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python.mm
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<map version="0.9.0_Beta_8">
<!-- This file is saved using a hacked version of FreeMind. visit: http://www.worldhello.net, http://ossxp.com -->
<!-- Orignal FreeMind, can download from http://freemind.sourceforge.net -->
<!-- This .mm file is CVS/SVN friendly, some atts are saved in .mmx file.(by Worldhello.net) -->
<node ID="Freemind_Link_5063362"
TEXT="Python 学习笔记">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1676261912" POSITION="right"
TEXT="参考">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_384758686" LINK="http://diveintopython.org/"
TEXT="diveintopython.org"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_14359071" POSITION="right"
TEXT=" Python 的语法特点
（Something strange ……）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1326128661"
TEXT="代码缩进不再是美观的需要，而称为语法的一部分！">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_6385624" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="881;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_852776417" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="881;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1159745883"
TEXT="函数的参数传递：支持关键字参数传递使参数顺序不再重要！">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1735733607" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="2035;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1475318725" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="2035;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_853358091"
TEXT="内嵌代码中的帮助文档: DocStrings">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_232415690" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="2393;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1822666849" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="2393;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1151022864"
TEXT="三引号的字符串">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1685393530" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="539;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1621614301" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="539;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_595730581"
TEXT="while 循环和 for 循环可以带 else 语句块">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1810326334" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="1852;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1579647548" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="1852;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1551054408"
TEXT="交换赋值：a,b = b,a">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1776152631" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="1130;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_673687573" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="1130;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1555681612"
TEXT="Class 中 method（方法）的第一个参数非常特殊：需要声明（self），调用时却不提供（Python 自动添加）。">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_27513138" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="473;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_5404089" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="473;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_189034568"
TEXT="类的构造函数名称为 __init__(self, ...)">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_680072536" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="628;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1127949270" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="628;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_468584149"
TEXT="类的 Class 变量 和 Object 变量">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_898202331" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="661;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_455327208" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="661;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_813960083"
TEXT="一切皆是对象：甚至字符串，变量，函数，都是对象">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_767102022" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="2910;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_738222216" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="2910;0;"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="_" POSITION="right"
TEXT="获得帮助">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_16677714"
TEXT="如何获得帮助？"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1475585246"
TEXT="1. 进入 python 命令行"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1440292726"
TEXT="2. 包含要查询的模组。如： import sys"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1878584703"
TEXT="3. 显示该模组包含的属性。命令： dir(sys)"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_340870475"
TEXT="4. 获取该模组的帮助。如： help(sys)"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1471460438" POSITION="right"
TEXT="源文件的字符集设置">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_605232114"
TEXT="为支持中文，需要在源码的第一行或第二行（一般是第二行）添加特殊格式的注释，声明源文件的字符集。默认为 7-bit ASCII"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_63794267"
TEXT="格式为： # -*- coding: <encoding-name> -*-">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1082990071"
TEXT="参见: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_753434116"
TEXT="如：设置 gbk 编码：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1475190418"
TEXT="如： 设置 utf-8 编码

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_466786807"
TEXT="注： emacs 能够也能识别该语法。而 VIM 通过 # vim:fileencoding=<encoding-name> 来识别"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1960349888" POSITION="right"
TEXT="常量和变量">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_501043280"
TEXT="变量">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1064733922"
TEXT="变量名规则和 C 的相类似">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_215999424"
TEXT="合法的变量名，如： __my_name, name_23, a1b2_c3 等"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_452323229"
TEXT="保留关键字（不能与之重名）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_499745067"
TEXT="and def exec if not return
assert del finally import or try
break elif for in pass while
class else from is print yield
continue except global lambda raise"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1704092418"
TEXT="没有类型声明，直接使用"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_291658553"
TEXT="类型综述 / 查看类型">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_568393487"
TEXT="int">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_555801952"
TEXT=">>> type(17)
<type 'int'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_654892393"
TEXT="float">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_852207875"
TEXT=">>> type(3.2)
<type 'float'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_739162824"
TEXT="long">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1458004094"
TEXT=">>> type(1L)
<type 'long'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1581630263"
TEXT=">>> type(long(1))
<type 'long'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1372493022"
TEXT="bool">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1963555462"
TEXT="True 和 False，注意大小写"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_878456331"
TEXT=">>> type(True)
<type 'bool'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1021462562"
TEXT=">>> type(1>2)
<type 'bool'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1844116283"
TEXT="string">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_641666901"
TEXT=">>> type("Hello, World!")
