sdf.v2v3-23.xml

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  <front>
    <title abbrev="SDF (Semantic Definition Format)">Semantic Definition Format (SDF) for Data and Interactions of Things</title>
    <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-asdf-sdf-23"/>
    <author initials="M." surname="Koster" fullname="Michael Koster" role="editor">
      <organization>KTC Control AB</organization>
      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>29415 Alderpoint Road</street>
          <city>Blocksburg, CA</city>
          <code>95514</code>
          <country>USA</country>
        </postal>
        <phone>+1-707-502-5136</phone>
        <email>michaeljohnkoster@gmail.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="Carsten Bormann" role="editor">
      <organization ascii="Universitaet Bremen TZI">Universität Bremen TZI</organization>
      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>Postfach 330440</street>
          <city>Bremen</city>
          <code>D-28359</code>
          <country>Germany</country>
        </postal>
        <phone>+49-421-218-63921</phone>
        <email>cabo@tzi.org</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author initials="A." surname="Keränen" fullname="Ari Keränen">
      <organization>Ericsson</organization>
      <address>
        <postal>
          <city>Jorvas</city>
          <code>02420</code>
          <country>Finland</country>
        </postal>
        <email>ari.keranen@ericsson.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <date year="2025" month="March" day="17"/>
    <area>Applications</area>
    <workgroup>ASDF</workgroup>
    <keyword>Internet-Draft</keyword>
    <abstract>
      <?line 168?>

<t>The Semantic Definition Format (SDF) is concerned with Things,
namely physical objects that are available for interaction over a
network.
SDF is a format for domain experts to
use in the creation and maintenance of data and interaction models
that describe Things.
An SDF specification describes definitions of
SDF Objects/SDF Things and their associated interactions (Events, Actions,
Properties), as well as the Data types for the information exchanged
in those interactions. Tools convert this format to database formats
and other serializations as needed.</t>
    </abstract>
    <note removeInRFC="true">
      <name>About This Document</name>
      <t>
        Status information for this document may be found at <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-asdf-sdf/"/>.
      </t>
      <t>
        Discussion of this document takes place on the
        A Semantic Definition Format for Data and Interactions of Things (ASDF) Working Group mailing list (<eref target="mailto:asdf@ietf.org"/>),
        which is archived at <eref target="https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/asdf/"/>.
        Subscribe at <eref target="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/asdf/"/>.
      </t>
      <t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
        <eref target="https://github.com/ietf-wg-asdf/SDF"/>.</t>
    </note>
  </front>
  <middle>
    <?line 186?>

<section anchor="introduction">
      <name>Introduction</name>
      <t>The Semantic Definition Format (SDF) is concerned with Things,
namely physical objects that are available for interaction over a
network.
SDF is a format for domain experts to
use in the creation and maintenance of data and interaction models
that describe Things.
An SDF specification describes definitions of
SDF Objects/SDF Things and their associated interactions (Events, Actions,
Properties), as well as the Data types for the information exchanged
in those interactions. Tools convert this format to database formats
and other serializations as needed.</t>
      <t>SDF is designed to be an extensible format.
The present document constitutes the base specification for SDF:
"base SDF" for short.
In addition, SDF extensions can be defined, some of which may make use
of extension points specifically defined for this in base SDF.
One area for such extensions would be refinements of SDF's abstract
interaction models into protocol bindings for specific ecosystems
(e.g., <xref target="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping"/>).
For the use of certain other extensions, it may be necessary to
indicate in the SDF
document using them that a specific extension is in effect; see
<xref target="information-block"/> for details of the <tt>features</tt> quality that can be
used for such indications.
With extension points and feature indications available,
base SDF does not define a "version" concept for the SDF format itself
(as opposed to version indications within SDF documents indicating
their own evolution, see <xref target="information-block"/>).</t>
      <section anchor="structure-of-this-document">
        <name>Structure of This Document</name>
        <t>After introductory material and an overview (<xref target="overview"/>) over the
elements of the model and over the different kinds of names used,
<xref target="sdf-structure"/> introduces the main components of an SDF model.
<xref target="names-and-namespaces"/> revisits names and structures them into
namespaces.
<xref target="kw-defgroups"/> discusses the inner structure of the Objects defined by
SDF, the sdfObjects, in further detail.
<xref target="high-level-composition"/> discusses how SDF supports composition.
Conventional Sections (<xref format="title" target="iana"/>, <xref format="title" target="seccons"/>,
<xref format="title" target="sec-normative-references"/>, and <xref format="title" target="sec-informative-references"/>)
follow.
The normative <xref target="syntax"/> defines the syntax of SDF in
terms of its JSON structures, employing the Concise Data Definition
Language (CDDL) <xref target="RFC8610"/>.
This is followed by the informative <xref target="jso"/>, a rendition of the SDF
syntax in a "JSON Schema" format as they are defined by
<tt>json-schema.org</tt> (collectively called JSO).
The normative <xref target="jso-inspired"/> defines certain terms ("data qualities")
used at the SDF data model level that were inspired by JSO.
The informative <xref target="composition-examples"/> provides a few
examples for the use of composition in SDF.
Finally, <xref target="earlier"/> provides some historical information that can be
useful in upgrading earlier, pre-standard SDF models and
implementations to SDF base.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="terminology-and-conventions">
        <name>Terminology and Conventions</name>
        <t>Terms introduced in this section are capitalized when used in this
section; to maintain readability, capitalization is only done when
needed where they are used in the body of this document.</t>
        <section numbered="false" anchor="programming-platform-terms">
          <name>Programming Platform Terms</name>
          <t>The following definitions mention terms that are used with specific
meanings in various programming platforms, but often have an
independent definition for this document, which can be found further
below in this section.</t>
          <dl>
            <dt>Element:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A generic term used here in its English sense.
Exceptionally, in <xref target="jso-inspired"/>, used explicitly in accordance with
its meaning in the JSON ecosystem, i.e., the elements of JSON
arrays.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Entry:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A key-value pair in a map. (In JSON maps, sometimes also called "member".)</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Map:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A collection of entries (key-value pairs), where there are no two
entries with equivalent keys.
(Also known as associative array, dictionary, or symbol table.)</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Object:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An otherwise very generic term that JavaScript (and thus JSON) uses
for the kind of maps that were part of the original languages from
the outset.
In this document, Object is used exclusively in its general English
meaning or as the colloquial shorthand for sdfObject, even if the
type name <tt>"object"</tt> is imported with JSON-related semantics from a
data definition language.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Property:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>Certain environments use the term "property" for a JSON concept that
JSON calls "member" and is called "entry" here, or sometimes just for the
map key of these.
In this document, the term Property is specifically reserved for a
certain kind of Affordance, even if the map key <tt>"properties"</tt> is
imported with JSON-related semantics from a data definition
language.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Byte:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>This document uses the term "byte" in its now-customary sense as a
synonym for "octet".</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </section>
        <section numbered="false" anchor="conceptual-terms">
          <name>Conceptual Terms</name>
          <dl>
            <dt>Thing:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A physical item that is also available for interaction over a network.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Element:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A part or an aspect of something abstract; i.e., the term is used
here in its usual English definition.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Affordance:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An element of an interface offered for interaction.
Such an element becomes an Affordance when information is available
(directly or indirectly) that indicates how it can or should be
used.
In the present document, the term is used for the digital
(network-directed) interfaces of a Thing only; as it is a physical
object as well, the Thing might also have physical affordances such
as buttons, dials, and displays.
The specification language offers certain ways to create sets of
related Affordances and combine them into "Groupings" (see below).</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Property:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An Affordance that can potentially be used to read, write, and/or
observe state (current/stored information) on a Grouping.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Action:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An Affordance that can potentially be used to perform a named operation on a Grouping.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Event:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An Affordance that can potentially be used to obtain information
about what happened to a Grouping.</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </section>
        <section numbered="false" anchor="specification-language-terms">
          <name>Specification Language Terms</name>
          <dl>
            <dt>SDF Document:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>Container for SDF Definitions, together with data
about the SDF Document itself (information block).
Represented as a JSON text representing a single JSON map, which is
built from nested maps.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>SDF Model:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>Definitions and declarations that model the digital interaction
opportunities offered by one or more kinds of Things, represented
by Groupings (sdfObjects and sdfThings).
An SDF Model can be fully contained in a single SDF Document, or it
can be built from an SDF Document that references definitions and
declarations from additional SDF documents.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Block:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>One or more entries in a JSON map that is part of an SDF
specification; these entries can be described as a Block to
emphasize that they together serve a specific function.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Group:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An entry in the main JSON map that represents the SDF document, and in
certain nested definitions.
A group
has a Class Name Keyword as its key and a map of named definition
entries (Definition Group) as a value.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Class Name Keyword:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>One of <tt>sdfThing</tt>, <tt>sdfObject</tt>, <tt>sdfProperty</tt>, <tt>sdfAction</tt>,
<tt>sdfEvent</tt>, or <tt>sdfData</tt>; the Classes for these type keywords are
capitalized and prefixed with <tt>sdf</tt>.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Class:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>Abstract term for the information that is contained in groups
identified by a Class Name Keyword.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Quality:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A metadata item in a definition or declaration which says something
about that definition or declaration.  A quality is represented in
SDF as an entry in a JSON map (JSON object) that serves as a definition
or declaration.
(The term "Quality" is used because another popular term,
"Property", already has a different meaning.)</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Definition:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An entry in a Definition Group.
The entry creates a new semantic term for use in SDF models and
associates it with a set of qualities.
Unless the Class Name Keyword of the Group also makes it a
Declaration (see <xref target="definitions-block"/>), a definition just defines a
term, it does not create a component item within the enclosing
definition.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Declaration:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A definition within an enclosing
definition that is intended to create a component item within that
enclosing definition.  Every declaration can also be used as a
definition for reference elsewhere.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Grouping:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>An sdfThing or sdfObject, i.e., (directly or indirectly) a
description for a combination of Affordances.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Object, sdfObject:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A Grouping that contains Affordance declarations (Property, Action,
and Event declarations) only.
It serves as the main "atom" of reusable semantics for model
construction, representing the interaction model for a Thing that is
simple enough to not require nested structure.
sdfObjects are therefore similar to sdfThings but do not allow
nesting, i.e., they cannot contain other Groupings (sdfObjects or
sdfThings).</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>sdfThing:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A Grouping that can contain nested Groupings (sdfThings and sdfObjects).
Like sdfObject, it can also contain Affordance
declarations (Property, Action, and Event declarations).
(Note that "Thing" has a different meaning from sdfThing and
therefore is not available as a colloquial shorthand of
sdfThing.)</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Augmentation Mechanism:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A companion document to a base SDF Model that provides additional
information ("augments" the base specification).
The information may be for use in
a specific ecosystem or with a specific protocol ("Protocol Binding").
No specific Augmentation Mechanisms are defined in base SDF.
A simple mechanism for such augmentations has been discussed as a
"mapping file" <xref target="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping"/>.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Protocol Binding:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A companion document to an SDF Model that defines how to map the
abstract concepts in the model into the protocols in use in a
specific ecosystem.
The Protocol Binding might supply URL components, numeric IDs, and
similar details.
Protocol Bindings are one case of an Augmentation Mechanism.</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </section>
        <section numbered="false" anchor="conventions">
          <name>Conventions</name>
          <t>Regular expressions that are used in the text as a "pattern" for some
string are interpreted as per <xref target="RFC9485"/>.
(Note that a form of regular expressions is also used as values of the
quality <tt>pattern</tt>; see <xref target="type-string"/>.)</t>
          <t>The term "URI" in this document always refers to "full" URIs ("<tt>URI</tt>" in
Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>), never to relative URI references
("<tt>relative-ref</tt>" in Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="4.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>), so the term "URI"
does <em>NOT</em> serve as the colloquial abbreviation of "URI-Reference" it is
often used for.
Therefore, the "reference resolution" process defined in Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="5" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/> is <em>NOT</em> used in this specification.
Where necessary, full URIs are assembled out of substrings by simple
concatenation, e.g. when CURIEs are expanded (<xref target="ref-global"/>), or when a
global name is formed out of a namespace <tt>absolute-URI</tt> (Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="5" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>) and a fragment identifier part (<xref target="names-structure"/>).
