39:05,060
a la polución generada por el petróleo.


962
00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:07,100
¿Así que qué pasa con nuestro petróleo?


963
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:08,860
La mayoría es quemado por automóviles.


964
00:39:08,860 --> 00:39:11,220
En diez años, el número de automóviles en China


965
00:39:11,220 --> 00:39:12,540
ha aumentado aproximadamente en 100 millones.


966
00:39:12,540 --> 00:39:14,900
Fijándonos específicamente en Beijing en el 2010,


967
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:17,060
¿cuántos automóviles se añadieron sólo ese año?


968
00:39:17,060 --> 00:39:18,020
800.000 más.


969
00:39:18,020 --> 00:39:19,060
¿Qué significan 800000 automóviles más?


970
00:39:19,060 --> 00:39:23,580
Si todos esos vehículos fuesen colocados en fila de un extremo a otro, se extenderían de Beijing a Shenzen.


971
00:39:23,580 --> 00:39:24,660
y de vuelta a Beijing.


972
00:39:24,660 --> 00:39:27,180
Ese ha sido el incremento de un año.


973
00:39:27,180 --> 00:39:28,940
El resultado es el siguiente:


974
00:39:28,940 --> 00:39:31,340
la principal fuente de PM2.5 dentro de Beijing


975
00:39:31,340 --> 00:39:34,260
son esos vehículos. 


976
00:39:34,260 --> 00:39:35,940
Pero hay otra ciudad que me sorprendió.


977
00:39:35,940 --> 00:39:39,660
Esta ciudad está bajo la niebla más de 200 días al año.


978
00:39:41,340 --> 00:39:43,340
Pueden adivinar qué ciudad es,


979
00:39:46,020 --> 00:39:47,340
¿cuál de ésta?


980
00:39:50,620 --> 00:39:52,540
Miremos otra foto


981
¿Qinghai dicen?


982
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:56,780
¿Qingdao?


983
00:39:56,780 --> 00:39:59,180
Hangzhou



984
00:39:59,180 --> 00:40:00,660
Honestamente, estoy tan concertada como ustedes.


985
00:40:00,660 --> 00:40:02,380
Porque siempre pensé


986
00:40:02,380 --> 00:40:04,820
que este era el escenario de la lluvia brumosa descrita en tantos poemas famosos.


987
00:40:04,820 --> 00:40:06,780
Más tarde llamé a la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Hangzhou


988
00:40:06,780 --> 00:40:07,900
y me confirmaron aquel dato.


989
00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:10,420
Ello se debe a que la tasa de propiedad de automóvil por habitante en Hangzhou


990
00:40:10,420 --> 00:40:11,100
es la más alta entre todas las ciudades de China.


991
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:13,220
En promedio, hay un carro por cada dos habitantes.


992
00:40:13,220 --> 00:40:14,380
Así que los vehículos de Hangzhou


993
00:40:14,380 --> 00:40:16,380
contribuyen a cerca del 40% de la contaminación del aire en ella.


994
00:40:16,380 --> 00:40:19,500
Do more cars necessarily mean more pollution?


995
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:20,740
Here’s a question we often hear


996
00:40:20,740 --> 00:40:22,420
Aren’t there more cars in Tokyo than in Beijing?


997
00:40:22,420 --> 00:40:25,460
Why don’t we see such severe pollution in Tokyo?


998
00:40:25,460 --> 00:40:28,260
This is the explanation given by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport:


999
00:40:28,260 --> 00:40:31,940
More than 90% of Tokyo's residents commute by rail


1000
00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:34,260
Less than 6% of them drive


1001
00:40:34,260 --> 00:40:35,900
What about in Beijing?


1002
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:37,700
34% of Beijing residents drive cars


1003
00:40:37,700 --> 00:40:40,260
And they drive in the city center, usually stuck in traffic jams


1004
00:40:40,260 --> 00:40:41,460
When they are stuck their cars are idling


1005
00:40:41,460 --> 00:40:42,620
which doubles the rate of emissions


1006
00:40:42,620 --> 00:40:44,980
And when they brake, even more heavy metals are released


1007
00:40:44,980 --> 00:40:47,340
So every day during rush hour in Beijing


1008
00:40:47,340 --> 00:40:49,940
how much PM2.5 is emitted in one hour


1009
00:40:49,940 --> 00:40:51,580
within the 6th ring?


1010
00:40:51,580 --> 00:40:52,300
One ton


1011
00:40:53,180 --> 00:40:54,860
How many Beijing residents would choose to drive


1012
00:40:54,860 --> 00:40:56,020
if they are going somewhere within 5km?


1013
00:40:57,740 --> 00:40:59,180
Close to half


1014
00:40:59,180 --> 00:41:00,820
12% of all residents


1015
00:41:00,820 --> 00:41:03,940
would drive within 2km


1016
00:41:03,940 --> 00:41:05,460
And 7%


1017
00:41:05,460 --> 00:41:06,660
would drive within 1km


1018
00:41:06,660 --> 00:41:07,740
How far is 1km?


1019
00:41:07,740 --> 00:41:09,140
That’s a trip to the supermarket


1020
00:41:09,140 --> 00:41:10,980
or greengrocer's


1021
00:41:10,980 --> 00:41:13,380
Do we really love driving so much?


1022
00:41:13,380 --> 00:41:15,060
Perhaps a few of us do


1023
00:41:15,060 --> 00:41:17,420
But there can’t be so many irrational people, right?


1024
00:41:17,420 --> 00:41:20,580
My family owns a car, but after our child was born we made a rule


1025
00:41:20,580 --> 00:41:22,260
basically we would only drive for our parents, our kid


1026
00:41:22,260 --> 00:41:23,380
or when we go to the airport or hospital


1027
00:41:23,380 --> 00:41:26,820
When my husband goes to work every day, he rides a bicycle


1028
00:41:26,820 --> 00:41:28,260
This is how you ride a bicycle


1029
00:41:28,260 --> 00:41:29,180
in front of our apartment building


1030
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:32,260
That’s the only way to ride


1031
00:41:32,260 --> 00:41:34,220
Why?


1032
00:41:34,220 --> 00:41:36,020
This is our bicycle lane


1033
00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:38,700
It’s almost always full of cars


1034
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:39,820
Beijing has over 5 million vehicles


1035
00:41:39,820 --> 00:41:41,980
but only half of them have a parking space


1036
00:41:41,980 --> 00:41:43,460
But no car can park in the air


1037
00:41:43,460 --> 00:41:45,060
so you find them in bicycle lanes


1038
00:41:45,060 --> 00:41:46,540
and on sidewalks


1039
00:41:46,540 --> 00:41:48,140
That’s how they park


1040
00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:50,220
Of course, humanity is the same throughout the world


1041
00:41:50,220 --> 00:41:51,820
Without regulations, this can happen anywhere


1042
00:41:51,820 --> 00:41:53,580
Let’s check London


1043
00:41:53,580 --> 00:41:55,540
It seems they also parked like this in the old days


1044
00:41:55,540 --> 00:41:58,540
then the parking meters were installed


1045
00:41:58,540 --> 00:42:00,220
and they parked like this


1046
00:42:00,220 --> 00:42:03,260
Then London raised its parking fee and congestion charge


1047
00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:04,740
so they parked like this


1048
00:42:04,740 --> 00:42:06,380
A few days ago, I heard that people are trying the same thing in Shenzhen


1049
00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:08,900
they started to charge high parking fees


1050
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:13,980
Then the folks in Shenzhen parked like this (laughter)


1051
00:42:13,980 --> 00:42:15,660
The same thing happened in Tokyo 50 years ago


1052
00:42:15,660 --> 00:42:16,580
It’s not that easy


1053
00:42:16,580 --> 00:42:17,860
It took them a long time


1054
00:42:17,860 --> 00:42:19,740
to clear the cars out of the way one by one


1055
00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:22,660
This is a test of meticulous city management.


1056
00:42:22,660 --> 00:42:24,860
Car-lovers have another question


1057
00:42:24,860 --> 00:42:26,820
As this photo shows


1058
00:42:26,820 --> 00:42:29,860
there are no vehicles in Beijing at midnight, are there?


1059
00:42:29,860 --> 00:42:32,260
Why is the pollution still so severe?


1060
00:42:32,260 --> 00:42:34,860
Is it really caused by cars?


1061
00:42:34,860 --> 00:42:36,260
This question also troubled me for a long time


1062
00:42:36,260 --> 00:42:38,220
Until the Chinese Academy of Sciences showed me this chart


1063
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:42,980
Before every dawn in Beijing


1064
00:42:42,980 --> 00:42:44,660
There’s always a peak in pollution


1065
00:42:44,660 --> 00:42:46,500
It shows up consistently every day


1066
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:48,100
At this peak, carbon emissions are about twice as high


1067
00:42:48,100 --> 00:42:50,380
as the peak in the afternoon on the same day


1068
00:42:50,380 --> 00:42:52,500
So what exactly is this?


1069
00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:53,740
I wanted to know the answer as well


1070
00:42:53,740 --> 00:42:55,060
So we went to Yanqing district of Beijing


1071
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:58,000
Yanqing - Kangzhuang Toll Station, 2:30am 11 October 2014


1072
00:42:59,180 --> 00:43:00,140
Inspector: Halt!


1073
00:43:00,140 --> 00:43:02,140
Vehicle type: Futian Aoling


1074
00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:04,140
Displayed emissions standard: National Standard 4


1075
00:43:04,540 --> 00:43:06,460
This truck doesn't have the basic equipment for a Standard 4


1076
00:43:06,460 --> 00:43:08,140
Chai: So in fact it's not a Standard 4 vehicle


1077
00:43:08,140 --> 00:43:09,060
Driver: So what should I do?


1078
00:43:09,060 --> 00:43:10,340
Driver: I just bought this new truck


1079
00:43:10,700 --> 00:43:12,140
This is my environmental protection label


1080
00:43:12,140 --> 00:43:13,580
It was issued this year


1081
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:17,960
Random inspection of another vehicle


1082
00:43:17,960 --> 00:43:19,100
Vehicle type: Chang'an Kaima


1083
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:20,620
Displayed emissions standard: National Standard 3


1084
00:43:20,620 --> 00:43:22,020
What does 3.29 mean?


1085
00:43:22,020 --> 00:43:23,180
It’s above the limit


1086
00:43:23,180 --> 00:43:24,420
This is even beyond Standard 1


1087
00:43:24,420 --> 00:43:26,420
So it has no emission control device at all?


1088
00:43:26,420 --> 00:43:28,140
No, basically no emission control at all


1089
00:43:28,140 --> 00:43:28,900
He has the green label


1090
00:43:29,380 --> 00:43:30,620
It says Standard 3


1091
00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:31,260
Who issued it?


1092
00:43:31,260 --> 00:43:33,980
Hebei Province Department of Environmental Protection


1093
00:43:33,980 --> 00:43:35,420
When I bought it they said it was Standard 3


1094
00:43:35,420 --> 00:43:37,500
How could I know? I was just buying a truck


1095
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:39,500
Finally, the car was not given an on the spot fine


1096
00:43:40,660 --> 00:43:41,940
His truck is on the green channel


1097
00:43:41,940 --> 00:43:43,500
It's carrying eggs, milk, and oil


1098
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:44,860
It’s part of the city’s supply system


1099
00:43:44,860 --> 00:43:48,010
According to the regulations, we should not penalize this truck


1100
00:43:48,010 --> 00:43:50,300
Li Kunsheng, Director of Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Vehicular Emissions Department


1101
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:51,120
Fake cars are common


1102
00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:53,700
Or if we put it in more serious terms, fake cars are everywhere


1103
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:55,060
It's a secret kept within the automotive industry


1104
00:43:55,060 --> 00:43:56,940
90% of basic environmental protection devices are not installed


1105
00:43:56,940 --> 00:43:58,460
So how does that play out in terms of emissions?


1106
00:43:58,460 --> 00:44:00,340
If 30,000 [noncompliant] vehicles enter the city


1107
00:44:00,340 --> 00:44:02,860
It's equivalent to several million [compliant] vehicles on the road at night


1108
00:44:04,740 --> 00:44:09,380
What kind of emissions result if emission control devices are not used?


1109
00:44:09,380 --> 00:44:10,980
The quantity of particulate emissions


1110
00:44:10,980 --> 00:44:12,820
from just one vehicle [with no safeguards]


1111
00:44:12,820 --> 00:44:15,980
Is 500 times the emissions from a vehicle of National Standard 4


1112
00:44:15,980 --> 00:44:17,660
Diesel cars do not make up a big proportion of vehicles


1113
00:44:17,660 --> 00:44:18,900
It’s similar to the case of scrap coal


1114
00:44:18,900 --> 00:44:19,820
There are not many


1115
00:44:19,820 --> 00:44:21,140
Only 17% of all cars are diesel


1116
00:44:21,140 --> 00:44:23,220
but their emissions of nitrogen oxides


1117
00:44:23,220 --> 00:44:25,700
make up 70% of all vehicle emissions


1118
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:27,420
and as for their emission of primary particles


1119
00:44:27,420 --> 00:44:28,540
relative to all vehicles?


1120
00:44:28,540 --> 00:44:30,500
99%


1121
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:32,020
There's an even scarier aspect to this too


1122
00:44:32,020 --> 00:44:34,460
The particulates in diesel vehicle emissions


1123
00:44:34,460 --> 00:44:36,780
have exceptionally high toxicity


1124
00:44:36,780 --> 00:44:38,060
PAHs are carcinogens


1125
00:44:38,060 --> 00:44:41,660
But diesel vehicles emit PAHs on steroids


1126
00:44:41,660 --> 00:44:45,860
Nitro-PAHs, which are an order of magnitude more carcinogenic


1127
00:44:45,860 --> 00:44:47,940
When I saw those drivers of diesel vehicles in Yanqing


1128
00:44:47,940 --> 00:44:51,820
I realized that they themselves are the biggest victims of their own diesel emissions


1129
00:44:51,820 --> 00:44:54,460
They are a group at very high risk for cancer


1130
00:44:54,460 --> 00:44:57,860
Besides, it seems fairly unreasonable to punish these people


1131
00:44:57,860 --> 00:45:00,060
They spent their own money


1132
00:45:00,060 --> 00:45:01,660
They bought vehicles with legal certificates


1133
00:45:01,660 --> 00:45:02,820
issued by the government


1134
00:45:02,820 --> 00:45:04,460
What reason do we have to fine them?


1135
00:45:04,460 --> 00:45:05,860
If we want to blame someone


1136
00:45:05,860 --> 00:45:07,180
shouldn’t we start with those


1137
00:45:07,180 --> 00:45:08,900
responsible for manufacturing these fake vehicles?


1138
00:45:09,090 --> 00:45:10,670
Chai: Could you explain why


1139
00:45:10,670 --> 00:45:13,920
the emission devices weren't installed during production?


1140
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:15,920
Boss: Well, there are trucks for export


1141
00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:19,330
exporting to Africa and other places


1142
00:45:19,330 --> 00:45:21,270
There are also National Standard 1 and 2


1143
00:45:21,270 --> 00:45:22,990
and European Standard 1 and 2 and 0 as well


1144
00:45:22,990 --> 00:45:24,090
And some African ones


1145
00:45:24,090 --> 00:45:26,930
But your trucks have National Standard 4 labels on them


1146
00:45:26,930 --> 00:45:31,430
Well... perhaps they... export... like if they export


1147
00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:32,520
They are sold for export


1148
00:45:32,520 --> 00:45:37,120
Ummm... so that's how it happened


1149
00:45:37,120 --> 00:45:39,010
You mean you put the wrong labels on by mistake?


1150
00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:41,980
Yeah, maybe they stuck, stuck, something of their own


1151
00:45:41,980 --> 00:45:43,110
Someone wants the cars


1152
00:45:43,110 --> 00:45:45,120
So, so, so, we sold them (laughter)


1153
00:45:45,580 --> 00:45:47,900
I don’t know how our African brothers would feel after hearing this


1154
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:50,340
A business always has its rationalizations


1155
00:45:50,340 --> 00:45:51,460
and reasons


1156
00:45:51,460 --> 00:45:53,420
But what makes me curious is


1157
00:45:53,420 --> 00:45:54,420
for more than ten years


1158
00:45:54,420 --> 00:45:56,780
if such fake manufacturers are so common and widespread,


1159
00:45:56,780 --> 00:45:58,100
and are known by the supervisory departments


1160
00:45:58,100 --> 00:45:59,540
why aren't they dealt with?


1161
00:45:59,540 --> 00:46:01,020
Don’t we have laws?


1162
00:46:01,020 --> 00:46:03,140
Don’t we have regulations


1163
00:46:03,140 --> 00:46:04,380
to recall defective automotive products?


1164
00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:06,300
Such products can surely be recalled, can't they?