<type 'str'>
"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1232675237"
TEXT=">>> type("WorldHello"[0])
<type 'str'>">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1056246980"
TEXT="即 Python 没有 Char 类型"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_833350630"
TEXT="list">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1050612002"
TEXT=">>> type(['a','b','c'])
<type 'list'>
"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_811492287"
TEXT=">>> type([])
<type 'list'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_470676304"
TEXT="tuple">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_98499586"
TEXT=">>> type(('a','b','c'))
<type 'tuple'>
"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1230546777"
TEXT=">>> type(())
<type 'tuple'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1896767557"
TEXT="dict">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1353372326"
TEXT=">>> type({'color1':'red','color12':'blue'})
<type 'dict'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_285338547"
TEXT=">>> type({})
<type 'dict'>"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1556810064"
TEXT="字符串">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1685393530"
TEXT="三引号">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1868237005"
TEXT="三引号：''' 或者 """ 是 python 的发明。三引号可以包含跨行文字，其中的引号不必转义。（即内容可以包含的换行符和引号）"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_880381431"
TEXT="如">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_917870371"
TEXT="'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.
This is the second line.
"What's your name?," I asked.
He said "Bond, James Bond."
'''"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_796524761"
TEXT="单引号和双引号都可以用于创建字符串。">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1358408962"
TEXT="注意，单引号和双引号没有任何不同，不像 PHP, PERL"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1370961192"
TEXT="\ 作为转义字符，\ 用在行尾作为续行符"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1426256562"
TEXT="r 或者 R 作为前缀，引入 Raw String">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1050879486"
TEXT="例如: r"Newlines are indicated by \n.""/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1157669723"
TEXT="在处理常规表达式，尽量使用 Raw String，免得增加反斜线。例如 r'\1' 相当于 '\\1'。"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_327171220"
TEXT="u 或者 U 作为前缀，引入 Unicode">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1546360476"
TEXT="例如: u"This is a Unicode string.""/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1396339757"
TEXT="u， r 可以一起使用，u在r前">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_612402216"
TEXT="例如 ur"\u0062\n" 包含三个字符">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_425092761"
TEXT="\u0062"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_120860978"
TEXT="\\"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_206673594"
TEXT="n"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1320252991"
TEXT="字符串连接：两个字符串并排，则表示两个字符串连接在一起">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1490219006"
TEXT="'What\'s ' "your name?" 自动转换为 "What's your name?" ."/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_935941926"
TEXT="作用一：减少 \ 作为续行符的使用。"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_587526031"
TEXT="作用二：可以为每段文字添加注释。如：">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_810102773"
TEXT="re.compile("[A-Za-z_]" # letter or underscore
 "[A-Za-z0-9_]*" # letter, digit or underscore
 )"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_522710781"
TEXT="用括号包含多行字串">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_678514138"
TEXT=">>> test= ("case 1: something;" # test case 1
... "case 2: something;" #test case 2
... "case 3: something." #test case 3
... )
>>> test
'case 1: something;case 2: something;case 3: something.'

"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1357940396"
TEXT="类似于 sprintf 的字符串格式化">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1658963897"
TEXT="header1 = "Dear %s," % name"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_760684249"
TEXT="header2 = "Dear %(title)s %(name)s," % vars()"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1656319230"
TEXT="字符串操作">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_42868540"
TEXT="String slices">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1674466518"
TEXT="[n] : 字符串的第 n+1 个字符">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1211559553"
TEXT="print "WorldHello"[0]"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_565827773"
TEXT="str="WorldHello"
print str[len(str)-1]"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_719419458"
TEXT="[n:m] : 返回从 n 开始到 m 结束的字符串，包括 n， 不包括 m">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_634227633"
TEXT=">>> s = "0123456789"
>>> print s[0:5]
01234
>>> print s[3:5]
34
>>> print s[7:21]
789
>>> print s[:5]
01234
>>> print s[7:]
789
>>> print s[21:]
 "/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1777436412"
TEXT="len : 字符串长度">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1314938153"
TEXT="len("WorldHello")"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_103636926"
TEXT="字符串比较">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_629376077"
TEXT="==, >, < 可以用于字符串比较"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_621426919"
TEXT="string 模组">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_320268457" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="332;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_935851716" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="332;0;"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_192780845"
TEXT="警告： python 中字符串不可更改，属于常量">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1009645963"
TEXT="# 错误！字符串不可更改
greeting = "Hello, world!"