Note also that URIs are not only used to construct the SDF models,
they are also the <em>subject</em> of SDF models where they are used as data
in actual interactions (and could even be represented as relative
references there); these two usages are entirely separate.</t>
          <t>The singular form is chosen as the preferred one for the keywords
defined in this specification.</t>
          <t>The key words "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL
NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>",
"<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in <xref target="BCP14"/> (<xref target="RFC2119"/>) (<xref target="RFC8174"/>) when, and only when, they
appear in all capitals, as shown here.</t>
          <?line -18?>

</section>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="overview">
      <name>Overview</name>
      <section anchor="example-definition">
        <name>Example Definition</name>
        <t>The overview starts with an example for the SDF definition of a simple sdfObject called "Switch" (<xref target="example1"/>).</t>
        <figure anchor="example1">
          <name>A simple example of an SDF document</name>
          <sourcecode type="json" name="example1.sdf.json"><![CDATA[
{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example document for SDF (Semantic Definition Format)",
    "version": "2019-04-24",
    "copyright": "Copyright 2019 Example Corp. All rights reserved.",
    "license": "https://example.com/license"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "Switch": {
      "sdfProperty": {
        "value": {
          "description":
"The state of the switch; false for off and true for on.",
          "type": "boolean"
        }
      },
      "sdfAction": {
        "on": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch on; equivalent to setting value to true."
        },
        "off": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch off; equivalent to setting value to false."
        },
        "toggle": {
          "description":
"Toggle the switch; equivalent to setting value to its complement."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
        <t>This is a model of a switch.
The state <tt>value</tt> declared in the <tt>sdfProperty</tt> group, represented by a Boolean, will be true for "on" and will be false for "off".
The actions <tt>on</tt> or <tt>off</tt> declared in the <tt>sdfAction</tt> group are redundant with setting the <tt>value</tt> and are in the example to illustrate that there are often different ways of achieving the same effect.
The action <tt>toggle</tt> will invert the value of the sdfProperty value, so that 2-way switches can be created; having such action will avoid the need for first retrieving the current value and then applying/setting the inverted value.</t>
        <t>The <tt>sdfObject</tt> group lists the affordances of Things modeled by this sdfObject.
The <tt>sdfProperty</tt> group lists the property affordances described by the model; these represent various perspectives on the state of the sdfObject.
Properties can have additional qualities to describe the state more precisely.
Properties can be annotated to be read, write or read/write; how this is actually done by the underlying transfer protocols is not described in the SDF model but left to companion protocol bindings.
Properties are often used with RESTful paradigms <xref target="I-D.irtf-t2trg-rest-iot"/>, describing state.
The <tt>sdfAction</tt> group is the mechanism to describe other interactions in terms of their names, input, and output data (no data are used in the example), as in a POST method in REST or in a remote procedure call.
The example <tt>toggle</tt> is an Action that
changes the state based on the current state of the Property named <tt>value</tt>.
(The third type of affordance is Events, which are not described in this example.)</t>
        <t>In the JSON representation, the <tt>info</tt> group is an exception in that
this group's map has keys taken from the SDF vocabulary.
All other groups (such as <tt>namespace</tt>, <tt>sdfObject</tt>) have maps with
keys that are freely defined by the model writer (<tt>Switch</tt>, <tt>value</tt>,
<tt>on</tt>, etc.); these map keys are therefore called <em>given names</em>.
The groups made up of entries with given names as keys usually use the
<tt>named&lt;&gt;</tt> production in the <xref target="syntax">formal syntax of SDF</xref>.
Where the values of these entries are maps, these again use SDF
vocabulary keys, and so on, generally alternating in further nesting.
The SDF-defined vocabulary items used in the hierarchy of such groups
are often, but not always, called <em>quality names</em> or <em>qualities</em>.
See <xref target="member-names"/> for more information about naming in SDF.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="elements-of-an-sdf-model">
        <name>Elements of an SDF model</name>
        <t>The SDF language uses six predefined Class Name Keywords for modeling connected
Things which are illustrated in <xref target="fig-class-2"/> (limited rendition in
the plaintext form of this document, please use typographic forms for
full information).</t>
        <figure anchor="fig-class-2">
          <name>Main classes used in SDF models</name>
          <artset>
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                <defs/>
                <g>
                  <!--class sdfThing-->
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                    <text fill="black" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="14" x="165.13" y="28.291">sdfThing</text>
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            </artwork>
            <artwork type="ascii-art" align="center"><![CDATA[                  ,--------.
                  |sdfThing|------.
   ,--------------|--------|      | hasThing
   |              |--------|<-----'
   |              `--------'
   |                |   | |
   |      hasObject |   |  \
   |                v   |   \
   |        ,---------. |    \
   |        |sdfObject| |     \
   |        |---------| |      \
   ,--------|---------|---------.
   |        `---------' |       |
has|Property     | hasAction    | hasEvent
   v             v      v       v
,-----------.  ,---------.   ,--------.
|sdfProperty|  |sdfAction|   |sdfEvent|
|-----------|  |---------|   |--------|
|-----------|  |---------|   |--------|
`-----------'  `---------'   `--------'
   |      hasInput|   |hasOutput    |
   |          Data|   |Data         |
   |              v   v             |
   |            ,-------.           |
   | isInst     |sdfData|  hasOutp  |
   `----------->|-------|<----------'
     anceOf     |-------|  utData
                `-------'
]]></artwork>
          </artset>
        </figure>
        <t>The six main Class Name Keywords are discussed below.</t>
        <section anchor="sdfobject">
          <name>sdfObject</name>
          <t>sdfObjects, the items listed in an <tt>sdfObject</tt> definition group, are
the main "atom" of reusable semantics for model construction.
The concept aligns in scope with common definition items from many IoT modeling
systems, for example ZigBee Clusters <xref target="ZCL"/>, OMA SpecWorks LwM2M
Objects <xref target="OMA"/>, OCF Resource Types <xref target="OCF"/>, and W3C Web of Things <xref target="WoT"/>.</t>
          <t>An sdfObject definition contains a set of <tt>sdfProperty</tt>, <tt>sdfAction</tt>, and
<tt>sdfEvent</tt> definitions that describe the interaction affordances
associated with some scope of functionality.</t>
          <t>For the granularity of definition, sdfObject definitions are meant
to be kept narrow enough in scope to enable broad reuse and
interoperability.
For example, defining a light bulb using separate sdfObject
definitions for on/off control, dimming, and color control affordances
will enable interoperable functionality to be configured for diverse
product types.
An sdfObject definition for a common on/off control may be used to
control many different kinds of Things that require on/off control.</t>
          <t>The presence of one or both of the optional qualities "<tt>minItems</tt>" and
"<tt>maxItems</tt>" defines the sdfObject as an array, i.e., all the
affordances defined for the sdfObject exist a number of times, indexed
by a number constrained to be between <tt>minItems</tt> and <tt>maxItems</tt>,
inclusive, if given.
(Note: Setting "<tt>minItems</tt>" to zero and leaving out "<tt>maxItems</tt>" puts the
minimum constraints on that array.)</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfproperty">
          <name>sdfProperty</name>
          <t><tt>sdfProperty</tt> is used to model elements of state within Things modeled
by the enclosing grouping.</t>
          <t>A named definition entry in an sdfProperty may be associated with some protocol
affordance to enable the application to obtain the state variable and,
optionally, modify the state variable.
Additionally, some protocols provide for in-time reporting of state
changes.
(These three aspects are described by the qualities <tt>readable</tt>,
<tt>writable</tt>, and <tt>observable</tt> defined for an sdfProperty.)</t>
          <t>Definitions in <tt>sdfProperty</tt> groups look like the definitions in
<tt>sdfData</tt> groups.
However, they actually also declare that a Property
with the given qualities potentially is present in the containing sdfObject.</t>
          <t>For definitions in <tt>sdfProperty</tt> and <tt>sdfData</tt>, SDF provides qualities
that can constrain the structure and values of data allowed in the
interactions modeled by them.
It also provides qualities that associate semantics to these
data, such as engineering units and unit scaling information.</t>
          <t>For the data definition within <tt>sdfProperty</tt> or <tt>sdfData</tt>, SDF borrows
some vocabulary proposed for the drafts 4 <xref target="JSO4"/> <xref target="JSO4V"/> and 7
<xref target="JSO7"/> <xref target="JSO7V"/> of the json-schema.org "JSON Schema" format
(collectively called JSO here), enhanced by qualities that are
specific to SDF.
Details about the JSO-inspired vocabulary are in <xref target="jso-inspired"/>.
For base SDF, data are constrained to be of
simple types (number, string, Boolean),
JSON maps composed of named data, and arrays of these types.
Syntax extension points are provided that can be used to provide
richer types in a future extension of this specification (possibly more
of which can be borrowed from json-schema.org).</t>
          <t>Note that sdfProperty definitions (and sdfData definitions in
general) are not intended to constrain the formats of data used for
communication over network interfaces.
Where needed, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages are
expected to be part of the protocol binding.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfaction-overview">
          <name>sdfAction</name>
          <t>The <tt>sdfAction</tt> group contains declarations of Actions, which
model affordances that, when triggered,
have an effect that can go beyond just reading, updating, or observing Thing
state.
Actions often result in some outward physical effect (which, itself,
cannot be modeled in SDF).  From a programmer's perspective, they
might be considered to be roughly analogous to method calls.</t>
          <t>Actions may have data parameters: these are modeled as a single item of input
data and output data, each.  Where multiple parameters need to be
modeled, an <tt>"object"</tt> type can be used to combine these parameters
into one; for an example see <xref target="example-obj-type"/> in <xref target="type-object"/>.</t>
          <t>Actions may be long-running, that is to say that the effects may not
take place immediately as would be expected for an update to an
sdfProperty; the effects may play out over time and emit action
results.
Actions may also not always complete and may result in application
errors, such as an item blocking the closing of an automatic door.</t>
          <t>One idiom for giving an action initiator status and control about the
ongoing action is to provide a URI for an ephemeral "action resource"
in the sdfAction output data, allowing the action to deliver
immediate feedback (including errors that prevent the action from
starting) and the action initiator to use the action resource
for further observation or modification of the ongoing action
(including canceling it).
Base SDF does not provide any tailored support for describing such
action resources; an extension for modeling links in more detail
(for instance, <xref target="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdftype-link"/>) may be all that is needed to fully enable modeling
them.</t>
          <t>Actions may have (or lack) the characteristics of idempotence and side-effect
safety (see Section <xref target="RFC9110" section="9.2" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 9110 <xref target="STD97"/> for more on these terms).</t>
          <t>Base SDF only provides data constraint modeling and semantics for the input and output data of definitions in <tt>sdfAction</tt> groups.
Again, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages, and
detailed protocol settings for invoking the action, are expected to be
part of the protocol binding.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfevent-overview">
          <name>sdfEvent</name>
          <t>The <tt>sdfEvent</tt> group contains declarations of Events, which model
affordances that inform about "happenings" associated with a Thing
modeled by the enclosing sdfObject; these may result in a signal being
stored or emitted as a result.</t>
          <t>Note that there is a trivial overlap with sdfProperty state changes,
which may also be defined as events but are not generally required to
be defined as such.
However, Events may exhibit certain ordering, consistency, and
reliability requirements that are expected to be supported in various
implementations of sdfEvent that do distinguish sdfEvent from
sdfProperty.
For instance, while a state change may simply be superseded by another
state change, some events are "precious" and need to be preserved even
if further events follow.</t>
          <t>Base SDF only provides data constraint modeling and
semantics for the output data of Event affordances.
Again, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages, and
detailed protocol settings for soliciting the event, are expected to be
part of the protocol binding.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfdata">
          <name>sdfData</name>
          <t>Definitions in <tt>sdfData</tt> groups do not themselves specify affordances.
These definitions
are provided separately from those in
sdfProperty groups to enable common
modeling patterns, data constraints, and semantic anchor concepts to
be factored out for data items that make up sdfProperty items and
serve as input and output data for sdfAction and sdfEvent items.
The data types defined in sdfData definitions only spring to life by being referenced in
one of these contexts (directly or indirectly via some other sdfData
definitions).</t>
          <t>It is a common use case for such a data definition to be shared
between an sdfProperty item and input or output parameters of an
sdfAction or output data provided by an sdfEvent.
sdfData definitions also enable factoring out extended application
data types such as mode and machine state enumerations to be reused
across multiple definitions that have similar basic characteristics
and requirements.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfthing">
          <name>sdfThing</name>
          <t>Back at the top level, the <tt>sdfThing</tt> group enables definition of models for
complex devices that will use one or more sdfObject definitions.
Like sdfObject, sdfThing groups allow for the inclusion of interaction
affordances, sdfData, as well as "<tt>minItems</tt>" and "<tt>maxItems</tt>" qualities.
Therefore, they can be seen as a superset of sdfObject groups, additionally
allowing for composition.</t>
          <t>As a result, an sdfThing directly or indirectly contains a set of sdfProperty, sdfAction, and
sdfEvent definitions that describe the interaction affordances
associated with some scope of functionality.</t>
          <t>A definition in an sdfThing group can refine the metadata of the definitions it
is composed of: other definitions in sdfThing groups or definitions in sdfObject groups.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="member-names">
        <name>Member names: Given Names and Quality Names</name>
        <t>SDF documents are JSON maps that mostly employ JSON maps as
member values, which in turn mostly employ JSON maps as their
member values, and so on.
