expr2c.cpp

/*******************************************************************\

Module:

Author: Daniel Kroening, kroening@kroening.com

\*******************************************************************/

#include "expr2c.h"
#include "expr2c_class.h"

#include <util/arith_tools.h>
#include <util/c_types.h>
#include <util/config.h>
#include <util/cprover_prefix.h>
#include <util/find_symbols.h>
#include <util/fixedbv.h>
#include <util/floatbv_expr.h>
#include <util/lispexpr.h>
#include <util/lispirep.h>
#include <util/namespace.h>
#include <util/pointer_expr.h>
#include <util/pointer_offset_size.h>
#include <util/prefix.h>
#include <util/string_constant.h>
#include <util/string_utils.h>
#include <util/suffix.h>
#include <util/symbol.h>

#include "c_misc.h"
#include "c_qualifiers.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
#include <sstream>

// clang-format off

expr2c_configurationt expr2c_configurationt::default_configuration
{
  true,
  true,
  true,
  "TRUE",
  "FALSE",
  true,
  false,
  false
};

expr2c_configurationt expr2c_configurationt::clean_configuration
{
  false,
  false,
  false,
  "1",
  "0",
  false,
  true,
  true
};

// clang-format on
/*

Precedences are as follows. Higher values mean higher precedence.

16 function call ()
   ++ -- [] . ->

1  comma

*/

irep_idt expr2ct::id_shorthand(const irep_idt &identifier) const
{
  const symbolt *symbol;

  if(!ns.lookup(identifier, symbol) &&
     !symbol->base_name.empty() &&
      has_suffix(id2string(identifier), id2string(symbol->base_name)))
    return symbol->base_name;

  std::string sh=id2string(identifier);

  std::string::size_type pos=sh.rfind("::");
  if(pos!=std::string::npos)
    sh.erase(0, pos+2);

  return sh;
}

static std::string clean_identifier(const irep_idt &id)
{
  std::string dest=id2string(id);

  std::string::size_type c_pos=dest.find("::");
  if(c_pos!=std::string::npos &&
     dest.rfind("::")==c_pos)
    dest.erase(0, c_pos+2);
  else if(c_pos!=std::string::npos)
  {
    for(char &ch : dest)
      if(ch == ':')
        ch = '$';
      else if(ch == '-')
        ch = '_';
  }

  // rewrite . as used in ELF section names
  std::replace(dest.begin(), dest.end(), '.', '_');

  return dest;
}

void expr2ct::get_shorthands(const exprt &expr)
{
  const std::unordered_set<irep_idt> symbols = find_symbol_identifiers(expr);

  // avoid renaming parameters, if possible
  for(const auto &symbol_id : symbols)
  {
    const symbolt *symbol;
    bool is_param = !ns.lookup(symbol_id, symbol) && symbol->is_parameter;

    if(!is_param)
      continue;

    irep_idt sh = id_shorthand(symbol_id);

    std::string func = id2string(symbol_id);
    func = func.substr(0, func.rfind("::"));

    // if there is a global symbol of the same name as the shorthand (even if
    // not present in this particular expression) then there is a collision
    const symbolt *global_symbol;
    if(!ns.lookup(sh, global_symbol))
      sh = func + "$$" + id2string(sh);

    ns_collision[func].insert(sh);

    if(!shorthands.insert(std::make_pair(symbol_id, sh)).second)
      UNREACHABLE;
  }

  for(const auto &symbol_id : symbols)
  {
    if(shorthands.find(symbol_id) != shorthands.end())
      continue;

    irep_idt sh = id_shorthand(symbol_id);

    bool has_collision=
      ns_collision[irep_idt()].find(sh)!=
      ns_collision[irep_idt()].end();

    if(!has_collision)
    {
      // if there is a global symbol of the same name as the shorthand (even if
      // not present in this particular expression) then there is a collision
      const symbolt *symbol;
      has_collision=!ns.lookup(sh, symbol);
    }

    if(!has_collision)
    {
      irep_idt func;

      const symbolt *symbol;
      // we use the source-level function name as a means to detect collisions,
      // which is ok, because this is about generating user-visible output
      if(!ns.lookup(symbol_id, symbol))
        func=symbol->location.get_function();

      has_collision=!ns_collision[func].insert(sh).second;
    }

    if(!has_collision)
    {
      // We could also conflict with a function argument, the code below
      // finds the function we're in, and checks we don't conflict with
      // any argument to the function
      const std::string symbol_str = id2string(symbol_id);
      const std::string func = symbol_str.substr(0, symbol_str.find("::"));
      const symbolt *func_symbol;
      if(!ns.lookup(func, func_symbol))
      {
        if(can_cast_type<code_typet>(func_symbol->type))
        {
          const auto func_type =
            type_checked_cast<code_typet>(func_symbol->type);
          const auto params = func_type.parameters();
          for(const auto &param : params)
          {
            const auto param_id = param.get_identifier();
            if(param_id != symbol_id && sh == id_shorthand(param_id))
            {
              has_collision = true;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if(has_collision)
      sh = clean_identifier(symbol_id);

    shorthands.insert(std::make_pair(symbol_id, sh));
  }
}

std::string expr2ct::convert(const typet &src)
{
  return convert_with_identifier(src, "");
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_rec(
  const typet &src,
  const c_qualifierst &qualifiers,
  const std::string &declarator)
{
  std::unique_ptr<c_qualifierst> clone = qualifiers.clone();
  c_qualifierst &new_qualifiers = *clone;
  new_qualifiers.read(src);

  std::string q=new_qualifiers.as_string();

  std::string d = declarator.empty() ? declarator : " " + declarator;

  if(!configuration.expand_typedef && src.find(ID_C_typedef).is_not_nil())
  {
    return q+id2string(src.get(ID_C_typedef))+d;
  }

  if(src.id()==ID_bool)
  {
    return q + CPROVER_PREFIX + "bool" + d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_c_bool)
  {
    return q+"_Bool"+d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_string)
  {
    return q + CPROVER_PREFIX + "string" + d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_natural ||
          src.id()==ID_integer ||
          src.id()==ID_rational)
  {
    return q+src.id_string()+d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_empty)
  {
    return q+"void"+d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_complex)
  {
    // these take more or less arbitrary subtypes
    return q + "_Complex " + convert(to_complex_type(src).subtype()) + d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_floatbv)
  {
    std::size_t width=to_floatbv_type(src).get_width();

    if(width==config.ansi_c.single_width)
      return q+"float"+d;
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.double_width)
      return q+"double"+d;
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.long_double_width)
      return q+"long double"+d;
    else
    {
      std::string swidth = std::to_string(width);
      std::string fwidth=src.get_string(ID_f);
      return q + CPROVER_PREFIX + "floatbv[" + swidth + "][" + fwidth + "]";
    }
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_fixedbv)
  {
    const std::size_t width=to_fixedbv_type(src).get_width();

    const std::size_t fraction_bits=to_fixedbv_type(src).get_fraction_bits();
    return q + CPROVER_PREFIX + "fixedbv[" + std::to_string(width) + "][" +
           std::to_string(fraction_bits) + "]" + d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_c_bit_field)
  {
    std::string width=std::to_string(to_c_bit_field_type(src).get_width());
    return q + convert(to_c_bit_field_type(src).underlying_type()) + d + " : " +
           width;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_signedbv ||
          src.id()==ID_unsignedbv)
  {
    // annotated?
    irep_idt c_type=src.get(ID_C_c_type);
    const std::string c_type_str=c_type_as_string(c_type);

    if(c_type==ID_char &&
       config.ansi_c.char_is_unsigned!=(src.id()==ID_unsignedbv))
    {
      if(src.id()==ID_signedbv)
        return q+"signed char"+d;
      else
        return q+"unsigned char"+d;
    }
    else if(c_type!=ID_wchar_t && !c_type_str.empty())
      return q+c_type_str+d;

    // There is also wchar_t among the above, but this isn't a C type.

    const std::size_t width = to_bitvector_type(src).get_width();

    bool is_signed=src.id()==ID_signedbv;
    std::string sign_str=is_signed?"signed ":"unsigned ";

    if(width==config.ansi_c.int_width)
    {
      if(is_signed)
        sign_str.clear();
      return q+sign_str+"int"+d;
    }
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.long_int_width)
    {
      if(is_signed)
        sign_str.clear();
      return q+sign_str+"long int"+d;
    }
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.char_width)
    {
      // always include sign
      return q+sign_str+"char"+d;
    }
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.short_int_width)
    {
      if(is_signed)
        sign_str.clear();
      return q+sign_str+"short int"+d;
    }
    else if(width==config.ansi_c.long_long_int_width)
    {
      if(is_signed)
        sign_str.clear();
      return q+sign_str+"long long int"+d;
    }
    else if(width==128)
    {
      if(is_signed)
        sign_str.clear();
      return q + sign_str + "__int128" + d;
    }
    else
    {
      return q + sign_str + CPROVER_PREFIX + "bitvector[" +
             integer2string(width) + "]" + d;
    }
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_struct)
  {
    return convert_struct_type(src, q, d);
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_union)
  {
    const union_typet &union_type=to_union_type(src);

    std::string dest=q+"union";

    const irep_idt &tag=union_type.get_tag();
    if(!tag.empty())
      dest+=" "+id2string(tag);

    if(!union_type.is_incomplete())
    {
      dest += " {";

      for(const auto &c : union_type.components())
      {
        dest += ' ';
        dest += convert_with_identifier(c.type(), id2string(c.get_name()));
        dest += ';';
      }

      dest += " }";
    }

    dest+=d;

    return dest;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_c_enum)
  {
    std::string result;
    result+=q;
    result+="enum";

    // do we have a tag?
    const irept &tag=src.find(ID_tag);

    if(tag.is_nil())
    {
    }
    else
    {
      result+=' ';
      result+=tag.get_string(ID_C_base_name);
    }

    result+=' ';

    if(!to_c_enum_type(src).is_incomplete())
    {
      const c_enum_typet &c_enum_type = to_c_enum_type(src);
      const bool is_signed = c_enum_type.underlying_type().id() == ID_signedbv;
      const auto width =
        to_bitvector_type(c_enum_type.underlying_type()).get_width();

      result += '{';

      // add members
      const c_enum_typet::memberst &members = c_enum_type.members();

      for(c_enum_typet::memberst::const_iterator it = members.begin();
          it != members.end();
          it++)
      {
        mp_integer int_value = bvrep2integer(it->get_value(), width, is_signed);

        if(it != members.begin())
          result += ',';
        result += ' ';
        result += id2string(it->get_base_name());
        result += '=';
        result += integer2string(int_value);
      }

      result += " }";
    }

    result += d;
    return result;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_c_enum_tag)
  {
    const c_enum_tag_typet &c_enum_tag_type=to_c_enum_tag_type(src);
    const symbolt &symbol=ns.lookup(c_enum_tag_type);
    std::string result=q+"enum";
    result+=" "+id2string(symbol.base_name);
    result+=d;
    return result;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_pointer)
  {
    c_qualifierst sub_qualifiers;
    const typet &base_type = to_pointer_type(src).base_type();
    sub_qualifiers.read(base_type);