greeting[0] = 'J' # ERROR!
print greeting">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_844908099"
TEXT="# 可改写为：
greeting = "Hello, world!"
newGreeting = 'J' + greeting[1:]
print newGreeting"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_605120719"
TEXT="数字">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_536889162"
TEXT="整形和长整形">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_67068972"
TEXT="longinteger 	::= 	integer ("l" | "L")
integer 	::= 	decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger
decimalinteger 	::= 	nonzerodigit digit* | "0"
octinteger 	::= 	"0" octdigit+
hexinteger 	::= 	"0" ("x" | "X") hexdigit+
nonzerodigit 	::= 	"1"..."9"
octdigit 	::= 	"0"..."7"
hexdigit 	::= 	digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F""/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_756744108"
TEXT="浮点数">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_656040110"
TEXT=""/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_853247141"
TEXT="类型转换">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1552925507"
TEXT="int("32")"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1934367608"
TEXT="int(-2.3)"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_589906303"
TEXT="float(32)"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_8286506"
TEXT="float("3.14159")"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_632169018"
TEXT="str(3.14149)"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1412767913"
TEXT="ord('A') ： 返回 字母'A' 的 ASCII 值"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_914635131"
TEXT="复杂类型，如 list, tuple, dict 参见后面章节">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1001023586" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="569;20;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_20463432" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="568;0;"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1225594099"
TEXT="局部变量与全局变量">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_635919846"
TEXT="函数中可以直接引用全局变量的值，无须定义。但如果修改，影响只限于函数内部。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1819989092"
TEXT="函数中没有用 global 声明的变量是局部变量，不影响全局变量的取值"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1035114588"
TEXT="global 声明全局变量">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_895575044"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python

def func1():
 print "func1: local x is", x

def func2():
 x = 2
 print 'func2: local x is', x

def func3():
 global x
 print "func3: before change, x is", x
 x = 2
 print 'func3: changed x to', x

x = 1

print 'Global x is', x
func1()
print 'Global x is', x
func2()
print 'Global x is', x
func3()
print 'Global x is', x
"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1493152098"
TEXT="locals() 和 globals() 是两个特殊函数，返回局部变量和全局变量">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_131256040"
TEXT="locals() 返回局部变量的 copy，不能修改">
<icon BUILTIN="help"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_559848498"
TEXT="globals() 返回全局变量的 namespace, 可以通过其修改全局变量本身"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_432095969"
TEXT="vars() 等同于 locales()，可以用 vars()['key'] = 'value' 动态添加局部变量"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1001023586" POSITION="right"
TEXT="复杂类型">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1204636251"
TEXT="string/unicode（字符串）">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1556810064" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="1202;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_982679901" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="1202;0;"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1296385109"
TEXT="list （列表）">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1583327550"
TEXT="方括号建立的列表">
<node
TEXT="[10, 20, 30, 40]"/>
<node
TEXT="["spam", "bungee", "swallow"]"/>
<node
TEXT="["hello", 2.0, 5, [10, 20]]"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1792961010"
TEXT="range 函数建立的列表">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_24270249"
TEXT=">>> range(1,5)
[1, 2, 3, 4]">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_41394544"
TEXT="从1 到 5，包括1，但不包括5。（隐含步长为1）"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1499902432"
TEXT=">>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_388625296"
TEXT="从 0 到 10，包括 0，但不包括 10。（隐含步长为1）"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1310006747"
TEXT=">>> range(1, 10, 2)
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1939634560"
TEXT="步长为2"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_63913274"
TEXT="访问列表中的元素">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_384323944"
TEXT="类似数组下标"/>
<node
TEXT="print numbers[0]"/>
<node
TEXT="numbers[1] = 5"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_966151305"
TEXT="print 语句显示列表">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_501291536"
TEXT="vocabulary = ["ameliorate", "castigate", "defenestrate"]
numbers = [17, 123]
empty = []
print vocabulary, numbers, empty
['ameliorate', 'castigate', 'defenestrate'] [17, 123] []"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1893117093"
TEXT="列表操作">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1279897229"
TEXT="列表长度">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_889633405"