This nested structure of JSON maps creates a tree, where the edges
are the member names (map keys) used in these JSON maps.
(In certain cases, where member names are not needed, JSON arrays may
be interspersed in this tree.)</t>
        <section anchor="given-names-and-quality-names">
          <name>Given Names and Quality Names</name>
          <t>For any particular JSON map in an SDF document, the set of member
names that are used is either of:</t>
          <ul spacing="normal">
            <li>
              <t>A set of "<em>Quality Names</em>", where the entries in the map are
Qualities.  Quality Names are defined by the present specification
and its extensions, together with specific semantics to be
associated with the member value given with a certain Quality Name.</t>
            </li>
            <li>
              <t>A set of "<em>Given Names</em>", where the entries in the map are separate
entities (definitions, declarations, etc.) that each have names that
are chosen by the SDF document author in order that these names can be
employed by a user of that model.</t>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <t>In a path from the root of the tree to any leaf, Quality Names and
Given Names roughly alternate (with the information block,
<xref target="information-block"/>, as a prominent exception).</t>
          <t>The meaning of the JSON map that is the member value associated
with a Given Name is derived from the Quality Name that was used as
the member name associated to the parent.
In the CDDL grammar given in <xref target="syntax"/>, JSON maps with member names that are
Given Names are defined using the CDDL generic rule reference <tt>named&lt;membervalues&gt;</tt>,
where <tt>membervalues</tt> is in turn the structure of the member values of the
JSON map, i.e., the value of the member named by the Given Name.
As quality-named maps and given-named maps roughly alternate in
a path down the tree, <tt>membervalues</tt> is usually a map built from
Quality Names as keys.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="hierarchical-names">
          <name>Hierarchical Names</name>
          <t>From the outside of a specification, Given Names are usually used as
part of a hierarchical name that looks like a JSON pointer <xref target="RFC6901"/>,
itself generally rooted in (used as the fragment identifier in) an
outer namespace that looks like an <tt>https://</tt> URL (see <xref target="names-and-namespaces"/>).</t>
          <t>As Quality Names and Given Names roughly alternate in a path into the
model, the JSON pointer part of the hierarchical name also alternates
between Quality Names and Given Names.</t>
          <t>Note that the actual Given Names may need to be encoded when specified
via the JSON pointer fragment identifier syntax, and that there are
two layers of such encoding: tilde encoding of <tt>~</tt> and <tt>/</tt> as per
<xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>, and then percent encoding of the
tilde-encoded name into a valid URI fragment as per <xref section="6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>.
For example, when a model is using the Given Name</t>
          <artwork><![CDATA[
   warning/danger alarm
]]></artwork>
          <t>(with an embedded slash and a space) for an
sdfObject, that sdfObject may need to be referenced as</t>
          <artwork><![CDATA[
   #/sdfObject/warning~1danger%20alarm
]]></artwork>
          <t>To sidestep potential interoperability problems, it is probably wise
to avoid characters in Given Names that need such encoding (Quality
Names are already defined in such a way that they never do).</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="gnqn">
          <name>Extensibility of Given Names and Quality Names</name>
          <t>In SDF, both Quality Names and Given Names are <em>extension points</em>.
This is more obvious for Quality Names: Extending SDF is mostly done
by defining additional qualities.  To enable non-conflicting third
party extensions to SDF, qualified names (names with an embedded
colon) can be used as Quality Names.</t>
          <t>A nonqualified Quality Name is composed of ASCII letters, digits, and
<tt>$</tt> signs, starting with a lower case letter or a <tt>$</tt> sign (i.e.,
using a pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*</tt>").
Names with <tt>$</tt> signs are intended to be used for functions separate
from most other names; for instance, in this specification <tt>$comment</tt>
is used for the comment quality (the presence or absence of a
<tt>$comment</tt> quality does not change the meaning of the SDF model).
Names that are composed of multiple English words can use the
"lowerCamelCase" convention <xref target="CamelCase"/> for indicating the word
boundaries; no other use is intended for upper case letters in quality
names.</t>
          <t>A qualified Quality Name is composed of a Quality Name Prefix, a <tt>:</tt>
(colon) character, and a nonqualified Quality Name.
Quality Name Prefixes are registered in the "Quality Name Prefixes"
registry in the "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group (<xref target="qnp"/>).
They are
composed of lower case ASCII letters and digits, starting with a lower
case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z][a-z0-9]*</tt>").</t>
          <t>Given Names are not restricted by the formal SDF syntax.
To enable non-surprising name translations in tools, combinations of
ASCII alphanumeric characters and <tt>-</tt> (ASCII hyphen/minus) are preferred,
typically employing kebab-case for names constructed out of multiple
words <xref target="KebabCase"/>.  ASCII hyphen/minus can then unambiguously be
translated to an ASCII <tt>_</tt> underscore character and back depending on
the programming environment.
Some styles also allow a dot ("<tt>.</tt>") in given names.
Given Names are often sufficiently self-explanatory that they can be
used in place of the <tt>label</tt> quality if that is not given.
In turn, if a given name turns out too complicated, a more elaborate
<tt>label</tt> can be given and the given name kept simple.
As given names are "programmers' names", base SDF does not address
internationalization of given names.
(More likely qualities to receive localizable equivalents by
exercising the quality name extension point are <tt>label</tt> and
<tt>description</tt>).</t>
          <t>Further, to enable Given Names to have a more powerful role in building
global hierarchical names, an extension is planned that makes use of
qualified names for Given Names.
So, until that extension is defined, Given Names with one or more
embedded colons are reserved and <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> be used in an SDF document.</t>
          <t>All names in SDF are case-sensitive.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="sdf-structure">
      <name>SDF structure</name>
      <t>SDF definitions are contained in SDF documents, together with data
about the SDF document itself (information block).
Definitions and declarations from additional SDF documents can be
referenced; together with the definitions and declarations in the
referencing SDF document they build the SDF model expressed by that
SDF document.</t>
      <t>Each SDF document is represented as a single JSON map.
This map can be thought of as having three blocks: the information
block, the namespaces block, and the definitions block.
These blocks contain zero or more JSON name/value pairs, the names of
which are quality names and the values of which mostly are (nested)
maps (the exception defined in SDF base is the defaultNamespace
quality, the value of which is a text string).
An empty nested map of this kind is equivalent to not having the
quality included at all.</t>
      <section anchor="information-block">
        <name>Information block</name>
        <t>The information block contains generic metadata for the SDF document
itself and all included definitions.
To enable tool integration, the information block is optional in the grammar
of SDF; most processes for working with SDF documents will have policies
that only SDF documents with an info block can be processed.
It is therefore <bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14> that SDF validator tools emit a warning
when no information block is found.</t>
        <t>The keyword (map key) that defines an information block is "info". Its
value is a JSON map in turn, with a set of entries that represent qualities that apply to the included definition.</t>
        <t>Qualities of this map are shown in <xref target="infoblockqual"/>.
None of these qualities are required or have default values that are
assumed if the quality is absent.</t>
        <table anchor="infoblockqual">
          <name>Qualities of the Information Block</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">title</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">A short summary to be displayed in search results, etc.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">description</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Long-form text description (no constraints)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">version</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">The incremental version of the definition</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">modified</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Time of the latest modification</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">copyright</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Link to text or embedded text containing a copyright notice</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">license</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Link to text or embedded text containing license terms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">features</td>
              <td align="left">array of strings</td>
              <td align="left">List of extension features used</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">$comment</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Source code comments only, no semantics</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <t>The version quality is used to indicate version information about the
set of definitions in the SDF document.
The version is <bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14> to be lexicographically increasing over the life of a model: a newer model always has a version string that string-compares higher than all previous versions.
This is easily achieved by following the convention to start the version with an <xref target="RFC3339"/> <tt>date-time</tt> or, if new versions are generated less frequently than once a day, just the <tt>full-date</tt> (i.e., YYYY-MM-DD); in many cases, that will be all that is needed (see <xref target="example1"/> for an example).
This specification does not give a strict definition for the format of the version string but each using system or organization should define internal structure and semantics to the level needed for their use.
If no further details are provided, a <tt>date-time</tt> or <tt>full-date</tt> in
this field can be assumed to indicate the latest update time of the
definitions in the SDF document.</t>
        <t>The modified quality can be used with a value using <xref target="RFC3339"/> <tt>date-time</tt> (with <tt>Z</tt> for time-zone) or <tt>full-date</tt> format to express time of the latest revision of the definitions.</t>
        <t>The license string is preferably either a URI that points to a web page with an unambiguous definition of the license, or an <xref target="SPDX"/> license identifier.
(As an example, for models to be handled by the One Data Model liaison
group, this license identifier will typically be "BSD-3-Clause".)</t>
        <t>The <tt>features</tt> quality can be used to list names of critical (i.e., cannot be safely ignored) SDF extension features that need to be understood for the definitions to be properly processed.
Extension feature names will be specified in extension documents.
They can either be registered (see <xref target="fn"/> for specifics, which make sure
that a registered feature name does not contain a colon) or be a URI
(which always contain a colon).
Note that SDF processors are not expected to, and normally <bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>,
dereference URIs used as feature names; any representation retrievable
under such a URI could be useful to humans, though.
(See <xref target="I-D.bormann-t2trg-deref-id"/> for a more extensive discussion of dereferenceable
identifiers).</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="namespaces-block">
        <name>Namespaces block</name>
        <t>The namespaces block contains the <tt>namespace</tt> map and the
<tt>defaultNamespace</tt> setting; none of these qualities are required or
have default values that are assumed if the quality is absent.</t>
        <t>The namespace map is a map from short names for URIs to the namespace URIs
themselves.</t>
        <t>The defaultNamespace setting selects one of the entries in the
namespace map by giving its short name.  The associated URI (value of
this entry) becomes the default namespace for the SDF document.</t>
        <table anchor="nssec">
          <name>Namespaces Block</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">namespace</td>
              <td align="left">map</td>
              <td align="left">Defines short names mapped to namespace URIs, to be used as identifier prefixes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">defaultNamespace</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">Identifies one of the prefixes in the namespace map to be used as a default in resolving identifiers</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <t>The following example declares a set of namespaces and defines <tt>cap</tt>
as the default namespace.
By convention, the values in the namespace map contain full URIs
without a fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier is then
added, if needed, where the namespace entry is used.</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"namespace": {
  "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap",
  "zcl": "https://zcl.example.com/sdf"
},
"defaultNamespace": "cap"
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>Multiple SDF documents can contribute to the same namespace by using
the same namespace URI for the default namespace across the documents.</t>
        <t>If no defaultNamespace setting is given, the SDF document does not
contribute to a global namespace (all definitions remain local to the
model and are not accessible for re-use by other models).
As the defaultNamespace is set by supplying a
namespace short name, its presence requires a namespace map that contains a
mapping for that namespace short name.</t>
        <t>If no namespace map is given, no short names for namespace URIs are
set up, and no defaultNamespace can be given.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="definitions-block">
        <name>Definitions block</name>
        <t>The Definitions block contains one or more groups, each identified by
a Class Name Keyword such as <tt>sdfObject</tt> or <tt>sdfProperty</tt>.
There can only be one group per keyword at this level; putting all the
individual definitions in the group under that keyword is just a
shortcut for identifying the class name keyword that applies to each
of them, without repeating it for each definition.</t>
        <t>The value of each group is a JSON map, the keys of which serve for naming the individual definitions in this group, and the corresponding values provide a set of qualities (name-value pairs) for the individual definition.
(In short, these map entries are also termed "named sets of qualities".)</t>
        <t>Each group may contain zero or more definitions.
Each identifier defined creates a new type and term in the target namespace.
Declarations have a scope of the definition block they are
directly contained in.</t>
        <t>A definition may in turn contain other definitions. Each definition is a named set of qualities, i.e., it consists of the newly defined identifier and a set of key-value pairs that represent the defined qualities and contained definitions.</t>
        <t>An example for an sdfObject definition is given in <xref target="exobject"/>:</t>
        <figure anchor="exobject">
          <name>Example sdfObject definition</name>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfObject": {
  "foo": {
    "sdfProperty": {
      "bar": {
        "type": "boolean"
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
        <t>This example defines an sdfObject "foo" that is defined in the default namespace (full address: <tt>#/sdfObject/foo</tt>), containing a property that can be addressed as
<tt>#/sdfObject/foo/sdfProperty/bar</tt>, with data of type boolean.</t>
        <t>Often, definitions are also declarations: the definition of the
entry "bar" in the property "foo" means that data corresponding to the
"foo" property in a property interaction offered by Thing can have zero or
one components modeled by "bar".