    // The star gets attached to the declarator.
    std::string new_declarator="*";

    if(!q.empty() && (!declarator.empty() || base_type.id() == ID_pointer))
    {
      new_declarator+=" "+q;
    }

    new_declarator+=declarator;

    // Depending on precedences, we may add parentheses.
    if(
      base_type.id() == ID_code ||
      (sizeof_nesting == 0 && base_type.id() == ID_array))
    {
      new_declarator="("+new_declarator+")";
    }

    return convert_rec(base_type, sub_qualifiers, new_declarator);
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_array)
  {
    return convert_array_type(src, qualifiers, declarator);
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_struct_tag)
  {
    const struct_tag_typet &struct_tag_type=
      to_struct_tag_type(src);

    std::string dest=q+"struct";
    const std::string &tag=ns.follow_tag(struct_tag_type).get_string(ID_tag);
    if(!tag.empty())
      dest+=" "+tag;
    dest+=d;

    return dest;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_union_tag)
  {
    const union_tag_typet &union_tag_type=
      to_union_tag_type(src);

    std::string dest=q+"union";
    const std::string &tag=ns.follow_tag(union_tag_type).get_string(ID_tag);
    if(!tag.empty())
      dest+=" "+tag;
    dest+=d;

    return dest;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_code)
  {
    const code_typet &code_type=to_code_type(src);

    // C doesn't really have syntax for function types,
    // i.e., the following won't parse without declarator
    std::string dest=declarator+"(";

    const code_typet::parameterst &parameters=code_type.parameters();

    if(parameters.empty())
    {
      if(!code_type.has_ellipsis())
        dest+="void"; // means 'no parameters'
    }
    else
    {
      for(code_typet::parameterst::const_iterator
          it=parameters.begin();
          it!=parameters.end();
          it++)
      {
        if(it!=parameters.begin())
          dest+=", ";

        if(it->get_identifier().empty())
          dest+=convert(it->type());
        else
        {
          std::string arg_declarator=
            convert(symbol_exprt(it->get_identifier(), it->type()));
          dest += convert_with_identifier(it->type(), arg_declarator);
        }
      }

      if(code_type.has_ellipsis())
        dest+=", ...";
    }

    dest+=')';

    c_qualifierst ret_qualifiers;
    ret_qualifiers.read(code_type.return_type());
    // _Noreturn should go with the return type
    if(new_qualifiers.is_noreturn)
    {
      ret_qualifiers.is_noreturn=true;
      new_qualifiers.is_noreturn=false;
      q=new_qualifiers.as_string();
    }

    const typet &return_type=code_type.return_type();

    // return type may be a function pointer or array
    const typet *non_ptr_type = &return_type;
    while(non_ptr_type->id()==ID_pointer)
      non_ptr_type = &(to_pointer_type(*non_ptr_type).base_type());

    if(non_ptr_type->id()==ID_code ||
       non_ptr_type->id()==ID_array)
      dest=convert_rec(return_type, ret_qualifiers, dest);
    else
      dest=convert_rec(return_type, ret_qualifiers, "")+" "+dest;

    if(!q.empty())
    {
      dest+=" "+q;
      // strip trailing space off q
      if(dest[dest.size()-1]==' ')
        dest.resize(dest.size()-1);
    }

    return dest;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_vector)
  {
    const vector_typet &vector_type=to_vector_type(src);

    const mp_integer size_int = numeric_cast_v<mp_integer>(vector_type.size());
    std::string dest="__gcc_v"+integer2string(size_int);

    std::string tmp = convert(vector_type.element_type());

    if(tmp=="signed char" || tmp=="char")
      dest+="qi";
    else if(tmp=="signed short int")
      dest+="hi";
    else if(tmp=="signed int")
      dest+="si";
    else if(tmp=="signed long long int")
      dest+="di";
    else if(tmp=="float")
      dest+="sf";
    else if(tmp=="double")
      dest+="df";
    else
    {
      const std::string subtype = convert(vector_type.element_type());
      dest=subtype;
      dest+=" __attribute__((vector_size (";
      dest+=convert(vector_type.size());
      dest+="*sizeof("+subtype+"))))";
    }

    return q+dest+d;
  }
  else if(src.id()==ID_constructor ||
          src.id()==ID_destructor)
  {
    return q+"__attribute__(("+id2string(src.id())+")) void"+d;
  }

  {
    lispexprt lisp;
    irep2lisp(src, lisp);
    std::string dest="irep(\""+MetaString(lisp.expr2string())+"\")";
    dest+=d;

    return dest;
  }
}

/// To generate C-like string for defining the given struct
/// \param src: the struct type being converted
/// \param qualifiers_str: any qualifiers on the type
/// \param declarator_str: the declarator on the type
/// \return Returns a type declaration for a struct, containing the body of the
///   struct and in that body the padding parameters.
std::string expr2ct::convert_struct_type(
  const typet &src,
  const std::string &qualifiers_str,
  const std::string &declarator_str)
{
  return convert_struct_type(
    src,
    qualifiers_str,
    declarator_str,
    configuration.print_struct_body_in_type,
    configuration.include_struct_padding_components);
}

/// To generate C-like string for declaring (or defining) the given struct
/// \param src: the struct type being converted
/// \param qualifiers: any qualifiers on the type
/// \param declarator: the declarator on the type
/// \param inc_struct_body: when generating the code, should we include a
///   complete definition of the struct
/// \param inc_padding_components: should the padding parameters be included
///   Note this only makes sense if inc_struct_body
/// \return Returns a type declaration for a struct, optionally containing the
///   body of the struct (and in that body, optionally the padding parameters).
std::string expr2ct::convert_struct_type(
  const typet &src,
  const std::string &qualifiers,
  const std::string &declarator,
  bool inc_struct_body,
  bool inc_padding_components)
{
  // Either we are including the body (in which case it makes sense to include
  // or exclude the parameters) or there is no body so therefore we definitely
  // shouldn't be including the parameters
  INVARIANT(
    inc_struct_body || !inc_padding_components, "inconsistent configuration");

  const struct_typet &struct_type=to_struct_type(src);

  std::string dest=qualifiers+"struct";

  const irep_idt &tag=struct_type.get_tag();
  if(!tag.empty())
    dest+=" "+id2string(tag);

  if(inc_struct_body && !struct_type.is_incomplete())
  {
    dest+=" {";

    for(const auto &component : struct_type.components())
    {
      // Skip padding parameters unless we including them
      if(component.get_is_padding() && !inc_padding_components)
      {
        continue;
      }

      dest+=' ';
      dest += convert_with_identifier(
        component.type(), id2string(component.get_name()));
      dest+=';';
    }

    dest+=" }";
  }

  dest+=declarator;

  return dest;
}

/// To generate a C-like type declaration of an array. Includes the size of the
/// array in the []
/// \param src: The array type to convert
/// \param qualifiers: Any qualifiers on the type
/// \param declarator_str: Previously computed string denoting the array symbol
/// \return A C-like type declaration of an array
std::string expr2ct::convert_array_type(
  const typet &src,
  const c_qualifierst &qualifiers,
  const std::string &declarator_str)
{
  return convert_array_type(
    src, qualifiers, declarator_str, configuration.include_array_size);
}

/// To generate a C-like type declaration of an array. Optionally can include or
/// exclude the size of the array in the []
/// \param src: The array type to convert
/// \param qualifiers: Any qualifiers on the type
/// \param declarator_str: Previously computed string denoting the array symbol
/// \param inc_size_if_possible: Should the generated string include the size of
///   the array (if it is known).
/// \return A C-like type declaration of an array
std::string expr2ct::convert_array_type(
  const typet &src,
  const c_qualifierst &qualifiers,
  const std::string &declarator_str,
  bool inc_size_if_possible)
{
  // The [...] gets attached to the declarator.
  std::string array_suffix;

  if(to_array_type(src).size().is_nil() || !inc_size_if_possible)
    array_suffix="[]";
  else
    array_suffix="["+convert(to_array_type(src).size())+"]";

  // This won't really parse without declarator.
  // Note that qualifiers are passed down.
  return convert_rec(
    to_array_type(src).element_type(),
    qualifiers,
    declarator_str + array_suffix);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_typecast(
  const typecast_exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  // some special cases

  const typet &to_type = src.type();
  const typet &from_type = src.op().type();

  if(to_type.id()==ID_c_bool &&
     from_type.id()==ID_bool)
    return convert_with_precedence(src.op(), precedence);

  if(to_type.id()==ID_bool &&
     from_type.id()==ID_c_bool)
    return convert_with_precedence(src.op(), precedence);

  std::string dest = "(" + convert(to_type) + ")";

  unsigned p;
  std::string tmp=convert_with_precedence(src.op(), p);

  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=tmp;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_trinary(
  const ternary_exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol1,
  const std::string &symbol2,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  const exprt &op0=src.op0();
  const exprt &op1=src.op1();
  const exprt &op2=src.op2();

  unsigned p0, p1, p2;

  std::string s_op0=convert_with_precedence(op0, p0);
  std::string s_op1=convert_with_precedence(op1, p1);
  std::string s_op2=convert_with_precedence(op2, p2);

  std::string dest;

  if(precedence>=p0)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=s_op0;
  if(precedence>=p0)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=' ';
  dest+=symbol1;
  dest+=' ';

  if(precedence>=p1)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=s_op1;
  if(precedence>=p1)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=' ';
  dest+=symbol2;
  dest+=' ';

  if(precedence>=p2)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=s_op2;
  if(precedence>=p2)
    dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_binding(
  const binding_exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  // our made-up syntax can only do one symbol
  if(src.variables().size() != 1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p0, p1;

