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docs/bash4.md

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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ See [read](commands/builtin/read.md)
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### Changes to the "help" builtin
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The builtin itself didn\'t change much, but the data displayed is more
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The builtin itself didn't change much, but the data displayed is more
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structured now. The help texts are in a better format, much easier to
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read.
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docs/commands/builtin/caller.md

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@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ f3
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## Notes
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- `caller` produces no output unless used within a script that's run
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from a real file. It isn\'t particularly useful for interactive use,
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from a real file. It isn't particularly useful for interactive use,
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but can be used to create a decent `die` function to track down
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errors in moderately complex scripts.
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`{ bash /dev/stdin; } <<<$'f(){ g; }\ng(){ h; }\nh(){ while caller $((n++)); do :; done; }\nf'`

docs/commands/builtin/declare.md

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@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ variable.
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When used in a function, `declare` makes `NAMEs` local variables, unless
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used with the `-g` option.
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Don\'t use it's synonym `typeset` when coding for Bash, since it's
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Don't use it's synonym `typeset` when coding for Bash, since it's
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tagged as obsolete.
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### Options
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ for details. ksh93 namerefs are much more powerful than Bash's.
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possible exception of Zsh in Bash compatibility mode. Bash marks the
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synonym `typeset` as obsolete, which in Bash behaves identically to
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`declare`. All other Korn-like shells use `typeset`, so it probably
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isn\'t going away any time soon. Unfortunately, being a non-standard
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isn't going away any time soon. Unfortunately, being a non-standard
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builtin, `typeset` differs significantly between shells. ksh93 also
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considers `typeset` a special builtin, while Bash does not - even in
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POSIX mode. If you use `typeset`, you should attempt to only use it

docs/commands/builtin/echo.md

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@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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newline. The return status is always `0`. If the
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[shopt](../../commands/builtin/shopt.md) option `xpg_echo` is set, Bash
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dynamically determines whether echo should expand escape characters
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(listed below) by default based on the current platform. `echo` doesn\'t
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(listed below) by default based on the current platform. `echo` doesn't
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interpret `--` as the end of options, and will simply print this string
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if given.
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docs/commands/builtin/eval.md

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@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ the `eval` command below it.
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Frequently, `eval` is used to cause side-effects by performing a pass of
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expansion on the code before executing the resulting string. This allows
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for things that otherwise wouldn\'t be possible with ordinary Bash
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for things that otherwise wouldn't be possible with ordinary Bash
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syntax. This also, of course, makes `eval` the most powerful command in
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all of shell programming (and in most other languages for that matter).
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of eval will leak out into the surrounding environment. It is
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possible to work around this limitation by prefixing special
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builtins with the `command` regular builtin, but current versions of
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~~ksh93~~ and zsh don\'t do this properly
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~~ksh93~~ and zsh don't do this properly
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([fixed](http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.programming.tools.ast.devel/686)
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in ksh 93v- 2012-10-24 alpha). Earlier versions of zsh work (with
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`setopt POSIX_BUILTINS` \-- looks like a regression). This works
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ controlled carefully by the caller is a good way to use it.
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$ ( x=a; eval "$x"'=( a b\ c d )'; printf '<%s> ' "${a[@]}"; echo ) # Proper quoting then gives us the expected results.
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<a> <b c> <d>
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We don\'t know why Bash does this. Since parentheses are metacharacters,
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We don't know why Bash does this. Since parentheses are metacharacters,
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they must ordinary be quoted or escaped when used as arguments. The
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first example above is the same error as the second in all non-Bash
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shells, even those with compound assignment.
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In the case of `eval` it isn\'t recommended to use this behavior,
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In the case of `eval` it isn't recommended to use this behavior,
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because unlike e.g. [declare](../../commands/builtin/declare.md), the initial
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expansion is still subject to all expansions including
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[word-splitting](../../syntax/expansion/wordsplit.md) and [pathname