Entries within <tt>sdfProperty</tt>, <tt>sdfAction</tt>, and <tt>sdfEvent</tt> that are in
turn within <tt>sdfObject</tt> or <tt>sdfThing</tt> entries, are also declarations;
entries within <tt>sdfData</tt> are not.
Similarly, <tt>sdfObject</tt> or <tt>sdfThing</tt> entries within an sdfThing
definition specify that the
interactions offered by a Thing modeled by this sdfThing include the
interactions modeled by the nested <tt>sdfObject</tt> or <tt>sdfThing</tt>.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="top-level-affordances-and-sdfdata">
        <name>Top-level Affordances and sdfData</name>
        <t>Besides their placement within an sdfObject or sdfThing, affordances
(i.e., <tt>sdfProperty</tt>, <tt>sdfAction</tt>, and <tt>sdfEvent</tt>) as well as <tt>sdfData</tt> can
also be placed at the top level of an SDF document.
Since they are not associated with an sdfObject or sdfThing, these kinds of
definitions are intended to be re-used via the <tt>sdfRef</tt> mechanism
(see <xref target="sdfref"/>).</t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="names-and-namespaces">
      <name>Names and namespaces</name>
      <t>SDF documents may contribute to a global namespace, and may
reference elements from that global namespace.
(An SDF document that does not set a defaultNamespace does not
contribute to a global namespace.)</t>
      <section anchor="names-structure">
        <name>Structure</name>
        <t>Global names look exactly like <tt>https://</tt> URIs with attached fragment identifiers.</t>
        <t>There is no intention to require that these URIs can be dereferenced.
(However, as future extensions of SDF might find a use for dereferencing
global names, the URI should be chosen in such a way that this may
become possible in the future.
See also <xref target="I-D.bormann-t2trg-deref-id"/> for a discussion of dereferenceable identifiers.)</t>
        <t>The absolute-URI of a global name should be a URI as per Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>, with a scheme of "https" and a path (<tt>hier-part</tt> in <xref target="STD66"/>).
For base SDF, the query part should
not be used (it might be used in extensions).</t>
        <t>The fragment identifier is constructed as per <xref section="6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="contributing-global-names">
        <name>Contributing global names</name>
        <t>The fragment identifier part of a global name defined in an SDF
document is constructed from a JSON pointer that selects the
element defined for this name in the SDF document.
The absolute-URI part is a copy of the default namespace.</t>
        <t>As a result, the
default namespace is always the target namespace for a name for which
a definition is contributed.
In order to emphasize that name definitions are contributed to the
default namespace, this namespace is also termed the "target namespace" of
the SDF document.</t>
        <t>For instance, in <xref target="example1"/>, definitions for the following global names are contributed:</t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>
            <t>https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfProperty/value</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/on</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/off</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
        <t>Note the <tt>#</tt>, which separates the absolute-URI part (Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="4.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>) from the fragment identifier part (including the <tt>#</tt>, a
JSON Pointer as in <xref section="6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>).</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="ref-global">
        <name>Referencing global names</name>
        <t>A name reference takes the form of the production <tt>curie</tt> in Section 3
of <xref target="W3C.NOTE-curie-20101216"/>, but limiting the IRIs involved in that grammar to URIs as
per <xref target="STD66"/> and the prefixes to ASCII characters <xref target="STD80"/>.
(Note that this definition does not make use of the production
<tt>safe-curie</tt> in <xref target="W3C.NOTE-curie-20101216"/>.)</t>
        <t>A name that is contributed by the current SDF document can be
referenced by a Same-Document Reference as per Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="4.4" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>.
As there is little point in referencing the entire SDF document, this will be a <tt>#</tt> followed by a JSON pointer.
This is the only kind of name reference to itself that is possible in an SDF
document that does not set a default namespace.</t>
        <t>Name references that point outside the current SDF document
need to contain curie prefixes.  These then reference namespace
declarations in the namespaces block.</t>
        <t>For example, if a namespace prefix is defined:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"namespace": {
  "foo": "https://example.com/"
}
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>Then this reference to that namespace:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfRef": "foo:#/sdfData/temperatureData"
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>references the global name:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"https://example.com/#/sdfData/temperatureData"
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>Note that there is no way to provide a URI scheme name in a curie, so
all references to outside of the document need to go through the
namespace map.</t>
        <t>Name references occur only in specific elements of the syntax of SDF:</t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>
            <t>copying elements via sdfRef values</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>pointing to elements via sdfRequired value elements</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfref">
        <name>sdfRef</name>
        <t>In a JSON map establishing a definition, the keyword <tt>sdfRef</tt> is used
to copy the qualities and enclosed definitions of the referenced
definition, indicated by the included name reference, into the newly
formed definition.
(This can be compared to the processing of the <tt>$ref</tt> keyword in <xref target="JSO7"/>.)
The referenced definition should be such that, after copying and
applying the additional qualities in the referencing definition, the
newly built definition is also valid SDF (e.g., the copied qualities
and definitions are valid in the context of the new definition).</t>
        <t>For example, this reference:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"temperatureProperty": {
  "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/temperatureData"
}
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>creates a new definition "temperatureProperty" that contains all of the qualities defined in the definition at /sdfData/temperatureData.</t>
        <t>The sdfRef member need not be the only member of a map.
Additional members may be present with the intention to override parts
of the referenced map or to add new qualities or definitions.</t>
        <t>When processing sdfRef, if the target definition contains also sdfRef (i.e., is based on yet another definition), that <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be processed as well.</t>
        <t>More formally, for a JSON map that contains an
sdfRef member, the semantics is defined to be as if the following steps were performed:</t>
        <ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
            <t>The JSON map that contains the sdfRef member is copied into a
variable named "patch".</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>The sdfRef member of the copy in "patch" is removed.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>the JSON pointer that is the value of the sdfRef member is
dereferenced and the result is copied into a variable named "original".</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>The JSON Merge Patch algorithm <xref target="RFC7396"/> is applied to patch
the contents of "original" with the contents of "patch".</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>The result of the Merge Patch is used in place of the value of the
original JSON map.</t>
          </li>
        </ol>
        <t>Note that the formal syntaxes given in Appendices <xref format="counter" target="syntax"/> and <xref format="counter" target="jso"/>
generally describe the <em>result</em> of applying a merge-patch: the notations
are not powerful enough to describe, for instance, how the merge-patch
algorithm causes null values within the sdfRef to remove members of JSON
maps from the referenced target.
Nonetheless, the syntaxes also give the syntax
of the sdfRef itself, which vanishes during the resolution; in many
cases therefore even merge-patch inputs will validate with these
formal syntaxes.</t>
        <t>Given the example (<xref target="example1"/>), and the following definition:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example light switch using sdfRef"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "BasicSwitch": {
      "sdfRef": "cap:#/sdfObject/Switch",
      "sdfAction": {
        "toggle": null
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>The resulting definition of the "BasicSwitch" sdfObject would be identical to the definition of the "Switch" sdfObject except it would not contain the "toggle" Action.</t>
        <sourcecode type="json" name="example1-without-toggle.sdf.json"><![CDATA[
{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example light switch using sdfRef"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "BasicSwitch": {
      "sdfProperty": {
        "value": {
          "description":
"The state of the switch; false for off and true for on.",
          "type": "boolean"
        }
      },
      "sdfAction": {
        "on": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch on; equivalent to setting value to true."
        },
        "off": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch off; equivalent to setting value to false."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        <section anchor="resolved-models">
          <name>Resolved models</name>
          <t>A model where all sdfRef references are processed as described in <xref target="sdfref"/> is called a resolved model.</t>
          <t>For example, given the following sdfData definitions:</t>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfData": {
  "Coordinate" : {
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "X-Coordinate" : {
    "sdfRef" : "#/sdfData/Coordinate",
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis."
  },
  "Non-neg-X-Coordinate" : {
    "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/X-Coordinate",
    "minimum": 0
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
          <t>After resolving the definitions would look as follows:</t>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfData": {
  "Coordinate" : {
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "X-Coordinate" : {
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis.",
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "Non-neg-X-Coordinate" : {
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis.",
    "minimum": 0, "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfrequired">
        <name>sdfRequired</name>
        <t>The keyword <tt>sdfRequired</tt> is provided to apply a constraint that
defines for which declarations the corresponding data are mandatory in a
grouping (sdfThing or sdfObject) modeled by the current definition.</t>
        <t>The value of <tt>sdfRequired</tt> is an array of references, each indicating
one or more declarations that are mandatory to be represented.</t>
        <t>References in this array can be SDF names (JSON Pointers), or one of
two abbreviated reference formats:</t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>
            <t>a text string with a "referenceable-name", namely an affordance name
or a grouping name:  </t>
            <ul spacing="normal">
              <li>
                <t>All affordance declarations that are directly in the same grouping
(i.e., not nested further in another grouping) and that carry this
name are declared to be mandatory to be represented.
Note that there can be multiple such affordance declarations, one
per affordance type.</t>
              </li>
              <li>
                <t>The same applies to groupings made mandatory within groupings
containing them.</t>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>the Boolean value <tt>true</tt>.
The affordance or grouping itself that carries the <tt>sdfRequired</tt>
keyword is declared to be mandatory to be represented.</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
        <t>Note that referenceable-names are not
subject to the encoding JSON pointers require as discussed in <xref target="hierarchical-names"/>.
To ensure that referenceable-names are reliably distinguished from JSON pointers,
they are defined such that they cannot contain ":" or
"#" characters (see rule <tt>referenceable-name</tt> in <xref target="syntax"/>).
(If these characters are indeed contained in a Given Name, a JSON
pointer needs to be formed instead in order to reference it in "sdfRequired",
potentially requiring further path elements as well as JSON pointer
encoding.  The need for this is best avoided by choosing Given Names
without these characters.)</t>
        <t>The example in <xref target="example-req"/> shows two required elements in the sdfObject definition for "temperatureWithAlarm", the sdfProperty "currentTemperature", and the sdfEvent "overTemperatureEvent". The example also shows the use of JSON pointer with "sdfRef" to use a pre-existing definition for the sdfProperty "currentTemperature" and for the sdfOutputData produced by the sdfEvent "overTemperatureEvent".</t>
        <figure anchor="example-req">
          <name>Using sdfRequired</name>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfObject": {
  "temperatureWithAlarm": {
    "sdfRequired": [
"#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfProperty/currentTemperature",
"#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfEvent/overTemperatureEvent"
    ],
    "sdfData":{
       "temperatureData": {
        "type": "number"
      }
    },
    "sdfProperty": {
      "currentTemperature": {
"sdfRef": "#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfData/temperatureData",
      "writable": false
      }
    },
    "sdfEvent": {
      "overTemperatureEvent": {
       "sdfOutputData": {
"sdfRef": "#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfData/temperatureData"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
        <t>In <xref target="example-req"/>, the same sdfRequired can also be represented in
short form:</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
    "sdfRequired": ["currentTemperature", "overTemperatureEvent"]
]]></sourcecode>
        <t>Or, for instance "overTemperatureEvent" could carry</t>
        <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
      "overTemperatureEvent": {
        "sdfRequired": [true],
        "...": "..."
      }
]]></sourcecode>
      </section>
      <section anchor="common-qualities">
        <name>Common Qualities</name>
        <t>Definitions in SDF share a number of qualities that provide metadata for
them.  These are listed in <xref target="tbl-common-qualities"/>.  None of these
qualities are required or have default values that are assumed if the
quality is absent.
If a short textual description is required for an application and no
label is given in the SDF model, in its place applications could use
the last part (the last <tt>reference-token</tt>, <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>) of
the JSON pointer to the definition.</t>
        <table anchor="tbl-common-qualities">
          <name>Common Qualities</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">description</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">long text (no constraints)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">label</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">short text (no constraints)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">$comment</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">source code comments only, no semantics</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfRef</td>
              <td align="left">sdf-pointer</td>
              <td align="left">(see <xref target="sdfref"/>)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfRequired</td>
              <td align="left">pointer-list</td>
              <td align="left">(see <xref target="sdfrequired"/>, used in affordances or groupings)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </section>
      <section anchor="data-qualities">
        <name>Data Qualities</name>
        <t>Data qualities are used in sdfData and sdfProperty definitions,
which are named sets of data qualities (abbreviated as <tt>named-sdq</tt>).</t>
        <t>These qualities include the common qualities, JSO-inspired qualities
(see below), and data qualities defined specifically for the present
specification; the latter are shown in <xref target="sdfdataqual2"/>.
