Add Advanced C++ features

Author: sahilbansal17

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+.DS_Store
+
 # Prerequisites
 *.d
 

2-OOP/box.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/box.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 ## Basics of Classes
 
-1. [Declaring a class](box.cpp)
-2. [Two ways to define member functions](memberFunctions.cpp)
-3. [Constructor](constructor.cpp)
-4. [Destructor](destructor.cpp)
-5. [Copy Constructor](matrix.cpp)
-6. [Static members](staticData.cpp)
+1. [Declaring a class](Classes/box.cpp)
+2. [Two ways to define member functions](Classes/memberFunctions.cpp)
+3. [Constructor](Classes/constructor.cpp)
+4. [Destructor](Classes/destructor.cpp)
+5. [Copy Constructor](Classes/matrix.cpp)
+6. [Static members](Classes/staticData.cpp)
 
 ### Inheritance
 
-[Shape class example](inheritance.cpp)
+[Shape class example](Inheritance/inheritance.cpp)
 
 ### Polymorphism
 

2-OOP/constructor.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/constructor.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## Exception Handling
+
+[Division by zero exception](divisionByZero.cpp)

2-OOP/destructor.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/destructor.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+double division(int a, int b) {
+   if( b == 0 ) {
+      throw "Division by zero condition!";
+   }
+   return (a/b);
+}
+
+int main () {
+   int x = 50;
+   int y = 0;
+   double z = 0;
+
+   try {
+      z = division(x, y);
+      cout << z << endl;
+   } catch (const char* msg) {
+     cerr << msg << endl;
+   }
+
+   return 0;
+}
+

2-OOP/matrix.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/matrix.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+## File Handling
+
+1. [Reading from a file](readFile.cpp)
+2. [Writing to a file](writeFile.cpp)

2-OOP/memberFunctions.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/memberFunctions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Hello this is
+a sample file

2-OOP/staticData.cpp 2-OOP/Classes/staticData.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Writing sample text to file

2-OOP/inheritance.cpp 2-OOP/Inheritance/inheritance.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Program to demonstrate reading of a file in C++
+ */
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream> // contains ifstream, ofstream and fstream classes
+
+using namespace std;
+int main () {
+	
+	ifstream fin;
+	// fin.open("input.txt", ios::in);
+	fin.open("input.txt"); // by default: input mode
+
+	// while you reach the end of file
+	// fin.eof() denotes end of file
+	string s;
+	cout << "File contents are:\n";
+	while (!fin.eof()) {
+		// read file word by word
+		fin >> s;
+		cout << s << "\n";
+	}
+	fin.close();
+	return 0;
+}

2-OOP/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Program to demonstrate writing to a file
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main () {
+
+	ofstream fout;
+	fout.open("output.txt"); // by default: out mode
+
+	fout << "Writing sample text to file";
+
+	// good practice to close the opened files at the end
+	fout.close();
+	return 0;
+}

Exception-Handling/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## Memory Allocation in C++
+
+[New and delete operators](newOperator.cpp)

Exception-Handling/divisionByZero.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Program to understand new and delete operators in C++
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+class Matrix {
+	private:
+		int **matrix;
+		int rows;
+		int columns;
+	public:
+		Matrix(int r, int c) {
+			cout << "Creating the matrix of size: " << r << "x" << c << "\n";
+			rows = r;
+			columns = c;
+			// matrix = new int[rows][columns];
+			matrix = new int*[rows];
+			for (int i = 0; i < rows; i ++) {
+				matrix[i] = new int[columns];
+			}
+		}
+		void printMatrix() {
+			cout << "Printing the matrix: \n";
+			for (int i = 0; i < rows; i ++) {
+				for (int j = 0; j < columns; j ++) {
+					cout << matrix[i][j] << " ";
+				}
+				cout << endl;
+			}
+		}
+};
+
+int main () {
+	// new operator allocates memory from the heap memory
+	// and returns the address of the space allocated
+
+	// more powerful than malloc in C
+	// because it constructs the object rather 
+	// than just allocating the memory, that will be clear when you use it with classes
+	
+	// single integer
+	int *a = new int;
+	*a = 10;
+	cout << "Value pointed by a: " << *a << endl;
+
+	// array
+	int *b = new int[5];
+	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
+		b[i] = (i + 1);
+	}
+	cout << "Array of size 5 allocated dynamically: \n";
+	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
+		cout << b[i] << " ";
+	}
+	cout << endl;
+	
+	// a new matrix object will also be constructed
+	// using the default constructor
+	Matrix *m = new Matrix(3, 4);
+
+	// make sure to delete the allocated memory
+	delete(a);
+	delete[](b);
+	delete(m);
+	return 0;
+}

File-Handling/README.cpp

@@ -11,19 +11,43 @@ This repository contains the programs in C illustrated during the sessions.
 