  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(src.variables().front(), p0);
  std::string op1 = convert_with_precedence(src.where(), p1);

  std::string dest=symbol+" { ";
  dest += convert(src.variables().front().type());
  dest+=" "+op0+"; ";
  dest+=op1;
  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_with(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()<3)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p0;
  const auto &old = to_with_expr(src).old();
  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(old, p0);

  std::string dest;

  if(precedence>p0)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op0;
  if(precedence>p0)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=" WITH [";

  for(size_t i=1; i<src.operands().size(); i+=2)
  {
    std::string op1, op2;
    unsigned p1, p2;

    if(i!=1)
      dest+=", ";

    if(src.operands()[i].id()==ID_member_name)
    {
      const irep_idt &component_name=
        src.operands()[i].get(ID_component_name);

      const struct_union_typet::componentt &comp_expr =
        (old.type().id() == ID_struct_tag || old.type().id() == ID_union_tag)
          ? ns.follow_tag(to_struct_or_union_tag_type(old.type()))
              .get_component(component_name)
          : to_struct_union_type(old.type()).get_component(component_name);
      CHECK_RETURN(comp_expr.is_not_nil());

      irep_idt display_component_name;

      if(comp_expr.get_pretty_name().empty())
        display_component_name=component_name;
      else
        display_component_name=comp_expr.get_pretty_name();

      op1="."+id2string(display_component_name);
      p1=10;
    }
    else
      op1=convert_with_precedence(src.operands()[i], p1);

    op2=convert_with_precedence(src.operands()[i+1], p2);

    dest+=op1;
    dest+=":=";
    dest+=op2;
  }

  dest+=']';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_let(
  const let_exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  std::string dest = "LET ";

  bool first = true;

  const auto &values = src.values();
  auto values_it = values.begin();
  for(auto &v : src.variables())
  {
    if(first)
      first = false;
    else
      dest += ", ";

    dest += convert(v) + "=" + convert(*values_it);
    ++values_it;
  }

  dest += " IN " + convert(src.where());

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_update(const update_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  std::string dest;

  dest+="UPDATE(";

  std::string op0, op1, op2;
  unsigned p0, p2;

  op0 = convert_with_precedence(src.op0(), p0);
  op2 = convert_with_precedence(src.op2(), p2);

  if(precedence>p0)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op0;
  if(precedence>p0)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=", ";

  const exprt &designator = src.op1();

  for(const auto &op : designator.operands())
    dest += convert(op);

  dest+=", ";

  if(precedence>p2)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op2;
  if(precedence>p2)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_cond(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()<2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  bool condition=true;

  std::string dest="cond {\n";

  for(const auto &operand : src.operands())
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string op = convert_with_precedence(operand, p);

    if(condition)
      dest+="  ";

    dest+=op;

    if(condition)
      dest+=": ";
    else
      dest+=";\n";

    condition=!condition;
  }

  dest+="} ";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_binary(
  const binary_exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol,
  unsigned precedence,
  bool full_parentheses)
{
  const exprt &op0 = src.op0();
  const exprt &op1 = src.op1();

  unsigned p0, p1;

  std::string s_op0=convert_with_precedence(op0, p0);
  std::string s_op1=convert_with_precedence(op1, p1);

  std::string dest;

  // In pointer arithmetic, x+(y-z) is unfortunately
  // not the same as (x+y)-z, even though + and -
  // have the same precedence. We thus add parentheses
  // for the case x+(y-z). Similarly, (x*y)/z is not
  // the same as x*(y/z), but * and / have the same
  // precedence.

  bool use_parentheses0=
    precedence>p0 ||
    (precedence==p0 && full_parentheses) ||
    (precedence==p0 && src.id()!=op0.id());

  if(use_parentheses0)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=s_op0;
  if(use_parentheses0)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=' ';
  dest+=symbol;
  dest+=' ';

  bool use_parentheses1=
    precedence>p1 ||
    (precedence==p1 && full_parentheses) ||
    (precedence==p1 && src.id()!=op1.id());

  if(use_parentheses1)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=s_op1;
  if(use_parentheses1)
    dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_multi_ary(
  const exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol,
  unsigned precedence,
  bool full_parentheses)
{
  if(src.operands().size()<2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string dest;
  bool first=true;

  for(const auto &operand : src.operands())
  {
    if(first)
      first=false;
    else
    {
      if(symbol!=", ")
        dest+=' ';
      dest+=symbol;
      dest+=' ';
    }

    unsigned p;
    std::string op = convert_with_precedence(operand, p);

    // In pointer arithmetic, x+(y-z) is unfortunately
    // not the same as (x+y)-z, even though + and -
    // have the same precedence. We thus add parentheses
    // for the case x+(y-z). Similarly, (x*y)/z is not
    // the same as x*(y/z), but * and / have the same
    // precedence.

    bool use_parentheses = precedence > p ||
                           (precedence == p && full_parentheses) ||
                           (precedence == p && src.id() != operand.id());

    if(use_parentheses)
      dest+='(';
    dest+=op;
    if(use_parentheses)
      dest+=')';
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_unary(
  const unary_exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  unsigned p;
  std::string op = convert_with_precedence(src.op(), p);

  std::string dest=symbol;
  if(precedence>=p ||
     (!symbol.empty() && has_prefix(op, symbol)))
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>=p ||
     (!symbol.empty() && has_prefix(op, symbol)))
    dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_allocate(const exprt &src, unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size() != 2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p0;
  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op0(), p0);

  unsigned p1;
  std::string op1 = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op1(), p1);

  std::string dest = "ALLOCATE";
  dest += '(';

  if(
    src.type().id() == ID_pointer &&
    to_pointer_type(src.type()).base_type().id() != ID_empty)
  {
    dest += convert(to_pointer_type(src.type()).base_type());
    dest+=", ";
  }

  dest += op0 + ", " + op1;
  dest += ')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_nondet(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(!src.operands().empty())
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "NONDET("+convert(src.type())+")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_statement_expression(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(
    src.operands().size() != 1 ||
    to_code(to_unary_expr(src).op()).get_statement() != ID_block)
  {
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return "(" +
         convert_code(to_code_block(to_code(to_unary_expr(src).op())), 0) + ")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_prob_coin(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()==1)
    return "COIN(" + convert(to_unary_expr(src).op()) + ")";
  else
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_literal(const exprt &src)
{
  return "L("+src.get_string(ID_literal)+")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_prob_uniform(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()==1)
    return "PROB_UNIFORM(" + convert(src.type()) + "," +
           convert(to_unary_expr(src).op()) + ")";
  else
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_function(const exprt &src, const std::string &name)
{
  std::string dest=name;
  dest+='(';

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string op=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";

    dest+=op;
  }

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_comma(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p0;
  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op0(), p0);
  if(*op0.rbegin()==';')
    op0.resize(op0.size()-1);

  unsigned p1;
  std::string op1 = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op1(), p1);
  if(*op1.rbegin()==';')
    op1.resize(op1.size()-1);

  std::string dest=op0;
  dest+=", ";
  dest+=op1;

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_complex(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(
    src.operands().size() == 2 && to_binary_expr(src).op0().is_zero() &&
    to_binary_expr(src).op1().is_constant())
  {
    // This is believed to be gcc only; check if this is sensible
    // in MSC mode.
    return convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op1(), precedence) + "i";
  }

  // ISO C11 offers:
  // double complex CMPLX(double x, double y);
  // float complex CMPLXF(float x, float y);
  // long double complex CMPLXL(long double x, long double y);

  const typet &subtype = to_complex_type(src.type()).subtype();

  std::string name;

  if(subtype==double_type())
    name="CMPLX";
  else if(subtype==float_type())
    name="CMPLXF";
  else if(subtype==long_double_type())
    name="CMPLXL";
  else
    name="CMPLX"; // default, possibly wrong

  std::string dest=name;
  dest+='(';

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string op=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";

    dest+=op;
  }

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_array_of(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "ARRAY_OF(" + convert(to_unary_expr(src).op()) + ')';
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_byte_extract(
  const byte_extract_exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p0;
  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(src.op0(), p0);

  unsigned p1;
  std::string op1 = convert_with_precedence(src.op1(), p1);

  std::string dest=src.id_string();
  dest+='(';
  dest+=op0;
  dest+=", ";
  dest+=op1;
  dest+=", ";
  dest+=convert(src.type());
  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_byte_update(const byte_update_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  unsigned p0;
  std::string op0 = convert_with_precedence(src.op0(), p0);

  unsigned p1;
  std::string op1 = convert_with_precedence(src.op1(), p1);

  unsigned p2;
  std::string op2 = convert_with_precedence(src.op2(), p2);

  std::string dest=src.id_string();
  dest+='(';
  dest+=op0;
  dest+=", ";
  dest+=op1;
  dest+=", ";
  dest+=op2;
  dest+=", ";
  dest += convert(src.op2().type());
  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_unary_post(
  const exprt &src,
  const std::string &symbol,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  unsigned p;
  std::string op = convert_with_precedence(to_unary_expr(src).op(), p);

  std::string dest;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';
  dest+=symbol;

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_index(const binary_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  unsigned p;
  std::string op = convert_with_precedence(src.op0(), p);

  std::string dest;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  dest+='[';
  dest += convert(src.op1());
  dest+=']';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_pointer_arithmetic(
  const exprt &src, unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string dest="POINTER_ARITHMETIC(";

  unsigned p;
  std::string op;

  op = convert(to_binary_expr(src).op0().type());
  dest+=op;

  dest+=", ";

  op = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op0(), p);
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=", ";

  op = convert_with_precedence(to_binary_expr(src).op1(), p);
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_pointer_difference(
  const exprt &src, unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  const auto &binary_expr = to_binary_expr(src);

  std::string dest="POINTER_DIFFERENCE(";

  unsigned p;
  std::string op;

  op = convert(binary_expr.op0().type());
  dest+=op;

  dest+=", ";

  op = convert_with_precedence(binary_expr.op0(), p);
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=", ";

  op = convert_with_precedence(binary_expr.op1(), p);
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+='(';
  dest+=op;
  if(precedence>p)
    dest+=')';

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_member_designator(const exprt &src)
{
  unsigned precedence;

  if(!src.operands().empty())
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "."+src.get_string(ID_component_name);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_index_designator(const exprt &src)
{
  unsigned precedence;

  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "[" + convert(to_unary_expr(src).op()) + "]";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_member(
  const member_exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  const auto &compound = src.compound();

  unsigned p;
  std::string dest;

  if(compound.id() == ID_dereference)
  {
    const auto &pointer = to_dereference_expr(compound).pointer();

    std::string op = convert_with_precedence(pointer, p);

    if(precedence > p || pointer.id() == ID_typecast)
      dest+='(';
    dest+=op;
    if(precedence > p || pointer.id() == ID_typecast)
      dest+=')';

    dest+="->";
  }
  else
  {
    std::string op = convert_with_precedence(compound, p);

    if(precedence > p || compound.id() == ID_typecast)
      dest+='(';
    dest+=op;
    if(precedence > p || compound.id() == ID_typecast)
      dest+=')';

    dest+='.';
  }

  if(
    compound.type().id() != ID_struct && compound.type().id() != ID_union &&
    compound.type().id() != ID_struct_tag &&
    compound.type().id() != ID_union_tag)
  {
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  const struct_union_typet &struct_union_type =
    (compound.type().id() == ID_struct_tag ||
     compound.type().id() == ID_union_tag)
      ? ns.follow_tag(to_struct_or_union_tag_type(compound.type()))
      : to_struct_union_type(compound.type());

  irep_idt component_name=src.get_component_name();

  if(!component_name.empty())
  {
    const auto &comp_expr = struct_union_type.get_component(component_name);

    if(comp_expr.is_nil())
      return convert_norep(src, precedence);

    if(!comp_expr.get_pretty_name().empty())
      dest += id2string(comp_expr.get_pretty_name());
    else
      dest+=id2string(component_name);

    return dest;
  }

  std::size_t n=src.get_component_number();

  if(n>=struct_union_type.components().size())
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  const auto &comp_expr = struct_union_type.components()[n];

  if(!comp_expr.get_pretty_name().empty())
    dest += id2string(comp_expr.get_pretty_name());
  else
    dest += id2string(comp_expr.get_name());