None of these qualities are required or have default values that are
assumed if the quality is absent.</t>
        <t><xref target="jso-inspired"/> lists data qualities inspired by the various
proposals at json-schema.org; the
intention is that these (information model level) qualities are
compatible with the (data model) semantics from the
versions of the json-schema.org proposal they were imported from.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfdataqual2">
          <name>SDF-defined Qualities of sdfData and sdfProperty</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
              <th align="left">Default</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(common)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="common-qualities"/></td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">unit</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">unit name (note 1)</td>
              <td align="left">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">nullable</td>
              <td align="left">boolean</td>
              <td align="left">indicates a null value is available for this type</td>
              <td align="left">true</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">contentFormat</td>
              <td align="left">string</td>
              <td align="left">content type (IANA media type string plus parameters), encoding (note 2)</td>
              <td align="left">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfType</td>
              <td align="left">string (<xref target="sdftype"/>)</td>
              <td align="left">sdfType enumeration (extensible)</td>
              <td align="left">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfChoice</td>
              <td align="left">named set of data qualities (<xref target="sdfchoice"/>)</td>
              <td align="left">named alternatives</td>
              <td align="left">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">enum</td>
              <td align="left">array of strings</td>
              <td align="left">abbreviation for string-valued named alternatives</td>
              <td align="left">N/A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
            <t>The unit name <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be as
per the <xref section="SenML Units" relative="#senml-units" sectionFormat="bare" target="RFC8428"/> registry
or the <xref section="Secondary Units" relative="#secondary-units" sectionFormat="bare" target="RFC8798"/> registry in <xref target="IANA.senml"/>
as specified by
Sections <xref target="RFC8428" section="4.5.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> and <xref target="RFC8428" section="12.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> of <xref target="RFC8428"/> and <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC8798"/>, respectively.  </t>
            <t>
Exceptionally, if a registration in these registries cannot be
obtained or would be inappropriate, the unit name can also be a URI
that is pointing to a definition of the unit.  Note that SDF
processors are not expected to, and normally <bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>,
dereference these URIs; the definition pointed to may be useful to
humans, though.
(See <xref target="I-D.bormann-t2trg-deref-id"/> for a more extensive discussion of dereferenceable
identifiers).  </t>
            <t anchor="cannot-colon">A URI unit name is distinguished from a registered unit name by the
presence of a colon; any registered unit names that contain a colon (at
the time of writing, none) can therefore not be directly used in SDF.</t>
            <t>
For use by translators into ecosystems that require URIs for unit
names, the URN sub-namespace "urn:ietf:params:unit" is provided
(<xref target="unit-urn"/>).
URNs from this sub-namespace <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> be used in a
<tt>unit</tt> quality, in favor of simply notating the unit name (such as
<tt>kg</tt> instead of <tt>urn:ietf:params:unit:kg</tt>), except where the
unit name contains a colon and can therefore not be directly used
in SDF.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>The <tt>contentFormat</tt> quality follows the Content-Format-Spec as defined in
<xref section="6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC9193"/>, allowing for expressing both numeric and string
based Content-Formats.</t>
          </li>
        </ol>
        <section anchor="sdftype">
          <name>sdfType</name>
          <t>SDF defines a number of basic types beyond those provided by JSON or
JSO.  These types are identified by the <tt>sdfType</tt> quality, which
is a text string from a set of type names defined by the  "sdfType
values" registry in the "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group
(<xref target="sdftype-values"/>).
The sdfType name is composed of lower case ASCII letters, digits,
and <tt>-</tt> (ASCII hyphen/minus) characters, starting
with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of
"⁠<tt>[a-z][-a-z0-9]*</tt>"), typically employing kebab-case for
names constructed out of multiple words <xref target="KebabCase"/>.</t>
          <t>To aid interworking with JSO implementations, it is <bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>
that sdfType is always used in conjunction with the <tt>type</tt> quality
inherited from <xref target="JSO7V"/>, in such a way as to yield a common
representation of the type's values in JSON.</t>
          <t>Values for sdfType that are defined in this specification are shown in
<xref target="sdftype1"/>.
This table also gives a description of the semantics of the sdfType,
the conventional value for <tt>type</tt> to be used with the sdfType value,
and a conventional JSON representation for values of the type.
The <tt>type</tt> and the JSON representation are chosen to be consistent
with each other; this <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be true for additionally registered sdfType
values as well.</t>
          <table anchor="sdftype1">
            <name>Values Defined in Base SDF for the sdfType Quality</name>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Name</th>
                <th align="left">Description</th>
                <th align="left">type</th>
                <th align="left">JSON Representation</th>
                <th align="left">Reference</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">byte-string</td>
                <td align="left">A sequence of zero or more bytes</td>
                <td align="left">string</td>
                <td align="left">base64url without padding</td>
                <td align="left">Section <xref target="RFC8949" section="3.4.5.2" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8949 <xref target="STD94"/></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">unix-time</td>
                <td align="left">A point in civil time (note 1)</td>
                <td align="left">number</td>
                <td align="left">POSIX time</td>
                <td align="left">Section <xref target="RFC8949" section="3.4.2" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8949 <xref target="STD94"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <t>(1) Note that the definition of <tt>unix-time</tt> does not imply the
capability to represent points in time that fall on leap seconds.
More date/time-related sdfTypes are likely to be added in the sdfType
value registry.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdfchoice">
          <name>sdfChoice</name>
          <t>Data can be a choice of named alternatives, called <tt>sdfChoice</tt>.
Each alternative is identified by a name (string, key in the outer JSON
map used to represent the overall choice) and a set of dataqualities
(each in an inner JSON map, the value used to represent the
individual alternative in the outer JSON map).
Dataqualities that are specified at the same level as the sdfChoice
apply to all choices in the sdfChoice, except those specific choices
where the dataquality is overridden at the choice level.</t>
          <t>sdfChoice merges the functions of two constructs found in <xref target="JSO7V"/>:</t>
          <ul spacing="normal">
            <li>
              <t><tt>enum</tt>  </t>
              <t>
What could be expressed as  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"enum": ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
]]></sourcecode>
              <t>
in JSO, is often best represented as:  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfChoice": {
  "foo": { "description": "This is a foonly"},
  "bar": { "description":
           "As defined in the second world congress"},
  "baz": { "description": "From bigzee foobaz"}
}
]]></sourcecode>
              <t>
This allows the placement of other dataqualities such as
<tt>description</tt> in the example.  </t>
              <t>
If an enum needs to use a data type different from text string,
what would for instance have been:  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"type": "number",
"enum": [1, 2, 3]
]]></sourcecode>
              <t>
in JSO, is represented as:  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"type": "number",
"sdfChoice": {
  "a-better-name-for-alternative-1": { "const": 1 },
  "alternative-2": { "const": 2 },
  "the-third-alternative": { "const": 3 }
}
]]></sourcecode>
              <t>
where the string names obviously would be chosen in a way that is
descriptive for what these numbers actually stand for; sdfChoice
also makes it easy to add number ranges into the mix.  </t>
              <t>
(Note that <tt>const</tt> can also be used for strings as in the previous
example, for instance, if the actual string value is indeed a crucial
element for the data model.)</t>
            </li>
            <li>
              <t>anyOf  </t>
              <t>
JSO provides a type union called <tt>anyOf</tt>, which provides a
choice between anonymous alternatives.  </t>
              <t>
What could have been in JSO:  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"anyOf": [
  {"type": "array", "minItems": 3, "maxItems": "3",
   "items": {"$ref": "#/sdfData/rgbVal"}},
  {"type": "array", "minItems": 4, "maxItems": "4",
   "items": {"$ref": "#/sdfData/cmykVal"}}
]
]]></sourcecode>
              <t>
can be more descriptively notated in SDF as:  </t>
              <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfChoice": {
  "rgb": {"type": "array", "minItems": 3, "maxItems": "3",
          "items": {"sdfRef": "#/sdfData/rgbVal"}},
  "cmyk": {"type": "array", "minItems": 4, "maxItems": "4",
           "items": {"sdfRef": "#/sdfData/cmykVal"}}
}
]]></sourcecode>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <t>Note that there is no need in SDF for the type intersection construct
<tt>allOf</tt> or the peculiar type-xor construct <tt>oneOf</tt> found in <xref target="JSO7V"/>.</t>
          <t>As a simplification for users of SDF models who are accustomed to
the JSO enum keyword, this is retained, but limited to a choice
of text string values, such that</t>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"enum": ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
]]></sourcecode>
          <t>is syntactic sugar for</t>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
"sdfChoice": {
  "foo": { "const": "foo"},
  "bar": { "const": "bar"},
  "baz": { "const": "baz"}
}
]]></sourcecode>
          <t>In a single definition, the keyword <tt>enum</tt> cannot be used at the same
time as the keyword <tt>sdfChoice</tt>, as the former is just syntactic
sugar for the latter.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="kw-defgroups">
      <name>Keywords for definition groups</name>
      <t>The following SDF keywords are used to create definition groups in the target namespace.
All these definitions share some common qualities as discussed in <xref target="common-qualities"/>.</t>
      <section anchor="sdfobject-1">
        <name>sdfObject</name>
        <t>The <tt>sdfObject</tt> keyword denotes a group of zero or more sdfObject definitions.
sdfObject definitions may contain or include definitions of named Properties, Actions, Events declared for the sdfObject, as well as named data types (sdfData group) to be used in this or other sdfObjects.</t>
        <t>The qualities of an sdfObject include the common qualities;
additional qualities are shown in <xref target="sdfobjqual"/>.
None of these
qualities are required or have default values that are assumed if the
quality is absent.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfobjqual">
          <name>Qualities of sdfObject</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(common)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="common-qualities"/></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfProperty</td>
              <td align="left">property</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named property definitions for this sdfObject</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfAction</td>
              <td align="left">action</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named action definitions for this sdfObject</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfEvent</td>
              <td align="left">event</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named event definitions for this sdfObject</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfData</td>
              <td align="left">named-sdq</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">minItems</td>
              <td align="left">number</td>
              <td align="left">(array) Minimum number of multiplied affordances in array</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">maxItems</td>
              <td align="left">number</td>
              <td align="left">(array) Maximum number of multiplied affordances in array</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfproperty-1">
        <name>sdfProperty</name>
        <t>The <tt>sdfProperty</tt> keyword denotes a group of zero or more Property definitions.</t>
        <t>Properties are used to model elements of state.</t>
        <t>The qualities of a Property definition include the data qualities (and
thus the common qualities), see <xref target="data-qualities"/>, additional qualities are shown in <xref target="sdfpropqual"/>.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfpropqual">
          <name>Qualities of sdfProperty</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
              <th align="left">Default</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(data)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="data-qualities"/></td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">readable</td>
              <td align="left">boolean</td>
              <td align="left">Reads are allowed</td>
              <td align="left">true</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">writable</td>
              <td align="left">boolean</td>
              <td align="left">Writes are allowed</td>
              <td align="left">true</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">observable</td>
              <td align="left">boolean</td>
              <td align="left">flag to indicate asynchronous notification is available</td>
              <td align="left">true</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfaction">
        <name>sdfAction</name>
        <t>The <tt>sdfAction</tt> keyword denotes a group of zero or more Action definitions.</t>
        <t>Actions are used to model commands and methods which are invoked.
Actions may have parameter data that are supplied upon invocation and
output data that is provided as a direct result of the invocation of
the action (note that "action objects" may also be created to furnish
ongoing information during a long-running action; these would be
pointed to by the output data).</t>
        <t>The qualities of an Action definition include the common qualities, additional qualities are shown in <xref target="sdfactqual"/>.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfactqual">
          <name>Qualities of sdfAction</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(common)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="common-qualities"/></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfInputData</td>
              <td align="left">map</td>
              <td align="left">data qualities of the input data for an Action</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfOutputData</td>
              <td align="left">map</td>
              <td align="left">data qualities of the output data for an Action</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfData</td>
              <td align="left">named-sdq</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <t><tt>sdfInputData</tt> defines the input data of the action.  <tt>sdfOutputData</tt>
defines the output data of the action.
As discussed in <xref target="sdfaction-overview"/>, a set of data qualities with
type <tt>"object"</tt> can be used to substructure either data item, with
optionality indicated by the data quality <tt>required</tt>.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfevent">
        <name>sdfEvent</name>
        <t>The <tt>sdfEvent</tt> keyword denotes zero or more Event definitions.</t>
        <t>Events are used to model asynchronous occurrences that may be communicated proactively. Events have data elements which are communicated upon the occurrence of the event.</t>
        <t>The qualities of sdfEvent include the common qualities, additional qualities are shown in <xref target="sdfevqual"/>.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfevqual">
          <name>Qualities of sdfEvent</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(common)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="common-qualities"/></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfOutputData</td>
              <td align="left">map</td>
              <td align="left">data qualities of the output data for an Event</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfData</td>
              <td align="left">named-sdq</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <t><tt>sdfOutputData</tt> defines the output data of the action.
