added whole code for paper implementation

Author: chprajap

Design.md

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+## Data Communications (CO250): Mini-Project
+
+ :: Design File
+
+Tool: Matlab
+ 
+**Design Aspects**
+
+* Matlab code for NRZ-I encoding scheme will be implemented.
+
+* Matlab code for MNRZ-I encoding scheme will be implemented.
+
+* Then graph for NRZ-I and MNRZ-I will be plotted to show the differnce in between the two encoding.
+
+* Then graph for comparision of average DC component between NRZ-I and MNRZ-I will be plotted to show the result of the reseach paper.    

Graph_1.png

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+## Data Communications (CO250): Mini-Project :: Introduction file
+
+* According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) ,   cardiovascular disease causes 30 percent of all deaths
+in the world.
+
+* Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) monitors human
+physiological signs at home, in hospital and even when
+moving and transmits sick vital signs to medical
+database.
+
+* In data transmission process most of the energy is spent on commnuication. So, improvement in the data transmission method has great importance.
+
+* So finding the new methods in communication and
+transmission can be a valuable step in quickly to wrap
+up this technology.
+
+**Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)**
+
+* WBAN is a set of independent nodes such as sensors
+and actuators that are situated deeply in tissues, under
+the skin, on the body or in the clothes .
+
+* WBAN emerged as a new technology for E-healthcare ,communicated using short-range wireless communication techniques and allows the data and parameters of a patient's vital body move to be collected in medical database
+
+![alt text](diagram_1.png)
+
+* As shown, sensors detect vital signs which are in analog
+form. Next convert them to digital.
+
+* Then CPU processes the data (Compression and
+Encryption for decrease in Bandwidth consumption and
+increase data security for data transmission).
+
+* The data send to receiver by digital to digital encoding
+NRZ-I.
+
+* The receiver does this step vice versa to achieve main
+data.
+
+**WBAN Total Architecture**
+
+**1) First Level**
+The first level is a set of intelligent sensors and actuator or
+nodes.
+
+**2) Second Level**
+The second level is the personal server (personal digital
+assistant, cell-phone or PC).Here collects patient vital data
+from nodes.
+
+
+**3) Third Level**
+The third level encompasses remote servers that manage
+patient medical information.
+
+
+![alt text](diagram_2.png)
+
+**Bio Signal**
+
+* Bio signal is a short term for type of signal that can
+measure and control live creature's vital signs
+continuously.
+
+* In fact, the sensors located in/on any organ for
+measure electrical current and electrical resistance
+changes and report gained values.
+
+* Incompatibility of values with standard values, means
+disorder in organ. If this happens, PDA warns
+disruptions to person.
+
+**NRZ-I DIGITAL TO DIGITAL ENCODING**
+
+* “I” i.e. inverse. “Z” i.e. zero that shows zero voltage
+level. “1” shows if in start of bit interval signal polarity
+would be inverse, the bit equals “1”.
+
+* If in start of bit interval hasn't change level, the bit
+equals “0”.
+
+* NRZ-I is a differential method that less affected by the
+noise.
+
+![alt text](diagram_3.png)
+
+**WBAN’S CERITERIA**
+
+The most important WBAN bio signal transmission
+criteria are as follows:
+
+* High bit rate
+* Sync problem (Long string of one or zero will be lost in
+time)
+* Reducing or eliminating the DC (Direct Current)
+component
+* Less influence from noise
+
+![alt text](diagram_4.png)
+
+**MODIFIED NRZ-I (MNRZ-I)**
+
+For solving the synchronization problem (Clock loses)
+between transmitter and receiver also for inappropriate
+DC component in NRZ-I encoding, we do as follows
+
+A. Synchronization
+
+Every bits clock send with its signal, but for bandwidth
+loss prevention instead in all of bits send with its clock,
+after every two zero bits, only third zero bit send with its
+clock. With this process, receiver will able to detect
+repeated more than two zero bits similar to each other and
+prevents from asynchronous between transmitter and
+receiver.
+
+B. DC Component
+
+With the change made is clear that area under the diagram
+is close to zero. It's an improvement on DC component.
+
+![alt text](diagram_5.png)

