[eval] Refactor exception handling logic and overlay display

Author: alexander-yakushev

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 - [#3777](https://github.com/clojure-emacs/cider/issues/3777): Inspector no longer displays parsed Javadoc for Java classes and members.
 - [#3784](https://github.com/clojure-emacs/cider/issues/3784): Inspector: make point less erratic when navigating between inspector screens.
 - [#3790](https://github.com/clojure-emacs/cider/issues/3790): Stacktrace: show messages and data for all exception causes by default.
+- [#3789](https://github.com/clojure-emacs/cider/issues/3789): Refactor and simplify exception handling.
 
 ## 1.17.1 (2025-02-25)