As discussed in <xref target="sdfevent-overview"/>, a set of data qualities with
type <tt>"object"</tt> can be used to substructure the output data item, with
optionality indicated by the data quality <tt>required</tt>.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfdata-1">
        <name>sdfData</name>
        <t>The <tt>sdfData</tt> keyword denotes a group of zero or more named data type
definitions (named-sdq).</t>
        <t>An sdfData definition provides a reusable semantic identifier for a
type of data item and describes the constraints on the defined type.
sdfData is not itself a declaration, so it does not cause any of these
data items to be included in an affordance definition.</t>
        <t>The qualities of sdfData include the data qualities (and thus the common qualities), see <xref target="data-qualities"/>.</t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="high-level-composition">
      <name>High Level Composition</name>
      <t>The requirements for high level composition include the following:</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>The ability to represent products, standardized product types, and modular products while maintaining the atomicity of sdfObjects.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>The ability to compose a reusable definition block from sdfObjects.
Example: a single plug unit of an outlet strip with sdfObjects
for on/off control, energy monitor, and optional dimmer, while
retaining the atomicity of the individual sdfObjects.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>The ability to compose sdfObjects and other definition blocks into a higher level sdfThing that represents a product, while retaining the atomicity of sdfObjects.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>The ability to enrich and refine a base definition to have
product-specific qualities and quality values, such as unit, range, and scale settings.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>The ability to reference items in one part of a complex definition
from another part of the same definition.
Example: summarizing the energy readings from all plugs in an outlet
strip.</t>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <section anchor="paths-in-the-model-namespaces">
        <name>Paths in the model namespaces</name>
        <t>The model namespace is organized according to terms that are defined
in the SDF documents that contribute to the namespace. For example, definitions that originate from an organization or vendor are expected to be in a namespace that is specific to that organization or vendor.</t>
        <t>The structure of a path in a namespace is defined by the JSON Pointers
to the definitions in the SDF documents in that namespace.
For example, if there is an SDF document defining an sdfObject "<tt>Switch</tt>"
with an action "<tt>on</tt>", then the reference to the action would be
"<tt>ns:#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/on</tt>" where <tt>ns</tt> is the namespace prefix
(short name for the namespace).</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="modular-composition">
        <name>Modular Composition</name>
        <t>Modular composition of definitions enables an existing definition
(could be in the same or another SDF document) to become part of a new definition by including a reference to the existing definition within the model namespace.</t>
        <section anchor="use-of-the-sdfref-keyword-to-re-use-a-definition">
          <name>Use of the "sdfRef" keyword to re-use a definition</name>
          <t>An existing definition may be used as a template for a new definition, that is, a new definition is created in the target namespace which uses the defined qualities of some existing definition.
This pattern uses the keyword <tt>sdfRef</tt> as a quality of a new definition with a value consisting of a reference to the existing definition that is to be used as a template.</t>
          <t>In the definition that uses <tt>sdfRef</tt>, new qualities may be added
and existing qualities from the referenced definition may be
overridden.  (Note that JSON maps do not have a defined
order, so the SDF processor may see these overrides before seeing the
<tt>sdfRef</tt>.)</t>
          <t>Note that the definition referenced by <tt>sdfRef</tt> might contain
qualities or definitions that are not valid in the context where the
<tt>sdfRef</tt> is used.
In this case, the resulting model, when resolved, may be invalid.
Example: an sdfRef adds an sdfThing definition in an sdfObject
definition.</t>
          <t>As a convention, overrides are intended to be used only for further
restricting the allowable set of data values.
Such a usage is shown in <xref target="exa-sdfref"/>:  any value allowable for a
<tt>cable-length</tt> also is an allowable value for a <tt>length</tt>, with the
additional restriction that the length cannot be smaller than 5 cm.
(This is labeled as a convention as it cannot be checked in the
general case.
A quality of implementation consideration for a tool
might be to provide at least some form of checking.)
Note that the example provides a <tt>description</tt> that overrides the
<tt>description</tt> of the referenced definition; as this quality is
intended for human consumption there is no conflict with the intended
goal.</t>
          <figure anchor="exa-sdfref">
            <name>Using an Override to Further Restrict the Set of Data Values</name>
            <artwork><![CDATA[
"sdfData":
  "length" : {
    "type": "number",
    "minimum": 0,
    "unit": "m"
    "description": "There can be no negative lengths."
  }
...
  "cable-length" : {
    "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/length"
    "minimum": 5e-2,
    "description": "Cables must be at least 5 cm."
  }
]]></artwork>
          </figure>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="sdfthing-1">
        <name>sdfThing</name>
        <t>An sdfThing is a set of declarations and qualities that may be part of
a more complex model.
For example, the sdfObject declarations that make
up the definition of a single socket of an outlet strip could be
encapsulated in an sdfThing, which itself could be used in a declaration in the sdfThing definition for the outlet strip.
(See <xref target="exa-sdfthing-outlet-strip"/> in <xref target="outlet-strip-example"/> for parts
of an SDF model for this example).</t>
        <t>sdfThing definitions carry semantic meaning, such as a defined refrigerator compartment and a defined freezer compartment, making up a combination refrigerator-freezer product.
An sdfThing may be composed of sdfObjects and other sdfThings.
It can also contain sdfData definitions, as well as declarations of interaction affordances itself, such
as a status (on/off) for the refrigerator-freezer as a whole (see
<xref target="exa-sdfthing-fridge-freezer"/> in <xref target="fridge-freezer-example"/> for an example SDF
model illustrating these aspects).</t>
        <t>The qualities of sdfThing are shown in <xref target="sdfthingqual"/>.
Analogous to sdfObject, the presence of one or both of the optional
qualities "<tt>minItems</tt>" and "<tt>maxItems</tt>" defines the sdfThing as an
array.</t>
        <table anchor="sdfthingqual">
          <name>Qualities of sdfThing</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Quality</th>
              <th align="left">Type</th>
              <th align="left">Description</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(common)</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
              <td align="left">
                <xref target="common-qualities"/></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfThing</td>
              <td align="left">thing</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfObject</td>
              <td align="left">object</td>
              <td align="left"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfProperty</td>
              <td align="left">property</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named property definitions for this thing</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfAction</td>
              <td align="left">action</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named action definitions for this thing</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfEvent</td>
              <td align="left">event</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named event definitions for this thing</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdfData</td>
              <td align="left">named-sdq</td>
              <td align="left">zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">minItems</td>
              <td align="left">number</td>
              <td align="left">(array) Minimum number of multiplied affordances in array</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">maxItems</td>
              <td align="left">number</td>
              <td align="left">(array) Maximum number of multiplied affordances in array</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="iana">
      <name>IANA Considerations</name>
      <t><cref anchor="replace-xxxx">RFC Ed.: throughout this section, please replace RFC XXXX with this RFC number, and remove this note.</cref></t>
      <section anchor="media-type">
        <name>Media Type</name>
        <t>IANA is requested to add the following Media-Type to the "Media Types"
registry <xref target="IANA.media-types"/>.</t>
        <table align="left" anchor="mediatypereg">
          <name>Media Type Registration for SDF</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Name</th>
              <th align="left">Template</th>
              <th align="left">Reference</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sdf+json</td>
              <td align="left">application/sdf+json</td>
              <td align="left">RFC XXXX, <xref target="media-type"/></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <dl spacing="compact">
          <dt>Type name:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>application</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Subtype name:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>sdf+json</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>N/A</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>N/A</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>binary (JSON is UTF-8-encoded text)</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Security considerations:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t><xref target="seccons"/> of RFC XXXX</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>none</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Published specification:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t><xref target="media-type"/> of RFC XXXX</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Applications that use this media type:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>Tools for data and interaction modeling in the Internet of Things
and related environments</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Fragment identifier considerations:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>A JSON Pointer fragment identifier may be used, as defined in
<xref section="6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6901"/>.</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Additional information:</dt>
          <dd>
            <dl>
              <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
              <dd>
                <t>n/a</t>
              </dd>
              <dt>File extension(s):</dt>
              <dd>
                <t>.sdf.json</t>
              </dd>
              <dt>Windows Clipboard Name:</dt>
              <dd>
                <t>"Semantic Definition Format (SDF) for Data and Interactions of Things"</t>
              </dd>
              <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
              <dd>
                <t>n/a</t>
              </dd>
              <dt>Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code:</dt>
              <dd>
                <t>org.ietf.sdf-json<br/>
conforms to public.text</t>
              </dd>
            </dl>
          </dd>
          <dt>Person &amp; email address to contact for further information:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>ASDF WG mailing list (asdf@ietf.org),
or IETF Applications and Real-Time Area (art@ietf.org)</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>COMMON</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>none</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Author/Change controller:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>IETF</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Provisional registration:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>no</t>
          </dd>
        </dl>
      </section>
      <section anchor="content-format">
        <name>Content-Format</name>
        <t>This document adds the following Content-Format to the "CoAP
Content-Formats" registry,
within the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters"
registry group <xref target="IANA.core-parameters"/>, where 434 comes from the "IETF Review" 256-999 range.</t>
        <table align="left" anchor="contentformatreg">
          <name>SDF Content-format Registration</name>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Content Type</th>
              <th align="left">Content Coding</th>
              <th align="left">ID</th>
              <th align="left">Reference</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">application/sdf+json</td>
              <td align="left">-</td>
              <td align="left">434</td>
              <td align="left">RFC XXXX</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <t>// RFC Ed.: 434 was earmarked in <eref target="https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/core-parameters/iLDsdxk80YO9IsLMXMAgcx5S8Ak/">https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/core-parameters/iLDsdxk80YO9IsLMXMAgcx5S8Ak/</eref>;
please replace 434 with the assigned ID, remove the
requested range, and remove this note.<br/>
// RFC Ed.: please replace RFC XXXX with this RFC number and remove this note.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="unit-urn">
        <name>IETF URN Sub-namespace for Unit Names (urn:ietf:params:unit)</name>
        <t>IANA is requested to register the following value in the "<xref section="IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol Parameter Identifiers" relative="#params-1" sectionFormat="bare" target="IANA.params"/>" registry in <xref target="IANA.params"/>, following the template in
<xref target="BCP73"/>:</t>
        <dl>
          <dt>Registry name:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>unit</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Specification:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>RFC XXXX</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Repository:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>combining the symbol values from the <xref section="SenML Units" relative="#senml-units" sectionFormat="bare" target="IANA.senml"/> registry and the <xref section="Secondary Units" relative="#secondary-units" sectionFormat="bare" target="IANA.senml"/> registry in <xref target="IANA.senml"/> as specified by Sections <xref target="RFC8428" section="4.5.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> and <xref target="RFC8428" section="12.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> of <xref target="RFC8428"/> and <xref section="3" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC8798"/>,
respectively (which by the registration policy are guaranteed to be
non-overlapping).</t>
          </dd>
          <dt>Index value:</dt>
          <dd>
            <t>Percent-encoding (Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="2.1" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>) is required of any
characters in unit names except for the set "<tt>unreserved</tt>" (Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="2.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>), the set "<tt>sub-delims</tt>" (Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="2.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>), "<tt>:</tt>" or "<tt>@</tt>" (i.e., the result must match the ABNF
rule "<tt>pchar</tt>" in Section <xref target="RFC3986" section="3.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3986 <xref target="STD66"/>).</t>
          </dd>
        </dl>
      </section>
      <section anchor="unit-colonrn">
        <name>SenML registry group</name>
        <t>IANA is requested to add the following note to the SenML registry group <xref target="IANA.senml"/>:</t>
        <blockquote>
          <t>In SDF [RFC XXXX], a URI unit name is distinguished from a registered unit name
  by the presence of a colon; any registered unit name that contains
  a colon can therefore not be directly used in SDF.</t>
        </blockquote>
      </section>
      <section anchor="registries">
        <name>Registries</name>
        <t>IANA is requested to create a "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group, with the
registries defined in this Section.</t>
        <section anchor="qn">
          <name>Quality Names</name>
          <t>IANA is requested to create a "Quality Names" registry in
the "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group, with the following template:</t>
          <dl>
            <dt>Name:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A quality name composed of ASCII letters, digits, and dollar signs, starting
with a lower case ASCII letter or a dollar sign (i.e., using a
pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*</tt>").</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Brief Description:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A brief description.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Reference:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A pointer to a specification.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Change Controller:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>(see Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="2.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>)</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
          <t>Quality Names in this registry are intended to be registered in
conjunction with RFCs and activities of the IETF.</t>
          <t>The registration policy is Specification Required as per Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.6" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>.