TEXT="len() 函数"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_956761636"
TEXT="+ （相加）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_136141168"
TEXT=">>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b
>>> print c
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_462250105"
TEXT="* （重复）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_502363907"
TEXT=">>> [0] * 4
[0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_349687345"
TEXT="List slices">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_32630403"
TEXT="参见 String slices">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_42868540" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="1413;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1528866728" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="1413;0;"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1126198878"
TEXT="列表是变量，可以更改">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_22886970"
TEXT="不像字符串 str， List 是可以更改的"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_219318666"
TEXT=">>> fruit = ["banana", "apple", "quince"]
>>> fruit[0] = "pear"
>>> fruit[-1] = "orange"
>>> print fruit
['pear', 'apple', 'orange']"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_450947306"
TEXT=">>> list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> list[1:3] = ['x', 'y']
>>> print list
['a', 'x', 'y', 'd', 'e', 'f']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1306401486"
TEXT="列表中增加元素">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1186982872"
TEXT=">>> list = ['a', 'd', 'f']
>>> list[1:1] = ['b', 'c']
>>> print list
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'f']
>>> list[4:4] = ['e']
>>> print list
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1305131912"
TEXT="删除列表中元素">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_216398146"
TEXT="通过清空而删除">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1187524898"
TEXT=">>> list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> list[1:3] = []
>>> print list
['a', 'd', 'e', 'f']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1003001875"
TEXT="使用 del 关键字">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_805953430"
TEXT=">>> a = ['one', 'two', 'three']
>>> del a[1]
>>> a
['one', 'three']"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_5464909"
TEXT=">>> list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
>>> del list[1:5]
>>> print list
['a', 'f']"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1814012406"
TEXT="查看列表的id">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_239306544"
TEXT=">>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [1, 2, 3]
>>> print id(a), id(b)
418650444 418675820
>>> b = a
>>> print id(a), id(b)
418650444 418650444
>>> b = a[:]
>>> print id(a), id(b)
418650444 418675692"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1396269033"
TEXT="引用和Copy/Clone">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1604582092"
TEXT="b = a，则两个变量指向同一个对象，两个变量的值一起变动">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_239306544" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="175;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_627046992" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="175;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_179748630"
TEXT="b = a[:]，则建立克隆，b 和 a 指向不同对象，互不相干">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_239306544" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="173;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1246118873" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="173;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1634832746"
TEXT="list 作为函数的参数，是引用调用，即函数对 list 所做的修改会影响 list 对象本身">
<font BOLD="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1795601085"
TEXT="列表嵌套和矩阵">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_740323607"
TEXT="嵌套">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_525930143"
TEXT=">>> list = ["hello", 2.0, 5, [10, 20]]
>>> list[3][1]
20"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1078190733"
TEXT="矩阵">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1065974369"
TEXT=">>> matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> matrix[1]
[4, 5, 6]
>>> matrix[1][1]
5"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1216168788"
TEXT="字符串和列表">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_524201632"
TEXT="string.split 方法">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_316747077"
TEXT=">>> import string
>>> song = "The rain in Spain..."
>>> string.split(song)
['The', 'rain', 'in', 'Spain...']"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_711145241"
TEXT=">>> string.split(song, 'ai')
['The r', 'n in Sp', 'n...']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1886704563"
TEXT="string.join 方法">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1990677488"
TEXT=">>> list = ['The', 'rain', 'in', 'Spain...']
>>> string.join(list)
'The rain in Spain...'
"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1282919966"
TEXT=">>> string.join(list, '_')
'The_rain_in_Spain...'"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_712016162"
TEXT=">>> list = ['The', 'rain', 'in', 'Spain...']
>>> '|'.join(list)
'The|rain|in|Spain...'