1165
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:08,260
However, from 2004 to today


1166
00:46:08,260 --> 00:46:09,620
how many times has this law been applied


1167
00:46:09,620 --> 00:46:11,740
to these kinds of vehicles?


1168
00:46:11,740 --> 00:46:12,860
Not even once


1169
00:46:12,860 --> 00:46:13,780
Why?


1170
00:46:13,780 --> 00:46:15,580
This is the answer I got


1171
00:46:15,580 --> 00:46:16,980
only when the defects pose unreasonable danger


1172
00:46:16,980 --> 00:46:19,740
towards the safety of people or their property


1173
00:46:19,740 --> 00:46:22,020
can the product be recalled


1174
00:46:22,020 --> 00:46:23,060
They say


1175
00:46:23,060 --> 00:46:24,100
leaving environmental protection devices out of manufacturing


1176
00:46:24,100 --> 00:46:25,020
has nothing to do with safety


1177
00:46:25,020 --> 00:46:26,540
It won’t kill anyone


1178
00:46:26,540 --> 00:46:29,100
so there’s no reason for a recall


1179
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:31,660
Then do we have the right to fine the manufacturers or make them destroy their products?


1180
00:46:31,660 --> 00:46:32,500
We do


1181
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:34,340
The “Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act” states that:


1182
00:46:34,340 --> 00:46:36,100
You can make these factories stop their illegal production


1183
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:36,620
You can fine them


1184
00:46:36,620 --> 00:46:38,100
You can also confiscate and destroy their products


1185
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:40,940
More than ten years have passed since 2002


1186
00:46:40,940 --> 00:46:43,580
How many times has this law been used?


1187
00:46:43,580 --> 00:46:46,300
Not even once


1188
00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:47,180
Why?


1189
00:46:47,180 --> 00:46:48,700
This is the answer I got


1190
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:53,500
This law can only be enforced by the departments with the legal right of supervision


1191
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:54,740
Everyone says


1192
00:46:54,740 --> 00:46:57,660
I don’t know which department that is


1193
00:46:57,660 --> 00:47:00,140
Since there are only a few departments related to automotive management


1194
00:47:00,140 --> 00:47:01,540
I just called them one by one


1195
00:47:01,540 --> 00:47:04,220
First I asked the Ministry of Environmental Protection


1196
00:47:04,220 --> 00:47:05,620
They said:


1197
00:47:05,620 --> 00:47:08,340
As far as we know, it’s not us


1198
00:47:08,340 --> 00:47:10,060
Then I asked the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology


1199
00:47:10,060 --> 00:47:13,260
They say: It’s definitely not us


1200
00:47:13,260 --> 00:47:15,900
Then I asked the General Administration of Quality Supervision and Inspection, they said:


1201
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:18,540
It should be all three of us


1202
00:47:18,540 --> 00:47:20,380
I think they do have a reason to be confused


1203
00:47:20,380 --> 00:47:21,620
Why doesn’t the law


1204
00:47:21,620 --> 00:47:24,060
just clarify who is in charge of this management?


1205
00:47:24,060 --> 00:47:25,820
I had to turn to the National People’s Congress


1206
00:47:25,820 --> 00:47:27,540
So I called the NPC


1207
00:47:27,540 --> 00:47:29,500
And this was their reply:


1208
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:33,340
The issue of this law's execution is indeed unclear


1209
00:47:33,340 --> 00:47:35,540
This is a very rare case in our legislative process


1210
00:47:35,540 --> 00:47:38,990
Why would it exist nowhere else but in Article 53 of the Law on Atmosphere?


1211
00:47:38,990 --> 00:47:40,170
Ding Yan - Director of MEP Vehicular Pollution Research Institute


1212
00:47:40,170 --> 00:47:40,820
We asked them (NPC) back then


1213
00:47:40,820 --> 00:47:42,340
Why did you write the Law on Atmosphere like this?


1214
00:47:42,340 --> 00:47:43,420
Why don’t you just let us take charge of it?


1215
00:47:43,420 --> 00:47:45,820
They replied that because when they were making this law


1216
00:47:45,820 --> 00:47:47,260
many departments opposed it


1217
00:47:47,260 --> 00:47:48,300
saying that the MEP should not be in charge


1218
00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:50,140
so the bill could not pass


1219
00:47:50,140 --> 00:47:53,140
In the end the NPC had to use a vague term to make it pass


1220
00:47:53,140 --> 00:47:55,220
So it says that only departments with executive authority can enforce this law


1221
00:47:55,220 --> 00:47:57,260
It sounds like all three departments are responsible for supervision


1222
00:47:57,260 --> 00:47:58,780
But in reality we cannot control it


1223
00:47:58,780 --> 00:47:59,820
Their certificates are all valid


1224
00:47:59,820 --> 00:48:01,140
so are the vehicles' types


1225
00:48:01,140 --> 00:48:02,780
The MEP issues them green labels


1226
00:48:02,780 --> 00:48:03,700
of National Standard 4


1227
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:05,740
but not a single department actually goes out and looks at the cars


1228
00:48:05,740 --> 00:48:07,340
which are in fact only up to Standard 1


1229
00:48:07,340 --> 00:48:09,620
If you (at the MEP) assert you have legal authority, no one can deny that


1230
00:48:09,620 --> 00:48:10,540
So why don't you just execute the law?


1231
00:48:10,540 --> 00:48:13,820
The MEP is indeed suspected of not doing its best, I admit this


1232
00:48:13,820 --> 00:48:16,020
The situation is that we didn’t pursue this issue further


1233
00:48:16,020 --> 00:48:18,900
So after so many years your law enforcement powers are still completely toothless?


1234
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,940
Nowadays I don't dare open my mouth out of fear that people will see I have no teeth.


1235
00:48:21,940 --> 00:48:23,140
That’s the awkward thing about the MEP's situation.


1236
00:48:25,380 --> 00:48:26,780
This isn't just awkward for the MEP


1237
00:48:26,780 --> 00:48:28,140
Truck companies are also in an awkward position


1238
00:48:28,140 --> 00:48:30,380
The truck company with fake emissions stickers said


1239
00:48:30,380 --> 00:48:32,820
If the MEP can enforce the law


1240
00:48:32,820 --> 00:48:34,300
and impound those “fake” trucks


1241
00:48:34,300 --> 00:48:36,460
I guarantee we would build “real” trucks the very next day


1242
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:37,820
Otherwise, if we build "real" trucks


1243
00:48:37,820 --> 00:48:38,780
and others build "fake" trucks


1244
00:48:38,780 --> 00:48:40,220
we would be bankrupt tomorrow


1245
00:48:40,220 --> 00:48:43,060
So I asked Ding Yan, do you think this perspective is reasonable?


1246
00:48:43,060 --> 00:48:44,140
He said “Yes”


1247
00:48:44,140 --> 00:48:46,900
Not enforcing the law forces people to cheat


1248
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:49,540
The truck company owner also said


1249
00:48:49,540 --> 00:48:53,860
National Standard 4 has already been set and it applies to all new vehicles


1250
00:48:53,860 --> 00:48:56,340
But National Standard 4 compliant fuel is still scarce


1251
00:48:56,340 --> 00:48:58,900
and the fuel quality is not as high as it should be


1252
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:00,580
When we were in Yanqing


1253
00:49:00,580 --> 00:49:03,060
and randomly checked this diesel truck


1254
00:49:03,060 --> 00:49:04,700
The diesel gas came from Beijing


1255
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:07,460
and was expected to be of high quality, the highest level in China


1256
00:49:07,460 --> 00:49:09,460
But when the diesel test results came out,


1257
00:49:09,460 --> 00:49:13,100
the (sulfur content) was 25 times higher than European, Japanese, and US diesel


1258
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:14,620
That's the top level of quality


1259
00:49:14,620 --> 00:49:17,380
What about the quality of our gasoline?


1260
00:49:17,380 --> 00:49:20,500
This is a table I got from Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science


1261
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:22,580
This table pains me every time I look at it


1262
00:49:22,580 --> 00:49:24,540
because I cannot understand it at all


1263
00:49:24,540 --> 00:49:26,260
Fortunately they gave me the conclusion


1264
00:49:26,260 --> 00:49:28,220
This shows our national fuel quality is


1265
00:49:28,220 --> 00:49:30,860
normally two or three grades lower than fuel found in developed countries.


1266
00:49:30,860 --> 00:49:32,300
If we can raise our national fuel quality by just one grade


1267
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:34,140
we can reduce emissions by 10%


1268
00:49:34,140 --> 00:49:35,860
It seems like we have some good fuel available in China


1269
00:49:35,860 --> 00:49:37,380
We have Standard 4 and higher quality fuel


1270
00:49:37,380 --> 00:49:39,980
but these only make up 3% of China's total fuels


1271
00:49:39,980 --> 00:49:41,820
This is Hangzhou's problem


1272
00:49:41,820 --> 00:49:43,180
Hangzhou has money and


1273
00:49:43,180 --> 00:49:44,380
wants to buy high quality fuel


1274
00:49:44,380 --> 00:49:46,580
But until 2013 there was no high quality fuel available


1275
00:49:46,580 --> 00:49:47,980
Even after a huge effort


1276
00:49:47,980 --> 00:49:50,220
the best you can manage is Standard 3 fuel


1277
00:49:50,220 --> 00:49:52,460
Even in Beijing, it looks like our sulfur content


1278
00:49:52,460 --> 00:49:53,580
is on the same level as Europe's


1279
00:49:53,580 --> 00:49:55,060
on the same level as America's


1280
00:49:55,060 --> 00:49:57,220
But look at the four items in this box


1281
00:49:57,220 --> 00:50:01,260
These cryptic figures carry a hidden danger


1282
00:50:01,260 --> 00:50:01,980
They either


1283
00:50:01,980 --> 00:50:03,060
increase oxidants in the atmosphere


1284
00:50:03,060 --> 00:50:03,980
creating more fine particulates


1285
00:50:03,980 --> 00:50:05,460
or increase toxicity


1286
00:50:05,460 --> 00:50:07,100
The last item is increasing evaporative pressure


1287
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:10,780
It increases the rate of gasoline evaporation into the air


1288
00:50:10,780 --> 00:50:13,540
I originally thought, really, how much can it possibly evaporate?


1289
00:50:13,540 --> 00:50:15,340
Then the CRAES expert told me


1290
00:50:15,340 --> 00:50:16,620
look at this clip


1291
00:50:16,620 --> 00:50:18,620
This is filmed with an infrared camera


1292
00:50:18,620 --> 00:50:19,660
If gas stations don’t install


1293
00:50:19,660 --> 00:50:21,260
a part on the nozzle to recapture gasoline vapor


1294
00:50:21,260 --> 00:50:23,460
then this is how much can evaporate


1295
00:50:23,460 --> 00:50:27,460
1.5 grams for each liter of gasoline will go into our atmosphere


1296
00:50:27,460 --> 00:50:31,100
The gas in the tanks of the cars we all drive also evaporates in the same way


1297
00:50:31,100 --> 00:50:32,580
How strong is the evaporative power?


1298
00:50:32,580 --> 00:50:37,060
In Beijing, more airborne hydrocarbons come from evaporation


1299
00:50:37,060 --> 00:50:42,020
than from car emissions


1300
00:50:42,020 --> 00:50:45,460
And these substances are a major component of PM2.5


1301
00:50:45,460 --> 00:50:48,940
So why don’t we make the fuel cleaner right away?


1302
00:50:48,940 --> 00:50:52,620
The petrochemical industry told us this


1303
00:50:52,620 --> 00:50:55,260
“The national standard is set too low.”


1304
00:50:55,260 --> 00:50:57,220
This sentence seems reasonable


1305
00:50:57,220 --> 00:50:59,260
How could you reasonably require companies to produce


1306
00:50:59,260 --> 00:51:01,220
fuel that's better than the official standard? Right?


1307
00:51:01,220 --> 00:51:04,140
Then I asked the MEP and CRAES


1308
00:51:04,140 --> 00:51:06,060
the people involved in setting the standard


1309
00:51:06,060 --> 00:51:08,180
Why don't you set the standard higher?


1310
00:51:08,180 --> 00:51:09,300
This is the answer he gave me


1311
00:51:09,300 --> 00:51:10,940
The standards subcommittee (Petroleum Fuel and Lubricant Technology Committee)


1312
00:51:10,940 --> 00:51:13,100
Is actually mostly... yes, mostly made up of


1313
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:14,500
people from the oil industry


1314
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:17,180
About 67%


1315
00:51:17,180 --> 00:51:18,700
The full standards committee (National Petroleum Fuel and Lubricant Technology Committee)


1316
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:19,980
has even more, in the full committee, it's almost...


1317
00:51:19,980 --> 00:51:22,580
over 90%, as I recall are people from this industry


1318
00:51:22,580 --> 00:51:24,900
The secretariat of the full committee is also located in the petrochemical industry


1319
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:27,140
Then the head of this standards committee


1320
00:51:27,140 --> 00:51:28,660
He's also a member of the petrochemical industry


1321
00:51:28,660 --> 00:51:29,660
I used to think


1322
00:51:29,660 --> 00:51:31,780
you guys (in Environmental Protection) had a veto right


1323
00:51:32,940 --> 00:51:34,380
Yeah, you'd think so, right?


1324
00:51:34,380 --> 00:51:35,580
(Since we're in) environmental protection?


1325
00:51:36,380 --> 00:51:38,060
This dark joke from Yue Xin


1326
00:51:38,060 --> 00:51:40,340
left a very deep impression on me


1327
00:51:40,340 --> 00:51:42,300
He said, “The only time I felt like I even existed


1328
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:43,380
was when I came in the door


1329
00:51:43,380 --> 00:51:45,540
and I wrote my name on the sign-in sheet


1330
00:51:45,540 --> 00:51:47,860
Because before, I didn’t even have a vote.”


1331
00:51:47,860 --> 00:51:49,580
He said he and his colleagues will do everything they can


1332
00:51:49,580 --> 00:51:50,980
to push for better fuel quality


1333
00:51:50,980 --> 00:51:54,020
But the oil fuel industry has always explained it like this:


1334
00:51:54,020 --> 00:51:55,620
Most of the fuel in our country


1335
00:51:55,620 --> 00:51:57,340
is imported from the Middle East, right?


1336
00:51:57,340 --> 00:52:00,140
Well then, most oil from Iran, for example, is high in sulphur


1337
00:52:00,140 --> 00:52:02,580
In Tehran, they themselves are also facing


1338
00:52:02,580 --> 00:52:05,140
problems caused by poor-quality fuel


1339
00:52:05,140 --> 00:52:07,020
The smog there is severe


1340
00:52:07,020 --> 00:52:08,180
But Iran's problem is


1341
00:52:08,180 --> 00:52:10,700
they don’t have the skills to improve fuel quality


1342
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:13,500
Chinese companies, on the other hand, do have these techniques


1343
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:15,100
Where is the split between government and industry?


1344
00:52:15,100 --> 00:52:16,780
Money


1345
00:52:16,780 --> 00:52:18,100
From Standard 3 to Standard 4


1346
00:52:18,100 --> 00:52:21,620
the MEP says 7 cents per liter is enough


1347
00:52:21,620 --> 00:52:22,620
The industry says: no


1348
00:52:22,620 --> 00:52:24,100
Give me 50 cents


1349
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:25,780
I say, both of you can sit down and show the expenses


1350
00:52:25,780 --> 00:52:26,580
and calculate it


1351
00:52:26,580 --> 00:52:29,180
Calculate how much it would be, it's a simple thing


1352
00:52:29,180 --> 00:52:30,660
He had another wry smile


1353
00:52:30,660 --> 00:52:33,260
Don’t say it's me, go ask the National Development and Reform Commission Economic Department


1354
00:52:33,260 --> 00:52:34,860
and see if they know


1355
00:52:34,860 --> 00:52:35,620
(Source: Anonymous NDRC official)


1356
00:52:35,620 --> 00:52:36,660
You can't control it.


1357
00:52:36,660 --> 00:52:38,100
Say you have an only child


1358
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:39,420
And this child is learning bad behavior


1359
00:52:39,420 --> 00:52:41,300
As his mother, what can you do?


1360
00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:42,980
All you can do is give him one good beating


1361
00:52:42,980 --> 00:52:44,740
You can't  beat him everyday


1362
00:52:44,740 --> 00:52:45,900
Somebody else may have 10 kids


1363
00:52:45,900 --> 00:52:47,380
they won't make trouble


1364
00:52:47,380 --> 00:52:48,620
They are right in front of you


1365
00:52:48,620 --> 00:52:49,900
They don’t pay us any mind


1366
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:50,780
These deputy-level units


1367
00:52:50,780 --> 00:52:51,940
What can you do about it?


1368
00:52:51,940 --> 00:52:52,780
Are they going to pay any mind to you?


1369
00:52:52,780 --> 00:52:54,420
If your price department doesn't raise the price this year


1370
00:52:54,420 --> 00:52:55,260
next year they'll be at your door


1371
00:52:55,260 --> 00:52:55,940
Are you going to raise it or not?