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_array_member_value(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "[]=" + convert(to_unary_expr(src).op());
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_struct_member_value(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return "." + src.get_string(ID_name) + "=" + convert(to_unary_expr(src).op());
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_norep(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  lispexprt lisp;
  irep2lisp(src, lisp);
  std::string dest="irep(\""+MetaString(lisp.expr2string())+"\")";
  precedence=16;
  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_symbol(const exprt &src)
{
  const irep_idt &id=src.get(ID_identifier);
  std::string dest;

  if(
    src.operands().size() == 1 &&
    to_unary_expr(src).op().id() == ID_predicate_passive_symbol)
  {
    dest = to_unary_expr(src).op().get_string(ID_identifier);
  }
  else
  {
    std::unordered_map<irep_idt, irep_idt>::const_iterator entry =
      shorthands.find(id);
    // we might be called from conversion of a type
    if(entry==shorthands.end())
    {
      get_shorthands(src);

      entry=shorthands.find(id);
      CHECK_RETURN(entry != shorthands.end());
    }

    dest=id2string(entry->second);

    #if 0
    if(id.starts_with(SYMEX_DYNAMIC_PREFIX "::dynamic_object"))
    {
      if(sizeof_nesting++ == 0)
        dest+=" /*"+convert(src.type());
      if(--sizeof_nesting == 0)
        dest+="*/";
    }
    #endif
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_nondet_symbol(const nondet_symbol_exprt &src)
{
  const irep_idt id=src.get_identifier();
  return "nondet_symbol<" + convert(src.type()) + ">(" + id2string(id) + ")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_predicate_symbol(const exprt &src)
{
  const std::string &id=src.get_string(ID_identifier);
  return "ps("+id+")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_predicate_next_symbol(const exprt &src)
{
  const std::string &id=src.get_string(ID_identifier);
  return "pns("+id+")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_predicate_passive_symbol(const exprt &src)
{
  const std::string &id=src.get_string(ID_identifier);
  return "pps("+id+")";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_quantified_symbol(const exprt &src)
{
  const std::string &id=src.get_string(ID_identifier);
  return id;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_nondet_bool()
{
  return "nondet_bool()";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_object_descriptor(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string result="<";

  result += convert(to_binary_expr(src).op0());
  result+=", ";
  result += convert(to_binary_expr(src).op1());
  result+=", ";

  if(src.type().is_nil())
    result+='?';
  else
    result+=convert(src.type());

  result+='>';

  return result;
}

static std::optional<exprt>
build_sizeof_expr(const constant_exprt &expr, const namespacet &ns)
{
  const typet &type = static_cast<const typet &>(expr.find(ID_C_c_sizeof_type));

  if(type.is_nil())
    return {};

  const auto type_size_expr = size_of_expr(type, ns);
  std::optional<mp_integer> type_size;
  if(type_size_expr.has_value())
    type_size = numeric_cast<mp_integer>(*type_size_expr);
  auto val = numeric_cast<mp_integer>(expr);

  if(
    !type_size.has_value() || *type_size < 0 || !val.has_value() ||
    *val < *type_size || (*type_size == 0 && *val > 0))
  {
    return {};
  }

  const unsignedbv_typet t(size_type());
  DATA_INVARIANT(
    address_bits(*val + 1) <= t.get_width(),
    "sizeof value does not fit size_type");

  mp_integer remainder = 0;

  if(*type_size != 0)
  {
    remainder = *val % *type_size;
    *val -= remainder;
    *val /= *type_size;
  }

  exprt result(ID_sizeof, t);
  result.set(ID_type_arg, type);

  if(*val > 1)
    result = mult_exprt(result, from_integer(*val, t));
  if(remainder > 0)
    result = plus_exprt(result, from_integer(remainder, t));

  return typecast_exprt::conditional_cast(result, expr.type());
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_constant(
  const constant_exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  const irep_idt &base=src.get(ID_C_base);
  const typet &type = src.type();
  const irep_idt value=src.get_value();
  std::string dest;

  if(type.id()==ID_integer ||
     type.id()==ID_natural ||
     type.id()==ID_rational)
  {
    dest=id2string(value);
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_c_enum ||
          type.id()==ID_c_enum_tag)
  {
    c_enum_typet c_enum_type = type.id() == ID_c_enum
                                 ? to_c_enum_type(type)
                                 : ns.follow_tag(to_c_enum_tag_type(type));

    if(c_enum_type.id()!=ID_c_enum)
      return convert_norep(src, precedence);

    if(!configuration.print_enum_int_value)
    {
      const c_enum_typet::memberst &members =
        to_c_enum_type(c_enum_type).members();

      for(const auto &member : members)
      {
        if(member.get_value() == value)
          return "/*enum*/" + id2string(member.get_base_name());
      }
    }

    // lookup failed or enum is to be output as integer
    const bool is_signed = c_enum_type.underlying_type().id() == ID_signedbv;
    const auto width =
      to_bitvector_type(c_enum_type.underlying_type()).get_width();

    std::string value_as_string =
      integer2string(bvrep2integer(value, width, is_signed));

    if(configuration.print_enum_int_value)
      return value_as_string;
    else
      return "/*enum*/" + value_as_string;
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_rational)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  else if(type.id()==ID_bv)
  {
    // not C
    dest=id2string(value);
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_bool)
  {
    dest=convert_constant_bool(src.is_true());
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_unsignedbv ||
          type.id()==ID_signedbv ||
          type.id()==ID_c_bit_field ||
          type.id()==ID_c_bool)
  {
    const auto width = to_bitvector_type(type).get_width();

    mp_integer int_value = bvrep2integer(
      value,
      width,
      type.id() == ID_signedbv ||
        (type.id() == ID_c_bit_field &&
         to_c_bit_field_type(type).underlying_type().id() == ID_signedbv));

    const irep_idt &c_type =
      type.id() == ID_c_bit_field
        ? to_c_bit_field_type(type).underlying_type().get(ID_C_c_type)
        : type.get(ID_C_c_type);

    if(type.id()==ID_c_bool)
    {
      dest=convert_constant_bool(int_value!=0);
    }
    else if(type==char_type() &&
            type!=signed_int_type() &&
            type!=unsigned_int_type())
    {
      if(int_value=='\n')
        dest+="'\\n'";
      else if(int_value=='\r')
        dest+="'\\r'";
      else if(int_value=='\t')
        dest+="'\\t'";
      else if(int_value=='\'')
        dest+="'\\''";
      else if(int_value=='\\')
        dest+="'\\\\'";
      else if(int_value>=' ' && int_value<126)
      {
        dest+='\'';
        dest += numeric_cast_v<char>(int_value);
        dest+='\'';
      }
      else
        dest=integer2string(int_value);
    }
    else
    {
      if(base=="16")
        dest="0x"+integer2string(int_value, 16);
      else if(base=="8")
        dest="0"+integer2string(int_value, 8);
      else if(base=="2")
        dest="0b"+integer2string(int_value, 2);
      else
        dest=integer2string(int_value);

      if(c_type==ID_unsigned_int)
        dest+='u';
      else if(c_type==ID_unsigned_long_int)
        dest+="ul";
      else if(c_type==ID_signed_long_int)
        dest+='l';
      else if(c_type==ID_unsigned_long_long_int)
        dest+="ull";
      else if(c_type==ID_signed_long_long_int)
        dest+="ll";

      if(sizeof_nesting == 0)
      {
        const auto sizeof_expr_opt = build_sizeof_expr(src, ns);

        if(sizeof_expr_opt.has_value())
        {
          ++sizeof_nesting;
          dest = convert(sizeof_expr_opt.value()) + " /*" + dest + "*/ ";
          --sizeof_nesting;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_floatbv)
  {
    dest=ieee_floatt(to_constant_expr(src)).to_ansi_c_string();

    if(!dest.empty() && isdigit(dest[dest.size() - 1]))
    {
      if(dest.find('.')==std::string::npos)
        dest+=".0";

      // ANSI-C: double is default; float/long-double require annotation
      if(src.type()==float_type())
        dest+='f';
      else if(src.type()==long_double_type() &&
              double_type()!=long_double_type())
        dest+='l';
    }
    else if(dest.size()==4 &&
            (dest[0]=='+' || dest[0]=='-'))
    {
      if(configuration.use_library_macros)
      {
        if(dest == "+inf")
          dest = "+INFINITY";
        else if(dest == "-inf")
          dest = "-INFINITY";
        else if(dest == "+NaN")
          dest = "+NAN";
        else if(dest == "-NaN")
          dest = "-NAN";
      }
      else
      {
        // ANSI-C: double is default; float/long-double require annotation
        std::string suffix = "";
        if(src.type() == float_type())
          suffix = "f";
        else if(
          src.type() == long_double_type() &&
          double_type() != long_double_type())
        {
          suffix = "l";
        }

        if(dest == "+inf")
          dest = "(1.0" + suffix + "/0.0" + suffix + ")";
        else if(dest == "-inf")
          dest = "(-1.0" + suffix + "/0.0" + suffix + ")";
        else if(dest == "+NaN")
          dest = "(0.0" + suffix + "/0.0" + suffix + ")";
        else if(dest == "-NaN")
          dest = "(-0.0" + suffix + "/0.0" + suffix + ")";
      }
    }
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_fixedbv)
  {
    dest=fixedbvt(to_constant_expr(src)).to_ansi_c_string();

    if(!dest.empty() && isdigit(dest[dest.size() - 1]))
    {
      if(src.type()==float_type())
        dest+='f';
      else if(src.type()==long_double_type())
        dest+='l';
    }
  }
  else if(type.id() == ID_array)
  {
    dest = convert_array(src);
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_pointer)
  {
    if(src.is_null_pointer())
    {
      if(configuration.use_library_macros)
        dest = "NULL";
      else
        dest = "0";
      if(to_pointer_type(type).base_type().id() != ID_empty)
        dest="(("+convert(type)+")"+dest+")";
    }
    else if(
      value == "INVALID" || value.starts_with("INVALID-") ||
      value == "NULL+offset")
    {
      dest = id2string(value);
    }
    else
    {
      const auto width = to_pointer_type(type).get_width();
      mp_integer int_value = bvrep2integer(value, width, false);
      return "(" + convert(type) + ")" + integer2string(int_value);
    }
  }
  else if(type.id()==ID_string)
  {
    return '"'+id2string(src.get_value())+'"';
  }
  else
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_annotated_pointer_constant(
  const annotated_pointer_constant_exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  const auto &annotation = src.symbolic_pointer();

  return convert_with_precedence(annotation, precedence);
}

/// To get the C-like representation of a given boolean value.
/// \param boolean_value: The value of the constant bool expression
/// \return Returns a C-like representation of the boolean value, e.g. TRUE or
///   FALSE.
std::string expr2ct::convert_constant_bool(bool boolean_value)
{
  if(boolean_value)
    return configuration.true_string;
  else
    return configuration.false_string;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_struct(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  return convert_struct(
    src, precedence, configuration.include_struct_padding_components);
}