"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1587932357"
TEXT="Tuples">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_195371697"
TEXT="圆括号建立 Tuple">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1747406413"
TEXT="在最外面用圆括号括起来">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_867739234"
TEXT=">>> type((1,2,3))
<type 'tuple'>"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1825214363"
TEXT="必需是逗号分隔的多个值">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1703810150"
TEXT=">>> type((1))
<type 'int'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_922539349"
TEXT=">>> type((1,))
<type 'tuple'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_453025333"
TEXT=">>> type(('WorldHello'))
<type 'str'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_433984030"
TEXT=">>> type(('WorldHello',))
<type 'tuple'>"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_828661787"
TEXT="Tuple vs list">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1376321032"
TEXT="Tuple 和 list 的区别就是: Tuple 是不可更改的，而 list 是可以更改的"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_570828533"
TEXT="一个元素也可以构成 list，但 tuple 必需为多个元素">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_959801769"
TEXT=">>> type([1])
<type 'list'>"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_674322060"
TEXT=">>> type((1))
<type 'int'>"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_39327180"
TEXT="Dictionaries （哈希表）">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_278202182"
TEXT="花括号建立 哈希表">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1081839252"
TEXT="Perl 管这种类型叫做 哈希表 或者关联数组。即下标可以是字符串的数组"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_603033014"
TEXT=">>> eng2sp = {}
>>> eng2sp['one'] = 'uno'
>>> eng2sp['two'] = 'dos'
>>> print eng2sp
{'one': 'uno', 'two': 'dos'}"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1710683289"
TEXT="访问哈希表中元素：下标为字符串">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1970163437"
TEXT=">>> print eng2sp
{'one': 'uno', 'three': 'tres', 'two': 'dos'}
>>> print eng2sp['two']
'dos'"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_449232503"
TEXT="哈希表操作">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_340388765"
TEXT="keys() 方法，返回 keys 组成的列表">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_697687692"
TEXT=">>> eng2sp.keys()
['one', 'three', 'two']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1264192324"
TEXT="values() 方法，返回由 values 组成的列表">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1119393686"
TEXT=">>> eng2sp.values()
['uno', 'tres', 'dos']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1265692897"
TEXT="items() 方法，返回由 key-value tuple 组成的列表">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_505345599"
TEXT=">>> eng2sp.items()
[('one','uno'), ('three', 'tres'), ('two', 'dos')]"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_489577525"
TEXT="from MoinMoin.util.chartypes import _chartypes
for key, val in _chartypes.items():
 if not vars().has_key(key):
 vars()[key] = val"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1203353972"
TEXT="haskey() 方法，返回布尔值">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1026628099"
TEXT=">>> eng2sp.has_key('one')
True
>>> eng2sp.has_key('deux')
False"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1643935887"
TEXT="get() 方法">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_790438190"
TEXT="返回哈希表某个 key 对应的 value">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1302653264"
TEXT="如 eng2sp.get('one')"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_988318105"
TEXT="等同于 eng2sp['one']"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_941960050"
TEXT="get() 可以带缺省值，即如果没有定义该 key，返回缺省值">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_429559394"
TEXT="如 eng2sp.get('none', 0)，如果没有定义 none, 返回 0，而不是空"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_768156914"
TEXT="引用和 copy/clone">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_501868669"
TEXT="哈希表的克隆：copy() 方法">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1369347561"
TEXT=">>> opposites = {'up': 'down', 'right': 'wrong', 'true': 'false'}
>>> copy = opposites.copy()"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1533713627"
TEXT="Iterators"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1769682321"
TEXT="type 函数返回变量类型">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1536036296"
TEXT="isinstance(varname, type({}))"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1365349575" POSITION="right"
TEXT="语句">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_60119158"
TEXT="每一行语句，不需要分号作为语句结尾！"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1247710324"
TEXT="如果多个语句写在一行，则需要 分号 分隔；"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_33689050"
TEXT="用 “\” 显示连接行">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_828490025"
TEXT="如：
i=10
print \
i"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_595347029"
TEXT="默认连接行">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1810581253"
TEXT="方括号，圆括号，花括号中的内容可以多行排列，不用 \ 续行，默认续行"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_261022264"
TEXT="例如：
month_names = ['Januari', 'Februari', 'Maart', # These are the
 'April', 'Mei', 'Juni', # Dutch names
 'Juli', 'Augustus', 'September', # for the months