1372
00:52:55,940 --> 00:52:56,860
If you don't, I'll cut off the supply


1373
00:52:56,860 --> 00:52:57,460
That's what they say


1374
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:04,780
I didn't know whether to trust these things the MEP and NDRC said


1375
00:53:04,780 --> 00:53:05,540
Is it the truth?


1376
00:53:05,540 --> 00:53:06,580
Does it have any basis in reality?


1377
00:53:06,580 --> 00:53:07,700
So I had to verify it


1378
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:10,780
I reached out to the Head of the National Oil Fuel Standard Committee


1379
00:53:10,780 --> 00:53:13,980
and former Chief Engineer at China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec)


1380
00:53:13,980 --> 00:53:14,980
Mr. Cao Xianghong


1381
00:53:14,980 --> 00:53:16,220
Asking if I can meet him to chat


1382
00:53:16,220 --> 00:53:17,860
And ask a few questions


1383
00:53:17,860 --> 00:53:19,140
He agreed


1384
00:53:21,030 --> 00:53:23,580
First Question: Why has the process of setting fuel standards been led by the oil industry?


1385
00:53:23,580 --> 00:53:26,700
If the majority of participants come from industry


1386
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,740
This might be against the best interest of the public


1387
00:53:29,740 --> 00:53:32,740
When convening a committee to set petroleum product standards


1388
00:53:32,740 --> 00:53:34,300
You shouldn't be looking for


1389
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:36,700
someone who doesn't understand the oil refining business


1390
00:53:36,700 --> 00:53:38,820
People from the MEP don’t understand it?


1391
00:53:38,820 --> 00:53:40,500
The MEP, no, I don't believe they understand


1392
00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:43,140
Second Question: Who should set the standard?


1393
00:53:43,220 --> 00:53:44,700
If you set a standard


1394
00:53:44,700 --> 00:53:47,140
then when the time comes to improve it, you say it's impossible


1395
00:53:47,140 --> 00:53:49,100
Then when the deadline arrives, you say you cannot provide fuel


1396
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:52,740
Now you may have all sorts of reasons for this, but people may not believe you


1397
00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:54,540
But if Sinopec doesn’t take the lead in drafting this


1398
00:53:54,540 --> 00:53:56,180
who else is there to draft it?


1399
00:53:56,180 --> 00:53:57,420
Well, for example, in some countries


1400
00:53:57,420 --> 00:53:59,380
first, their environmental protection agencies have people who understand the industry


1401
00:53:59,380 --> 00:54:00,100
Yes


1402
00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:02,300
Second, before they submit the draft


1403
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:06,820
they take plenty of time with industry people to understand, communicate and debate


1404
00:54:07,460 --> 00:54:12,780
At the very end, their health reports, economic reports, these are all provided in full to the committee


1405
00:54:12,780 --> 00:54:14,500
And then through an open, public process


1406
00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:15,860
They let everyone judge it for themselves


1407
00:54:15,860 --> 00:54:19,300
And they all have opportunities to express their opinions and debate with one another


1408
00:54:19,300 --> 00:54:22,300
If it's done with this method, do you think you could consider accepting that?


1409
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:23,700
I could accept that


1410
00:54:23,700 --> 00:54:26,180
I've wanted to give up this Standards Committee chairmanship for quite a long time


1411
00:54:26,180 --> 00:54:26,660
Really?


1412
00:54:26,660 --> 00:54:27,300
Really


1413
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:29,820
People on the outside say, “You're too partial to Sinopec.”


1414
00:54:29,820 --> 00:54:32,300
But then Sinopec says, “Stop biting the hand that feeds you.”


1415
00:54:32,300 --> 00:54:33,540
You can't satisfy everyone


1416
00:54:33,540 --> 00:54:36,160
Third Question: Why won't you publicize the costs of upgrading our fuel?


1417
00:54:36,220 --> 00:54:40,060
Can you publish either your input costs or upgrade costs?


1418
00:54:40,060 --> 00:54:40,980
Show it to the public?


1419
00:54:40,980 --> 00:54:43,180
In society nowadays, naturally when it comes to


1420
00:54:43,180 --> 00:54:45,460
Sinopec, or the China National Petroleum Corporation


1421
00:54:45,460 --> 00:54:47,540
People have a feeling of mistrust


1422
00:54:47,540 --> 00:54:48,900
Do you feel this mistrust–


1423
00:54:48,900 --> 00:54:50,500
Many people don’t bother with rational discussion


1424
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:52,900
If there is some tiny flaw, they will blow it up into something huge


1425
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:54,660
It just makes matters worse


1426
00:54:54,660 --> 00:54:56,060
It's better to not say anything at all


1427
00:54:56,230 --> 00:54:58,900
Fourth Question: Can we raise the standard and force a fuel upgrade?


1428
00:54:58,940 --> 00:55:01,780
Many people will say why don’t we raise the standard a bit


1429
00:55:01,780 --> 00:55:04,780
and force improvement in the fuel quality?


1430
00:55:04,780 --> 00:55:07,300
If there were an interruption to the fuel supply


1431
00:55:07,300 --> 00:55:08,940
resulting in social instability


1432
00:55:08,940 --> 00:55:10,220
There would be turmoil in our society


1433
00:55:10,220 --> 00:55:13,740
Then would it be possible to fully open the market for finished petroleum products?


1434
00:55:13,740 --> 00:55:15,940
That would eliminate the possibility of interruptions to the fuel supply


1435
00:55:15,940 --> 00:55:18,380
If it wasn't done right, it could be a disaster


1436
00:55:18,380 --> 00:55:20,740
Not every Tom, Dick, and Harry can run a fuel company


1437
00:55:20,740 --> 00:55:21,580
Then he might think


1438
00:55:21,580 --> 00:55:23,740
why can only Sinopec and CNPC make money?


1439
00:55:23,740 --> 00:55:25,060
Everybody else can make money too


1440
00:55:25,060 --> 00:55:26,540
Yes, everybody can make money


1441
00:55:26,540 --> 00:55:31,060
So I agree with deepening reform and gradual opening up


1442
00:55:31,060 --> 00:55:32,220
If the government wants to decide


1443
00:55:32,220 --> 00:55:33,740
and push through this kind of reform


1444
00:55:33,740 --> 00:55:35,140
Then the government should go do some research first


1445
00:55:35,140 --> 00:55:36,860
and find out what kind of risks there might be


1446
00:55:36,860 --> 00:55:39,950
Fifth Question: Can [oil companies] take on more social responsibility?


1447
00:55:40,020 --> 00:55:40,780
Many people will say


1448
00:55:40,780 --> 00:55:44,500
Sinopec is already a Fortune 500 global company


1449
00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:47,780
It's just announced an income of 2 trillion RMB ($319 billion) last year


1450
00:55:47,780 --> 00:55:51,220
It's a large state-owned company


1451
00:55:51,220 --> 00:55:53,420
So, when it comes to environmental issues


1452
00:55:53,420 --> 00:55:56,900
why can't it take on more of its own social responsibility?


1453
00:55:59,300 --> 00:56:01,340
Sinopec is huge


1454
00:56:01,340 --> 00:56:03,140
Like a person


1455
00:56:03,140 --> 00:56:04,740
Very big


1456
00:56:04,740 --> 00:56:06,180
But it's all fat and no muscle


1457
00:56:06,820 --> 00:56:08,980
Petroleum companies all over the world


1458
00:56:08,980 --> 00:56:11,780
will try to protect the interests of their industry


1459
00:56:11,780 --> 00:56:13,260
That's the nature of a corporation


1460
00:56:13,260 --> 00:56:14,700
and it's not going to change


1461
00:56:14,700 --> 00:56:15,660
We wanted to know


1462
00:56:15,660 --> 00:56:17,900
in other countries, who sets the fuel standards?


1463
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:21,500
This is our conclusion so far:


1464
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:25,340
In Australia, Korea, Japan, Mexico, and Canada


1465
00:56:25,340 --> 00:56:27,820
Environmental agencies are basically in charge of setting the standards


1466
00:56:27,820 --> 00:56:28,900
Even in the European Union,


1467
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:30,300
where it is decided by the European Standards Committee


1468
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:32,220
they hear from industry associations


1469
00:56:32,220 --> 00:56:36,340
But there's never been a case when the petrochemical industry actually led the standards process


1470
00:56:37,620 --> 00:56:42,540
But why are fuel quality standards in China set by the oil industry?


1471
00:56:42,540 --> 00:56:45,460
Each country's choice is rooted in its history


1472
00:56:45,460 --> 00:56:49,020
In the 1960s, China was facing an extreme gasoline shortage


1473
00:56:49,020 --> 00:56:50,580
Buses on Chang'an Street, the busiest street in Beijing


1474
00:56:50,580 --> 00:56:52,940
had to carry a big bag of diesel fuel on the roof during operation


1475
00:56:52,940 --> 00:56:55,820
We were a long way from worrying about environmental standards for gasoline


1476
00:56:55,820 --> 00:56:57,460
At the time, the MEP didn't exist


1477
00:56:57,460 --> 00:57:03,060
so the Petrochemical Research Institute under the Ministry of Petroleum regulated fuel standards


1478
00:57:03,060 --> 00:57:05,020
In 1983 as part of institutional reforms


1479
00:57:05,020 --> 00:57:06,300
the Ministry of Petroleum was dissolved


1480
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:08,900
and the Petrochemical Research Institute became a department of Sinopec


1481
00:57:08,900 --> 00:57:11,220
With that, the government ministry's role in regulating fuel standards


1482
00:57:11,220 --> 00:57:12,460
was handed over to a corporation


1483
00:57:12,460 --> 00:57:15,460
In the year 2005, the first Chinese Petrochemical Standards Committee was founded


1484
00:57:15,460 --> 00:57:18,220
and the oil industry naturally took on a leading role in the group


1485
00:57:18,220 --> 00:57:20,660
For the past ten years China has been faced with


1486
00:57:20,660 --> 00:57:23,060
soaring needs for both fuel quality and fuel quantity


1487
00:57:23,060 --> 00:57:24,580
China faces an unprecedented challenge


1488
00:57:24,580 --> 00:57:26,340
with pressing needs in both respects


1489
00:57:26,340 --> 00:57:27,380
As the Chinese economy develops further


1490
00:57:27,380 --> 00:57:28,940
environmental protection is receiving more attention


1491
00:57:28,940 --> 00:57:32,220
With the Chinese public calling for higher fuel standards


1492
00:57:32,220 --> 00:57:34,900
real changes have been made within the CPSC


1493
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,740
Although members from the oil industries still make up over half of the committee


1494
00:57:37,740 --> 00:57:39,660
the number of members from outside the oil industry


1495
00:57:39,660 --> 00:57:41,620
has increased during the past two years


1496
00:57:41,620 --> 00:57:43,860
The committee has also set up a voting system


1497
00:57:43,860 --> 00:57:45,500
In the end, each country's standards for oil and gasoline quality


1498
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:50,020
emerge from balancing the needs of the economy and the environment


1499
00:57:50,020 --> 00:57:53,380
Future changes to the CPSC will emerge from this balancing act


1500
00:57:57,380 --> 00:58:00,420
In China, in addition to the low oil standards


1501
00:58:00,420 --> 00:58:04,460
there is another problem that I could never have imagined before I started out


1502
00:58:04,460 --> 00:58:08,820
That is, half of the oil in China is completely unregulated


1503
00:58:08,820 --> 00:58:12,900
Out of the world’s top ten ports, seven are in China


1504
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:15,740
Ocean-going cargo vessels cause so much pollution


1505
00:58:15,740 --> 00:58:17,820
that  within 400 meters of the coast


1506
00:58:17,820 --> 00:58:20,980
emissions from ships are equivalent to emissions from 500,000 trucks


1507
00:58:20,980 --> 00:58:25,460
So, in Shenzhen, 60% of the sulfur dioxide is from ships


1508
00:58:25,460 --> 00:58:28,900
Maybe you don’t live by a harbor, but you do live by a river


1509
00:58:28,900 --> 00:58:30,860
There are more than 200,000 boats like this in China


1510
00:58:30,860 --> 00:58:34,140
burning heavy oil of the lowest quality


1511
00:58:34,140 --> 00:58:35,620
How polluting can it get?


1512
00:58:35,620 --> 00:58:37,580
At some harbors, you can even pick up


1513
00:58:37,580 --> 00:58:38,980
grains of black carbon with your hand


1514
00:58:38,980 --> 00:58:41,460
Or maybe you live near an airport


1515
00:58:41,460 --> 00:58:43,820
When a plane takes off, that's one ton of kerosene burned


1516
00:58:43,820 --> 00:58:46,020
and when it lands, that's another ton


1517
00:58:46,020 --> 00:58:47,580
So at Baiyun Airport in Guangzhou


1518
00:58:47,580 --> 00:58:50,860
the daily emissions are equivalent to emissions from 600,000 taxis


1519
00:58:52,460 --> 00:58:56,580
Maybe you don’t live by a harbor, along a river, or near an airport


1520
00:58:56,580 --> 00:58:58,900
but you've certainly seen vehicles like this


1521
00:58:58,900 --> 00:59:01,060
These are construction vehicles


1522
00:59:01,060 --> 00:59:02,860
Once in Hebei province I saw one of these


1523
00:59:02,860 --> 00:59:04,860
and I thought something up ahead was on fire


1524
00:59:04,860 --> 00:59:06,140
When I overtook it on the road


1525
00:59:06,140 --> 00:59:07,620
I realized it was the source of that black smoke


1526
00:59:07,620 --> 00:59:10,320
Then we followed it into a village


1527
00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:11,770
The entrance of the village looked like this


1528
00:59:11,770 --> 00:59:12,900
(Sign: Diesel)


1529
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:18,020
We saw a small room at the entrance with villagers playing mahjong and selling lottery tickets


1530
00:59:18,020 --> 00:59:20,300
They sold diesel and coal slurry, too


1531
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:22,500
I had no idea where the diesel came from


1532
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:24,500
I was with some officials from the MEP


1533
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:28,100
and they suggested we should go investigate


1534
00:59:28,100 --> 00:59:30,580
So they bought a diesel can on the spot


1535
00:59:30,580 --> 00:59:33,700
and then went into the nearest privately-owned gas station


1536
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:36,180
I was the last one out of the car and by the time I got out


1537
00:59:36,180 --> 00:59:38,580
the official's government ID had already been taken away by the owner


1538
00:59:39,840 --> 00:59:42,970
Station Owner: You… you guys… what do you want…


1539
00:59:42,970 --> 00:59:44,980
I’m… I’m not giving (your ID) back


1540
00:59:44,980 --> 00:59:46,910
Environment Officer: (We are from) the EPB enforcement.


1541
00:59:46,910 --> 00:59:48,160
EPB enforcement? What are you doing here?


1542
00:59:48,160 --> 00:59:49,570
This is a random inspection.


1543
00:59:49,570 --> 00:59:51,120
You… You want to inspect? Inspect what...?


1544
00:59:51,120 --> 00:59:53,000
No… What right do you EPB guys have to take samples for investigation…


1545
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:54,000
EPB… do... do… do... do you even have...?


1546
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:55,120
We're going to run a test.


1547
00:59:55,120 --> 00:59:56,810
No no no... You EPB guys have... what is this...


1548
00:59:56,810 --> 00:59:58,930
Yes, yes, of course we have the authority to monitor diesel quality


1549
00:59:58,930 --> 00:59:59,940
there is… the Technical Monitoring Authority…


1550
00:59:59,940 --> 01:00:01,980
Diesel Quality Monitoring Authority… governed by the (Oil) Union Authority


1551
01:00:01,980 --> 01:00:02,980
The EPB has [the authority] too


1552
01:00:02,980 --> 01:00:04,980
Environmental Protection… This is the first time I’ve heard of it, what does the EPB care?


1553
01:00:04,980 --> 01:00:07,830
Let me tell you… you… take… take… take the sample… take a prepared sample


1554
01:00:07,830 --> 01:00:10,680
Yes… there is this… Technical Monitoring Authority… there is this… that...


1555
01:00:10,680 --> 01:00:12,440
Yes… there's the “Air Pollution Prevention Act”


1556
01:00:12,440 --> 01:00:13,730
“Air Pollution Prevention Act?”