Graph_2.png

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+%Data Communication Paper Implementation
+%Title :A Modified Digital To Digital Encoding Method to Improve the 
+%       Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Transmission.
+% This is a main code for this paper implementation. It contains NRZI & MNRZI codes combined together.
+
+%Input stream of bits to plot NRZ-I and MNRZ-I
+bitSequence = input('Enter the stream of bits :');
+
+%Default bitrate is 5
+bitrate = 5;                          
+
+%-------------- Plot of Non Return to Zero - Inverted -----------------
+
+[t,x] = NRZI(bitSequence,bitrate);
+
+subplot(1,2,1);
+plot(t,x);
+ylabel('Amplitude','fontweight','bold','fontsize',14);
+xlabel('time(sec)','fontweight','bold','fontsize',14);
+axis([0 t(end) -4 4]);
+grid on;
+title(['NRZ-I: [' num2str(bitSequence) ']']);
+
+
+%-------------- Plot of Modern Non Return to Zero - Inverted -----------------
+
+
+[t,x] = MNRZI(bitSequence,bitrate);
+
+subplot(1,2,2);
+plot(t,x);
+ylabel('Amplitude','fontweight','bold','fontsize',14);
+xlabel('time(sec)','fontweight','bold','fontsize',14);
+axis([0 t(end) -4 4]);
+grid on;
+title(['MNRZ-I: [' num2str(bitSequence) ']']);
+
+%------------------------- End Of Code ----------------------------------------

Graph_3.png

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+% This file contains code for main Plot which integrates both NRZIPLOT.m & MNRZIPLOT.m files and will plot the graph.
+% The graph obtaned here will be in a new window & it will contain 2 plots .
+% Left plot will be NRZI DC Component Average plot
+% Right plot will be MNRZI DC Component Average plot
+
+      % Variable for holding bitrate
+bitRate = 5; 
+
+      % Calling function NRZIPLOT For plotting where i is X axis scale & plot1 is Y axis scale
+[i,plot1] = NRZIPLOT(bitRate);
+
+      % Variable for storing the Final Average DC component for NRZI
+finalAvgComponent = 0;
+
+      % finding Average DC Component for NRZI
+for k=1:2000
+    finalAvgComponent =  finalAvgComponent + plot1(k);
+end
+
+finalAvgComponent = finalAvgComponent/2000;
+
+      % Plotting graph as a subplot containing 2 plots in one row for NRZI
+subplot(1,2,1);
+plot(i,plot1,'r'); 
+axis([0 2000 -40 40]);                                                    % defining axis
+title([ 'NRZI DC Component Average :' num2str(finalAvgComponent) ]);      % defining title of graph
+
+
+      % Calling function MNRZIPLOT For plotting where i is X axis scale & plot1 is Y axis scale
+[j,plot2] = MNRZIPLOT(bitRate);
+
+      % Variable for storing the Final Average DC component for MNRZI
+finalAvgComponent = 0;
+
+      % finding Average DC Component for MNRZI
+for i=1:2000
+    finalAvgComponent =  finalAvgComponent + plot2(i);
+end
+
+finalAvgComponent = finalAvgComponent/2000;
+
+      % Plotting graph as a subplot containing 2 plots in one row for MNRZI
+subplot(1,2,2);
+plot(j,plot2,'b');
+axis([0 2000 -50 50]);                                                    % defining axis
+title([ 'MNRZI DC Component Average :' num2str(finalAvgComponent)]);      % defining title of graph

Graph_4.png

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+% This file contains a code for MNRZI digital to digital encoding method
+
+%-------------- Function to plot Modern Non Return to Zero - Inverted -----------------
+
+function [t,x] = MNRZI(bitSequence,bitrate)
+
+T = length(bitSequence)/bitrate;             %Full Time of bit sequence
+n = 200;                                     %For making signal as a straight line
+N = n*length(bitSequence);                   %total values to plot(To get perfect DC signal)
+dt = T/N;                                    %Small time dt
+t = 0:dt:T;                                  %Increment in small intervals
+x = zeros(1,length(t));                      %Output Signal
+valueToAssign = 1;                           %Current signal level to assign
+prevTwoZeroCount=0;                          %Variable to maintain the previous zero count
+previous = 1;
+
+%------- Code to plot the Modern Non Return To Zero inverted -------
+
+%Traversing full length of bit sequence
+for i = 0:length(bitSequence)-1
+  
+    %If previous Two and current bits is zero, make the third
+    %bit synchronous and continue from the next bit.
+    if prevTwoZeroCount == 2 && bitSequence(i+1) == 0
+           x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n) = valueToAssign;
+           valueToAssign = -1 * valueToAssign;
+           x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = valueToAssign;
+           prevTwoZeroCount = 0;
+           continue;
+    end
+    
+    %If the current bit is zero then increment the prevTwoZeroCount by 1
+    %The level of the signal remain same
+    if bitSequence(i+1) == 0
+          prevTwoZeroCount = prevTwoZeroCount + 1;
+    end
+  
+    %If the current bit is one then make the prevTwoZeroCount 0.
+    %As the current bit is one the level of the signal is inverted.
+    if bitSequence(i+1) == 1
+        prevTwoZeroCount=0;
+        valueToAssign = -1*valueToAssign;
+    end
+   
+  %Assign the value got as per the bit sequence.   
+  x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = valueToAssign;
+end
+
+
+%----------------------------- End Of Code -----------------------------