 'Oktober', 'November', 'December'] # of the year"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_6385624"
TEXT="缩进">
<font BOLD="true" NAME="SansSerif" SIZE="12"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_404494015"
TEXT="一条语句前的空白（空格、TAB）是有意义的！"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1601465610"
TEXT="相同缩进的语句成为一个逻辑代码块"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1535759566"
TEXT="错误的缩进，将导致运行出错！"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1371677406"
TEXT="缩进的单位是空格。Tab 转换为1-8个空格，转换原则是空格总数是 8 的倍数。"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_831185267"
TEXT="空语句 pass">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_694287989"
TEXT="def someFunction():
 pass"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1543044680" POSITION="right"
TEXT="操作符和表达式">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1927711213"
TEXT="** 代表幂">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node
TEXT="3 ** 4 gives 81 (i.e. 3 * 3 * 3 * 3)"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1739713472"
TEXT="// 代表 floor">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node
TEXT="4 // 3.0 gives 1.0"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_28924284"
TEXT="% 代表取余">
<node
TEXT="-25.5 % 2.25 gives 1.5 ."/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1717682575"
TEXT="<< 左移位"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_83080874"
TEXT=">> 右移位"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_426512977"
TEXT="<, >, <=, >=, ==, != 和 C 类似"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_958177671"
TEXT="比较可以级联。如：">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_870455838"
TEXT="if 0 < x < 10:
 print "x is a positive single digit."">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_731363591" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="201;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_1403612382" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="201;0;"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1694180142"
TEXT="~, &, |, ^ 和 c 语言相同">
<node
TEXT="5 & 3 gives 1."/>
<node
TEXT="5 | 3 gives 7."/>
<node
TEXT="5 ^ 3 gives 6"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1185382508"
TEXT="~5 gives -6">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_555505399"
TEXT="取反。 ~x 相当于 -(x+1)"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1843040085"
TEXT="and, or, not 代表逻辑与或非">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_731363591"
TEXT="if 0 < x and x < 10:
 print "x is a positive single digit.""/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_892976439"
TEXT="is 和 is not，用于 比较 两个 object 是否为同一个对象">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_553882075"
TEXT="实际上两个对象的 ID 相同，才代表同一个对象。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1028723383"
TEXT="is: id(obj1) == id(obj2)"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1987476898"
TEXT="is not: id(obj1) != id(obj2)"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_986476276"
TEXT="in, not in 用于测试成员变量">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1428270092"
TEXT="'a' in ['a', 'b', 'c'] # True"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1776152631"
TEXT="交换赋值 a,b = b,a">
<icon BUILTIN="idea"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1793879479"
TEXT="为交换变量 a, b 的值，其它语言可能需要一个中间变量">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_622120638"
TEXT="temp=a
a=b
b=temp"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_924810649"
TEXT="python 有一个交换赋值的写法： a,b = b,a"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1641023166" POSITION="right"
TEXT="控制语句">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_931226703"
TEXT="if 语句">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1334978245"
TEXT="if ... elif ... else ， 示例：（注意冒号和缩进）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_808151229"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : if.py
number = 23
guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
 print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' # new block starts here
 print "(but you don't win any prizes!)" # new block ends here
elif guess < number:
 print 'No, it is a little higher than that.' # another block
 # You can do whatever you want in a block ...
else:
 print 'No, it is a little lower than that.'
 # you must have guess > number to reach here
print 'Done'
# This last statement is always executed, after the if statement
# is executed.
"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_149755571"
TEXT="注意: 没有 switch... case 语句！"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1810326334"
TEXT="while 循环语句">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1542371088"
TEXT="while ... [else ...] ，示例：（else 可选）">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_103455237"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : while.py
number = 23
stop = False
while not stop:
 guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))
 if guess == number:
 print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.'
 stop = True # This causes the while loop to stop
 elif guess < number:
 print 'No, it is a little higher than that.'
 else: # you must have guess > number to reach here
 print 'No, it is a little lower than that.'
else:
 print 'The while loop is over.'
 print 'I can do whatever I want here.'