1557
01:00:13,730 --> 01:00:15,220
“The EPB has the authority and obligation…”


1558
01:00:15,220 --> 01:00:17,460
You… have the obligation… you have the obligation, but not the authority


1559
01:00:19,020 --> 01:00:21,060
When the owner finished that sentence


1560
01:00:21,060 --> 01:00:22,740
each of us was left speechless


1561
01:00:22,740 --> 01:00:26,100
All we could do was take our diesel can and leave


1562
01:00:26,100 --> 01:00:28,380
He'd put it so ruthlessly


1563
01:00:28,380 --> 01:00:30,900
From coal, to oil, and on down the list


1564
01:00:30,900 --> 01:00:33,580
We consume so much coal and oil


1565
01:00:33,580 --> 01:00:36,620
Our coal and oil quality is relatively low


1566
01:00:36,620 --> 01:00:38,020
We don't do enough to clean it


1567
01:00:38,020 --> 01:00:41,020
and when we emit, we don't regulate that enough either


1568
01:00:41,020 --> 01:00:43,300
All along, I have wanted to know why


1569
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:44,820
until this gas station owner


1570
01:00:44,820 --> 01:00:47,660
Without even realizing it himself, in a single sentence


1571
01:00:47,660 --> 01:00:49,340
cut straight to the heart of the matter


1572
01:00:55,420 --> 01:00:56,300
Less than half of our coal is washed


1573
01:00:56,300 --> 01:00:57,140
There are no restrictions


1574
01:00:57,140 --> 01:00:57,860
There are no standards


1575
01:00:57,860 --> 01:00:59,020
There are no national regulations


1576
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:00,090
Requirements for coal washing: none


1577
01:01:00,140 --> 01:01:02,460
What about the steel industry in Hebei?


1578
01:01:02,460 --> 01:01:05,420
It's reached the point where nothing can stop them


1579
01:01:05,420 --> 01:01:06,260
Polluting companies: unstoppable


1580
01:01:06,260 --> 01:01:08,020
The operators of this truck


1581
01:01:08,020 --> 01:01:08,940
have not been fined


1582
01:01:08,940 --> 01:01:12,020
No penalties have been applied in 14 years? No, never


1583
01:01:12,020 --> 01:01:13,140
Over-emitting vehicles: enforcement responsibility unclear, cannot be recalled


1584
01:01:13,140 --> 01:01:14,900
Over 90% are individuals from the petrochemical industry


1585
01:01:14,900 --> 01:01:17,420
I don’t think the environmental protection authorities understand


1586
01:01:17,420 --> 01:01:18,340
Petroleum standards: unregulatable


1587
01:01:18,340 --> 01:01:19,980
This is the conundrum of environmental protection


1588
01:01:19,980 --> 01:01:21,460
Now I don't dare open my mouth


1589
01:01:21,460 --> 01:01:22,740
I fear that people will notice I have no teeth


1590
01:01:22,740 --> 01:01:24,740
Environmental protection authorities have an obligation and the authority


1591
01:01:24,740 --> 01:01:26,900
You have an obligation, but not the authority


1592
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:28,900
Petroleum product quality: no inspection authority


1593
01:01:28,900 --> 01:01:30,900
“Isn't that the conundrum of environmental protection?”


1594
01:01:31,020 --> 01:01:35,060
So one night there was an environmental protection professional


1595
01:01:35,060 --> 01:01:36,820
who sent me this photo


1596
01:01:38,860 --> 01:01:41,820
This is a photo taken in 1999


1597
01:01:41,820 --> 01:01:43,220
He graduated from university that year


1598
01:01:43,220 --> 01:01:44,700
He said he was motivated by a calling


1599
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:46,740
So he went to work for the Environmental Protection Bureau


1600
01:01:46,740 --> 01:01:48,620
He wanted to make a difference


1601
01:01:48,620 --> 01:01:54,740
He said, “Sometimes, I feel like I'm nothing more than a mascot." (laughter)


1602
01:01:54,740 --> 01:01:55,740
So I tried to console him


1603
01:01:55,740 --> 01:01:57,540
I said, “Why do you think so?”


1604
01:01:57,540 --> 01:02:01,380
He said, “You are an investigative reporter


1605
01:02:01,380 --> 01:02:03,580
you must know this better than me”


1606
01:02:03,580 --> 01:02:05,580
2004 interview


1607
01:02:06,540 --> 01:02:09,060
(Suppose) you didn’t get the government approval for land use do you dare to build?


1608
01:02:09,060 --> 01:02:10,420
Ren Baoming - Legal representative, Hongta Coal Washing & Coking Factory


1609
01:02:10,420 --> 01:02:11,380
We wouldn't dare


1610
01:02:11,940 --> 01:02:13,660
Suppose you don’t get the approval from the Administration for Industry and Commerce


1611
01:02:13,660 --> 01:02:14,780
Or the approval from Taxation Bureau


1612
01:02:14,780 --> 01:02:15,540
Do you dare to build?


1613
01:02:15,540 --> 01:02:16,900
No, no


1614
01:02:16,900 --> 01:02:18,500
So why, when you don't have EPB approval, it's all fine?


1615
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:20,420
We should have EPB approval


1616
01:02:20,420 --> 01:02:20,980
We ought to


1617
01:02:20,980 --> 01:02:21,940
Eventually, we will get it


1618
01:02:22,740 --> 01:02:23,820
Eventually, we will get it


1619
01:02:23,820 --> 01:02:24,540
Exactly


1620
01:02:25,420 --> 01:02:27,440
Did you know about these situations?


1621
01:02:27,440 --> 01:02:28,580
We have taken steps


1622
01:02:28,580 --> 01:02:29,530
Zeng Shumao - Bureau Chief, Environmental Protection Bureau of Xiaoyi City, Shanxi


1623
01:02:29,530 --> 01:02:31,340
On-site checking, inquiries and records


1624
01:02:31,340 --> 01:02:32,860
then impose a penalty


1625
01:02:32,860 --> 01:02:35,740
But the fact is he still went ahead and built, and even went into production


1626
01:02:36,180 --> 01:02:38,300
We finished the procedure that was required


1627
01:02:38,300 --> 01:02:40,100
We issued the Letter of Penalty that was required


1628
01:02:41,180 --> 01:02:43,820
There is nothing we can do if the enterprises do not stop


1629
01:02:43,820 --> 01:02:44,900
This is a kind of helplessness


1630
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:47,180
Then what you've got here should be considered illegal construction


1631
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:49,780
Oh well, it's hard to find factories that do not violate regulations


1632
01:02:49,780 --> 01:02:50,940
Zhang Xuguang - Mayor, Xiaoyi City, Shanxi


1633
01:02:50,940 --> 01:02:52,620
The government’s attitude towards coal coking


1634
01:02:52,620 --> 01:02:54,020
We are always cool-headed


1635
01:02:54,020 --> 01:02:55,780
after we took steps


1636
01:02:55,780 --> 01:02:59,180
Previous trends were stopped by us


1637
01:02:59,180 --> 01:03:00,500
They were stopped


1638
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:03,540
If they stopped, why are there more than 30 projects still violating regulations?


1639
01:03:03,540 --> 01:03:07,420
As the Xiaoyi municipal government, our attitude is clear and firm


1640
01:03:07,420 --> 01:03:08,900
If your attitude is clear and firm


1641
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:10,260
Then these unlawful projects should be


1642
01:03:10,260 --> 01:03:11,820
Not one should have started


1643
01:03:13,440 --> 01:03:15,260
Liu Xiangdong - Bureau Chief, Shanxi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau


1644
01:03:15,260 --> 01:03:18,860
This cat, it's the local government's cat


1645
01:03:18,860 --> 01:03:21,540
Whether this cat can catch mice or not


1646
01:03:21,540 --> 01:03:23,620
and how many mice it can catch, is decided by the local government


1647
01:03:23,620 --> 01:03:24,740
It is not decided by the environmental protection authority


1648
01:03:24,740 --> 01:03:29,620
We walked for hundreds of meters along the coastline and saw the same black chemical silt


1649
01:03:29,620 --> 01:03:31,980
We could smell 4-5 different kinds of chemicals


1650
01:03:31,980 --> 01:03:35,180
The odor here is the kind of smell that stings your nose


1651
01:03:35,180 --> 01:03:36,260
What is that smell?


1652
01:03:36,260 --> 01:03:37,570
Chen Zhiming - Vice General Manager, Zhejiang Haizheng Pharmaceutical


1653
01:03:37,570 --> 01:03:39,420
My sense of smell may not be as sensitive as yours


1654
01:03:40,220 --> 01:03:41,660
You said that you cannot smell it


1655
01:03:44,380 --> 01:03:49,580
My sensitivity is not as good as yours (laughter)


1656
01:03:52,580 --> 01:03:53,260
One ton of steel


1657
01:03:53,260 --> 01:03:56,260
if you cut all the costs of environmental protection measures


1658
01:03:56,260 --> 01:04:00,140
you could save 100 RMB ($16) per ton


1659
01:04:00,140 --> 01:04:03,580
For one ton of coal, you could save 156 RMB ($25)


1660
01:04:03,580 --> 01:04:08,620
On one truck, if you avoid installing any environmental protection equipment you can save 20,000 RMB ($3,200)


1661
01:04:08,620 --> 01:04:10,620
If you avoid upgrading petroleum products by a single grade


1662
01:04:10,620 --> 01:04:13,660
you can save 50 billion RMB ($8 billion)


1663
01:04:13,660 --> 01:04:14,820
10 years ago


1664
01:04:14,820 --> 01:04:16,940
I asked what the smell in the air was


1665
01:04:16,940 --> 01:04:19,380
I received no answer


1666
01:04:19,380 --> 01:04:21,620
Now I know


1667
01:04:21,620 --> 01:04:24,580
It is the stink of money


1668
01:04:24,580 --> 01:04:25,900
In that interview I recorded years ago


1669
01:04:25,900 --> 01:04:28,380
the local secretary said to me:


1670
01:04:28,380 --> 01:04:32,420
“You absolutely must film my achievements in pollution management!”


1671
01:04:32,420 --> 01:04:34,300
So he made me film this clip


1672
01:04:39,340 --> 01:04:42,740
He was quite satisfied and said


1673
01:04:42,740 --> 01:04:47,140
Miss Chai, I demolished this smokestack especially for you! (laughter)


1674
01:04:47,140 --> 01:04:48,980
3 years later, I went there again


1675
01:04:48,980 --> 01:04:52,100
An even larger smokestack had been built in the same place (laughter)


1676
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:53,540
Actually, environmental protection facilities were installed at the same time


1677
01:04:53,540 --> 01:04:55,780
But when I asked: "Have the facilities ever been used?"


1678
01:04:55,780 --> 01:04:57,860
The manager rubbed his hands together, and answered, "Yes… Soon, soon."


1679
01:05:00,060 --> 01:05:01,620
At that time the local secretary said to me:


1680
01:05:01,620 --> 01:05:03,740
“Everyone tells me, 'Environmental Protection, Environmental Protection...'


1681
01:05:03,740 --> 01:05:07,500
Let me ask you, who would dare slow down China's economic development?"


1682
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:09,060
I am also keen to know the answer


1683
01:05:09,060 --> 01:05:11,900
So 10 years later, I visited a steel market in Hebei Province


1684
01:05:13,380 --> 01:05:16,540
When I went in it was quite empty


1685
01:05:16,540 --> 01:05:18,700
The raw steel was already rusting


1686
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:20,300
hidden in the wild grass


1687
01:05:20,300 --> 01:05:22,780
Some of it had even become birds' nests


1688
01:05:22,780 --> 01:05:25,380
I asked this young steel salesman:


1689
01:05:25,380 --> 01:05:26,900
“How is your business?”


1690
01:05:26,900 --> 01:05:29,660
He replied: “Do you see any trucks coming to carry the steel?”


1691
01:05:29,660 --> 01:05:30,900
He said, “So many steel enterprises


1692
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:32,260
all produce completely identical,


1693
01:05:32,260 --> 01:05:34,460
low–end products


1694
01:05:34,460 --> 01:05:37,940
They compete with each other only on the basis of quantity


1695
01:05:37,940 --> 01:05:40,060
At this point I'd rather be selling cabbages!”


1696
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:43,900
When we produce one ton of steel


1697
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:45,700
how many resources will we consume?


1698
01:05:47,580 --> 01:05:49,020
600 kilograms of coal


1699
01:05:49,020 --> 01:05:50,380
3 to 6 tons of water


1700
01:05:50,380 --> 01:05:51,700
And what pollutants will we emit?


1701
01:05:51,700 --> 01:05:53,060
1.53 kilograms of sulfur dioxide


1702
01:05:53,060 --> 01:05:54,780
1 kilogram of smoke and soot


1703
01:05:54,780 --> 01:05:58,740
And what is the profit for producing one ton of steel?


1704
01:05:58,740 --> 01:05:59,740
You can take a guess


1705
01:06:02,220 --> 01:06:03,060
How much?


1706
01:06:04,260 --> 01:06:05,300
RMB 1000 ($160)?


1707
01:06:06,580 --> 01:06:09,180
Not even enough to buy a pickled egg


1708
01:06:09,180 --> 01:06:12,660
One ton of stell, in 2014


1709
01:06:12,660 --> 01:06:14,220
was less than 2 RMB ($0.30)


1710
01:06:14,220 --> 01:06:16,100
What about when we burn one ton of coal?


1711
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:18,340
How much pollution will we release?


1712
01:06:18,340 --> 01:06:19,580
1.53 kilograms of sulfur dioxide


1713
01:06:19,580 --> 01:06:21,020
3 to 9 kilograms of nitrogen dioxide


1714
01:06:21,020 --> 01:06:22,380
2 kilograms of carbon monoxide


1715
01:06:22,380 --> 01:06:23,540
9-11 kilograms of soot


1716
01:06:23,540 --> 01:06:27,700
Can you guess how much profit there is in one ton of coal?


1717
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:29,980
Two pickled eggs?


1718
01:06:29,980 --> 01:06:31,980
You're still overestimating


1719
01:06:31,980 --> 01:06:35,300
You couldn't even afford a soda


1720
01:06:35,300 --> 01:06:37,780
Of our 36 different heavy industries


1721
01:06:37,780 --> 01:06:40,460
22 are in serious overproduction


1722
01:06:40,460 --> 01:06:41,860
Mr Cao Xianghong from Sinopec


1723
01:06:41,860 --> 01:06:43,580
said one thing that was very accurate:


1724
01:06:43,580 --> 01:06:45,620
“It's like a person who looks big


1725
01:06:45,620 --> 01:06:48,140
but it's all fat and no muscle.”


1726
01:06:48,140 --> 01:06:53,940
But these enterprises are still receiving  large subsidies


1727
01:06:53,940 --> 01:06:57,660
You can see here, between 2011 – 2013


1728
01:06:57,660 --> 01:07:00,580
the government has given these publicly traded steel companies


1729
01:07:00,580 --> 01:07:02,100
this many subsidies


1730
01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:03,580
In order to prevent one of the companies


1731
01:07:03,580 --> 01:07:04,940
from being taken off the stock exchange


1732
01:07:04,940 --> 01:07:06,780
the government subsidized it every other year


1733
01:07:06,780 --> 01:07:07,980
How much has it been subsidized?


1734
01:07:07,980 --> 01:07:11,940
Tens, thousands, ten thousands, billions...


1735
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:16,220
2 billion RMB ($320 million)


1736
01:07:16,220 --> 01:07:19,180
Two years later, another 2 billion RMB


1737
01:07:19,180 --> 01:07:22,140
Another one of these companies which had already posted severe losses


1738
01:07:22,140 --> 01:07:26,740
hung a slogan in their office after receiving the subsidy


1739
01:07:26,740 --> 01:07:29,820
It reads: “With intense struggle and indomitable spirit,


1740
01:07:29,820 --> 01:07:33,020
we vow that our steel will be 100 RMB ($16) cheaper than XX Corporation's.”


1741
01:07:33,020 --> 01:07:37,340
That's why the Deputy Head of the Central Bank, Mr Liu Shiyu, has called these companies ‘zombie companies’


1742
01:07:37,340 --> 01:07:39,540
They are consuming huge amounts of financial resources


1743
01:07:39,540 --> 01:07:42,780
They are going to bring a huge amount of unforeseeable risk to our real economy


1744
01:07:42,780 --> 01:07:45,220
And these companies are still expanding, even now


1745
01:07:45,220 --> 01:07:47,900
Two days ago I received a letter from a little girl


1746
01:07:47,900 --> 01:07:50,660
She said to me, a coke plant near her home


1747
01:07:50,660 --> 01:07:53,540
is expanding and is going to demolish her family's house


1748
01:07:53,540 --> 01:07:56,020
Her dad refused to agree, and so he was beaten


1749
01:07:56,020 --> 01:07:57,500
She hoped I could help her


1750
01:07:59,140 --> 01:08:01,620
This is the same little girl I interviewed ten years ago


1751
01:08:01,620 --> 01:08:04,220
Little Wang Huiqing, who had never seen stars or white clouds


1752
01:08:04,220 --> 01:08:05,740
I asked her, “How is your health these days?”


1753
01:08:05,740 --> 01:08:07,260
She told me, “Auntie, I can't worry about my health now.


1754
01:08:07,260 --> 01:08:09,580
I just want my whole family to have a place to live.”


