Merge pull request #3883 from sivaprasath2004/sivaprasath-closes-issue-3836

[Feature]: Add Ruby course

Author: ajay-dhangar

courses/Ruby/Overview.md

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+---
+title: Ruby Course Outline
+sidebar_label: Course Overview
+sidebar_position: 1
+description: Ruby Course Outline. 
+tags: [courses,Ruby,Overview]  
+---
+   
+
+#### Beginner Level
+
+**1. Introduction to Ruby**
+   - What is Ruby & History 
+   - Setting up the development environment 
+
+**2. Basic Syntax and Structure**
+   - Ruby syntax basics 
+   - Input and output operations
+
+**3. Control Structures**
+   - Conditional statements (if, unless, case-when)
+   - Loops (while, until, for, each) 
+
+**4. Functions and Methods**
+   - Defining methods
+   - Method arguments and return values 
+
+**5. Arrays and Hashes**
+   - Arrays 
+   - Hashes 
+
+**6. Strings**
+   - String concept
+
+#### Intermediate Level
+
+**1. Advanced OOP Concepts**
+   - OOPS Overall View
+
+**2. Enumerables and Iterators**
+   - Enumerables 
+   - Custom iterators with Enumerator 
+ 
+**3. Metaprogramming**
+   - Introduction to metaprogramming 
+   - Defining methods dynamically 
+
+**4. Gems and Bundler**
+   - Introduction & uses
+   - Creating and publishing your own gem 
+ 
+**5. Working with APIs** 
+   - Dynamic Method
+   - Parsing JSON and XML 
+
+#### Advanced Level
+
+**1. Advanced Metaprogramming**
+   - Intro & Concepts
+   - Defining DSLs (Domain-Specific Languages) 
+
+**2. Concurrency and Parallelism**
+   - Concurrency and Parallelism
+   - Synchronization techniques 
+
+**3. Network Programming**
+   - Introduction to network programming 
+   - Building simple client-server applications 
+
+**4. Advanced File Handling**
+   - Introduction
+   - Using memory-mapped files 
+
+**5. Ruby on Rails**
+   - Introduction to Ruby on Rails 
+   - MVC architecture in Rails 
+ 

courses/Ruby/_category_.json

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+{
+    "label": "Ruby",
+    "position": 16,
+    "link": {
+      "type": "generated-index",
+      "description": "Learn Ruby programming Language."
+    }
+  }

courses/Ruby/advanced-level/Advance-File-Handling/_category_.json

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+{
+    "label": "Advanced File Handling",
+    "position": 4,
+    "link": {
+      "type": "generated-index",
+      "description": "Learn Advanced File Handling in Ruby."
+    }
+  }

courses/Ruby/advanced-level/Advance-File-Handling/large-Files.md

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+---
+id: lesson-1
+title: "Advanced File Handling in Ruby"
+sidebar_label: Introduction
+sidebar_position: 1
+description: "Advanced File Handling in Ruby"
+tags: [courses,Advance-level,Introduction]
+---     
+
+Advanced file handling involves techniques for working efficiently with files, particularly when dealing with large files or when needing to perform high-performance I/O operations.
+
+#### **1. Working with Large Files**
+
+When dealing with large files, it's crucial to process the file in chunks rather than loading the entire file into memory. This approach helps manage memory usage and improves performance.
+
+**Example**: Reading a Large File Line by Line
+
+```ruby
+File.open('large_file.txt', 'r') do |file|
+  while line = file.gets
+    # Process each line
+    puts line
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**Example**: Writing to a Large File in Chunks
+
+```ruby
+File.open('large_file_output.txt', 'w') do |file|
+  (1..1000000).each do |i|
+    file.write("Line #{i}\n")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### **2. File Locking Mechanisms**
+
+File locking is used to prevent multiple processes from accessing a file simultaneously, which can lead to data corruption. Ruby does not have built-in file locking, but you can use system calls or libraries for this purpose.
+
+**Example**: File Locking with `flock`
+
+```ruby
+require 'fcntl'
+
+file = File.open('lockfile.txt', 'r+')
+file.flock(File::LOCK_EX) # Exclusive lock
+
+# Perform file operations
+file.write("Some important data")
+
+file.flock(File::LOCK_UN) # Unlock the file
+file.close
+```
+:::note
+`flock` is used for advisory locking, which means it's up to cooperating processes to respect the locks.
+:::

