Overhaul how stashed diagnostics work, again.

Stashed errors used to be counted as errors, but could then be
cancelled, leading to `ErrorGuaranteed` soundness holes. rust-lang#120828 changed
that, closing the soundness hole. But it introduced other difficulties
because you sometimes have to account for pending stashed errors when
making decisions about whether errors have occured/will occur and it's
easy to overlook these.

This commit aims for a middle ground.
- Stashed errors (not warnings) are counted immediately as emitted
  errors, avoiding the possibility of forgetting to consider them.
- The ability to cancel (or downgrade) stashed errors is eliminated, by
  disallowing the use of `steal_diagnostic` with errors, and introducing
  the more restrictive methods `try_steal_{modify,replace}_and_emit_err`
  that can be used instead.

Other things:
- `DiagnosticBuilder::stash` and `DiagCtxt::stash_diagnostic` now both
  return `Option<ErrorGuaranteed>`, which enables the removal of two
  `delayed_bug` calls and one `Ty::new_error_with_message` call. This is
  possible because we store error guarantees in
  `DiagCtxt::stashed_diagnostics`.
- Storing the guarantees also saves us having to maintain a counter.
- Calls to the `stashed_err_count` method are no longer necessary
  alongside calls to `has_errors`, which is a nice simplification, and
  eliminates two more `span_delayed_bug` calls and one FIXME comment.
- Tests are added for three of the four fixed PRs mentioned below.
- `issue-121108.rs`'s output improved slightly, omitting a non-useful
  error message.

Fixes rust-lang#121451.
Fixes rust-lang#121477.
Fixes rust-lang#121504.
Fixes rust-lang#121508.

Author: nnethercote

tests/ui/crashes/unreachable-array-or-slice.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+struct Foo(isize, isize, isize, isize);
+
+pub fn main() {
+    let Self::anything_here_kills_it(a, b, ..) = Foo(5, 5, 5, 5);
+    match [5, 5, 5, 5] {
+        [..] => { }
+    }
+}

tests/ui/crashes/unreachable-array-or-slice.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+error[E0433]: failed to resolve: `Self` is only available in impls, traits, and type definitions
+  --> tests/ui/crashes/unreachable-array-or-slice.rs:4:9
+   |
+LL |     let Self::anything_here_kills_it(a, b, ..) = Foo(5, 5, 5, 5);
+   |         ^^^^ `Self` is only available in impls, traits, and type definitions
+
+error: aborting due to 1 previous error
+
+For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0433`.