1755
01:08:11,140 --> 01:08:13,740
Thank goodness, when I gave her a call two days ago she said


1756
01:08:13,740 --> 01:08:16,140
the owner of the coke plant had just been taken away by the authorities (laughter)


1757
01:08:17,980 --> 01:08:21,220
But, as for these industries that are already considered to be excessively over-producing


1758
01:08:21,220 --> 01:08:23,860
in half of the provinces of China, they are still listed as ‘key industries’


1759
01:08:23,860 --> 01:08:26,380
in the 25th Five-Year Plan for economic development.


1760
01:08:26,380 --> 01:08:28,380
There is a simple underlying reason


1761
01:08:28,380 --> 01:08:32,220
If we urbanize and continue to develop we only need to increase urbanization by 1%


1762
01:08:32,220 --> 01:08:33,580
and all this excess supply could easily be consumed


1763
01:08:33,580 --> 01:08:35,340
Where there is housing development, there is demand for steel


1764
01:08:35,340 --> 01:08:36,980
Where there is road construction there will be cars


1765
01:08:36,980 --> 01:08:37,500
Right?


1766
01:08:38,820 --> 01:08:40,780
Mr Jiang from Tsinghua University told me


1767
01:08:40,780 --> 01:08:44,340
China's urban development is itself in a severe state of over-production


1768
01:08:44,340 --> 01:08:46,820
The situation is even worse than in industry


1769
01:08:46,820 --> 01:08:48,140
I didn't really believe it


1770
01:08:48,140 --> 01:08:49,660
because I feel like over the past 30 years


1771
01:08:49,660 --> 01:08:51,940
social changes in ordinary families such as mine


1772
01:08:51,940 --> 01:08:53,220
and improvement in general living standards


1773
01:08:53,220 --> 01:08:55,020
were all achieved thanks to urbanization


1774
01:08:55,940 --> 01:09:00,060
When I was young my little sister and I grew up in a traditional house


1775
01:09:00,060 --> 01:09:01,580
It had 300 years of history


1776
01:09:01,580 --> 01:09:03,100
It housed a dozen families


1777
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:06,780
Later, our living conditions improved when we moved into housing provided by my mom’s work unit


1778
01:09:06,780 --> 01:09:10,860
The accommodation we were given was 12 square meters and housed five of us


1779
01:09:10,860 --> 01:09:14,300
When we slept at night we added another wooden plank


1780
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:16,540
to the bed frame and put a chair underneath to hold it up


1781
01:09:16,540 --> 01:09:17,860
Then it became a double bed


1782
01:09:19,140 --> 01:09:20,940
This was the window of my bedroom


1783
01:09:20,940 --> 01:09:23,100
Wasn’t it nice?


1784
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:25,380
In reality the bedroom was very small, there was no window


1785
01:09:25,380 --> 01:09:27,460
so I could only hang a picture on the wall


1786
01:09:27,460 --> 01:09:30,500
It represented the fantasies of a very young creative spirit


1787
01:09:32,460 --> 01:09:35,020
This picture was taken when I was about to go off to university


1788
01:09:35,020 --> 01:09:36,500
It shows what our county seat looked like


1789
01:09:36,500 --> 01:09:39,060
I used to walk to school along this road


1790
01:09:39,060 --> 01:09:41,340
This is what it was like back in those days


1791
01:09:41,340 --> 01:09:43,140
The changes in living standards my family saw over the years


1792
01:09:43,140 --> 01:09:45,980
proves that there are millions of households all in need of new construction


1793
01:09:45,980 --> 01:09:46,860
(Mr Jiang) asked me


1794
01:09:46,860 --> 01:09:48,820
“Hasn't it been a long time since you last went back to Shanxi?”


1795
01:09:48,820 --> 01:09:49,660
I said he was right


1796
01:09:49,660 --> 01:09:51,460
He said, “Why don’t you go back and have a look?”


1797
01:09:51,460 --> 01:09:53,860
This year I took my child to visit Shanxi


1798
01:09:53,860 --> 01:09:56,540
and took this video with my phone along the way


1799
01:10:08,790 --> 01:10:13,960
(Billboards advertising new apartment complexes)


1800
01:10:49,860 --> 01:10:52,700
I am happy to see some changes happening in my hometown


1801
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:55,340
because people there need wealth, they need development


1802
01:10:55,340 --> 01:10:56,780
But what surprises me


1803
01:10:56,780 --> 01:10:59,220
is that I saw so many advertisements for real estate


1804
01:10:59,260 --> 01:11:00,940
within the city, and so many construction sites


1805
01:11:00,940 --> 01:11:02,380
But they're empty


1806
01:11:02,420 --> 01:11:04,820
I then asked a relative who has invested a lot in the local housing market


1807
01:11:04,820 --> 01:11:07,100
how many flats in this particular development have been sold


1808
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:08,660
He said, only 20-30% have been sold


1809
01:11:08,660 --> 01:11:10,140
I asked, “How come they've sold so few?”


1810
01:11:10,140 --> 01:11:11,660
He hesitated and said:


1811
01:11:11,660 --> 01:11:13,020
“Since the real name policy was implemented


1812
01:11:13,020 --> 01:11:15,500
for government officials buying real estate, they haven’t been selling too well.”


1813
01:11:15,500 --> 01:11:19,460
(My relative) booked a local hotel for my family


1814
01:11:19,460 --> 01:11:21,180
I was so shocked when I arrived at the hotel gate


1815
01:11:21,180 --> 01:11:25,140
because it claims to be a “five-star hotel”


1816
01:11:25,140 --> 01:11:27,380
and I was booked into the “Presidential Suite”


1817
01:11:27,380 --> 01:11:28,460
I said, “No you don’t have to!”


1818
01:11:28,460 --> 01:11:29,540
He said, “Don’t worry


1819
01:11:29,540 --> 01:11:33,300
It only costs 200 RMB ($32 USD).” (laughter)


1820
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:36,660
We drove our car into the parking lot


1821
01:11:36,660 --> 01:11:39,940
and it didn't have a single light, it was in total darkness


1822
01:11:39,940 --> 01:11:42,980
And then this middle-aged guy came along carrying a big flashlight


1823
01:11:42,980 --> 01:11:44,100
to light our way


1824
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:46,420
He guided us into the hotel lobby


1825
01:11:46,420 --> 01:11:49,700
He then continued to use his big flashlight and led us down the corridors to our room


1826
01:11:49,700 --> 01:11:53,580
There were no lights in the entire hotel because nobody was staying in it


1827
01:11:55,460 --> 01:11:56,300
When I got back to Beijing


1828
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:57,980
I brought this up with Professor Jiang


1829
01:11:57,980 --> 01:12:01,940
He told me, "The Shanxi that you witnessed is a microcosm of the rest of the country


1830
01:12:01,940 --> 01:12:05,100
In China we lose 80 traditional villages everyday


1831
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:07,940
Houses have an average lifespan of a mere 30 years


1832
01:12:07,940 --> 01:12:09,820
There are more than 200 municipalities in China


1833
01:12:09,820 --> 01:12:14,220
184 of which have plans to become so-called “international metropolises”


1834
01:12:14,220 --> 01:12:15,580
We have a population of 1.3 billion


1835
01:12:15,580 --> 01:12:18,540
If we take into account the plans laid out by these municipalities


1836
01:12:18,540 --> 01:12:20,460
the population adds up to 3.4 billion


1837
01:12:21,340 --> 01:12:24,500
I came to Beijing carrying a small suitcase in 1998


1838
01:12:24,500 --> 01:12:28,700
I studied, worked and found, in this city


1839
01:12:28,700 --> 01:12:30,500
a sense of self-worth and belonging


1840
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:33,460
If China hadn’t been urbanized, I’d still be back in Shanxi


1841
01:12:33,460 --> 01:12:35,660
Working a menial job that my parents found for me


1842
01:12:35,660 --> 01:12:38,300
Wearing blue overalls and spending the rest of my life using an abacus


1843
01:12:38,300 --> 01:12:45,220
Cities gave us our personal freedom and gave this nation three decades of prosperity


1844
01:12:45,220 --> 01:12:47,580
When there are 300-400 million people knocking on our cities’ doors


1845
01:12:47,580 --> 01:12:49,980
Urbanization becomes an unavoidable reality


1846
01:12:49,980 --> 01:12:53,380
and those who enter will bring unimaginable culture and wealth to this country


1847
01:12:53,380 --> 01:12:55,820
But if we don't change our current model of using capital


1848
01:12:55,820 --> 01:12:59,900
to fuel industry and urban development, what will be the consequences?


1849
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,660
The Development Research Center of the State Council projects that in 15 years


1850
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:04,860
our coal consumption will rise to 6 billion tons


1851
01:13:04,860 --> 01:13:07,300
while the number of vehicles will rise to 400 million


1852
01:13:07,300 --> 01:13:08,300
So what does that mean for us?


1853
01:13:08,340 --> 01:13:09,940
Professor Ni of Tsinghua University told me


1854
01:13:09,940 --> 01:13:12,820
“This means that even before we run out of natural resources,


1855
01:13:12,820 --> 01:13:14,820
we will have exhausted the capacity of our environment.”


1856
01:13:14,820 --> 01:13:15,940
This means that now in China


1857
01:13:15,980 --> 01:13:20,700
the pollution and traffic jams have just started


1858
01:13:24,530 --> 01:13:25,680
The needs of a country


1859
01:13:25,680 --> 01:13:27,680
Beijing


1860
01:13:29,770 --> 01:13:32,560
Nanjing, Xi'an, Chengdu


1861
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:34,620
This photo was taken during the November 2014 APEC summit in Beijing


1862
01:14:34,620 --> 01:14:39,500
One morning, my husband took me to a place he often visited as a child


1863
01:14:39,500 --> 01:14:44,340
His father taught him ice skating, swimming, and fishing there


1864
01:14:45,780 --> 01:14:49,620
He said he loved to look at the texture of the ice in winter


1865
01:14:49,620 --> 01:14:52,740
It spread all the way to the corner turret of the Forbidden City


1866
01:14:52,740 --> 01:14:57,820
That was his memory of this elegant and ancient city


1867
01:14:57,820 --> 01:15:02,220
We looked at this scene together like a kid staring at the last piece of candy


1868
01:15:02,220 --> 01:15:04,420
You know that if you don't eat it, it will melt


1869
01:15:04,420 --> 01:15:06,380
But you also know that once you eat it, it will disappear


1870
01:15:06,380 --> 01:15:09,660
Now we felt that same sense of sweetness, anxiety and frustration


1871
01:15:09,660 --> 01:15:10,740
Wang Yuesi, Researcher, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics


1872
01:15:10,740 --> 01:15:12,660
I am a native of Beijing


1873
01:15:12,660 --> 01:15:14,500
When I was a child, the sky was blue and the clouds were white


1874
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:17,020
The canal water was so clear we could see the bottom, we could catch fish with our hands


1875
01:15:17,020 --> 01:15:18,940
I also grew up here


1876
01:15:18,940 --> 01:15:20,980
I also remember what it was like when I was still a child


1877
01:15:20,980 --> 01:15:23,380
Standing on Chang'an Avenue, we could see all the way to the Western Hills


1878
01:15:23,380 --> 01:15:25,980
Having clean air is not an impossible task


1879
01:15:25,980 --> 01:15:27,620
It's completely achievable


1880
01:15:27,620 --> 01:15:29,780
It just depends how determined you are


1881
01:15:29,780 --> 01:15:35,340
I hope and believe that with dedication and hard work, we'll be able to keep our "APEC Blue"


1882
01:15:37,180 --> 01:15:39,260
When I got back, I asked the experts at the Chinese Academy of Sciences:


1883
01:15:39,260 --> 01:15:43,380
“Can you tell me, what would it take if we want to keep our APEC Blue?”


1884
01:15:44,220 --> 01:15:48,380
He said, we must cut emissions of sulfur dioxide by this much against 2013 levels


1885
01:15:48,380 --> 01:15:49,780
nitrogen oxide by this much


1886
01:15:49,780 --> 01:15:51,260
and PM2.5 by this much


1887
01:15:51,260 --> 01:15:56,020
In short, we would have to cut our pollutants by more than half in exchange for that blue sky


1888
01:15:57,230 --> 01:15:59,700
During the APEC Summit, China and the US issued a joint statement


1889
01:15:59,920 --> 01:16:02,370
China pledged that its carbon emissions will peak around 2030


1890
01:16:02,370 --> 01:16:05,050
and non-fossil energy sources will make up 20% of its energy infrastructure


1891
01:16:05,050 --> 01:16:06,540
Coal dominates our country's energy infrastructure


1892
01:16:06,540 --> 01:16:08,260
and is a source of both carbon emissions and smog


1893
01:16:08,260 --> 01:16:10,220
Reducing our carbon output and cutting toxic emissions go hand in hand


1894
01:16:10,220 --> 01:16:13,900
When I set the goal for 2030, I specified that should be our peak


1895
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:16,100
It is actually a “reverse coercion system.”


1896
01:16:16,100 --> 01:16:18,500
So we will start moving on the green, low-carbon path


1897
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:22,500
People may ask, to protect the environment, do we really have to sacrifice economic development?


1898
01:16:22,500 --> 01:16:23,780
That's a debt you have to settle


1899
01:16:23,780 --> 01:16:26,540
If you've acted wrongly before, you have to make up for it now


1900
01:16:26,540 --> 01:16:30,060
The real problem now becomes, how do we increase the employment rate and the average income?


1901
01:16:30,060 --> 01:16:30,980
Through transformation


1902
01:16:30,980 --> 01:16:35,100
What if during this transformation some workers in some industries lose their jobs?


1903
01:16:35,180 --> 01:16:40,540
Right now, China's energy-saving and environmental protection industries generate over 3.7 trillion RMB ($590 billion) a year


1904
01:16:40,540 --> 01:16:44,100
and employ around 39 million people


1905
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:45,500
Don't forget, this is an industry too


1906
01:16:45,500 --> 01:16:51,060
But many people may wonder, will the Chinese government keep investing in economic growth?


1907
01:16:51,060 --> 01:16:52,940
If we want to maintain the rate of economic growth


1908
01:16:52,940 --> 01:16:57,220
the way to do it is precisely through green, low-carbon, recycling-focused programs


1909
01:16:57,220 --> 01:16:58,660
Consider the Great Smog of 1952 in London


1910
01:16:58,660 --> 01:16:59,860
or the smog crisis in Los Angeles


1911
01:16:59,860 --> 01:17:02,020
It took them six to seven decades to solve their problems


1912
01:17:02,020 --> 01:17:03,300
We can learn from their experience


1913
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,700
We will get through this stage much more quickly than they did


1914
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:09,020
Before, I was worried that


1915
01:17:09,020 --> 01:17:10,380
Beijing is still expanding


1916
01:17:10,380 --> 01:17:12,580
The number of cars is still increasing


1917
01:17:12,580 --> 01:17:14,140
Can pollution there really be reduced?


1918
01:17:14,140 --> 01:17:16,380
But this is Los Angeles


1919
01:17:16,380 --> 01:17:18,100
A place very similar to Beijing


1920
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:19,020
It also has mountains on three sides


1921
01:17:19,020 --> 01:17:20,780
So it's hard for polluted air to disperse


1922
01:17:20,780 --> 01:17:25,220
That’s why LA has also experienced large-scale photochemical smog


1923
01:17:25,220 --> 01:17:26,900
You can look at 1950


1924
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:30,420
These cans were sold in shops in Hollywood


1925
01:17:30,420 --> 01:17:32,420
They contained Los Angeles air


1926
01:17:32,420 --> 01:17:33,500
The can has a slogan on it


1927
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:36,100
“Buy one for somebody you hate!”


1928
01:17:36,100 --> 01:17:39,580
You can imagine the feelings and resentment of those who lived in LA at the time


1929
01:17:39,580 --> 01:17:41,660
However, since 1970


1930
01:17:41,660 --> 01:17:43,660
The number of cars in LA is still increasing


1931
01:17:43,660 --> 01:17:45,820
It has actually tripled


1932
01:17:45,820 --> 01:17:48,380
But what about emissions?


1933
01:17:48,380 --> 01:17:50,540
They have decreased by 75%


1934
01:17:50,540 --> 01:17:52,140
How did they do it?