courses/Ruby/advanced-level/Advance-File-Handling/memory-mapped.md

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+---
+id: lesson-2
+title: "Using Memory-Mapped Files"
+sidebar_label: Memory-Mapped Files
+sidebar_position: 2
+description: "Using Memory-Mapped Files"
+tags: [courses,Advance-level,Introduction]
+--- 
+ 
+
+Memory-mapped files allow a file to be mapped into the memory space of a process. This approach can be efficient for large files and can provide a way to access file contents as if they were in memory.
+
+**Example**: Memory-Mapped Files with `mmap`
+
+```ruby
+require 'mmap'
+
+File.open('large_file.txt', 'r') do |file|
+  length = file.size
+  map = Mmap.new(file.fileno, length, Mmap::ACCESS_READ)
+
+  # Access the mapped file
+  puts map[0..100] # Read the first 100 bytes
+
+  map.close
+end
+```
+
+**Note**: The `mmap` gem provides memory-mapped file capabilities. Install it via `gem install mmap`.
+
+#### **File I/O Performance Optimization**
+
+To optimize file I/O performance, consider using buffering and minimizing the number of I/O operations. 
+
+**Example**: Buffered Writing
+
+```ruby
+File.open('buffered_output.txt', 'w') do |file|
+  file.sync = false # Disable auto-flushing
+
+  (1..1000000).each do |i|
+    file.write("Line #{i}\n")
+    file.flush if i % 1000 == 0 # Manually flush buffer periodically
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**Example**: Using `IO#readpartial` for Efficient Reading
+
+```ruby
+File.open('large_file.txt', 'r') do |file|
+  buffer = ""
+  while file.readpartial(1024, buffer)
+    # Process the buffer
+    puts buffer
+    buffer.clear
+  end
+end
+```
+
+:::tip
+1. **Avoid Reading Entire Files into Memory**:
+   - For large files, process data in chunks to avoid high memory usage.
+
+2. **Implement Proper File Locking**:
+   - Use file locking mechanisms to prevent concurrent access issues, especially in multi-process applications.
+
+3. **Optimize I/O Operations**:
+   - Use buffering to reduce the number of I/O operations and improve performance. Consider memory-mapped files for large datasets. 
+
+4. **Efficient File Processing**:
+   - Process large files efficiently by reading and writing in chunks. Avoid loading entire files into memory.
+
+5. **File Locking**:
+   - Use file locking to prevent data corruption in concurrent file access scenarios.
+
+6. **Performance Optimization**:
+   - Optimize file I/O operations by using techniques such as buffering and memory-mapped files for better performance.
+:::

courses/Ruby/advanced-level/Advanced-metaprogramming/DSLs.md

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+---
+id: lesson-2
+title: "Defining DSLs (Domain-Specific Languages)"
+sidebar_label: DSLs
+sidebar_position: 2
+description: "Defining DSLs (Domain-Specific Languages)"
+tags: [courses,Advance-level,Introduction]
+---  
+    
+
+- DSLs are specialized languages tailored to a particular domain. Ruby's flexible syntax makes it easy to define DSLs.
+
+  **Example**:
+  ```ruby
+  class HtmlBuilder
+    def initialize
+      @html = ""
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(tag, content = nil, &block)
+      @html << "<#{tag}>"
+      @html << content.to_s
+      @html << block.call if block_given?
+      @html << "</#{tag}>"
+    end
+
+    def result
+      @html
+    end
+  end
+
+  builder = HtmlBuilder.new
+  builder.html do
+    builder.body do
+      builder.h1 "Hello World"
+      builder.p "This is a paragraph."
+    end
+  end
+
+  puts builder.result
+  ```
+
+  **Output**:
+  ```html
+  <html><body><h1>Hello World</h1><p>This is a paragraph.</p></body></html>
+  ```
+
+#### Advanced Use of Hooks and Callbacks
+
+- Ruby provides hooks and callbacks that can be used to run code at certain points in an object's lifecycle.
+
+  **Example**:
+  ```ruby
+  class MyClass
+    def initialize
+      puts "Initializing..."
+    end
+
+    def self.inherited(subclass)
+      puts "#{subclass} has been inherited"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SubClass < MyClass
+  end
+  ```
+
+  **Output**:
+  ```bash
+  Initializing...
+  SubClass has been inherited
+  ```
+
+:::tip
+1. **Singleton Methods**:
+   - Useful for defining methods on individual instances rather than classes. Ideal for adding custom behavior to specific objects.
+
+2. **Dynamic Evaluation**:
+   - `class_eval` and `instance_eval` allow dynamic changes to classes and objects. Use them for meta-level programming tasks.
+
+3. **Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs)**:
+   - Ruby’s syntax makes it easy to create DSLs. Leverage this to create expressive, domain-specific interfaces.
+
+4. **Understand Performance Implications**:
+   - Metaprogramming can impact performance. Use it judiciously and profile if necessary.
+
+5. **Maintain Readability**:
+   - Advanced metaprogramming can make code harder to understand. Ensure that your code remains readable and maintainable.
+
+6. **Use Metaprogramming for Reusability**:
+   - Apply metaprogramming techniques to reduce code duplication and increase flexibility.
+:::