/// To generate a C-like string representing a struct. Can optionally include
/// the padding parameters.
/// \param src: The struct declaration expression
/// \param [out] precedence: Precedence of the top level operator in the
///   resulting string, used to decide about adding parentheses
/// \param include_padding_components: Should the generated C code include the
///   padding members added to structs for GOTOs benefit
/// \return A string representation of the struct expression
std::string expr2ct::convert_struct(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence,
  bool include_padding_components)
{
  if(src.type().id() != ID_struct && src.type().id() != ID_struct_tag)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  const struct_typet &struct_type =
    src.type().id() == ID_struct_tag
      ? ns.follow_tag(to_struct_tag_type(src.type()))
      : to_struct_type(src.type());

  const struct_typet::componentst &components=
    struct_type.components();

  if(components.size()!=src.operands().size())
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string dest="{ ";

  exprt::operandst::const_iterator o_it=src.operands().begin();

  bool first=true;
  bool newline=false;
  size_t last_size=0;

  for(const auto &component : struct_type.components())
  {
    DATA_INVARIANT(
      o_it->type().id() != ID_code, "struct member must not be of code type");

    if(component.get_is_padding() && !include_padding_components)
    {
      ++o_it;
      continue;
    }

    if(first)
      first=false;
    else
    {
      dest+=',';

      if(newline)
        dest+="\n    ";
      else
        dest+=' ';
    }

    std::string tmp=convert(*o_it);

    if(last_size+40<dest.size())
    {
      newline=true;
      last_size=dest.size();
    }
    else
      newline=false;

    dest+='.';
    dest+=component.get_string(ID_name);
    dest+='=';
    dest+=tmp;

    o_it++;
  }

  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_vector(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  const typet &type = src.type();

  if(type.id() != ID_vector)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string dest="{ ";

  bool first=true;
  bool newline=false;
  size_t last_size=0;

  for(const auto &op : src.operands())
  {
    if(first)
      first=false;
    else
    {
      dest+=',';

      if(newline)
        dest+="\n    ";
      else
        dest+=' ';
    }

    std::string tmp = convert(op);

    if(last_size+40<dest.size())
    {
      newline=true;
      last_size=dest.size();
    }
    else
      newline=false;

    dest+=tmp;
  }

  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_union(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  std::string dest="{ ";

  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  dest+='.';
  dest+=src.get_string(ID_component_name);
  dest+='=';
  dest += convert(to_union_expr(src).op());

  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_array(const exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest;

  // we treat arrays of characters as string constants,
  // and arrays of wchar_t as wide strings

  const typet &element_type = to_array_type(src.type()).element_type();

  bool all_constant=true;

  for(const auto &op : src.operands())
  {
    if(!op.is_constant())
      all_constant=false;
  }

  if(
    src.get_bool(ID_C_string_constant) && all_constant &&
    (element_type == char_type() || element_type == wchar_t_type()))
  {
    bool wide = element_type == wchar_t_type();

    if(wide)
      dest+='L';

    dest+="\"";

    dest.reserve(dest.size()+1+src.operands().size());

    bool last_was_hex=false;

    forall_operands(it, src)
    {
      // these have a trailing zero
      if(it==--src.operands().end())
        break;

      const unsigned int ch = numeric_cast_v<unsigned>(to_constant_expr(*it));

      if(last_was_hex)
      {
        // we use "string splicing" to avoid ambiguity
        if(isxdigit(ch))
          dest+="\" \"";

        last_was_hex=false;
      }

      switch(ch)
      {
      case '\n': dest+="\\n"; break; /* NL (0x0a) */
      case '\t': dest+="\\t"; break; /* HT (0x09) */
      case '\v': dest+="\\v"; break; /* VT (0x0b) */
      case '\b': dest+="\\b"; break; /* BS (0x08) */
      case '\r': dest+="\\r"; break; /* CR (0x0d) */
      case '\f': dest+="\\f"; break; /* FF (0x0c) */
      case '\a': dest+="\\a"; break; /* BEL (0x07) */
      case '\\': dest+="\\\\"; break;
      case '"': dest+="\\\""; break;

      default:
        if(ch>=' ' && ch!=127 && ch<0xff)
          dest+=static_cast<char>(ch);
        else
        {
          std::ostringstream oss;
          oss << "\\x" << std::hex << ch;
          dest += oss.str();
          last_was_hex=true;
        }
      }
    }

    dest+="\"";

    return dest;
  }

  dest="{ ";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    std::string tmp;

    if(it->is_not_nil())
      tmp=convert(*it);

    if((it+1)!=src.operands().end())
    {
      tmp+=", ";
      if(tmp.size()>40)
        tmp+="\n    ";
    }

    dest+=tmp;
  }

  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_array_list(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  std::string dest="{ ";

  if((src.operands().size()%2)!=0)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    std::string tmp1=convert(*it);

    it++;

    std::string tmp2=convert(*it);

    std::string tmp="["+tmp1+"]="+tmp2;

    if((it+1)!=src.operands().end())
    {
      tmp+=", ";
      if(tmp.size()>40)
        tmp+="\n    ";
    }

    dest+=tmp;
  }

  dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_initializer_list(const exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest;
  if(src.id()!=ID_compound_literal)
    dest+="{ ";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    std::string tmp=convert(*it);

    if((it+1)!=src.operands().end())
    {
      tmp+=", ";
      if(tmp.size()>40)
        tmp+="\n    ";
    }

    dest+=tmp;
  }

  if(src.id()!=ID_compound_literal)
    dest+=" }";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_rox(const shift_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  // AAAA rox n ==   (AAAA lhs_op n % width(AAAA))
  //               | (AAAA rhs_op (width(AAAA) - n % width(AAAA)))
  // Where lhs_op and rhs_op depend on whether it is rol or ror
  // Get AAAA and if it's signed wrap it in a cast to remove
  // the sign since this messes with C shifts
  exprt op0 = src.op();
  size_t type_width;
  if(can_cast_type<signedbv_typet>(op0.type()))
  {
    // Set the type width
    type_width = to_signedbv_type(op0.type()).get_width();
    // Shifts in C are arithmetic and care about sign, by forcing
    // a cast to unsigned we force the shifts to perform rol/r
    op0 = typecast_exprt(op0, unsignedbv_typet(type_width));
  }
  else if(can_cast_type<unsignedbv_typet>(op0.type()))
  {
    // Set the type width
    type_width = to_unsignedbv_type(op0.type()).get_width();
  }
  else
  {
    UNREACHABLE;
  }
  // Construct the "width(AAAA)" constant
  const exprt width_expr = from_integer(type_width, src.distance().type());
  // Apply modulo to n since shifting will overflow
  // That is: 0001 << 4 == 0, but 0001 rol 4 == 0001
  const exprt distance_modulo_width = mod_exprt(src.distance(), width_expr);
  // Now put the pieces together
  // width(AAAA) - (n % width(AAAA))
  const auto complement_width_expr =
    minus_exprt(width_expr, distance_modulo_width);
  // lhs and rhs components defined according to rol/ror
  exprt lhs_expr;
  exprt rhs_expr;
  if(src.id() == ID_rol)
  {
    // AAAA << (n % width(AAAA))
    lhs_expr = shl_exprt(op0, distance_modulo_width);
    // AAAA >> complement_width_expr
    rhs_expr = ashr_exprt(op0, complement_width_expr);
  }
  else if(src.id() == ID_ror)
  {
    // AAAA >> (n % width(AAAA))
    lhs_expr = ashr_exprt(op0, distance_modulo_width);
    // AAAA << complement_width_expr
    rhs_expr = shl_exprt(op0, complement_width_expr);
  }
  else
  {
    // Someone called this function when they shouldn't have.
    UNREACHABLE;
  }
  return convert_with_precedence(bitor_exprt(lhs_expr, rhs_expr), precedence);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_designated_initializer(const exprt &src)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  const exprt &value = to_unary_expr(src).op();

  const exprt &designator = static_cast<const exprt &>(src.find(ID_designator));
  if(designator.operands().size() != 1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  const exprt &designator_id = to_unary_expr(designator).op();

  std::string dest;

  if(designator_id.id() == ID_member)
  {
    dest = "." + id2string(designator_id.get(ID_component_name));
  }
  else if(
    designator_id.id() == ID_index && designator_id.operands().size() == 1)
  {
    dest = "[" + convert(to_unary_expr(designator_id).op()) + "]";
  }
  else
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  dest+='=';
  dest += convert(value);

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_function_application(const function_application_exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest;

  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string function_str=convert_with_precedence(src.function(), p);
    dest+=function_str;
  }

  dest+='(';

  forall_expr(it, src.arguments())
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.arguments().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_side_effect_expr_function_call(
  const side_effect_expr_function_callt &src)
{
  std::string dest;

  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string function_str=convert_with_precedence(src.function(), p);
    dest+=function_str;
  }

  dest+='(';

  forall_expr(it, src.arguments())
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.arguments().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_overflow(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  precedence=16;

  std::string dest="overflow(\"";
  dest+=src.id().c_str()+9;
  dest+="\"";

  if(!src.operands().empty())
  {
    dest+=", ";
    dest += convert(to_multi_ary_expr(src).op0().type());
  }

  for(const auto &op : src.operands())
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str = convert_with_precedence(op, p);

    dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::indent_str(unsigned indent)
{
  return std::string(indent, ' ');
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_asm(
  const code_asmt &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);

  if(src.get_flavor()==ID_gcc)
  {
    if(src.operands().size()==5)
    {
      dest+="asm(";
      dest+=convert(src.op0());
      if(!src.operands()[1].operands().empty() ||
         !src.operands()[2].operands().empty() ||
         !src.operands()[3].operands().empty() ||
         !src.operands()[4].operands().empty())
      {
        // need extended syntax