(Note that the policy is not "RFC Required" or "IETF Review" Sections <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.7" sectionFormat="bare"/> and <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.8" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/> so that registrations can be made earlier
in the process, even earlier than foreseen in <xref target="BCP100"/>.)</t>
          <t>The instructions to the Experts are:</t>
          <ul spacing="normal">
            <li>
              <t>to ascertain that the specification is available in an immutable
reference and has achieved a good level of review in conjunction with
RFCs or activities of the IETF, and</t>
            </li>
            <li>
              <t>to be frugal in the allocation of quality names that are suggestive
of generally applicable semantics, keeping them in reserve for
qualities that are likely to enjoy wide use and can make good use of
their conciseness.</t>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <t>The "Quality Names" registry starts out as in
<xref target="tab-quality-names"/>; all references for these initial entries are to
RFC XXXX and all change controllers are given as "IETF"".</t>
          <table anchor="tab-quality-names">
            <name>Initial Content of Quality Names Registry</name>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Name</th>
                <th align="left">Brief Description</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">$comment</td>
                <td align="left">source code comments only, no semantics</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">const</td>
                <td align="left">constant value</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">contentFormat</td>
                <td align="left">content format</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">default</td>
                <td align="left">default value</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">description</td>
                <td align="left">long description text</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">enum</td>
                <td align="left">sdfChoice limited to text strings</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">exclusiveMaximum</td>
                <td align="left">exclusive maximum for a number</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">exclusiveMinimum</td>
                <td align="left">exclusive minimum for a number</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">format</td>
                <td align="left">specific format for a text string</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">items</td>
                <td align="left">items of an array</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">label</td>
                <td align="left">short text (no constraints); defaults to key</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maxItems</td>
                <td align="left">maximum number of items in an array</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maxLength</td>
                <td align="left">maximum length for a text string (in characters, i.e., Unicode scalar values)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">maximum</td>
                <td align="left">maximum for a number</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">minItems</td>
                <td align="left">minimum number of items in an array</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">minLength</td>
                <td align="left">minimum length for a text string (in characters, i.e., Unicode scalar values)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">minimum</td>
                <td align="left">minimum for a number</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">multipleOf</td>
                <td align="left">step size of number</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">nullable</td>
                <td align="left">boolean: can the item be left out?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">observable</td>
                <td align="left">boolean: can the item be observed?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pattern</td>
                <td align="left">regular expression pattern for a text string</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">properties</td>
                <td align="left">named dataqualities for type="object"</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">readable</td>
                <td align="left">boolean: can the item be read?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">required</td>
                <td align="left">which data items are required?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfChoice</td>
                <td align="left">named dataqualities for a choice</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfData</td>
                <td align="left">named dataqualities for an independent data type definition</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfInputData</td>
                <td align="left">input data to an action</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfOutputData</td>
                <td align="left">output data of an action or event (sdfRequired applies here)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfRef</td>
                <td align="left">sdf-pointer to definition being referenced</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfRequired</td>
                <td align="left">pointer-list to declarations of required components</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfRequiredInputData</td>
                <td align="left">pointer-list to declarations of required input data for an action</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sdfType</td>
                <td align="left">more detailed information about the type of a string</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">type</td>
                <td align="left">general category of data type</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">uniqueItems</td>
                <td align="left">boolean: do the items of the array need to be all different?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">unit</td>
                <td align="left">engineering unit and scale (per SenML registry)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">writable</td>
                <td align="left">boolean: can the item be written to?</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </section>
        <section anchor="qnp">
          <name>Quality Name Prefixes</name>
          <t>IANA is requested to create a "Quality Name Prefixes" registry in
the "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group, with the following template:</t>
          <dl>
            <dt>Prefix:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A quality name prefix composed of lower case ASCII letters and digits, starting
with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z][a-z0-9]*</tt>").</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Contact:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A contact point for the organization that assigns quality names with
this prefix.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Reference:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A pointer to additional information, if available.</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
          <t>Quality Name Prefixes are intended to be registered by organizations
that plan to define quality names constructed with an
organization-specifix prefix (<xref target="gnqn"/>).</t>
          <t>The registration policy is Expert Review as per Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.5" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>.
The instructions to the Expert are to ascertain that the organization
will handle quality names constructed using their prefix in a way that
roughly achieves the objectives for an IANA registry that support
interoperability of SDF models employing these quality names,
including:</t>
          <ul spacing="normal">
            <li>
              <t>Stability, "stable and permanent";</t>
            </li>
            <li>
              <t>Transparency, "readily available", "in sufficient detail" (Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.6" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>).</t>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <t>The "Quality Name Prefixes" registry starts out empty.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="sdftype-values">
          <name>sdfType Values</name>
          <t>IANA is requested to create a "sdfType values" registry in
the "Semantic Definition Format (SDF)" registry group, with the following template:</t>
          <dl>
            <dt>Name:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A name composed of lower case ASCII letters, digits and <tt>-</tt> (ASCII
hyphen/minus) characters, starting with a lower case ASCII letter
(i.e., using a pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z][-a-z0-9]*</tt>").</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Description:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A short description of the information model level structure and semantics</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>type:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>The value of the quality "type" to be used with this sdfType</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>JSON Representation</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A short description of a JSON representation that can be used for
this sdfType.  As per <xref target="sdftype"/>, this <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be consistent with the type.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Reference:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A more detailed specification of meaning and use of sdfType.</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
          <t>sdfType values are intended to be registered to enable modeling additional
SDF-specific types (see <xref target="sdftype"/>).</t>
          <t>The registration policy is Specification Required as per Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.6" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>.  The instructions to the Expert are to ascertain that the
specification provides enough detail to enable interoperability
between implementations of the sdfType being registered, and that
names are chosen with enough specificity that ecosystem-specific
sdfTypes will not be confused with more generally applicable ones.</t>
          <t>The initial set of registrations is described in <xref target="sdftype1"/>.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="fn">
          <name>Feature Names</name>
          <t>IANA is requested to create a "Feature Names" registry in the "Semantic
Definition Format (SDF)" registry group, with the following template:</t>
          <dl>
            <dt>Name:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A feature name composed of ASCII letters, digits, and dollar signs, starting
with a lower case ASCII letter or a dollar sign (i.e., using a
pattern of "⁠<tt>[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*</tt>").</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Brief Description:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A brief description.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Reference:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>A pointer to a specification.</t>
            </dd>
            <dt>Change Controller:</dt>
            <dd>
              <t>(see Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="2.3" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>)</t>
            </dd>
          </dl>
          <t>The registration policy is Specification Required as per Section <xref target="RFC8126" section="4.6" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 8126 <xref target="BCP26"/>.</t>
          <t>The instructions to the Experts are:</t>
          <ul spacing="normal">
            <li>
              <t>to ascertain that the specification is available in an immutable
reference and has achieved a good level of review, and</t>
            </li>
            <li>
              <t>to be frugal in the allocation of feature names that are suggestive
of generally applicable semantics, keeping them in reserve for
features that are likely to enjoy wide use and can make good use of
their conciseness.</t>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <t>The "Feature Names" registry starts out empty.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="seccons">
      <name>Security Considerations</name>
      <t>Some wider security considerations applicable to Things are discussed
in <xref target="RFC8576"/>.</t>
      <t><xref section="5" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC8610"/> gives an overview over security considerations
that arise when formal description techniques are used to govern
interoperability; analogs of these security considerations can apply
to SDF.</t>
      <t>The security considerations of underlying building blocks such as
those detailed in Section <xref target="RFC3629" section="10" sectionFormat="bare"/> of RFC 3629 <xref target="STD63"/> apply.</t>
      <t>SDF uses JSON as a representation language.
For a number of
cases, <xref target="STD90"/> indicates that implementation behavior for certain constructs
allowed by the JSON grammar is unpredictable.</t>
      <t>Implementations need to be robust against invalid or unpredictable
cases on input, preferably by rejecting input that is invalid or
that would lead to unpredictable behavior, and need to avoid generating
these cases on output.</t>
      <t>Implementations of model languages may also exhibit
performance-related availability issues when the attacker can control
the input, see <xref section="4.1" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC9535"/> for a brief discussion and
<xref section="8" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC9485"/> for considerations specific to the use
of <tt>pattern</tt>.</t>
      <t>SDF may be used in two processes that are often security relevant:
model-based <em>validation</em> of data that is intended to be described by SDF models, and
model-based <em>augmentation</em> of these data with information obtained from the SDF
models that apply.</t>
      <t>Implementations need to ascertain the provenance (and thus
authenticity and integrity) and applicability of
the SDF models they employ operationally in such security relevant ways.
Implementations that make use of the composition mechanisms defined in this
document need to do this for each of the components they combine
into the SDF models they employ.
Essentially, this process needs to undergo the same care and scrutiny
as any other introduction of source code into a build environment; the
possibility of supply-chain attacks on the modules imported needs to
be considered.</t>
      <t>Specifically, implementations might rely on model-based input
validation for enforcing certain properties of the data structure
ingested (which, if not validated, could lead to malfunctions such as
crashes and remote code execution).
These implementations need to be particularly careful
about the data models they apply, including their provenance and
potential changes of these properties that upgrades to the referenced
modules may (inadvertently or as part of an attack) cause.
More generally speaking, implementations should strive to be robust
against expected and unexpected limitations of the model-based input
validation mechanisms and their implementations.</t>
      <t>Similarly, implementations that rely on model-based augmentation may
generate false data from their inputs; this is an integrity violation
in any case but also can possibly be exploited for further attacks.</t>
      <t>In applications that dynamically acquire models and obtain modules
from module references in these, the security considerations of
dereferenceable identifiers apply (see <xref target="I-D.bormann-t2trg-deref-id"/> for a more extensive
discussion of dereferenceable identifiers).</t>
      <t>There may be confidentiality requirements on SDF models, both on their
content and on the fact that a specific model is used in a particular
Thing or environment.
The present specification does not discuss model discovery or define
an access control model for SDF models, nor does it define a way to
obtain selective disclosure where that may be required.