1935
01:17:52,140 --> 01:17:54,300
I went to LA to find out


1936
01:17:59,260 --> 01:18:01,900
We are now in the air over Santa Monica


1937
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:04,660
You can see a layer of haze over there


1938
01:18:04,660 --> 01:18:05,860
That's the smog


1939
01:18:06,180 --> 01:18:09,500
We've often seen these tall buildings in Hollywood movies


1940
01:18:09,500 --> 01:18:12,660
But Los Angeles is not really a city of skyscrapers


1941
01:18:12,660 --> 01:18:16,460
All around those skyscrapers is a  flat expanse of one- and two-story buildings


1942
01:18:16,460 --> 01:18:24,460
This low-density urban development means you have to drive to get around in LA


1943
01:18:26,060 --> 01:18:29,900
Los Angeles’ sprawl is considered a classic case of failed urban planning


1944
01:18:29,900 --> 01:18:32,980
Its public transportation has not been developed or utilized to its fullest potential


1945
01:18:32,980 --> 01:18:35,020
This has caused an inevitable increase in car ownership


1946
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,820
In a city of 1.7 million people, there are about 1.3 million cars


1947
01:18:38,820 --> 01:18:40,380
That's almost one car per person


1948
01:18:40,380 --> 01:18:41,380
In the whole of California


1949
01:18:41,380 --> 01:18:44,900
850 million trips are made every day


1950
01:18:44,900 --> 01:18:46,060
If you add up all the fuel


1951
01:18:46,060 --> 01:18:48,460
It's enough to travel to the moon and back 1,600 times


1952
01:18:56,540 --> 01:18:57,220
Over there is a beer brewery,


1953
01:18:57,220 --> 01:18:58,100
and over there are huge warehouses


1954
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:01,900
This truck just came from the port of Long Beach


1955
01:19:01,900 --> 01:19:04,140
Take a look at this big Optimus Prime-looking guy


1956
01:19:04,140 --> 01:19:05,060
18 wheels


1957
01:19:05,060 --> 01:19:07,100
Over 20 meters long


1958
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:10,820
Its quality is like a tank or armored vehicle


1959
01:19:24,780 --> 01:19:26,620
CARB estimates that


1960
01:19:26,620 --> 01:19:31,220
71% of the carcinogens in Southern California’s atmosphere come from diesel vehicles


1961
01:19:31,220 --> 01:19:34,060
So all diesel vehicles are required to install a diesel particulate filter (DPF)


1962
01:19:34,060 --> 01:19:35,340
This is a special type of filter


1963
01:19:35,340 --> 01:19:37,140
It's like putting a dust mask on your truck


1964
01:19:37,140 --> 01:19:39,580
It can filter out 99% of particles


1965
01:19:41,940 --> 01:19:43,620
This driver is from Mexico


1966
01:19:43,620 --> 01:19:45,180
He drives an old 2005 model truck


1967
01:19:45,180 --> 01:19:47,100
The law says he must install a DPF


1968
01:19:47,100 --> 01:19:48,260
But he hasn't installed one


1969
01:19:48,260 --> 01:19:50,300
Although his truck's emission level is within compliance


1970
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:52,100
He will be still be fined $1,000 US dollars


1971
01:19:53,140 --> 01:19:55,660
Why didn't you install the DPF?


1972
01:19:55,660 --> 01:19:57,540
Not much money


1973
01:19:57,540 --> 01:19:59,060
He was waiting till the last minute


1974
01:19:59,060 --> 01:20:02,180
He makes around $4,000 a month


1975
01:20:02,180 --> 01:20:03,180
Now he has to pay a $1,000 ticket


1976
01:20:03,180 --> 01:20:04,500
That's a pretty high price


1977
01:20:05,460 --> 01:20:07,700
Sir, how many kids do you have?


1978
01:20:08,340 --> 01:20:10,620
Six


1979
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:15,020
What if he still doesn’t install the DPF?


1980
01:20:15,020 --> 01:20:15,860
We'll keep ticketing him


1981
01:20:15,860 --> 01:20:17,300
If you still don’t comply,


1982
01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:19,260
We'll report you to the DMV


1983
01:20:19,260 --> 01:20:21,060
And not allow you to renew your license plates


1984
01:20:21,060 --> 01:20:22,100
If you can't renew your plates,


1985
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:23,740
You can't drive, so you can't make money


1986
01:20:26,180 --> 01:20:27,140
To manage its pollution,


1987
01:20:27,140 --> 01:20:30,340
California had to enact the strictest standards for new motor vehicles


1988
01:20:30,340 --> 01:20:32,780
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to inspect any new vehicle


1989
01:20:32,780 --> 01:20:36,300
It has the right to inspect any car in use with up to 12,000 miles on it


1990
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:37,660
If it finds a factory has been violating the regulations


1991
01:20:37,660 --> 01:20:42,220
It will fine the car manufacturer $25,000 for each day since the vehicle left the factory


1992
01:20:42,220 --> 01:20:45,300
The EPA has the authority to require car manufacturers to recall all affected vehicles


1993
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:52,540
Paul Jacobs, California Air Resource Board, Branch Chief


1994
01:20:52,540 --> 01:20:55,260
45% of the citizens want to comply and be good corporate citizens


1995
01:20:55,260 --> 01:20:57,380
Another 45% say, “Well, I don’t really want to, but I’m going to because I might get caught.”


1996
01:20:57,380 --> 01:21:00,060
And 10% say, “Catch me.”


1997
01:21:00,060 --> 01:21:02,660
“I'm gonna go 100 miles per hour in the left lane of the freeway, come and catch me.”


1998
01:21:16,340 --> 01:21:18,940
This court settlement particularly interests me


1999
01:21:18,940 --> 01:21:20,340
I only realized afterwards that


2000
01:21:20,340 --> 01:21:24,620
The vehicle that was fined was imported from China


2001
01:21:24,620 --> 01:21:26,100
It was because of environmental labeling fraud


2002
01:21:26,100 --> 01:21:28,140
But this time, once they were caught,


2003
01:21:28,140 --> 01:21:31,780
They were fined about 400 million RMB [64 million USD]


2004
01:21:31,780 --> 01:21:34,060
Two of the people in charge went to jail


2005
01:21:34,060 --> 01:21:35,740
Human nature is the same all around the world


2006
01:21:35,740 --> 01:21:37,500
In the US, you can also find people


2007
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:38,900
who want to avoid punishment


2008
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:40,740
or break the law


2009
01:21:40,740 --> 01:21:44,220
But you can control 90% of them if you strictly enforce the law


2010
01:21:44,220 --> 01:21:45,780
If you do not enforce the law


2011
01:21:45,780 --> 01:21:47,420
It will be like the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau said


2012
01:21:47,420 --> 01:21:49,580
90% of vehicles will continue to commit environmental fraud


2013
01:21:51,260 --> 01:21:53,900
This year, the government is finally revising the “Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Law”


2014
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:55,100
In the current draft,


2015
01:21:55,100 --> 01:21:57,020
it authorizes the Chinese environmental


2016
01:21:57,020 --> 01:21:59,860
protection agencies to fine or recall fraudulent vehicles


2017
01:21:59,860 --> 01:22:02,820
However, it won't take effect until September 2015 at the earliest


2018
01:22:02,820 --> 01:22:03,820
So before then


2019
01:22:03,820 --> 01:22:04,860
Every night,


2020
01:22:04,860 --> 01:22:06,580
at this very moment


2021
01:22:06,580 --> 01:22:10,460
millions of trucks are traveling across


2022
01:22:10,460 --> 01:22:12,660
and polluting China's vast landscape.


2023
01:22:12,660 --> 01:22:13,860
How many of these trucks have fake environmental credentials?


2024
01:22:13,860 --> 01:22:15,380
How many of these trucks are emitting particles and pollution?


2025
01:22:15,380 --> 01:22:17,140
This is what we're all enduring


2026
01:22:18,580 --> 01:22:19,300
So before our [original] “Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China” expires


2027
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:24,940
So before our [original] “Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China” expires


2028
01:22:24,940 --> 01:22:27,980
Can we use it at least once?


2029
01:22:27,980 --> 01:22:31,940
Can we keep it from being viewed in our history like this?


2030
01:22:35,020 --> 01:22:35,900
Back then


2031
01:22:35,900 --> 01:22:38,380
When the U.S. wanted to establish strict standards


2032
01:22:38,380 --> 01:22:41,860
Once the U.S. car manufacturers heard this, they immediately made the effort and caught up


2033
01:22:41,860 --> 01:22:44,660
They constantly sued the EPA and did not want to change


2034
01:22:44,660 --> 01:22:45,620
Then,


2035
01:22:45,620 --> 01:22:47,060
some foreign car manufacturers said


2036
01:22:47,060 --> 01:22:48,500
“I can do it, I can comply!”


2037
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:49,460
Once the U.S. car manufacturers heard this,


2038
01:22:49,460 --> 01:22:52,020
they immediately made the effort and caught up


2039
01:22:52,020 --> 01:22:52,740
But sadly,


2040
01:22:52,740 --> 01:22:54,460
by then they’d lost half of their market share


2041
01:22:55,940 --> 01:22:58,100
So I asked the officials in the U.S. environmental protection agencies


2042
01:22:58,100 --> 01:23:03,380
“Are you afraid that you're hurting your national auto industry?”


2043
01:23:03,380 --> 01:23:04,860
They said


2044
01:23:04,860 --> 01:23:06,460
“Environmental protection isn't a burden”


2045
01:23:06,460 --> 01:23:07,980
“It’s innovation”


2046
01:23:07,980 --> 01:23:10,340
Safeguarding the past is no way to promote innovation


2047
01:23:10,340 --> 01:23:12,460
The government's role  is to set standards


2048
01:23:12,460 --> 01:23:15,020
and then ensure fair competition in the market


2049
01:23:15,020 --> 01:23:18,340
Fair competition will win in the market


2050
01:23:18,340 --> 01:23:22,780
But in China, coal  accounts for 70% of our energy consumption


2051
01:23:22,780 --> 01:23:24,380
Within the energy infrastructure we have,


2052
01:23:24,380 --> 01:23:26,580
how can we reduce coal?


2053
01:23:26,580 --> 01:23:28,580
Let's look at this graph of how London did it. (Graph: London Air Pollution Density, µg/m3)


2054
01:23:28,580 --> 01:23:32,260
Many people argue that it took London 40 or 50 years to get its air pollution under control


2055
01:23:32,260 --> 01:23:33,780
So we have to wait just as long


2056
01:23:33,780 --> 01:23:36,180
But is that true?


2057
01:23:36,180 --> 01:23:38,140
Look at this


2058
01:23:38,140 --> 01:23:40,700
In just the first ten years after they started to manage pollution,


2059
01:23:40,700 --> 01:23:43,180
they reduced pollutants by 80%


2060
01:23:43,180 --> 01:23:44,780
That's a huge improvement


2061
01:23:44,780 --> 01:23:46,460
Let’s see how London accomplished this


2062
01:23:49,180 --> 01:23:50,860
When the Great London Smog of 1952  happened,


2063
01:23:50,860 --> 01:23:53,740
90% of England’s energy consumption was coal


2064
01:23:53,740 --> 01:23:54,740
In 1953,


2065
01:23:54,740 --> 01:23:56,260
the average density of black particles


2066
01:23:56,260 --> 01:23:58,060
was 10 times higher than the European Union's standard


2067
01:23:58,060 --> 01:23:59,500
The pressure to control the smog


2068
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:01,140
was even greater than ours in China now


2069
01:24:01,140 --> 01:24:03,700
The English passed the “Clean Air Act” in 1956


2070
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:06,660
At every colliery we used to run waterers on the surface


2071
01:24:06,660 --> 01:24:08,020
so the coal would’ve been washed


2072
01:24:08,020 --> 01:24:10,220
before being sold on to customers


2073
01:24:10,220 --> 01:24:15,140
To use ordinary coal or to to use it in an open grate would be illegal


2074
01:24:15,140 --> 01:24:16,820
And that by the way is the grate


2075
01:24:16,820 --> 01:24:18,300
Do you still use it?


2076
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:19,700
We do sometimes


2077
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:21,940
It's smokeless coal. And this is called “home fire.”


2078
01:24:21,940 --> 01:24:25,260
The government funded 70% of the cost of furnace renovations for citizens


2079
01:24:25,700 --> 01:24:27,100
But punishments were strict as well


2080
01:24:27,460 --> 01:24:29,580
Violation could result in a £100 fine


2081
01:24:29,580 --> 01:24:30,420
Or even jail time


2082
01:24:30,420 --> 01:24:34,340
Installation of any apparatus emitting smoke is strictly prohibited


2083
01:24:34,340 --> 01:24:39,020
Smoke wardens could inspect a shop and decide that it was selling illegal materials


2084
01:24:39,020 --> 01:24:40,820
This is the last cart of coals from a former coal mine in South Wales


2085
01:24:42,620 --> 01:24:44,980
It stopped on this track in 1983


2086
01:24:45,860 --> 01:24:47,980
In the 20 years following the Great Smog of 1952,


2087
01:24:47,980 --> 01:24:50,500
oil replaced more than 20% of coal


2088
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:52,860
Natural gas replaced more than 30% of coal


2089
01:24:52,860 --> 01:24:55,260
Across the whole country's energy infrastructure,


2090
01:24:55,260 --> 01:24:57,940
coal dropped from 90% to 30% of total consumption


2091
01:24:57,940 --> 01:25:01,420
And heavy industry's share of the GDP also dropped 10%


2092
01:25:01,420 --> 01:25:03,380
Many coal mines and coal factories closed down


2093
01:25:03,380 --> 01:25:05,300
“And that's another London landmark gone.”


2094
01:25:05,820 --> 01:25:07,980
Millions of people used to work for the coal industry


2095
01:25:07,980 --> 01:25:10,300
How do you (miner) make money today?


2096
01:25:12,020 --> 01:25:14,020
Well, you have to find alternative employment


2097
01:25:14,020 --> 01:25:15,460
I’m not a rich man,


2098
01:25:15,460 --> 01:25:17,980
but at least I don’t have to worry about paying the bills


2099
01:25:17,980 --> 01:25:19,260
Mining to me, it was just a job


2100
01:25:19,260 --> 01:25:20,380
100 years ago


2101
01:25:20,380 --> 01:25:22,540
We had a million miners in the United Kingdom


2102
01:25:22,540 --> 01:25:24,620
We’ve just got tens of thousands now


2103
01:25:24,620 --> 01:25:28,100
But we've got more people in jobs than ever before in our history


2104
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:30,420
If an industry is on its way out


2105
01:25:30,420 --> 01:25:32,260
There is another industry coming up


2106
01:25:32,580 --> 01:25:34,140
From 1960 to 1970


2107
01:25:34,140 --> 01:25:35,660
In the first ten years after England began controlling its air pollution


2108
01:25:35,660 --> 01:25:37,260
Not only did the economy not shrink,


2109
01:25:37,260 --> 01:25:39,340
GDP actually doubled


2110
01:25:39,620 --> 01:25:40,820
Ten years after that


2111
01:25:40,820 --> 01:25:42,180
The U.K had entered the age of oil and natural gas


2112
01:25:42,180 --> 01:25:44,340
Its economic power quadrupled


2113
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:48,620
Once the U.K. used  cleaner energy sources,


2114
01:25:48,620 --> 01:25:49,780
oil and natural gas


2115
01:25:49,780 --> 01:25:51,940
Natural gas, in particular, replaced coal


2116
01:25:51,940 --> 01:25:54,500
They achieved blue skies and white clouds


2117
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:55,100
The interesting thing is,


2118
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:56,780
when we were in London looking for historical sources


2119
01:25:56,780 --> 01:25:59,700
on how coal contributed to air pollution


2120
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:02,300
The best, most thorough,


2121
01:26:02,300 --> 01:26:05,860
and most authoritative source is this one


2122
01:26:05,860 --> 01:26:08,940
we could find was from a natural gas company


2123
01:26:08,940 --> 01:26:10,100
The name is simple


2124
01:26:10,100 --> 01:26:12,900
“Guilty Chimneys”


2125
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:15,780
Natural gas quickly gained market share through competition


2126
01:26:15,780 --> 01:26:17,740
And replaced its opponent


2127
01:26:17,740 --> 01:26:19,580
The U.K. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change asked me


2128
01:26:19,580 --> 01:26:23,940
Do you know what London's economic level was at the beginning of the environmental reforms?


2129
01:26:23,940 --> 01:26:25,940
Their per capita GDP was the same as China's


2130
01:26:25,940 --> 01:26:32,860
Most importantly, the government shouldn't subsidize backward-thinking, polluting, unprofitable businesses


2131
01:26:32,860 --> 01:26:33,900
The government needs to give new,


2132
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:35,740
innovative companies a fair chance to compete


2133
01:26:35,740 --> 01:26:38,060
If you do, they will surprise you


2134
01:26:38,060 --> 01:26:39,780
London’s success story tells us


2135
01:26:39,780 --> 01:26:43,780
China needs to leave the era of coal and enter the era of oil and natural gas


2136
01:26:43,780 --> 01:26:46,940
Only if we do that can we have cleaner air


2137
01:26:46,940 --> 01:26:48,940
Today in the world,


2138
01:26:48,940 --> 01:26:51,940
the share of natural gas in energy consumption is fairly high


2139
01:26:51,940 --> 01:26:54,100
Natural gas accounts for around 24% of the world’s energy consumption


2140
01:26:54,100 --> 01:26:56,180
because natural gas is a relatively clean energy source


2141
01:26:56,180 --> 01:26:58,540
How about China?