        // outputs
        dest+=" : ";
        forall_operands(it, src.op1())
        {
          if(it->operands().size()==2)
          {
            if(it!=src.op1().operands().begin())
              dest+=", ";
            dest += convert(to_binary_expr(*it).op0());
            dest+="(";
            dest += convert(to_binary_expr(*it).op1());
            dest+=")";
          }
        }

        // inputs
        dest+=" : ";
        forall_operands(it, src.op2())
        {
          if(it->operands().size()==2)
          {
            if(it!=src.op2().operands().begin())
              dest+=", ";
            dest += convert(to_binary_expr(*it).op0());
            dest+="(";
            dest += convert(to_binary_expr(*it).op1());
            dest+=")";
          }
        }

        // clobbered registers
        dest+=" : ";
        forall_operands(it, src.op3())
        {
          if(it!=src.op3().operands().begin())
            dest+=", ";
          if(it->id()==ID_gcc_asm_clobbered_register)
            dest += convert(to_unary_expr(*it).op());
          else
            dest+=convert(*it);
        }
      }
      dest+=");";
    }
  }
  else if(src.get_flavor()==ID_msc)
  {
    if(src.operands().size()==1)
    {
      dest+="__asm {\n";
      dest+=indent_str(indent);
      dest+=convert(src.op0());
      dest+="\n}";
    }
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_while(
  const code_whilet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="while("+convert(src.cond());

  if(src.body().is_nil())
    dest+=");";
  else
  {
    dest+=")\n";
    dest+=convert_code(
        src.body(),
        src.body().get_statement()==ID_block ? indent : indent+2);
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_dowhile(
  const code_dowhilet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);

  if(src.body().is_nil())
    dest+="do;";
  else
  {
    dest+="do\n";
    dest+=convert_code(
        src.body(),
        src.body().get_statement()==ID_block ? indent : indent+2);
    dest+="\n";
    dest+=indent_str(indent);
  }

  dest+="while("+convert(src.cond())+");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_ifthenelse(
  const code_ifthenelset &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=3)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="if("+convert(src.cond())+")\n";

  if(src.then_case().is_nil())
  {
    dest+=indent_str(indent+2);
    dest+=';';
  }
  else
    dest += convert_code(
      src.then_case(),
      src.then_case().get_statement() == ID_block ? indent : indent + 2);
  dest+="\n";

  if(!src.else_case().is_nil())
  {
    dest+="\n";
    dest+=indent_str(indent);
    dest+="else\n";
    dest += convert_code(
      src.else_case(),
      src.else_case().get_statement() == ID_block ? indent : indent + 2);
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_return(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size() != 1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="return";

  if(to_code_frontend_return(src).has_return_value())
    dest+=" "+convert(src.op0());

  dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_goto(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std:: string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="goto ";
  dest+=clean_identifier(src.get(ID_destination));
  dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_break(unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="break";
  dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_switch(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().empty())
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="switch(";
  dest+=convert(src.op0());
  dest+=")\n";

  dest+=indent_str(indent);
  dest+='{';

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    if(it==src.operands().begin())
      continue;
    const exprt &op=*it;

    if(op.get(ID_statement)!=ID_block)
    {
      unsigned precedence;
      dest+=convert_norep(op, precedence);
    }
    else
    {
      for(const auto &operand : op.operands())
        dest += convert_code(to_code(operand), indent + 2);
    }
  }

  dest+="\n";
  dest+=indent_str(indent);
  dest+='}';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_continue(unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="continue";
  dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_code_frontend_decl(const codet &src, unsigned indent)
{
  // initializer to go away
  if(src.operands().size()!=1 &&
     src.operands().size()!=2)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string declarator=convert(src.op0());

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);

  const symbolt *symbol=nullptr;
  if(!ns.lookup(to_symbol_expr(src.op0()).get_identifier(), symbol))
  {
    if(symbol->is_file_local &&
       (src.op0().type().id()==ID_code || symbol->is_static_lifetime))
      dest+="static ";
    else if(symbol->is_extern)
      dest+="extern ";
    else if(
      symbol->is_exported && config.ansi_c.os == configt::ansi_ct::ost::OS_WIN)
    {
      dest += "__declspec(dllexport) ";
    }

    if(symbol->type.id()==ID_code &&
       to_code_type(symbol->type).get_inlined())
      dest+="inline ";
  }

  dest += convert_with_identifier(src.op0().type(), declarator);

  if(src.operands().size()==2)
    dest+="="+convert(src.op1());

  dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_dead(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  // initializer to go away
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return indent_str(indent)  + "dead " + convert(src.op0()) + ";";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_for(
  const code_fort &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=4)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="for(";

  if(!src.init().is_nil())
    dest += convert(src.init());
  else
    dest+=' ';
  dest+="; ";
  if(!src.cond().is_nil())
    dest += convert(src.cond());
  dest+="; ";
  if(!src.iter().is_nil())
    dest += convert(src.iter());

  if(src.body().is_nil())
    dest+=");\n";
  else
  {
    dest+=")\n";
    dest+=convert_code(
        src.body(),
        src.body().get_statement()==ID_block ? indent : indent+2);
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_block(
  const code_blockt &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);
  dest+="{\n";

  for(const auto &statement : src.statements())
  {
    if(statement.get_statement() == ID_label)
      dest += convert_code(statement, indent);
    else
      dest += convert_code(statement, indent + 2);

    dest+="\n";
  }

  dest+=indent_str(indent);
  dest+='}';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_decl_block(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest;

  for(const auto &op : src.operands())
  {
    dest += convert_code(to_code(op), indent);
    dest+="\n";
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_expression(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);

  std::string expr_str;
  if(src.operands().size()==1)
    expr_str=convert(src.op0());
  else
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    expr_str=convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  dest+=expr_str;
  if(dest.empty() || *dest.rbegin()!=';')
    dest+=';';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  static bool comment_done=false;

  if(
    !comment_done && (!src.source_location().get_comment().empty() ||
                      !src.source_location().get_pragmas().empty()))
  {
    comment_done=true;
    std::string dest;
    if(!src.source_location().get_comment().empty())
    {
      dest += indent_str(indent);
      dest += "/* " + id2string(src.source_location().get_comment()) + " */\n";
    }
    if(!src.source_location().get_pragmas().empty())
    {
      std::ostringstream oss;
      oss << indent_str(indent) << "/* ";
      const auto &pragmas = src.source_location().get_pragmas();
      join_strings(
        oss,
        pragmas.begin(),
        pragmas.end(),
        ',',
        [](const std::pair<irep_idt, irept> &p) { return p.first; });
      oss << " */\n";
      dest += oss.str();
    }
    dest+=convert_code(src, indent);
    comment_done=false;
    return dest;
  }

  const irep_idt &statement=src.get_statement();

  if(statement==ID_expression)
    return convert_code_expression(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_block)
    return convert_code_block(to_code_block(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_switch)
    return convert_code_switch(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_for)
    return convert_code_for(to_code_for(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_while)
    return convert_code_while(to_code_while(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_asm)
    return convert_code_asm(to_code_asm(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_skip)
    return indent_str(indent)+";";

  if(statement==ID_dowhile)
    return convert_code_dowhile(to_code_dowhile(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_ifthenelse)
    return convert_code_ifthenelse(to_code_ifthenelse(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_return)
    return convert_code_return(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_goto)
    return convert_code_goto(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_printf)
    return convert_code_printf(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_fence)
    return convert_code_fence(src, indent);

  if(can_cast_expr<code_inputt>(src))
    return convert_code_input(src, indent);

  if(can_cast_expr<code_outputt>(src))
    return convert_code_output(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_assume)
    return convert_code_assume(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_assert)
    return convert_code_assert(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_break)
    return convert_code_break(indent);

  if(statement==ID_continue)
    return convert_code_continue(indent);

  if(statement==ID_decl)
    return convert_code_frontend_decl(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_decl_block)
    return convert_code_decl_block(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_dead)
    return convert_code_dead(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_assign)
    return convert_code_frontend_assign(to_code_frontend_assign(src), indent);

  if(statement=="lock")
    return convert_code_lock(src, indent);

  if(statement=="unlock")
    return convert_code_unlock(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_atomic_begin)
    return indent_str(indent) + CPROVER_PREFIX + "atomic_begin();";

  if(statement==ID_atomic_end)
    return indent_str(indent) + CPROVER_PREFIX + "atomic_end();";

  if(statement==ID_function_call)
    return convert_code_function_call(to_code_function_call(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_label)
    return convert_code_label(to_code_label(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_switch_case)
    return convert_code_switch_case(to_code_switch_case(src), indent);

  if(statement==ID_array_set)
    return convert_code_array_set(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_array_copy)
    return convert_code_array_copy(src, indent);

  if(statement==ID_array_replace)
    return convert_code_array_replace(src, indent);

  if(statement == ID_set_may || statement == ID_set_must)
    return indent_str(indent) + convert_function(src, id2string(statement)) +
           ";";

  unsigned precedence;
  return convert_norep(src, precedence);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_frontend_assign(
  const code_frontend_assignt &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  return indent_str(indent) +
         convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "=", 2, true) + ";";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_lock(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return indent_str(indent)+"LOCK("+convert(src.op0())+");";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_unlock(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return indent_str(indent)+"UNLOCK("+convert(src.op0())+");";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_function_call(
  const code_function_callt &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=3)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  std::string dest=indent_str(indent);

  if(src.lhs().is_not_nil())
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string lhs_str=convert_with_precedence(src.lhs(), p);

    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=lhs_str;
    dest+='=';
  }

  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string function_str=convert_with_precedence(src.function(), p);
    dest+=function_str;
  }

  dest+='(';

  const exprt::operandst &arguments=src.arguments();

  forall_expr(it, arguments)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=arguments.begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_printf(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"printf(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_fence(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"FENCE(";

  irep_idt att[]=
    { ID_WRfence, ID_RRfence, ID_RWfence, ID_WWfence,
      ID_RRcumul, ID_RWcumul, ID_WWcumul, ID_WRcumul,
      irep_idt() };

  bool first=true;

  for(unsigned i=0; !att[i].empty(); i++)
  {
    if(src.get_bool(att[i]))
    {
      if(first)
        first=false;
      else
        dest+='+';

      dest+=id2string(att[i]);
    }
  }

  dest+=");";
  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_input(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"INPUT(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_output(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"OUTPUT(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_array_set(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"ARRAY_SET(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_array_copy(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"ARRAY_COPY(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    // TODO: ggf. Klammern je nach p
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_array_replace(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string dest=indent_str(indent)+"ARRAY_REPLACE(";

  forall_operands(it, src)
  {
    unsigned p;
    std::string arg_str=convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it!=src.operands().begin())
      dest+=", ";
    dest+=arg_str;
  }

  dest+=");";