print 'Done.'"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_492688627"
TEXT="break 和 continue 语句">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_453109879"
TEXT="break 语句跳出循环，且不执行 else 语句"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_150569154"
TEXT="for 循环语句">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_329191971"
TEXT="for... else... ，示例：（else 可选）">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1441272892"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : for.py
for i in range(1, 5):
 print i
else:
 print 'The for loop is over.'">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1575548173"
TEXT="range(1,5) 相当于 range(1,5,1) 第三个参数为步长">
<arrowlink DESTINATION="Freemind_Link_1792961010" ENDARROW="Default" ENDINCLINATION="624;0;" ID="Freemind_Arrow_Link_826135929" STARTARROW="None" STARTINCLINATION="624;0;"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_336876758"
TEXT="range 止于第二个参数，但不包括第二个参数"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1008518702"
TEXT="break 和 continue 语句">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_573155847"
TEXT="break 语句跳出循环，且不执行 else 语句"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_760129679"
TEXT="后置 for 语句">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1709285067"
TEXT="[ name for name in wikiaction.__dict__ ]"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_507474462"
TEXT="actions = [name[3:] for name in wikiaction.__dict__ if name.startswith('do_')]"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_901828705"
TEXT="示例">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1544519838"
TEXT="字符串中的字符">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_524558808"
TEXT="prefixes = "JKLMNOPQ"
suffix = "ack"
for letter in prefixes:
 print letter + suffix"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_369268204" POSITION="right"
TEXT="函数">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_313967808"
TEXT="函数声明">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1463873622"
TEXT="def 关键字">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_834232186"
TEXT="函数名"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_111575197"
TEXT="括号和参数"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1296719879"
TEXT="冒号"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1038999284"
TEXT="如：">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_629656501"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : func_param.py
def printMax(a, b):
 if a > b:
 print a, 'is maximum'
 else:
 print b, 'is maximum'
printMax(3, 4) # Directly give literal values"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_80259112"
TEXT="参数的缺省值">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_449718724"
TEXT="如同 C++ 那样">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_379383958"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : func_default.py
def say(s, times = 1):
 print s * times
say('Hello')
say('World', 5)"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1735733607"
TEXT="关键字参数">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1225513965"
TEXT="在 C++ 等语言中遇到如下困扰：有一长串参数，虽然都有缺省值，但只为了修改后面的某个参数，还需要把前面的参数也赋值。这种方式，在 python 中称为顺序参数赋值。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1717677462"
TEXT="Python 的一个特色是关键字参数赋值"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1106354373"
TEXT="例如：">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_374204463"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : func_key.py

def func(a, b=5, c=10):
 print 'a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c

func(3, 7)
func(25, c=24)
func(c=50, a=100)"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_348975810"
TEXT="可变参数">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_880637622"
TEXT="参数前加 * 或者 **，则读取的是 list 或者 dictionary"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1091270703"
TEXT="示例1">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_556730719"
TEXT="#!/usr/bin/python

def sum(*args):
	'''Return the sum the number of args.'''
	total = 0
	for i in range(0, len(args)):
		total += args[i]
	return total

print sum(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_322720763"
TEXT="函数返回值">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1256400413"
TEXT="return 语句提供函数返回值"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1136654223"
TEXT="没有 return，则返回 None"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_232415690"
TEXT="DocStrings">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1153186371"
TEXT="DocStrings 提供函数的帮助">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1851020318"
TEXT="函数内部的第一行开始的字符串为 DocStrings"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1744011447"
TEXT="DocStrings 一般为多行">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1946098680"
TEXT="DocString 为三引号扩起来的多行字符串"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_78033570"
TEXT="第一行为概述"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_527601372"
TEXT="第二行为空行"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_590473791"
TEXT="第三行开始是详细描述"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_164260588"
TEXT="DocStrings 的存在证明了函数也是对象">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1934728369"
TEXT="函数的 __doc__ 属性为该 DocStrings"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_172463186"
TEXT="例如 print printMax.__doc__ 为打印 printMax 函数的 DocStrings"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_863121919"
TEXT="help( ) 查看帮助就是调用函数的 DocStrings"/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_114874931"
TEXT="Lambda Forms">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1104898213"
TEXT="Lambda Forms 用于创建并返回新函数，即是一个函数生成器"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1961114309"
TEXT="示例">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1568810173"
TEXT=""/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1644687456" POSITION="right"
TEXT="内置函数和对象">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_608439435"
TEXT="帮助： import __builtin__; help (__builtin__)"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_815931800"
TEXT="函数">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1010797027"
TEXT="数学／逻辑／算法">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_844090006"