docs/commands/builtin/exit.md

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@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ There are no options.
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### Exit status
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Naturally, you can\'t ask for the exit status from within the shell that
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Naturally, you can't ask for the exit status from within the shell that
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executed the `exit` command, because the shell exits.
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Status Reason

docs/commands/builtin/let.md

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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ difference being `let` is a builtin (simple command), and `((` is a
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compound command. The arguments to `let` are therefore subject to all
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the same expansions and substitutions as any other simple command -
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requiring proper quoting and escaping - whereas the contents of `((`
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aren\'t subject to [word-splitting](../../syntax/expansion/wordsplit.md) or
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aren't subject to [word-splitting](../../syntax/expansion/wordsplit.md) or
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[pathname expansion](../../syntax/expansion/globs.md) (almost never desirable
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for arithmetic). For this reason, **the [arithmetic compound
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command](../../syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval.md) should generally be preferred
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- It seems to be a common misunderstanding that `let` has some legacy
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purpose. Both `let` and [[^1]](../../syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval.md) were
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ksh88 features and almost identical in terms of portability as
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everything that inherited one also tended to get the other. Don\'t
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everything that inherited one also tended to get the other. Don't
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choose `let` over `((` expecting it to work in more places.
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- [expr(1)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/expr.html#tag_20_42)
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is a command one is likely to come across sooner or later. While it

docs/commands/builtin/local.md

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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ way, and takes all the same options, with 3 exceptions:
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## Portability considerations
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- `local` is not specified by POSIX. Most bourne-like shells don\'t
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- `local` is not specified by POSIX. Most bourne-like shells don't
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have a builtin called `local`, but some such as `dash` and the
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busybox shell do.
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```{=html}
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<!-- -->
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```
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- In ksh93, using POSIX-style function definitions, `typeset` doesn\'t
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- In ksh93, using POSIX-style function definitions, `typeset` doesn't
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set `local` variables, but rather acts upon variables of the
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next-outermost scope (e.g. setting attributes). Using `typeset`
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within functions defined using ksh `function name {` syntax,
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variables follow roughly
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[lexical-scoping](http://community.schemewiki.org/?lexical-scope),
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except that functions themselves don\'t have scope, just like Bash.
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except that functions themselves don't have scope, just like Bash.
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This means that even functions defined within a \"function's
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scope\" don\'t have access to non-local variables except through
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scope\" don't have access to non-local variables except through
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`namerefs`.
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## See also

docs/commands/builtin/mapfile.md

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`-t` Remove any trailing newline from a line read, before it is assigned to an array element.
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`-u FD` Read from filedescriptor `FD` rather than standard input.
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While `mapfile` isn\'t a common or portable shell feature, it's
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While `mapfile` isn't a common or portable shell feature, it's
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functionality will be familiar to many programmers. Almost all
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programming languages (aside from shells) with support for compound
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datatypes like arrays, and which handle open file objects in the
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traditional way, have some analogous shortcut for easily reading all
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lines of some input as a standard feature. In Bash, `mapfile` in itself
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can\'t do anything that couldn\'t already be done using read and a loop,
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can't do anything that couldn't already be done using read and a loop,
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and if portability is even a slight concern, should never be used.
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However, it does *significantly* outperform a read loop, and can make
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for shorter and cleaner code - especially convenient for interactive
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pipe's subshell and within the scope of \"args\". Also note the unusual
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redirection. This is because the -a flag makes emerge interactive,
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asking the user for confirmation before continuing, and checking with
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isatty(3) to abort if stdin isn\'t pointed at a terminal. Since stdin of
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isatty(3) to abort if stdin isn't pointed at a terminal. Since stdin of
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the entire command group is still coming from the pipe even though
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mapfile has read all available input, we just borrow FD 1 as it just so
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happens to be pointing where we want it. More on this over at greycat's
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## See also
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- [arrays](../../syntax/arrays.md)
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- [read](../../commands/builtin/read.md) - If you don\'t know about this yet,
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- [read](../../commands/builtin/read.md) - If you don't know about this yet,
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why are you reading this page?
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- <http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/001> - It's FAQ 1 for a reason.