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_assert(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return indent_str(indent)+"assert("+convert(src.op0())+");";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_assume(
  const codet &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  if(src.operands().size()!=1)
  {
    unsigned precedence;
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  return indent_str(indent) + CPROVER_PREFIX + "assume(" + convert(src.op0()) +
         ");";
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_label(
  const code_labelt &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string labels_string;

  irep_idt label=src.get_label();

  labels_string+="\n";
  labels_string+=indent_str(indent);
  labels_string+=clean_identifier(label);
  labels_string+=":\n";

  std::string tmp=convert_code(src.code(), indent+2);

  return labels_string+tmp;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code_switch_case(
  const code_switch_caset &src,
  unsigned indent)
{
  std::string labels_string;

  if(src.is_default())
  {
    labels_string+="\n";
    labels_string+=indent_str(indent);
    labels_string+="default:\n";
  }
  else
  {
    labels_string+="\n";
    labels_string+=indent_str(indent);
    labels_string+="case ";
    labels_string+=convert(src.case_op());
    labels_string+=":\n";
  }

  unsigned next_indent=indent;
  if(src.code().get_statement()!=ID_block &&
     src.code().get_statement()!=ID_switch_case)
    next_indent+=2;
  std::string tmp=convert_code(src.code(), next_indent);

  return labels_string+tmp;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_code(const codet &src)
{
  return convert_code(src, 0);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_Hoare(const exprt &src)
{
  unsigned precedence;

  if(src.operands().size()!=2)
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  const exprt &assumption = to_binary_expr(src).op0();
  const exprt &assertion = to_binary_expr(src).op1();
  const codet &code=
    static_cast<const codet &>(src.find(ID_code));

  std::string dest="\n";
  dest+='{';

  if(!assumption.is_nil())
  {
    std::string assumption_str=convert(assumption);
    dest+=" assume(";
    dest+=assumption_str;
    dest+=");\n";
  }
  else
    dest+="\n";

  {
    std::string code_str=convert_code(code);
    dest+=code_str;
  }

  if(!assertion.is_nil())
  {
    std::string assertion_str=convert(assertion);
    dest+="    assert(";
    dest+=assertion_str;
    dest+=");\n";
  }

  dest+='}';

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_extractbit(const extractbit_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  std::string dest = convert_with_precedence(src.src(), precedence);
  dest+='[';
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.index(), precedence);
  dest+=']';

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_extractbits(const extractbits_exprt &src, unsigned precedence)
{
  std::string dest = convert_with_precedence(src.src(), precedence);
  dest+='[';
  auto expr_width_opt = pointer_offset_bits(src.type(), ns);
  if(expr_width_opt.has_value())
  {
    auto upper = plus_exprt{
      src.index(),
      from_integer(expr_width_opt.value() - 1, src.index().type())};
    dest += convert_with_precedence(upper, precedence);
  }
  else
    dest += "?";
  dest+=", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.index(), precedence);
  dest+=']';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_sizeof(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  if(src.has_operands())
    return convert_norep(src, precedence);

  std::string dest="sizeof(";
  dest+=convert(static_cast<const typet&>(src.find(ID_type_arg)));
  dest+=')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_conditional_target_group(const exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest;
  unsigned p;
  const auto &cond = src.operands().front();
  if(!cond.is_true())
  {
    dest += convert_with_precedence(cond, p);
    dest += ": ";
  }

  const auto &targets = src.operands()[1];
  forall_operands(it, targets)
  {
    std::string op = convert_with_precedence(*it, p);

    if(it != targets.operands().begin())
      dest += ", ";

    dest += op;
  }

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_bitreverse(const bitreverse_exprt &src)
{
  if(auto type_ptr = type_try_dynamic_cast<unsignedbv_typet>(src.type()))
  {
    const std::size_t width = type_ptr->get_width();
    if(width == 8 || width == 16 || width == 32 || width == 64)
    {
      return convert_function(
        src, "__builtin_bitreverse" + std::to_string(width));
    }
  }

  unsigned precedence;
  return convert_norep(src, precedence);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_r_or_w_ok(const r_or_w_ok_exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest = src.id() == ID_r_ok   ? "R_OK"
                     : src.id() == ID_w_ok ? "W_OK"
                                           : "RW_OK";

  dest += '(';

  unsigned p;
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.pointer(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.size(), p);

  dest += ')';

  return dest;
}

std::string
expr2ct::convert_prophecy_r_or_w_ok(const prophecy_r_or_w_ok_exprt &src)
{
  // we hide prophecy expressions in C-style output
  std::string dest = src.id() == ID_prophecy_r_ok   ? "R_OK"
                     : src.id() == ID_prophecy_w_ok ? "W_OK"
                                                    : "RW_OK";

  dest += '(';

  unsigned p;
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.pointer(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.size(), p);

  dest += ')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_pointer_in_range(const pointer_in_range_exprt &src)
{
  std::string dest = CPROVER_PREFIX "pointer_in_range";

  dest += '(';

  unsigned p;
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.lower_bound(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.pointer(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.upper_bound(), p);

  dest += ')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_prophecy_pointer_in_range(
  const prophecy_pointer_in_range_exprt &src)
{
  // we hide prophecy expressions in C-style output
  std::string dest = CPROVER_PREFIX "pointer_in_range";

  dest += '(';

  unsigned p;
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.lower_bound(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.pointer(), p);
  dest += ", ";
  dest += convert_with_precedence(src.upper_bound(), p);

  dest += ')';

  return dest;
}

std::string expr2ct::convert_with_precedence(
  const exprt &src,
  unsigned &precedence)
{
  precedence=16;

  if(src.id()==ID_plus)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "+", precedence=12, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_minus)
    return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "-", precedence = 12, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_unary_minus)
    return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "-", precedence = 15);

  else if(src.id()==ID_unary_plus)
    return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "+", precedence = 15);

  else if(src.id()==ID_floatbv_typecast)
  {
    const auto &floatbv_typecast = to_floatbv_typecast_expr(src);

    std::string dest="FLOAT_TYPECAST(";

    unsigned p0;
    std::string tmp0 = convert_with_precedence(floatbv_typecast.op(), p0);

    if(p0<=1)
      dest+='(';
    dest+=tmp0;
    if(p0<=1)
      dest+=')';

    dest+=", ";
    dest += convert(src.type());
    dest+=", ";

    unsigned p1;
    std::string tmp1 =
      convert_with_precedence(floatbv_typecast.rounding_mode(), p1);

    if(p1<=1)
      dest+='(';
    dest+=tmp1;
    if(p1<=1)
      dest+=')';

    dest+=')';
    return dest;
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_sign)
  {
    if(to_unary_expr(src).op().type().id() == ID_floatbv)
      return convert_function(src, "signbit");
    else
      return convert_function(src, "SIGN");
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_popcount)
  {
    if(config.ansi_c.mode==configt::ansi_ct::flavourt::VISUAL_STUDIO)
      return convert_function(src, "__popcnt");
    else
      return convert_function(src, "__builtin_popcount");
  }

  else if(src.id()=="pointer_arithmetic")
    return convert_pointer_arithmetic(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()=="pointer_difference")
    return convert_pointer_difference(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id() == ID_null_object)
    return "NULL-object";

  else if(src.id()==ID_integer_address ||
          src.id()==ID_integer_address_object ||
          src.id()==ID_stack_object ||
          src.id()==ID_static_object)
  {
    return id2string(src.id());
  }

  else if(src.id()=="builtin-function")
    return src.get_string(ID_identifier);

  else if(src.id()==ID_array_of)
    return convert_array_of(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_bswap)
    return convert_function(
      src,
      "__builtin_bswap" + integer2string(*pointer_offset_bits(
                            to_unary_expr(src).op().type(), ns)));

  else if(src.id().starts_with("byte_extract"))
    return convert_byte_extract(to_byte_extract_expr(src), precedence = 16);

  else if(src.id().starts_with("byte_update"))
    return convert_byte_update(to_byte_update_expr(src), precedence = 16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_address_of)
  {
    const auto &object = to_address_of_expr(src).object();

    if(object.id() == ID_label)
      return "&&" + object.get_string(ID_identifier);
    else if(object.id() == ID_index && to_index_expr(object).index().is_zero())
      return convert(to_index_expr(object).array());
    else if(to_pointer_type(src.type()).base_type().id() == ID_code)
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "", precedence = 15);
    else
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "&", precedence = 15);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_dereference)
  {
    const auto &pointer = to_dereference_expr(src).pointer();

    if(src.type().id() == ID_code)
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "", precedence = 15);
    else if(
      pointer.id() == ID_plus && pointer.operands().size() == 2 &&
      to_plus_expr(pointer).op0().type().id() == ID_pointer)
    {
      // Note that index[pointer] is legal C, but we avoid it nevertheless.
      return convert_index(to_binary_expr(pointer), precedence = 16);
    }
    else
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "*", precedence = 15);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_index)
    return convert_index(to_binary_expr(src), precedence = 16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_member)
    return convert_member(to_member_expr(src), precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()=="array-member-value")
    return convert_array_member_value(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()=="struct-member-value")
    return convert_struct_member_value(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_function_application)
    return convert_function_application(to_function_application_expr(src));

  else if(src.id()==ID_side_effect)
  {
    const irep_idt &statement=src.get(ID_statement);
    if(statement==ID_preincrement)
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "++", precedence = 15);
    else if(statement==ID_predecrement)
      return convert_unary(to_unary_expr(src), "--", precedence = 15);
    else if(statement==ID_postincrement)
      return convert_unary_post(to_unary_expr(src), "++", precedence = 16);
    else if(statement==ID_postdecrement)
      return convert_unary_post(to_unary_expr(src), "--", precedence = 16);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_plus)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "+=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_minus)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "-=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_mult)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "*=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_div)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "/=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_mod)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "%=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_shl)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "<<=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_shr)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), ">>=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_bitand)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "&=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_bitxor)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "^=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign_bitor)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "|=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_assign)
      return convert_binary(to_binary_expr(src), "=", precedence = 2, true);
    else if(statement==ID_function_call)
      return convert_side_effect_expr_function_call(
        to_side_effect_expr_function_call(src));
    else if(statement == ID_allocate)
      return convert_allocate(src, precedence = 15);
    else if(statement==ID_printf)
      return convert_function(src, "printf");
    else if(statement==ID_nondet)
      return convert_nondet(src, precedence=16);
    else if(statement=="prob_coin")
      return convert_prob_coin(src, precedence=16);
    else if(statement=="prob_unif")
      return convert_prob_uniform(src, precedence=16);
    else if(statement==ID_statement_expression)
      return convert_statement_expression(src, precedence=15);
    else if(statement == ID_va_start)
      return convert_function(src, CPROVER_PREFIX "va_start");
    else
      return convert_norep(src, precedence);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_literal)
    return convert_literal(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_not)
    return convert_unary(to_not_expr(src), "!", precedence = 15);

