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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h1>What is Git/GitHub?</h1>
<p> Last updated on 2023-04-21 |
<a href="https://github.com/librarycarpentry/lc-git/edit/main/episodes/01-what-is-git.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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<h3 class="card-title">Questions</h3>
<ul><li>What is Git?</li>
<li>What is GitHub?</li>
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<ul><li>recognize why version control is useful</li>
<li>distinguish between Git and GitHub</li>
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<section id="what-is-version-control"><h2 class="section-heading">What is Version Control<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-version-control"></a>
</h2>
<hr class="half-width"><p>Version control is a name used for software which can help you record
changes you make to the files in a directory on your computer. Version
control software and tools (such as Git and Subversion/SVN) are often
associated with software development, and increasingly, they are being
used to collaborate in research and academic environments. Version
control systems work best with plain text files such as documents or
computer code, but modern version control systems can be used to track
changes in any type of file.</p>
<p>At its most basic level, version control software helps us register
and track sets of changes made to files on our computer. We can then
reason about and share those changes with others. As we build up sets of
changes over time, we begin to see some benefits.</p>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="benefits-of-using-version-control">Benefits of using version control?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#benefits-of-using-version-control"></a></h3>
<ul><li>
<strong>Collaboration</strong> - Version control allows us to define
formalized ways we can work together and share writing and code. For
example merging together sets of changes from different parties enables
co-creation of documents and software across distributed teams.</li>
<li>
<strong>Versioning</strong> - Having a robust and rigorous log of
changes to a file, without renaming files (v1, v2,
<em>final_copy</em>)</li>
<li>
<strong>Rolling Back</strong> - Version control allows us to quickly
undo a set of changes. This can be useful when new writing or new
additions to code introduce problems.</li>
<li>
<strong>Understanding</strong> - Version control can help you
understand how the code or writing came to be, who wrote or contributed
particular parts, and who you might ask to help understand it
better.</li>
<li>
<strong>Backup</strong> - While not meant to be a backup solution,
using version control systems mean that your code and writing can be
stored on multiple other computers.</li>
</ul><p>There are many more reasons to use version control, and we’ll explore
some of these in the library context, but first let’s learn a bit about
a popular version control tool called Git.</p>
</div>
</section><section id="what-are-git-and-github"><h2 class="section-heading">What are Git and GitHub?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-are-git-and-github"></a>
</h2>
<hr class="half-width"><p>We often hear the terms <strong><em>Git</em></strong> and
<strong><em>GitHub</em></strong> used interchangeably but they are
slightly different things.</p>
<p><strong><em>Git</em></strong> is one of the most widely used version
control systems in the world. It is a free, open source tool that can be
downloaded to your local machine and used for logging all changes made
to a group of designated computer files (referred to as a “git
repository” or “repo” for short) over time. It can be used to control
file versions locally by you alone on your computer, but is perhaps most
powerful when employed to coordinate simultaneous work on a group of
files shared among distributed groups of people.</p>
<p>Rather than emailing documents with tracked changes and some comments
and renaming different versions of files (example.txt, exampleV2.txt,
exampleV3.txt) to differentiate them, we can use Git to save (or in Git
parlance, “commit”) all that information with the document itself. This
makes it easy to get an overview of all changes made to a file over time
by looking at a log of all the changes that have been made. And all
earlier versions of each file still remain in their original form: they
are not overwritten, should we ever wish to “roll back” to them.</p>
<p>Git was originally developed to help software developers work
collaboratively on software projects, but it can be and is used for
managing revisions to any file type on a computer system, including text
documents and spreadsheets. Once installed, interaction with Git is done
through the Command Prompt in Windows, or the Terminal on Mac/Linux.
Since Word documents contain special formatting, Git unfortunately
cannot version control those, nor can it version control PDFs, though
both file types can be stored in Git repositories.</p>
<p><em>How can understanding Git help with work in libraries?</em></p>
<ul><li>Enables you to contribute to, collaborate on, and support digital
research projects</li>
<li>Enables you to control changes to your files over time without
keeping multiple copies of those files</li>
</ul><p><strong><em>GitHub</em></strong> on the other hand is a popular
website for hosting and sharing Git repositories remotely. It offers a
web interface and provides functionality and a mixture of both free and
paid services for working with such repositories. The majority of the
content that GitHub hosts is open source software, though increasingly
it is being used for other projects such as open access journals
(e.g. <a href="https://joss.theoj.org/" class="external-link">Journal of Open Source
Software</a>), blogs, and regularly updated text books. In addition to
GitHub, there are other Git hosting services that offer many similar
features such as <a href="https://about.gitlab.com/" class="external-link">GitLab</a>, <a href="https://bitbucket.org/" class="external-link">Bitbucket</a> and <a href="https://gitee.com/" class="external-link">Gitee</a>.</p>
<p><em>How can GitHub help with work in libraries?</em></p>
<ul><li>A place to discover and reuse (“fork”) a huge amount of openly
licensed digital projects and open source software</li>
<li>A new and alternative means for publishing content online. Any
GitHub repository can have its own project website, blog and wiki using
GitHub Pages.</li>
</ul></section><section id="uses-in-a-library-context"><h2 class="section-heading">Uses in a Library Context<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#uses-in-a-library-context"></a>
</h2>
<hr class="half-width"><p>Consider these common library world scenarios:</p>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="scenario-1-local-library-looking-to-start-a-crowdsourcing-project">Scenario 1: Local library looking to start a crowdsourcing
project<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#scenario-1-local-library-looking-to-start-a-crowdsourcing-project"></a></h3>
<p>A local librarian is looking to put thousands of historical
photographs of the area online so that the community can help identify
the people and places they depict. She combs the web for examples of
existing crowdsourcing projects, and even though they all appear unique
to each institution, she notices quite a few seem to have almost the
exact same functionality and structure. Rather than build a whole new
version from scratch herself, she wishes there was a way to just copy
the code of an existing one, and modify it to reflect her project. She
notices the <a href="https://github.com/logos" class="external-link">GitHub icon</a> at the
bottom of one of the projects she likes, but clicking on the link just
brings her to a confusing directory of files and oddly labeled buttons
such as “Fork”.</p>
<p>GitHub hosts many open-licensed projects and allows any user to fork
any public project. By clicking the “fork” button, any GitHub user can
almost instantaneously create their own version of an existing project.
That “forked” project can be used as the basis for a new project, or can
be used to work out new features that can be merged back into the
original. (From: <a href="https://hybridpedagogy.org/push-pull-fork-github-for-academics/" class="external-link">GitHub
for Academics</a> )</p>
</div>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="scenario-2-multiple-people-editing-metadata-for-a-collection">Scenario 2: Multiple people editing metadata for a collection<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#scenario-2-multiple-people-editing-metadata-for-a-collection"></a></h3>
<p>A metadata specialist has exported a spreadsheet from a repository
for cleaning and editing. She’s working with a group of library workers
and students, so they need to make sure edits don’t conflict. They also
need to be able to undo any edits and preserve the original metadata.
Once edits are complete, the whole group wants to review the changes
before re-ingesting the spreadsheet of metadata into the repository.</p>
<p>The team can choose to use Git by itself to track changes and resolve
conflicts or they can choose to use GitHub to host the project so that
users can collaborate and review changes on the Web. Git will preserve
the original metadata as well as all edits. GitHub will facilitate
discussion about what changes should be made, who should make them, and
why.</p>
<div id="keypoints1" class="callout keypoints">
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<h3 class="callout-title">Keypoints<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
</h3>
<div class="callout-content">
<ul><li>Version control helps track changes to files and projects</li>
<li>Git and GitHub are not the same</li>
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