2142
01:26:58,540 --> 01:27:01,140
Just 5% of our energy comes from natural gas


2143
01:27:01,140 --> 01:27:02,820
Why is this number so low?


2144
01:27:02,820 --> 01:27:05,980
The standard answer I've heard since I was young is


2145
01:27:05,980 --> 01:27:07,420
It's because we're a country


2146
01:27:07,420 --> 01:27:09,220
with lots of coal


2147
01:27:09,220 --> 01:27:11,300
insufficient oil


2148
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:13,380
and not enough natural gas


2149
01:27:13,380 --> 01:27:14,780
Is that really true?


2150
01:27:14,780 --> 01:27:15,900
It's true


2151
01:27:15,900 --> 01:27:17,460
But is it the whole story?


2152
01:27:17,460 --> 01:27:18,860
So I wrote to hang Dawei,


2153
01:27:18,860 --> 01:27:20,980
which is the Director of Mineral Resources Reserve Center in the Ministry of Land and Resources


2154
01:27:20,980 --> 01:27:23,340
He sent me a few numbers


2155
01:27:23,340 --> 01:27:26,580
How much of our potential natural gas reserves have actually been investigated?


2156
01:27:26,580 --> 01:27:27,940
22%


2157
01:27:27,940 --> 01:27:34,020
That means we have a lot of undiscovered natural gas under us


2158
01:27:34,020 --> 01:27:35,820
How about oil?


2159
01:27:38,060 --> 01:27:40,740
38%


2160
01:27:40,740 --> 01:27:42,940
For the resources we have verified


2161
01:27:42,940 --> 01:27:44,020
let’s say natural gas


2162
01:27:44,020 --> 01:27:45,380
We’ve found 900 billion cubic meters of natural gas


2163
01:27:45,380 --> 01:27:47,780
How much have we started to extract?


2164
01:27:47,820 --> 01:27:49,100
100 billion cubic meters


2165
01:27:49,140 --> 01:27:51,900
We have so many resources that we know are there


2166
01:27:51,900 --> 01:27:53,380
But we aren't taking advantage of them


2167
01:27:53,380 --> 01:27:54,660
Why is that?


2168
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:56,660
Director Zhang Dawei sent me another reply


2169
01:27:56,660 --> 01:27:57,740
Very simple


2170
01:27:57,780 --> 01:27:59,100
Just a few numbers


2171
01:27:59,140 --> 01:28:03,260
For instance, the United States is the biggest natural gas producer


2172
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:06,500
They have 6300 natural gas and oil companies


2173
01:28:06,540 --> 01:28:08,420
How many do we have?


2174
01:28:08,420 --> 01:28:09,700
3


2175
01:28:09,740 --> 01:28:12,500
70% of them are under one company


2176
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:13,740
China National Petroleum Corporation


2177
01:28:13,740 --> 01:28:16,020
America has 160 natural gas pipeline companies


2178
01:28:16,060 --> 01:28:17,460
How many do we have?


2179
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:18,660
3


2180
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:20,900
70% of them are under one company


2181
01:28:20,940 --> 01:28:22,140
70% of them are under one company


2182
01:28:22,140 --> 01:28:23,260
China National Petroleum Corporation


2183
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:24,540
This is the answer he gave  me


2184
01:28:24,540 --> 01:28:26,180
If we open up this market


2185
01:28:26,180 --> 01:28:28,300
Our annual production of natural gas will double yearly


2186
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,500
Our verified reserves will double yearly


2187
01:28:31,580 --> 01:28:34,660
Why have we been so slow to join the oil and gas age?


2188
01:28:34,660 --> 01:28:37,020
Why can’t we develop more natural gas?


2189
01:28:37,020 --> 01:28:39,060
The petrochemical industry is not open


2190
01:28:39,060 --> 01:28:40,500
and each sector of the industry


2191
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:43,020
is basically a monopoly


2192
01:28:43,020 --> 01:28:45,220
and a monopoly can't innovate，


2193
01:28:45,220 --> 01:28:47,340
People outside of the industry can't get into it


2194
01:28:47,340 --> 01:28:48,500
It’s like an only child


2195
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:49,540
with a toy that only he can play with


2196
01:28:49,540 --> 01:28:51,260
and he can play with it until he’s sick of it


2197
01:28:51,260 --> 01:28:52,140
or just throw it away


2198
01:28:52,140 --> 01:28:53,620
You just have to listen to what they tell you


2199
01:28:54,420 --> 01:28:57,580
The oil business is related to security


2200
01:28:57,580 --> 01:28:59,660
and if it’s not managed well the consequences can be serious


2201
01:29:00,060 --> 01:29:02,140
It depends on how you understand energy security


2202
01:29:02,140 --> 01:29:04,780
So, energy security is important


2203
01:29:04,780 --> 01:29:07,380
But, the new technology will be welcomed


2204
01:29:07,380 --> 01:29:08,780
I’m answer this question


2205
01:29:08,780 --> 01:29:09,980
As long as there is competition


2206
01:29:09,980 --> 01:29:13,020
Then the industry will try its hardest to innovate and change


2207
01:29:13,020 --> 01:29:14,460
You may be interested to know that


2208
01:29:14,460 --> 01:29:17,820
the company that controls electricity distribution


2209
01:29:17,820 --> 01:29:19,700
around this city, London, is Chinese-owned


2210
01:29:19,700 --> 01:29:21,580
Only if we bring down the price of energy


2211
01:29:21,580 --> 01:29:22,980
will there be competitiveness


2212
01:29:22,980 --> 01:29:24,580
I think,


2213
01:29:24,580 --> 01:29:25,780
by being open,


2214
01:29:25,780 --> 01:29:26,940
you share ideas,


2215
01:29:26,940 --> 01:29:28,540
you innovate, you get the best from the world


2216
01:29:28,540 --> 01:29:32,340
What is the key to controlling China’s smog?


2217
01:29:32,340 --> 01:29:33,780
Reform of energy systems and policies


2218
01:29:36,340 --> 01:29:37,140
In preparing for this documentary


2219
01:29:37,140 --> 01:29:38,220
I encountered for the first time


2220
01:29:38,220 --> 01:29:39,820
China’s energy problems


2221
01:29:39,820 --> 01:29:42,420
I only had a rough feeling for the problem


2222
01:29:42,420 --> 01:29:43,260
China’s reform and opening up


2223
01:29:43,260 --> 01:29:44,540
was not how I had originally imagined it


2224
01:29:44,580 --> 01:29:46,340
Like the process of a chick hatching from its egg


2225
01:29:46,340 --> 01:29:47,540
As soon as it hatches it is already complete


2226
01:29:47,540 --> 01:29:49,300
and alive


2227
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:51,060
But it’s more like the process of a cicada shedding its skin


2228
01:29:51,060 --> 01:29:52,140
little by little


2229
01:29:52,140 --> 01:29:54,260
emerging from the skin it originally had


2230
01:29:54,260 --> 01:29:57,820
And energy is the last part that remains in the shell


2231
01:29:57,820 --> 01:29:58,980
It has always been considered


2232
01:29:58,980 --> 01:30:00,500
important to national security


2233
01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:03,380
and economic security, so it has not been treated as a commodity


2234
01:30:03,380 --> 01:30:07,780
It has been impossible for it to be exposed to real market forces


2235
01:30:07,780 --> 01:30:11,900
But the shell itself is also paying a price


2236
01:30:11,900 --> 01:30:15,020
This is a diagram showing a network of corruption


2237
01:30:15,020 --> 01:30:18,340
in the energy industry over the past two years


2238
01:30:18,340 --> 01:30:20,460
Energy is a sector with a high rate of corruption


2239
01:30:20,460 --> 01:30:22,580
The former director of the National Energy Administration, Liu Tienan


2240
01:30:22,580 --> 01:30:24,820
during his court hearing said that


2241
01:30:24,820 --> 01:30:26,980
in order to curb high rates of corruption


2242
01:30:26,980 --> 01:30:30,060
those rights that should have originally belonged to the market


2243
01:30:30,060 --> 01:30:31,700
should be given back to the market


2244
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:34,220
So in June 2014


2245
01:30:34,220 --> 01:30:36,380
China’s national energy security strategy


2246
01:30:36,380 --> 01:30:37,900
stated that


2247
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:39,900
energy is a commodity


2248
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:41,420
We need to build an effective market structure


2249
01:30:41,420 --> 01:30:42,740
and market system


2250
01:30:42,740 --> 01:30:45,860
and we need to change the method of supervision that the government uses for energy


2251
01:30:45,940 --> 01:30:48,300
But as we’re waiting for the country


2252
01:30:48,300 --> 01:30:48,980
to build and improve


2253
01:30:48,980 --> 01:30:51,180
a massive energy system


2254
01:30:51,180 --> 01:30:52,860
what can we do?


2255
01:30:52,860 --> 01:30:54,900
Even the world's most powerful government


2256
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:57,180
can't control pollution by itself


2257
01:30:57,180 --> 01:30:58,500
It needs to rely on


2258
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:00,700
ordinary people like you and me


2259
01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:02,060
Our choices


2260
01:31:02,060 --> 01:31:05,020
and our determination


2261
01:31:05,020 --> 01:31:07,820
In 2003, when I was reporting on SARS


2262
01:31:07,820 --> 01:31:10,060
the most important lesson I learned was that


2263
01:31:10,060 --> 01:31:12,100
only with information disclosure


2264
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,300
can there be a basis for public participation


2265
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:17,500
Over the past three years


2266
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:18,700
at the same time as providing


2267
01:31:18,700 --> 01:31:20,460
air quality forecasts


2268
01:31:20,460 --> 01:31:21,700
the government has also established


2269
01:31:21,700 --> 01:31:23,780
the largest


2270
01:31:23,780 --> 01:31:24,740
online monitoring network in the world


2271
01:31:24,740 --> 01:31:26,020
to monitor polluting enterprises


2272
01:31:26,020 --> 01:31:28,460
What we need to do is to use this data


2273
01:31:28,460 --> 01:31:29,740
and not waste the money spent on it


2274
01:31:29,740 --> 01:31:31,500
Let everyone see the data


2275
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:34,020
Put it out in the sunlight


2276
01:31:34,020 --> 01:31:35,380
This is a mobile app


2277
01:31:35,380 --> 01:31:36,620
After downloading this software


2278
01:31:36,620 --> 01:31:38,700
you can see on your phone


2279
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:40,460
in an area about 5 kilometers around you


2280
01:31:40,460 --> 01:31:42,700
which enterprises are emitting pollutants


2281
01:31:42,700 --> 01:31:43,980
These red circles


2282
01:31:43,980 --> 01:31:46,300
all show enterprises exceeding emissions standards


2283
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:48,620
China’s 6000 key enterprises


2284
01:31:48,620 --> 01:31:51,300
discharge 65% of China’s waste emissions


2285
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:53,260
You can submit a report to the environmental protection authorities


2286
01:31:53,260 --> 01:31:55,220
You can also share these details on Weibo


2287
01:31:55,220 --> 01:31:57,420
All these with traces of blue


2288
01:31:57,420 --> 01:31:59,100
are enterprises reported by the public that have promised to


2289
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:01,020
take corrective actions by a certain time


2290
01:32:01,020 --> 01:32:02,540
Of course the shame is that


2291
01:32:02,540 --> 01:32:03,540
if the data for some places


2292
01:32:03,540 --> 01:32:05,020
Is not disclosed at all


2293
01:32:05,020 --> 01:32:06,580
what can we do?


2294
01:32:06,580 --> 01:32:07,580
So last year


2295
01:32:07,580 --> 01:32:08,980
I attended


2296
01:32:08,980 --> 01:32:12,740
a forum which was the first time local environmental legislation had been drafted with public participation


2297
01:32:12,740 --> 01:32:13,700
During this forum


2298
01:32:13,700 --> 01:32:14,980
I heard lots of disputes


2299
01:32:14,980 --> 01:32:16,420
The main dispute was around


2300
01:32:16,420 --> 01:32:18,300
whether to force key enterprises


2301
01:32:18,300 --> 01:32:20,580
to disclose information


2302
01:32:20,580 --> 01:32:21,700
In the end


2303
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:23,100
Hebei Province published the first


2304
01:32:23,100 --> 01:32:24,580
regulations with public participation


2305
01:32:24,580 --> 01:32:25,580
The regulations required that


2306
01:32:25,580 --> 01:32:26,500
key polluting enterprises


2307
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:28,300
must publicize their information


2308
01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:29,460
If they don’t publicize this information


2309
01:32:29,460 --> 01:32:30,660
citizens can file lawsuits


2310
01:32:30,660 --> 01:32:33,060
requiring the enterprises to pay a daily fine,


2311
01:32:33,060 --> 01:32:36,220
with the maximum being 100,000 RMB (16,000 USD) per day


2312
01:32:36,220 --> 01:32:37,500
But


2313
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:39,420
who is going to file these lawsuits?


2314
01:32:39,420 --> 01:32:42,820
Only 1% of major environmental disputes


2315
01:32:42,820 --> 01:32:43,820
go to court in China


2316
01:32:43,820 --> 01:32:45,060
What’s the reason for such a small number?


2317
01:32:45,060 --> 01:32:46,220
Can you guess


2318
01:32:46,220 --> 01:32:47,420
before this year


2319
01:32:47,420 --> 01:32:49,820
how many NGOs in China


2320
01:32:49,820 --> 01:32:52,900
were allowed to file law suits?


2321
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:54,420
None


2322
01:32:54,420 --> 01:32:55,340
This is because at the time


2323
01:32:55,340 --> 01:32:56,820
regulations in the Civil Procedural Law stated that


2324
01:32:56,820 --> 01:32:59,780
only “relevant organizations” can file lawsuits


2325
01:32:59,780 --> 01:33:02,180
As to who these relevant organizations are


2326
01:33:02,180 --> 01:33:03,540
no one knows


2327
01:33:03,540 --> 01:33:04,900
But from January 1st this year


2328
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:06,740
the new Environmental Protection Law ruled that as long as an organization


2329
01:33:06,740 --> 01:33:09,380
has been carrying out environmental protection work for 5 or more years,


2330
01:33:09,380 --> 01:33:10,540
and has not broken the law in any way,


2331
01:33:10,540 --> 01:33:13,460
then they can qualify to file lawsuits


2332
01:33:13,460 --> 01:33:14,300
At present


2333
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:17,020
some people from among the more than 700 environmental protection organizations


2334
01:33:17,020 --> 01:33:18,660
are already trying


2335
01:33:18,660 --> 01:33:19,740
The slogan proposed is


2336
01:33:19,740 --> 01:33:21,300
“Does the new environmental law have what it takes?


2337
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:23,700
Our partners are testing it right now.”


2338
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:25,340
As for ordinary people like us,


2339
01:33:25,340 --> 01:33:26,220
if you don't have time to


2340
01:33:26,220 --> 01:33:28,300
join an environmental protection organization


2341
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:30,100
then what else can you do?


2342
01:33:30,100 --> 01:33:31,260
In cooperation with Friends of Nature we


2343
01:33:31,260 --> 01:33:33,620
have made a short animation


2344
01:33:36,620 --> 01:33:38,820
If you're going less than 5km


2345
01:33:38,820 --> 01:33:41,700
please take public transportation, ride a bike, or carpool


2346
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:42,660
If you drive a car


2347
01:33:42,660 --> 01:33:44,740
Don't let the engine idle longer than 30 seconds


2348
01:33:45,140 --> 01:33:47,460
If you see a diesel vehicle belching black exhaust


2349
01:33:47,460 --> 01:33:50,260
Try calling 12369 to report it


2350
01:33:50,260 --> 01:33:53,340
Those “black tails” behind diesel trucks are full of PM2.5


2351
01:33:53,340 --> 01:33:54,620
they endanger public health.