 ### Basics of Classes
 
-1. [Declaring a class](2-OOP/box.cpp)
-2. [Two ways to define member functions](2-OOP/memberFunctions.cpp)
-3. [Constructor](2-OOP/constructor.cpp)
-4. [Destructor](2-OOP/destructor.cpp)
-5. [Copy Constructor](2-OOP/matrix.cpp)
-6. [Static members](2-OOP/staticData.cpp)
+1. [Declaring a class](2-OOP/Classes/box.cpp)
+2. [Two ways to define member functions](2-OOP/Classes/memberFunctions.cpp)
+3. [Constructor](2-OOP/Classes/constructor.cpp)
+4. [Destructor](2-OOP/Classes/destructor.cpp)
+5. [Copy Constructor](2-OOP/Classes/matrix.cpp)
+6. [Static members](2-OOP/Classes/staticData.cpp)
 
 ### Inheritance
 
-[Shape class example](2-OOP/inheritance.cpp)
+[Shape class example](2-OOP/Inheritance/inheritance.cpp)
 
 ### Polymorphism
 
 1. [Constructor overloading](2-OOP/Polymorphism/constructorOverloading.cpp)
 2. [Intro to Virtual functions](2-OOP/Polymorphism/generalPolymorphism.cpp)
-3. [Operator overloading](2-OOP/Polymorphism/operatorOverloading.cpp)
+3. [Operator overloading](2-OOP/Polymorphism/operatorOverloading.cpp)
+
+## File Handling
+
+1. [Reading from a file](File-Handling/readFile.cpp)
+2. [Writing to a file](File-Handling/writeFile.cpp)
+
+## Exception Handling
+
+[Division by zero exception](Exception-Handling/divisionByZero.cpp)
+
+## Memory Allocation in C++
+
+[New and delete operators](Memory-Allocation/newOperator.cpp)
+
+## Templates
+
+### Template Function
+
+[Smaller of two values](Templates/smallerOfTwo.cpp)
+
+### Template Class (Generic Class)
+
+[Student Record Header file](Templates/studentRecord.h)
+[Student Record Main file](Templates/studentRecord.cpp)

File-Handling/input.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+## Templates
+
+### Template Function
+
+[Smaller of two values](smallerOfTwo.cpp)
+
+### Template Class (Generic Class)
+
+[Student Record Header file](studentRecord.h)
+[Student Record Main file](studentRecord.cpp)

File-Handling/output.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Program to understand templates in C++
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+// typename T denotes that 'T' is used to refer to 
+// the general type 
+// general function
+template <typename T> 
+T smallerOfTwo(T a, T b) {
+	if (a < b) {
+		return a;
+	}
+	return b;
+}
+
+int main () {
+
+	int a = 3, b = 4;
+	cout << "Smaller of 3 and 4: " << smallerOfTwo(a, b) << endl;
+	
+	float c = 3.4, d = 1.3;
+	cout << "Smaller of 3.4 and 1.3: " << smallerOfTwo(c, d) << endl;
+	return 0;
+}

File-Handling/readFile.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Goal: study generic classes
+ */
+
+#include "studentRecord.h"
+
+int main() {
+    // StudentRecord is the generic class
+    // The constructor sets the grade value
+    StudentRecord<int> srInt(3);
+    srInt.setId(111111);
+    srInt.printGrades();
+ 
+    StudentRecord<char> srChar('B');
+    srChar.setId(222222);
+    srChar.printGrades();
+
+    StudentRecord<float> srFloat(3.333);
+    srFloat.setId(333333);
+    srFloat.printGrades();
+    
+    StudentRecord<string> srString("B-");
+    srString.setId(4444);
+    srString.printGrades();
+    
+    return 0;
+}

File-Handling/writeFile.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// header file for studentRecord.cpp
+
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+// tell compiler this class uses a generic value
+template <class T>
+class StudentRecord {
+    private:
+        const int size = 5;
+        T grade;
+        int studentId;
+    public:
+        StudentRecord(T input);
+        void setId(int idIn);
+        void printGrades();
+};
+
+template<class T>
+StudentRecord<T>::StudentRecord(T input) {
+    grade=input;
+}
+
+template<class T>
+void StudentRecord<T>::setId(int idIn) {
+    studentId = idIn;
+}
+
+template<class T>
+void StudentRecord<T>::printGrades(){
+    cout << "ID# " << studentId << ": ";
+    cout << grade << "\n ";
+    cout << "\n";
+}