docs/commands/builtin/printf.md

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arguments of a **printf** command. For examples, see: [code
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snippet](../../printf?&.md#using_printf_inside_of_awk). \</div\>
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Unlike other documentations, I don\'t want to redirect you to the manual
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Unlike other documentations, I don't want to redirect you to the manual
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page for the `printf()` C function family. However, if you\'re more
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experienced, that should be the most detailed description for the format
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strings and modifiers.
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`-v VAR` If given, the output is assigned to the variable `VAR` instead of printed to `stdout` (comparable to `sprintf()` in some way)
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---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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The `-v` Option can\'t assign directly to array indexes in Bash versions
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The `-v` Option can't assign directly to array indexes in Bash versions
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older than Bash 4.1.
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\<note warning\> In versions newer than 4.1, one must be careful when
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`0N` An octal number
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`0xN` A hexadecimal number
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`0XN` A hexadecimal number
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`"X` (a literal double-quote infront of a character): interpreted as number (underlying codeset) **don\'t forget escaping**
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`'X` (a literal single-quote infront of a character): interpreted as number (underlying codeset) **don\'t forget escaping**
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`"X` (a literal double-quote infront of a character): interpreted as number (underlying codeset) **don't forget escaping**
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`'X` (a literal single-quote infront of a character): interpreted as number (underlying codeset) **don't forget escaping**
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[**If more arguments than format specifiers**]{.underline} are present,
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then the format string is re-used until the last argument is
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`%G` Same as `%g`, but print it like `%E`
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`%c` Interprets the associated argument as **char**: only the first character of a given argument is printed
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`%s` Interprets the associated argument literally as string
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`%n` Assigns the number of characters printed so far to the variable named in the corresponding argument. Can\'t specify an array index. If the given name is already an array, the value is assigned to the zeroth element.
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`%n` Assigns the number of characters printed so far to the variable named in the corresponding argument. Can't specify an array index. If the given name is already an array, the value is assigned to the zeroth element.
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`%a` Interprets the associated argument as **double**, and prints it in the form of a C99 [hexadecimal floating-point literal](http://www.exploringbinary.com/hexadecimal-floating-point-constants/).
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`%A` Same as `%a`, but print it like `%E`
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`%(FORMAT)T` output the date-time string resulting from using `FORMAT` as a format string for `strftime(3)`. The associated argument is the number of seconds since Epoch, or `-1` (current time) or `-2` (shell startup time). If no corresponding argument is supplies, the current time is used as default
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printf "%.*f\n" 10 4,3
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The format `.*N` to specify the N\'th argument for precision does not
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The format `.*N` to specify the N'th argument for precision does not
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work in Bash.
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For strings, the precision specifies the maximum number of characters to
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With appropriate metacharacter escaping the bash printf can be called
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from inside awk (as from perl and other languages that support shell
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callout) as long as you don\'t care about program efficiency or
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callout) as long as you don't care about program efficiency or
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readability.
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echo "Foo" | awk '{ system( "printf \"%s\\n \" \"" $1 "\"" ) }'
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synopsis as:
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`print: print [-Rnprs] [-u unit] [-f format] [arguments]`. However,
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only `-Rrnfu` are actually functional. Internally, `-p` is a noop
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(it doesn\'t tie in with Bash coprocs at all), and `-s` only sets a
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(it doesn't tie in with Bash coprocs at all), and `-s` only sets a
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flag but has no effect. `-Cev` are unimplemented.
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```{=html}