2352
01:33:55,060 --> 01:33:57,260
If you see a restaurant releasing cooking smoke


2353
01:33:57,260 --> 01:33:59,660
Ask them to install a filtering system


2354
01:33:59,660 --> 01:34:01,860
Or leave them a negative review online


2355
01:34:01,860 --> 01:34:04,340
If you see dust blowing from uncovered piles at construction sites


2356
01:34:04,380 --> 01:34:06,340
If you think there might be a leak at a gas station


2357
01:34:06,340 --> 01:34:08,380
Try calling 12369


2358
01:34:08,380 --> 01:34:10,140
If you burn coal at home


2359
01:34:10,140 --> 01:34:13,500
As much as you can, try to avoid low-quality coal


2360
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:15,260
Ask your mom to clean the kitchen range and hood


2361
01:34:15,260 --> 01:34:16,500
to keep the family healthy


2362
01:34:17,060 --> 01:34:20,140
And you can try taking pictures to help locate industrial pollution sources


2363
01:34:20,140 --> 01:34:21,860
supervise and report illegal activity


2364
01:34:21,860 --> 01:34:24,580
and tweet @ your local environmental bureau on Weibo


2365
01:34:24,580 --> 01:34:26,700
Check out the list of polluting manufacturers


2366
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:28,340
and boycott their products


2367
01:34:28,860 --> 01:34:31,340
When our air quality laws are being written and revised


2368
01:34:31,340 --> 01:34:33,380
participate in the public commenting process


2369
01:34:33,380 --> 01:34:34,500
and make your voice heard


2370
01:34:35,020 --> 01:34:36,140
With  a little thought and care,


2371
01:34:36,140 --> 01:34:37,220
the smog will start to clear


2372
01:34:40,580 --> 01:34:41,060
Before,


2373
01:34:41,060 --> 01:34:43,580
When I walked by the uncovered construction site near my home


2374
01:34:43,580 --> 01:34:45,500
I usually just covered my nose and went on past


2375
01:34:45,500 --> 01:34:46,700
But now I know


2376
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:50,540
At lease 15% of Beijing's PM2.5 pollution


2377
01:34:50,540 --> 01:34:52,140
comes from blowing dust


2378
01:34:52,140 --> 01:34:53,380
I decided I had to try


2379
01:35:02,540 --> 01:35:03,820
(Chai) We live nearby


2380
01:35:03,820 --> 01:35:06,220
(Chai) Why haven't you covered this dirt?


2381
01:35:06,220 --> 01:35:07,380
(Worker) Ask our boss


2382
01:35:07,380 --> 01:35:09,820
(Chai) Okay, where's your boss?


2383
01:35:09,820 --> 01:35:10,660
(Worker) Over there, go look over there


2384
01:35:13,980 --> 01:35:16,620
(Chai) You haven’t covered that huge dirt pile alongside the road


2385
01:35:16,620 --> 01:35:17,900
(Chai) As soon as the wind blows, the dust flies everywhere


2386
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:19,060
(Boss) I know, I know, I know, I know


2387
01:35:19,060 --> 01:35:19,820
(Boss) It’s our fault


2388
01:35:19,820 --> 01:35:20,860
(Chai) So when are you going to cover it?


2389
01:35:20,860 --> 01:35:21,580
(Boss) Right away


2390
01:35:21,580 --> 01:35:22,340
(Chai) Okay


2391
01:35:22,340 --> 01:35:23,300
(Workers) Sorry, sorry.


2392
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:35,940
The whole process took less than five minutes


2393
01:35:35,940 --> 01:35:37,620
Right before I left


2394
01:35:37,620 --> 01:35:39,380
The worker who told me where to find the boss


2395
01:35:39,380 --> 01:35:39,940
said,


2396
01:35:39,940 --> 01:35:41,700
“Do you know why he's afraid of you?”


2397
01:35:41,700 --> 01:35:43,740
He pointed at the mobile phone in my hand


2398
01:35:43,740 --> 01:35:46,580
He's afraid you'll expose him


2399
01:35:46,580 --> 01:35:48,060
In my building there is a restaurant downstairs


2400
01:35:48,060 --> 01:35:49,540
It serves meat pies


2401
01:35:49,540 --> 01:35:51,500
And every mealtime


2402
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:52,540
Everywhere in the building


2403
01:35:52,540 --> 01:35:54,860
smells like smoke


2404
01:35:54,860 --> 01:35:56,220
Before, I didn’t think this is was a problem


2405
01:35:56,220 --> 01:35:57,940
Isn't every Chinese restaurant in the world like this?


2406
01:35:57,940 --> 01:35:59,100
But now I know


2407
01:35:59,100 --> 01:36:02,860
Beijing's food service industry creates


2408
01:36:02,860 --> 01:36:05,620
at least 6% of our PM2.5 pollution


2409
01:36:05,620 --> 01:36:07,100
And Beijing is home to


2410
01:36:07,100 --> 01:36:08,460
12% of the country's food service industry


2411
01:36:08,460 --> 01:36:09,780
For such a high-volume restaurant,


2412
01:36:09,780 --> 01:36:11,820
I used to think there was nothing to be done about it


2413
01:36:11,820 --> 01:36:13,580
until I went to London


2414
01:36:13,580 --> 01:36:14,860
and had a meal in a Chinese restaurant there.


2415
01:36:14,860 --> 01:36:16,220
I discovered there was no smoke smell there at all


2416
01:36:16,220 --> 01:36:17,060
Why?


2417
01:36:17,060 --> 01:36:18,460
The boss took me


2418
01:36:18,460 --> 01:36:19,700
up to the roof


2419
01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:21,940
And I saw this


2420
01:36:21,940 --> 01:36:24,380
which is called a soot purifier


2421
01:36:24,380 --> 01:36:26,420
The London city government required them to install it


2422
01:36:26,420 --> 01:36:29,100
And the city inspects it regularly


2423
01:36:29,100 --> 01:36:31,820
I thought it must be pretty high-tech


2424
01:36:31,820 --> 01:36:33,260
until I came back to Beijing


2425
01:36:33,260 --> 01:36:34,020
I found that not only does Beijing have them too


2426
01:36:34,020 --> 01:36:36,540
installing them is actually required


2427
01:36:36,540 --> 01:36:38,620
I called 12369 to make a report


2428
01:36:38,620 --> 01:36:40,740
And a week later


2429
01:36:40,740 --> 01:36:42,740
this item was delivered:


2430
01:36:50,380 --> 01:36:52,700
It all took less than half an hour


2431
01:36:52,700 --> 01:36:54,420
When I was taking this video clip


2432
01:36:54,420 --> 01:36:55,860
The restaurant boss came over


2433
01:36:55,860 --> 01:36:58,620
and said, “Thank you for your supervision as a resident here


2434
01:36:58,620 --> 01:37:01,220
We hope to see you in our restaurant in the future”


2435
01:37:01,220 --> 01:37:03,260
For the past year, our office lunches have been nothing but meat pies.


2436
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:07,900
Sometimes when I walk by the neighborhood gas station


2437
01:37:07,900 --> 01:37:09,060
(here's a gas station downstairs)


2438
01:37:09,060 --> 01:37:12,300
I can smell the very strong scent of gasoline


2439
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:15,060
But I thought that all gas stations worldwide are like this


2440
01:37:15,060 --> 01:37:17,420
until I went to the United States


2441
01:37:17,420 --> 01:37:19,860
I saw this thing on their gas pump nozzles


2442
01:37:19,860 --> 01:37:22,660
it's called “gasoline vapor recovery equipment”


2443
01:37:22,660 --> 01:37:24,620
I thought it was another high-tech thing


2444
01:37:24,620 --> 01:37:26,180
until I came back to Beijing and discovered


2445
01:37:26,180 --> 01:37:26,980
We've had these things for ages


2446
01:37:26,980 --> 01:37:28,780
and they've been required since 2008


2447
01:37:28,780 --> 01:37:30,900
but many people don't maintain them properly


2448
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:34,020
so they release a lot of gasoline vapor


2449
01:37:34,020 --> 01:37:34,700
Then


2450
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:37,180
I called 12369 again


2451
01:37:40,740 --> 01:37:41,980
If you look at it facing the sun,


2452
01:37:41,980 --> 01:37:43,460
there’s a lot coming out.


2453
01:37:43,460 --> 01:37:44,620
That means there’s definitely a problem.


2454
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:52,860
It's not normal to smell this kind of odor when you are filling the tank.


2455
01:37:52,860 --> 01:37:54,140
Do you see these gasoline vapors?


2456
01:37:58,940 --> 01:37:59,860
There shouldn’t be gasoline here.


2457
01:37:59,860 --> 01:38:00,260
Right.


2458
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:02,500
It’s wet here.


2459
01:38:02,500 --> 01:38:03,900
That means extra gasoline was spilled.


2460
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:05,740
Right, fewer vapors went in.


2461
01:38:05,740 --> 01:38:07,420
Part of the gasoline vapors


2462
01:38:07,420 --> 01:38:09,100
escaped and went into the atmosphere.


2463
01:38:09,540 --> 01:38:10,260
We will stop using it and


2464
01:38:10,260 --> 01:38:11,060
it will be fixed immediately.


2465
01:38:11,220 --> 01:38:12,100
This requires that the gas station


2466
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:13,500
must every year


2467
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:15,180
conduct one compulsory inspection


2468
01:38:15,180 --> 01:38:16,700
of its gasoline vapor recovery equipment.


2469
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:18,420
You can call 12369.


2470
01:38:18,420 --> 01:38:19,460
That’s our complaint hotline.


2471
01:38:19,940 --> 01:38:21,300
Will you definitely go check it out?


2472
01:38:21,300 --> 01:38:22,540
Absolutely.


2473
01:38:22,540 --> 01:38:23,540
We go 100% of the time.


2474
01:38:25,420 --> 01:38:27,420
They promised that they would come 100% of the time.


2475
01:38:27,420 --> 01:38:28,100
Will they really come?


2476
01:38:28,100 --> 01:38:28,700
I don’t know,


2477
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:30,580
but by putting this sentence up here


2478
01:38:30,580 --> 01:38:31,900
We’ll see it as a kind of test


2479
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:33,420
We can remember this number


2480
01:38:33,420 --> 01:38:34,940
12369


2481
01:38:34,940 --> 01:38:35,980
If you don’t call that number


2482
01:38:35,980 --> 01:38:38,180
Then it will forever remain just a number


2483
01:38:38,180 --> 01:38:40,500
I’ve said that this wasn’t a happy year for me


2484
01:38:40,500 --> 01:38:42,980
I’ve felt like my life has been uncertain from day to day


2485
01:38:42,980 --> 01:38:43,620
That’s true


2486
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:47,380
Whenever the pollution was bad I didn’t know where I’d be tomorrow


2487
01:38:47,380 --> 01:38:48,740
or where I’d be in the future


2488
01:38:48,740 --> 01:38:49,740
But still


2489
01:38:49,740 --> 01:38:50,740
The moment the restaurant owner


2490
01:38:50,780 --> 01:38:54,140
finished installing the smoke filtering device


2491
01:38:54,140 --> 01:38:56,580
I suddenly felt like my feet had landed on solid ground


2492
01:38:56,580 --> 01:38:58,740
It’s a hard feeling to describe


2493
01:38:58,740 --> 01:38:59,540
You know perfectly well


2494
01:38:59,540 --> 01:39:01,460
that the effect on improving air quality


2495
01:39:01,460 --> 01:39:03,540
is completely minuscule


2496
01:39:03,540 --> 01:39:04,860
but if one person


2497
01:39:04,860 --> 01:39:07,180
knows that because they did one small thing


2498
01:39:07,180 --> 01:39:09,380
the situation actually improved a little bit


2499
01:39:09,380 --> 01:39:11,300
that person can feel more at peace about things


2500
01:39:11,300 --> 01:39:12,220
So when you look back


2501
01:39:12,220 --> 01:39:15,420
at the war between people and pollution


2502
01:39:15,420 --> 01:39:17,180
you see this is how history is made


2503
01:39:17,180 --> 01:39:19,420
It’s tens of millions of ordinary people


2504
01:39:19,420 --> 01:39:22,100
One day they say “No.”


2505
01:39:22,100 --> 01:39:22,820
I’m not satisfied


2506
01:39:23,940 --> 01:39:25,460
I don’t want to wait


2507
01:39:25,460 --> 01:39:26,700
I’m not going to shirk the responsibility


2508
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:28,580
I’m going to stand up and do something


2509
01:39:28,580 --> 01:39:29,820
I’m going to do it


2510
01:39:29,820 --> 01:39:31,100
Right now


2511
01:39:31,100 --> 01:39:32,300
Right at this moment


2512
01:39:32,300 --> 01:39:34,220
Right here


2513
01:39:34,220 --> 01:39:35,220
I am going to do it


2514
01:39:42,060 --> 01:39:44,700
Unless we bring these chemicals under better control


2515
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:46,300
We’re certainly headed for disaster


2516
01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:47,340
We’re certainly headed for disaster


2517
01:40:11,260 --> 01:40:13,020
This whole system


2518
01:40:13,020 --> 01:40:14,100
that we call home


2519
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:16,020
People in Tokyo suffering from asthma are suing for compensation from


2520
01:40:16,020 --> 01:40:19,140
the car factory owners of Tokyo and Japan


2521
01:40:19,140 --> 01:40:23,700
for the harm caused by tailpipe emissions


2522
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:26,860
We have the right to know, the right to participate,


2523
01:40:26,860 --> 01:40:28,100
the right to sue for damages


2524
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:29,340
Everyone join together


2525
01:40:29,340 --> 01:40:30,820
Together we will make


2526
01:40:30,820 --> 01:40:32,260
our generation’s


2527
01:40:32,260 --> 01:40:34,700
choice to go green successful


2528
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:37,140
If you don’t know how to fix it, please stop breaking it


2529
01:40:37,140 --> 01:40:40,060
You grown ups say you love us


2530
01:40:40,060 --> 01:40:42,660
Please, take action


2531
01:40:42,660 --> 01:40:43,740
And for me,


2532
01:40:43,740 --> 01:40:49,020
it is absolutely my responsibility to do whatever it takes


2533
01:40:49,020 --> 01:40:51,620
to protect my child


2534
01:40:58,380 --> 01:41:00,660
When the haze gets serious,


2535
01:41:00,660 --> 01:41:02,540
there is at least one thing we can do.


2536
01:41:04,380 --> 01:41:06,020
That is to protect yourself


2537
01:41:06,020 --> 01:41:07,580
and your loved ones.


2538
01:41:07,580 --> 01:41:11,140
When I drew this little bear on paper,


2539
01:41:11,140 --> 01:41:12,740
I was reminded of,


2540
01:41:12,740 --> 01:41:13,740
when my daughter got sick,


2541
01:41:13,740 --> 01:41:16,020
all my fear of losing her


2542
01:41:16,020 --> 01:41:18,660
and all my hope of protecting her.


2543
01:41:18,660 --> 01:41:22,140
I wish that all other mothers in this world


2544
01:41:22,140 --> 01:41:25,820
would not have to feel the same.


2545
01:41:25,820 --> 01:41:27,580
Now, she has grown up,


2546
01:41:27,580 --> 01:41:30,020
healthy and recovered,


2547
01:41:30,020 --> 01:41:32,580
sturdy and lively,


2548
01:41:32,580 --> 01:41:34,220
and as chubby as before.


2549
01:41:34,220 --> 01:41:37,860
She is particularly fond of the nature and the small animals in it,


2550
01:41:37,860 --> 01:41:40,460
but many times I cannot take her outdoor.


2551
01:41:40,460 --> 01:41:42,540
So in her own little pot,


2552
01:41:42,540 --> 01:41:44,180
she has been raising a snail.


2553
01:41:44,180 --> 01:41:45,380
When she wakes up every morning,


2554
01:41:45,380 --> 01:41:48,300
she runs to the pot and gives a puff to the snail,


2555
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:51,340
hoping to help it grow up.


2556
01:41:51,340 --> 01:41:54,260
She is so much in love with this world.


2557
01:41:54,860 --> 01:41:57,340
Tens of thousands of mothers are being pregnant with


2558
01:41:57,340 --> 01:42:00,620
or giving birth to their children,


2559
01:42:00,620 --> 01:42:02,740
to whom these rivers,


2560
01:42:02,740 --> 01:42:04,260
skies


2561
01:42:04,260 --> 01:42:06,020
and lands


2562
01:42:06,020 --> 01:42:09,300
should belong.


2563
01:42:09,300 --> 01:42:11,340
We have no right to consume


2564
01:42:11,340 --> 01:42:12,700
without controlling.


2565
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:14,460
We have no right to complain


2566
01:42:14,460 --> 01:42:16,620
without constructing.


2567
01:42:16,620 --> 01:42:18,420
We are responsible to prove to them


2568
01:42:18,420 --> 01:42:20,380
that a world lit by energy


2569
01:42:20,380 --> 01:42:22,500
can meanwhile be clean and beautiful.


2570
01:42:26,220 --> 01:42:28,900
Every time I look into the night sky,


2571
01:42:28,900 --> 01:42:32,340
seeing this planet rotating lonely,


2572
01:42:32,340 --> 01:42:33,260
I sense a kind of


2573
01:42:33,260 --> 01:42:37,300
indescribable attachment and warmth.


2574
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:39,020
Someday in the future,


2575
01:42:39,020 --> 01:42:41,620
I’ll leave this world,


2576
01:42:41,620 --> 01:42:44,500
but my child will continue to live in it,


2577
01:42:44,500 --> 01:42:48,220
so I’ll still be involved.


2578
01:42:48,220 --> 01:42:50,660
And so I stare at it,


2579
01:42:50,660 --> 01:42:53,420
just like I stare at you.


2580
01:42:53,420 --> 01:42:56,460
And so I protect it,


2581
01:42:56,460 --> 01:42:58,820
as much as I protect you.