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03-basics-factors-dataframes.md

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## Tip: Packages in R -- what are they and why do we use them?
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Packages are simply collections of functions and/or data that can be used to extend the
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capabilities of R beyond the core functionality that comes with it by default. There are
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useful R packages available that span all types of statistical analysis, data visualization,
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and more. The main place that R packages are installed from is a website called
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[CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/) (the Comprehensive R Archive Network). Many thousands
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of R packages are available there, and when you use the built-in R function `install.packages()`,
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it will look for a CRAN repository to install from. So, for example, to install
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[tidyverse](https://www.tidyverse.org) packages such as `dplyr` and `ggplot2`
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capabilities of R beyond the core functionality that comes with it by default. The default set of functions and packages that come 'in the box' when you install R for the first time on a given computer are called 'base R'. However, one of the major benefits of using an open source programming language is that there are thousands of useful R packages freely available that span all types of statistical analysis, data visualization,
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and more. The main place that these additional R packages are made available is from a website called the Comprehensive R Archive Network ([CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/)). When you use the built-in R function `install.packages()`,
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it will look on CRAN for the package and install it on your computer. So, for example, to install packages such as `dplyr` and `ggplot2`
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(which you'll do in the next few lessons), you would use the following command:
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# Installing packages --------------------------------------------------------
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- Installing ggplot2 ... OK [linked from cache]
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Successfully installed 1 package in 6.5 milliseconds.
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Successfully installed 1 package in 6.8 milliseconds.
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```
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``` r
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install.packages("dplyr")
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```
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``` output
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The following package(s) will be installed:
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- dplyr [1.1.4]
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These packages will be installed into "~/work/genomics-r-intro/genomics-r-intro/renv/profiles/lesson-requirements/renv/library/linux-ubuntu-jammy/R-4.4/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu".
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# Installing packages --------------------------------------------------------
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- Installing dplyr ... OK [linked from cache]
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Successfully installed 1 package in 5.7 milliseconds.
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```
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These two packages are among the most popular add on packages used in R, and they are part of a large set of very useful packages called the [tidyverse](https://www.tidyverse.org). Packages in the tidyverse are designed to work well together and are made to work with tidy data (which we described earlier in this lesson).
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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
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## Subsetting data frames

md5sum.txt

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"episodes/00-introduction.Rmd" "e1354ed92fb458179c8c00b00ee1cf55" "site/built/00-introduction.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/01-r-basics.Rmd" "c9e52db6d25e0b716fce903bdf9d3ee8" "site/built/01-r-basics.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/02-data-prelude.Rmd" "ab2b1fd3cdaae919f9e409f713a0a8ad" "site/built/02-data-prelude.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/03-basics-factors-dataframes.Rmd" "109ed19fade231fe8e1da43903b06539" "site/built/03-basics-factors-dataframes.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/03-basics-factors-dataframes.Rmd" "aba49258815322842a6abc14422e68b5" "site/built/03-basics-factors-dataframes.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/04-bioconductor-vcfr.Rmd" "10eb69b4697d7ecb9695d36c0d974208" "site/built/04-bioconductor-vcfr.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/05-dplyr.Rmd" "f74055bd8677338a213e0a0c6c430119" "site/built/05-dplyr.md" "2024-10-02"
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"episodes/06-data-visualization.Rmd" "0b45534421bad05f040b24c40b6da71b" "site/built/06-data-visualization.md" "2024-10-02"

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