  else if(src.id()==ID_bitnot)
    return convert_unary(to_bitnot_expr(src), "~", precedence = 15);

  else if(src.id()==ID_mult)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "*", precedence=13, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_div)
    return convert_binary(to_div_expr(src), "/", precedence = 13, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_mod)
    return convert_binary(to_mod_expr(src), "%", precedence = 13, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_shl)
    return convert_binary(to_shl_expr(src), "<<", precedence = 11, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_ashr || src.id()==ID_lshr)
    return convert_binary(to_shift_expr(src), ">>", precedence = 11, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_lt || src.id()==ID_gt ||
          src.id()==ID_le || src.id()==ID_ge)
  {
    return convert_binary(
      to_binary_relation_expr(src), src.id_string(), precedence = 10, true);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_notequal)
    return convert_binary(to_notequal_expr(src), "!=", precedence = 9, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_equal)
    return convert_binary(to_equal_expr(src), "==", precedence = 9, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_complex)
    return convert_complex(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_bitand)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "&", precedence=8, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_bitxor)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "^", precedence=7, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_bitor)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "|", precedence=6, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_and)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "&&", precedence=5, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_or)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "||", precedence=4, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_xor)
    return convert_multi_ary(src, "!=", precedence = 9, false);

  else if(src.id()==ID_implies)
    return convert_binary(to_implies_expr(src), "==>", precedence = 3, true);

  else if(src.id()==ID_if)
    return convert_trinary(to_if_expr(src), "?", ":", precedence = 3);

  else if(src.id()==ID_forall)
    return convert_binding(to_quantifier_expr(src), "forall", precedence = 2);

  else if(src.id()==ID_exists)
    return convert_binding(to_quantifier_expr(src), "exists", precedence = 2);

  else if(src.id()==ID_lambda)
    return convert_binding(to_lambda_expr(src), "LAMBDA", precedence = 2);

  else if(src.id()==ID_with)
    return convert_with(src, precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_update)
    return convert_update(to_update_expr(src), precedence = 16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_member_designator)
    return precedence=16, convert_member_designator(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_index_designator)
    return precedence=16, convert_index_designator(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_symbol)
    return convert_symbol(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_nondet_symbol)
    return convert_nondet_symbol(to_nondet_symbol_expr(src));

  else if(src.id()==ID_predicate_symbol)
    return convert_predicate_symbol(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_predicate_next_symbol)
    return convert_predicate_next_symbol(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_predicate_passive_symbol)
    return convert_predicate_passive_symbol(src);

  else if(src.id()=="quant_symbol")
    return convert_quantified_symbol(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_nondet_bool)
    return convert_nondet_bool();

  else if(src.id()==ID_object_descriptor)
    return convert_object_descriptor(src, precedence);

  else if(src.id()=="Hoare")
    return convert_Hoare(src);

  else if(src.id()==ID_code)
    return convert_code(to_code(src));

  else if(src.is_constant())
    return convert_constant(to_constant_expr(src), precedence);

  else if(src.id() == ID_annotated_pointer_constant)
  {
    return convert_annotated_pointer_constant(
      to_annotated_pointer_constant_expr(src), precedence);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_string_constant)
    return '"' + MetaString(id2string(to_string_constant(src).value())) + '"';

  else if(src.id()==ID_struct)
    return convert_struct(src, precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_vector)
    return convert_vector(src, precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_union)
    return convert_union(to_unary_expr(src), precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_array)
    return convert_array(src);

  else if(src.id() == ID_array_list)
    return convert_array_list(src, precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_typecast)
    return convert_typecast(to_typecast_expr(src), precedence=14);

  else if(src.id()==ID_comma)
    return convert_comma(src, precedence=1);

  else if(src.id()==ID_ptr_object)
    return "PTR_OBJECT("+id2string(src.get(ID_identifier))+")";

  else if(src.id()==ID_cond)
    return convert_cond(src, precedence);

  else if(
    can_cast_expr<unary_minus_overflow_exprt>(src) ||
    can_cast_expr<binary_overflow_exprt>(src))
  {
    return convert_overflow(src, precedence);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_unknown)
    return "*";

  else if(src.id()==ID_invalid)
    return "#";

  else if(src.id()==ID_extractbit)
    return convert_extractbit(to_extractbit_expr(src), precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_extractbits)
    return convert_extractbits(to_extractbits_expr(src), precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_initializer_list ||
          src.id()==ID_compound_literal)
  {
    precedence = 15;
    return convert_initializer_list(src);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_designated_initializer)
  {
    precedence = 15;
    return convert_designated_initializer(src);
  }

  else if(src.id()==ID_sizeof)
    return convert_sizeof(src, precedence);

  else if(src.id()==ID_let)
    return convert_let(to_let_expr(src), precedence=16);

  else if(src.id()==ID_type)
    return convert(src.type());

  else if(src.id() == ID_rol || src.id() == ID_ror)
    return convert_rox(to_shift_expr(src), precedence);

  else if(src.id() == ID_conditional_target_group)
  {
    return convert_conditional_target_group(src);
  }

  else if(src.id() == ID_bitreverse)
    return convert_bitreverse(to_bitreverse_expr(src));

  else if(src.id() == ID_r_ok || src.id() == ID_w_ok || src.id() == ID_rw_ok)
    return convert_r_or_w_ok(to_r_or_w_ok_expr(src));

  else if(
    auto prophecy_r_or_w_ok =
      expr_try_dynamic_cast<prophecy_r_or_w_ok_exprt>(src))
  {
    return convert_prophecy_r_or_w_ok(*prophecy_r_or_w_ok);
  }

  else if(src.id() == ID_pointer_in_range)
    return convert_pointer_in_range(to_pointer_in_range_expr(src));

  else if(src.id() == ID_prophecy_pointer_in_range)
  {
    return convert_prophecy_pointer_in_range(
      to_prophecy_pointer_in_range_expr(src));
  }

  auto function_string_opt = convert_function(src);
  if(function_string_opt.has_value())
    return *function_string_opt;

  // no C language expression for internal representation
  return convert_norep(src, precedence);
}

std::optional<std::string> expr2ct::convert_function(const exprt &src)
{
  static const std::map<irep_idt, std::string> function_names = {
    {"buffer_size", "BUFFER_SIZE"},
    {"is_zero_string", "IS_ZERO_STRING"},
    {"object_value", "OBJECT_VALUE"},
    {"pointer_base", "POINTER_BASE"},
    {"pointer_cons", "POINTER_CONS"},
    {"zero_string", "ZERO_STRING"},
    {"zero_string_length", "ZERO_STRING_LENGTH"},
    {ID_abs, "abs"},
    {ID_alignof, "alignof"}, // C uses "_Alignof", C++ uses "alignof"
    {ID_builtin_offsetof, "builtin_offsetof"},
    {ID_complex_imag, "__imag__"},
    {ID_complex_real, "__real__"},
    {ID_concatenation, "CONCATENATION"},
    {ID_count_leading_zeros, "__builtin_clz"},
    {ID_count_trailing_zeros, "__builtin_ctz"},
    {ID_dynamic_object, "DYNAMIC_OBJECT"},
    {ID_live_object, "LIVE_OBJECT"},
    {ID_writeable_object, "WRITEABLE_OBJECT"},
    {ID_find_first_set, "__builtin_ffs"},
    {ID_separate, "SEPARATE"},
    {ID_floatbv_div, "FLOAT/"},
    {ID_floatbv_minus, "FLOAT-"},
    {ID_floatbv_mult, "FLOAT*"},
    {ID_floatbv_plus, "FLOAT+"},
    {ID_floatbv_rem, "FLOAT%"},
    {ID_gcc_builtin_va_arg, "gcc_builtin_va_arg"},
    {ID_get_may, CPROVER_PREFIX "get_may"},
    {ID_get_must, CPROVER_PREFIX "get_must"},
    {ID_ieee_float_equal, "IEEE_FLOAT_EQUAL"},
    {ID_ieee_float_notequal, "IEEE_FLOAT_NOTEQUAL"},
    {ID_is_dynamic_object, "IS_DYNAMIC_OBJECT"},
    {ID_is_invalid_pointer, "IS_INVALID_POINTER"},
    {ID_is_invalid_pointer, CPROVER_PREFIX "is_invalid_pointer"},
    {ID_isfinite, "isfinite"},
    {ID_isinf, "isinf"},
    {ID_isnan, "isnan"},
    {ID_isnormal, "isnormal"},
    {ID_object_size, CPROVER_PREFIX "OBJECT_SIZE"},
    {ID_pointer_object, CPROVER_PREFIX "POINTER_OBJECT"},
    {ID_pointer_offset, CPROVER_PREFIX "POINTER_OFFSET"},
    {ID_loop_entry, CPROVER_PREFIX "loop_entry"},
    {ID_saturating_minus, CPROVER_PREFIX "saturating_minus"},
    {ID_saturating_plus, CPROVER_PREFIX "saturating_plus"},
    {ID_width, "WIDTH"},
  };

  const auto function_entry = function_names.find(src.id());
  if(function_entry == function_names.end())
    return {};

  return convert_function(src, function_entry->second);
}

std::string expr2ct::convert(const exprt &src)
{
  unsigned precedence;
  return convert_with_precedence(src, precedence);
}

/// Build a declaration string, which requires converting both a type and
/// putting an identifier in the syntactically correct position.
/// \param src: the type to convert
/// \param identifier: the identifier to use as the type
/// \return A C declaration of the given type with the right identifier.
std::string expr2ct::convert_with_identifier(
  const typet &src,
  const std::string &identifier)
{
  return convert_rec(src, c_qualifierst(), identifier);
}

std::string expr2c(
  const exprt &expr,
  const namespacet &ns,
  const expr2c_configurationt &configuration)
{
  std::string code;
  expr2ct expr2c(ns, configuration);
  expr2c.get_shorthands(expr);
  return expr2c.convert(expr);
}

std::string expr2c(const exprt &expr, const namespacet &ns)
{
  return expr2c(expr, ns, expr2c_configurationt::default_configuration);
}

std::string type2c(
  const typet &type,
  const namespacet &ns,
  const expr2c_configurationt &configuration)
{
  expr2ct expr2c(ns, configuration);
  // expr2c.get_shorthands(expr);
  return expr2c.convert(type);
}

std::string type2c(const typet &type, const namespacet &ns)
{
  return type2c(type, ns, expr2c_configurationt::default_configuration);
}

std::string type2c(
  const typet &type,
  const std::string &identifier,
  const namespacet &ns,
  const expr2c_configurationt &configuration)
{
  expr2ct expr2c(ns, configuration);
  return expr2c.convert_with_identifier(type, identifier);
}