TEXT="abs(number) : 绝对值"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1403961589"
TEXT="cmp(x,y) ： 比较x y 的值。返回 1,0,-1"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1417115589"
TEXT="divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod) ： 显示除数和余数"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_532218549"
TEXT="pow(x, y[, z]) -> number "/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1808518987"
TEXT="round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number ： 四舍五入，保留 n 位小数"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_578115438"
TEXT="sum(sequence, start=0) -> value ： 取 sequence 的和"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_489975198"
TEXT="hex(number) -> string ： 返回十六进制"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1423212475"
TEXT="oct(number) -> string ： 八进制"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1342489019"
TEXT="len(object) -> integer"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_257893748"
TEXT="max(sequence) -> value "/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1403294775"
TEXT="min(sequence) -> value "/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1299597519"
TEXT="range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_875579997"
TEXT=">>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_807785839"
TEXT="filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string ">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_117571335"
TEXT="function 作用于 sequence 的每一个元素，返回 true 的元素。返回类型同 sequence 类型。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1805342917"
TEXT="如果 function 为 None，返回本身为 true 的元素"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_176392019"
TEXT="map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list ">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_305211959"
TEXT="将函数作用于 sequence 每个元素，生成 list"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_139007413"
TEXT=">>> map(lambda x : x*2, [1,2,3,4,5])
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_621454365"
TEXT="reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_460319754"
TEXT="从左至右，将函数作用在 sequence 上，最终由 sequence 产生一个唯一值。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1299319407"
TEXT=">>> reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
15
相当于 ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5)"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1476462878"
TEXT="sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) ： 排序"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_651273622"
TEXT="zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] ">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1395703689"
TEXT=">>> zip('1234','789')
[('1', '7'), ('2', '8'), ('3', '9')]
"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_587947093"
TEXT="coerce(x, y) -> (x1, y1)">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1667576360"
TEXT="Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations. If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError."/>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1099093588"
TEXT="字符串">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1035800657"
TEXT="chr(i) ： 0<=i<256, 返回 ascii 码为 i 的字符"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1671440023"
TEXT="unichr(i) -> Unicode character ： 返回 unicode 。 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1814350040"
TEXT="ord(c) ： 返回字符 c 的 ascii 码"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_584617607"
TEXT="对象相关">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1675953670"
TEXT="delattr(object,name) ： 在对象 object 中删除属性 name">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1067983932"
TEXT="delattr(x, 'y') 相当于 del x.y"/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_796851325"
TEXT="getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_340017370"
TEXT="getattr(x, 'y') 相当于 x.y"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_75126563"
TEXT="缺省值，是当对象不包含时的取值"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1319742900"
TEXT="hasattr(object, name) -> bool"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_396739839"
TEXT="id(object) -> integer ： 返回对象 ID，相当于内存中地址"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_851352814"
TEXT="hash(object) -> integer ： 两个对象具有相同的值，就有相当的 hash。但反之未必。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_73191417"
TEXT="setattr(object, name, value) ： 相当于赋值 x.y = v"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_771015132"
TEXT="isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1607994498"
TEXT="issubclass(C, B) -> bool "/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_321037734"
TEXT="globals() -> dictionary"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1869206614"
TEXT="locals() -> dictionary"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_551264097"
TEXT="vars([object]) -> dictionary">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_156700221"
TEXT="没有参数相当于 locals()"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1128174315"
TEXT="以对象为参数，相当于 object.__dict__"/>
</node>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1331380059"
TEXT="dir([object]) ： 显示对象属性列表"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1767397604"
TEXT="repr(object) -> string ： 对象 object 的正式名称"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_105224559"
TEXT="reload(module) -> module ： 重新加载 module"/>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_160026950"
TEXT="iter">
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1351984748"
TEXT="iter(collection) -> iterator">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_42808916"
TEXT="Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
 supply its own iterator, or be a sequence."/>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1707136942"
TEXT="iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_844025746"
TEXT="In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel. "/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1758299833"
TEXT="输入输出">
<node ID="Freemind_Link_1503593057"
TEXT="input([prompt]) -> value ： 输入。相当于 eval(raw_input(prompt))。"/>
<node ID="Freemind_Link_904707967"
TEXT="raw_input([prompt]) -> string ： 输入内容不做处理，作为字符串"/>
</node>