docs/commands/builtin/read.md

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`-N <NCHARS>` reads `<NCHARS>` characters of input, *ignoring any delimiter*, then quits
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`-p <PROMPT>` the prompt string `<PROMPT>` is output (without a trailing automatic newline) before the read is performed
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`-r` raw input - **disables** interpretion of **backslash escapes** and **line-continuation** in the read data
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`-s` secure input - don\'t echo input if on a terminal (passwords!)
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`-s` secure input - don't echo input if on a terminal (passwords!)
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`-t <TIMEOUT>` wait for data `<TIMEOUT>` seconds, then quit (exit code 1). Fractional seconds (\"5.33\") are allowed since Bash 4. A value of 0 immediately returns and indicates if data is waiting in the exit code. Timeout is indicated by an exit code greater than 128. If timeout arrives before data is read completely (before end-of-line), the partial data is saved.
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`-u <FD>` use the filedescriptor number `<FD>` rather than `stdin` (0)
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- POSIX(r) only specified the `-r` option (raw read); `-r` is not only
256256
POSIX, you can find it in earlier Bourne source code
257-
- POSIX(r) doesn\'t support arrays
257+
- POSIX(r) doesn't support arrays
258258
- `REPLY` is not POSIX(r), you need to set `IFS` to the empty string
259-
to get the whole line for shells that don\'t know `REPLY`.
259+
to get the whole line for shells that don't know `REPLY`.
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`while IFS= read -r line; do
261261
...
262262
done < text.txt

docs/commands/builtin/readonly.md

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## Description
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The `readonly` builtin command is used to mark variables or functions as
10-
read-only, which means unchangeable. This implies that it can\'t be
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read-only, which means unchangeable. This implies that it can't be
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unset anymore. A `readonly` variable may not be redefined in child
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scopes. A readonly global may not be redefined as a function local
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variable. Simple command environment assignments may not reference

docs/commands/builtin/return.md

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### Exit status
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If everything is okay, the `return` command doesn\'t come back. If it
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If everything is okay, the `return` command doesn't come back. If it
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comes back, there was a problem in doing the return.
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Status Reason

docs/commands/builtin/set.md

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Flag Optionname Description
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------ ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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`-a` `allexport` Automatically mark new and altered variables to be exported to subsequent environments.
30-
`-b` `notify` Don\'t wait for the next prompt to print when showing the reports for a terminated background job (only with job control)
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`-b` `notify` Don't wait for the next prompt to print when showing the reports for a terminated background job (only with job control)
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`-e` `errexit` When set, the shell exits when a simple command in a command list exits non-zero (`FALSE`). This is not done in situations, where the exit code is already checked (`if`, `while`, `until`, `||`, `&&`)
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`-f` `noglob` Disable [pathname expansion](../../syntax/expansion/globs.md) (globbing)
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`-h` `hashall` Remembers the location of commands when they\'re called (hashing). Enabled by default.
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`-v` `verbose` Print shell input lines as they are read - useful for debugging.
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`-x` `xtrace` Print commands just before execution - with all expansions and substitutions done, and words marked - useful for debugging.
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`-B` `braceexpand` The shell performs [brace expansion](../../syntax/expansion/brace.md) This is on by default.
44-
`-C` \<BOOKMARK:tag_noclobber\>`noclobber` Don\'t overwrite files on redirection operations. You can override that by specifying the `>|` redirection operator when needed. See [redirection](../../syntax/redirection.md)
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`-C` \<BOOKMARK:tag_noclobber\>`noclobber` Don't overwrite files on redirection operations. You can override that by specifying the `>|` redirection operator when needed. See [redirection](../../syntax/redirection.md)
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`-E` `errtrace` `ERR`-traps are inherited by by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
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`-H` `histexpand` Enable `!`-style history expansion. Defaults to `on` for interactive shells.
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`-P` `physical` Don\'t follow symlinks when changing directories - use the physical filesystem structure.
47+
`-P` `physical` Don't follow symlinks when changing directories - use the physical filesystem structure.
4848
`-T` `functrace` `DEBUG`- and `RETURN`-traps are inherited by subsequent environments, like `-E` for `ERR` trap.
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`-` \"End of options\" - all following arguments are assigned to the positional parameters, even when they begin with a dash. `-x` and `-v` options are turned off. Positional parameters are unchanged (unlike using `--`!) when no further arguments are given.
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`--` If no arguments follow, the positional parameters are unset. With arguments, the positional parameters are set, even if the strings begin with a `-` (dash) like an option.

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