Graph_5.png

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+
+function [i,arrToPlot] = MNRZIPLOT(bitRate)
+
+%Time required For the one bit
+timePerBit = 1/bitRate;                        
+
+%Matrix A with 2000 bit string Each of which will contain 100 bits.
+A = zeros(2000,100);
+
+%Generating Random Bits for all the 2000 bit string with random function in matlab.
+%rand function gives a value between 0 to 1
+%which is then multiplied with 100 and after that taking 
+%modulus by 2 to get the desired binary bits.
+for i=1:2000
+    for j=1:100
+        A(i,j) = mod((ceil(rand *100)),2) ;
+    end
+end
+
+%------------------------Integration Part---------------------------------
+
+%calculation of average DC component value of every bit string.
+
+%Matrix B to strore the current level of the signal whether it is +1 or -1.
+B = zeros(2000,100);
+
+%Values +1 , 0 and -1 assigned which represent the current level of signal.
+for i=1:2000
+    %Value to be assigned for current level.
+    currentZeroCount=0;
+    valueToAssign = 1;                              
+    for j=1:100
+        %if current bit is zero then the currentZeroBit count will be
+        %incremented.
+        if A(i,j) == 0
+            currentZeroCount = currentZeroCount + 1;
+        end
+        
+        %if the current bit is third consecutive zero then the Intergration
+        %of this part will be zero as it is a transition in the middle of
+        %the bit.
+        if currentZeroCount == 3
+            B(i,j) = 0;
+            valueToAssign = valueToAssign * -1;
+            currentZeroCount = 0;
+            continue;
+        end
+        %if current bit is 1, change the level.
+        if A(i,j) == 1
+            valueToAssign = valueToAssign * -1;
+            currentZeroCount = 0;
+        end
+        %Assigning the value to Martix B
+        B(i,j) = valueToAssign;                    
+    end
+end
+
+%Array for Average DC Component of Each bit string(Total 2000).
+arrToPlot = [1:1:2000];                            
+
+%Integration is Nothing but the area under the graph with time axis.
+%Below is the code for the Intergration(Area with time axis).
+for i=1:2000
+    areaUnderTheCurve = 0;
+    
+    for j=1:100
+        if B(i,j) == 1
+            areaUnderTheCurve = areaUnderTheCurve + timePerBit;
+        elseif B(i,j) == -1 
+            areaUnderTheCurve = areaUnderTheCurve - timePerBit;
+        end
+    end
+    
+    arrToPlot(i) = (areaUnderTheCurve / 20)*100;
+end
+
+%---------------------Integration Part Ended-------------------------------
+
+%Total Number of bit string
+i = 1:1:2000;
+
+%----------------------------End Of Code-----------------------------------

Introduction.md

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+%This file contains a code for NRZI digital to digital encoding method
+%-------------- Plot of Non Return to Zero - Inverted -----------------
+
+
+function [t,x] = NRZI(bitSequence,bitrate)
+
+T = length(bitSequence)/bitrate;             %Full Time of bit sequence
+n = 200;                                     %For making signal as a straight line
+N = n*length(bitSequence);                   %total values to plot(To get perfect DC signal)
+dt = T/N;                                    %Small time dt
+t = 0:dt:T;                                  %Increment in small intervals
+x = zeros(1,length(t));                      %Output Signal
+valueToAssign = 1;                           %Current signal level to assign
+var = 1;
+
+%------- Code to plot the Non Return To Zero inverted -------
+for i = 0:length(bitSequence)-1
+    
+  %If the current bit is one, the level of the signal is inverted
+  %else the level of signal remains same
+  if bitSequence(i+1) == 1
+        valueToAssign = -1*valueToAssign;
+  end
+  
+  %Assign the value got as per the bit sequence.
+  x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = valueToAssign;
+end
+
+%----------------------------- End Of Code -----------------------------