It is likely that these definitions require additional context from
underlying ecosystems and the characteristics of the protocols
employed there; this is therefore left as future work (e.g., for
documents such as <xref target="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping"/>).</t>
    </section>
  </middle>
  <back>
    <references anchor="sec-combined-references">
      <name>References</name>
      <references anchor="sec-normative-references">
        <name>Normative References</name>
        <reference anchor="IANA.senml" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/senml">
          <front>
            <title>Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)</title>
            <author>
              <organization>IANA</organization>
            </author>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="IANA.params" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/params">
          <front>
            <title>Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace for IETF Use</title>
            <author>
              <organization>IANA</organization>
            </author>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="IANA.media-types" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types">
          <front>
            <title>Media Types</title>
            <author>
              <organization>IANA</organization>
            </author>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="IANA.core-parameters" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/core-parameters">
          <front>
            <title>Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters</title>
            <author>
              <organization>IANA</organization>
            </author>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC3339">
          <front>
            <title>Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps</title>
            <author fullname="G. Klyne" initials="G." surname="Klyne"/>
            <author fullname="C. Newman" initials="C." surname="Newman"/>
            <date month="July" year="2002"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This document defines a date and time format for use in Internet protocols that is a profile of the ISO 8601 standard for representation of dates and times using the Gregorian calendar.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3339"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3339"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC8428">
          <front>
            <title>Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)</title>
            <author fullname="C. Jennings" initials="C." surname="Jennings"/>
            <author fullname="Z. Shelby" initials="Z." surname="Shelby"/>
            <author fullname="J. Arkko" initials="J." surname="Arkko"/>
            <author fullname="A. Keranen" initials="A." surname="Keranen"/>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="August" year="2018"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This specification defines a format for representing simple sensor measurements and device parameters in Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML). Representations are defined in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), Extensible Markup Language (XML), and Efficient XML Interchange (EXI), which share the common SenML data model. A simple sensor, such as a temperature sensor, could use one of these media types in protocols such as HTTP or the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to transport the measurements of the sensor or to be configured.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8428"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8428"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC8798">
          <front>
            <title>Additional Units for Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)</title>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="June" year="2020"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>The Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) media type supports the indication of units for a quantity represented. This short document registers a number of additional unit names in the IANA registry for units in SenML. It also defines a registry for secondary units that cannot be in SenML's main registry, as they are derived by linear transformation from units already in that registry.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8798"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8798"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD66" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std66">
          <reference anchor="RFC3986" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986">
            <front>
              <title>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</title>
              <author fullname="T. Berners-Lee" initials="T." surname="Berners-Lee"/>
              <author fullname="R. Fielding" initials="R." surname="Fielding"/>
              <author fullname="L. Masinter" initials="L." surname="Masinter"/>
              <date month="January" year="2005"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="66"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3986"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3986"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="RFC9562">
          <front>
            <title>Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs)</title>
            <author fullname="K. Davis" initials="K." surname="Davis"/>
            <author fullname="B. Peabody" initials="B." surname="Peabody"/>
            <author fullname="P. Leach" initials="P." surname="Leach"/>
            <date month="May" year="2024"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This specification defines UUIDs (Universally Unique IDentifiers) --
also known as GUIDs (Globally Unique IDentifiers) -- and a Uniform
Resource Name namespace for UUIDs. A UUID is 128 bits long and is
intended to guarantee uniqueness across space and time. UUIDs were
originally used in the Apollo Network Computing System (NCS), later
in the Open Software Foundation's (OSF's) Distributed Computing
Environment (DCE), and then in Microsoft Windows platforms.</t>
              <t>This specification is derived from the OSF DCE specification with the
kind permission of the OSF (now known as "The Open Group"). Information from earlier versions of the OSF DCE specification have
been incorporated into this document. This document obsoletes RFC
4122.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9562"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9562"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC6901">
          <front>
            <title>JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Pointer</title>
            <author fullname="P. Bryan" initials="P." role="editor" surname="Bryan"/>
            <author fullname="K. Zyp" initials="K." surname="Zyp"/>
            <author fullname="M. Nottingham" initials="M." role="editor" surname="Nottingham"/>
            <date month="April" year="2013"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>JSON Pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value within a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) document.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6901"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6901"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC7396">
          <front>
            <title>JSON Merge Patch</title>
            <author fullname="P. Hoffman" initials="P." surname="Hoffman"/>
            <author fullname="J. Snell" initials="J." surname="Snell"/>
            <date month="October" year="2014"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This specification defines the JSON merge patch format and processing rules. The merge patch format is primarily intended for use with the HTTP PATCH method as a means of describing a set of modifications to a target resource's content.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7396"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7396"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD63" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std63">
          <reference anchor="RFC3629" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629">
            <front>
              <title>UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646</title>
              <author fullname="F. Yergeau" initials="F." surname="Yergeau"/>
              <date month="November" year="2003"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems. The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo. UTF-8 has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values. This memo obsoletes and replaces RFC 2279.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="63"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3629"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3629"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD90" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std90">
          <reference anchor="RFC8259" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259">
            <front>
              <title>The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format</title>
              <author fullname="T. Bray" initials="T." role="editor" surname="Bray"/>
              <date month="December" year="2017"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data.</t>
                <t>This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="90"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8259"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8259"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="RFC8610">
          <front>
            <title>Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures</title>
            <author fullname="H. Birkholz" initials="H." surname="Birkholz"/>
            <author fullname="C. Vigano" initials="C." surname="Vigano"/>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="June" year="2019"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8610"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8610"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD94" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std94">
          <reference anchor="RFC8949" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949">
            <front>
              <title>Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</title>
              <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
              <author fullname="P. Hoffman" initials="P." surname="Hoffman"/>
              <date month="December" year="2020"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack.</t>
                <t>This document obsoletes RFC 7049, providing editorial improvements, new details, and errata fixes while keeping full compatibility with the interchange format of RFC 7049. It does not create a new version of the format.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="94"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8949"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8949"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="RFC9193">
          <front>
            <title>Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) Fields for Indicating Data Value Content-Format</title>
            <author fullname="A. Keränen" initials="A." surname="Keränen"/>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="June" year="2022"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>The Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) media types support multiple types of values, from numbers to text strings and arbitrary binary Data Values. In order to facilitate processing of binary Data Values, this document specifies a pair of new SenML fields for indicating the content format of those binary Data Values, i.e., their Internet media type, including parameters as well as any content codings applied.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9193"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9193"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="BCP26" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp26">
          <reference anchor="RFC8126" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126">
            <front>
              <title>Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs</title>
              <author fullname="M. Cotton" initials="M." surname="Cotton"/>
              <author fullname="B. Leiba" initials="B." surname="Leiba"/>
              <author fullname="T. Narten" initials="T." surname="Narten"/>
              <date month="June" year="2017"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>Many protocols make use of points of extensibility that use constants to identify various protocol parameters. To ensure that the values in these fields do not have conflicting uses and to promote interoperability, their allocations are often coordinated by a central record keeper. For IETF protocols, that role is filled by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).</t>
                <t>To make assignments in a given registry prudently, guidance describing the conditions under which new values should be assigned, as well as when and how modifications to existing values can be made, is needed. This document defines a framework for the documentation of these guidelines by specification authors, in order to assure that the provided guidance for the IANA Considerations is clear and addresses the various issues that are likely in the operation of a registry.</t>
                <t>This is the third edition of this document; it obsoletes RFC 5226.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="26"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8126"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8126"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <referencegroup anchor="BCP73" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp73">
          <reference anchor="RFC3553" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3553">
            <front>
              <title>An IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol Parameters</title>
              <author fullname="M. Mealling" initials="M." surname="Mealling"/>
              <author fullname="L. Masinter" initials="L." surname="Masinter"/>
              <author fullname="T. Hardie" initials="T." surname="Hardie"/>
              <author fullname="G. Klyne" initials="G." surname="Klyne"/>
              <date month="June" year="2003"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>This document describes a new sub-delegation for the 'ietf' URN namespace for registered protocol items. The 'ietf' URN namespace is defined in RFC 2648 as a root for persistent URIs that refer to IETF- defined resources. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="73"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3553"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3553"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="W3C.NOTE-curie-20101216" target="https://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-curie-20101216/">
          <front>
            <title>CURIE Syntax 1.0</title>
            <author fullname="Mark Birbeck" role="editor"/>
            <author fullname="Shane McCarron" role="editor"/>
            <date day="16" month="December" year="2010"/>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="W3C NOTE" value="NOTE-curie-20101216"/>
          <seriesInfo name="W3C" value="NOTE-curie-20101216"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD80" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std80">
          <reference anchor="RFC0020" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20">
            <front>
              <title>ASCII format for network interchange</title>
              <author fullname="V.G. Cerf" initials="V.G." surname="Cerf"/>
              <date month="October" year="1969"/>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="80"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="20"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC0020"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="SPDX" target="https://spdx.org/licenses/">
          <front>
            <title>SPDX License List</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date/>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC9165">
          <front>
            <title>Additional Control Operators for the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL)</title>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="December" year="2021"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), standardized in RFC 8610, provides "control operators" as its main language extension point.</t>
              <t>The present document defines a number of control operators that were not yet ready at the time RFC 8610 was completed:.plus,.cat, and.det for the construction of constants;.abnf/.abnfb for including ABNF (RFC 5234 and RFC 7405) in CDDL specifications; and.feature for indicating the use of a non-basic feature in an instance.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9165"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9165"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="BCP14" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp14">
          <reference anchor="RFC2119" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119">
            <front>
              <title>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</title>
              <author fullname="S. Bradner" initials="S." surname="Bradner"/>
              <date month="March" year="1997"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="2119"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC2119"/>
          </reference>
          <reference anchor="RFC8174" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174">
            <front>
              <title>Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words</title>
              <author fullname="B. Leiba" initials="B." surname="Leiba"/>
              <date month="May" year="2017"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="14"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8174"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8174"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
      </references>
      <references anchor="sec-informative-references">
        <name>Informative References</name>
        <reference anchor="JSO7">
          <front>
            <title>JSON Schema: A Media Type for Describing JSON Documents</title>
            <author fullname="Austin Wright" initials="A." surname="Wright">
         </author>
            <author fullname="Henry Andrews" initials="H." surname="Andrews">
              <organization>Cloudflare, Inc.</organization>
            </author>
            <date day="19" month="March" year="2018"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   JSON Schema defines the media type "application/schema+json", a JSON-
   based format for describing the structure of JSON data.  JSON Schema
   asserts what a JSON document must look like, ways to extract
   information from it, and how to interact with it.  The "application/
   schema-instance+json" media type provides additional feature-rich
   integration with "application/schema+json" beyond what can be offered
   for "application/json" documents.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-handrews-json-schema-01"/>
          <annotation>This is the base specification for json-schema.org "draft 7".</annotation>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="JSO7V">
          <front>
            <title>JSON Schema Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of JSON</title>
            <author fullname="Austin Wright" initials="A." surname="Wright">
         </author>
            <author fullname="Henry Andrews" initials="H." surname="Andrews">
              <organization>Cloudflare, Inc.</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Geraint Luff" initials="G." surname="Luff">
         </author>
            <date day="19" month="March" year="2018"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   JSON Schema (application/schema+json) has several purposes, one of
   which is JSON instance validation.  This document specifies a
   vocabulary for JSON Schema to describe the meaning of JSON documents,
   provide hints for user interfaces working with JSON data, and to make
   assertions about what a valid document must look like.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-handrews-json-schema-validation-01"/>
          <annotation>This is the validation specification for json-schema.org "draft 7".</annotation>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="JSO4">
          <front>
            <title>JSON Schema: core definitions and terminology</title>
            <author fullname="Francis Galiegue" initials="F." surname="Galiegue">
         </author>
            <author fullname="Kris Zyp" initials="K." surname="Zyp">
              <organization>SitePen (USA)</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Gary Court" initials="G." surname="Court">
         </author>
            <date day="31" month="January" year="2013"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   JSON Schema defines the media type "application/schema+json", a JSON
   based format for defining the structure of JSON data.  JSON Schema
   provides a contract for what JSON data is required for a given
   application and how to interact with it.  JSON Schema is intended to
   define validation, documentation, hyperlink navigation, and
   interaction control of JSON data.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-zyp-json-schema-04"/>
          <annotation>This is the base specification for json-schema.org "draft 4".</annotation>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="JSO4V">
          <front>
            <title>JSON Schema: interactive and non interactive validation</title>
            <author fullname="Kris Zyp" initials="K." surname="Zyp">
              <organization>SitePen (USA)</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Gary Court" initials="G." surname="Court">
         </author>
            <date day="31" month="January" year="2013"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   JSON Schema (application/schema+json) has several purposes, one of
   which is instance validation.  The validation process may be
   interactive or non interactive.  For instance, applications may use
   JSON Schema to build a user interface enabling interactive content
   generation in addition to user input checking, or validate data
   retrieved from various sources.  This specification describes schema
   keywords dedicated to validation purposes.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-fge-json-schema-validation-00"/>
          <annotation>This is the validation specification for json-schema.org "draft 4".</annotation>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="I-D.irtf-t2trg-rest-iot">
          <front>
            <title>Guidance on RESTful Design for Internet of Things Systems</title>
            <author fullname="Ari Keränen" initials="A." surname="Keränen">
              <organization>Ericsson</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Matthias Kovatsch" initials="M." surname="Kovatsch">
              <organization>Siemens</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Klaus Hartke" initials="K." surname="Hartke">
         </author>
            <date day="21" month="October" year="2024"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   This document gives guidance for designing Internet of Things (IoT)
   systems that follow the principles of the Representational State
   Transfer (REST) architectural style.  This document is a product of
   the IRTF Thing-to-Thing Research Group (T2TRG).

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-irtf-t2trg-rest-iot-15"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="ZCL">
          <front>
            <title>The ZigBee Cluster Library</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date year="2008"/>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Zigbee Wireless Networking" value="pp. 239-271"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1016/b978-0-7506-8597-9.00006-9"/>
          <seriesInfo name="ISBN" value="[&quot;9780750685979&quot;]"/>
          <refcontent>Elsevier</refcontent>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="OMA" target="http://www.openmobilealliance.org/wp/omna/lwm2m/lwm2mregistry.html">
          <front>
            <title>OMA LightweightM2M (LwM2M) Object and Resource Registry</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date/>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="OCF" target="https://openconnectivity.org/specs/OCF_Resource_Type_Specification.pdf">
          <front>
            <title>OCF Resource Type Specification</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date/>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC8576">
          <front>
            <title>Internet of Things (IoT) Security: State of the Art and Challenges</title>
            <author fullname="O. Garcia-Morchon" initials="O." surname="Garcia-Morchon"/>
            <author fullname="S. Kumar" initials="S." surname="Kumar"/>
            <author fullname="M. Sethi" initials="M." surname="Sethi"/>
            <date month="April" year="2019"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>The Internet of Things (IoT) concept refers to the usage of standard Internet protocols to allow for human-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication. The security needs for IoT systems are well recognized, and many standardization steps to provide security have been taken -- for example, the specification of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) secured with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS). However, security challenges still exist, not only because there are some use cases that lack a suitable solution, but also because many IoT devices and systems have been designed and deployed with very limited security capabilities. In this document, we first discuss the various stages in the lifecycle of a thing. Next, we document the security threats to a thing and the challenges that one might face to protect against these threats. Lastly, we discuss the next steps needed to facilitate the deployment of secure IoT systems. This document can be used by implementers and authors of IoT specifications as a reference for details about security considerations while documenting their specific security challenges, threat models, and mitigations.</t>
              <t>This document is a product of the IRTF Thing-to-Thing Research Group (T2TRG).</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8576"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8576"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="ECMA-262" target="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262.pdf">
          <front>
            <title>ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification</title>
            <author>
              <organization>Ecma International</organization>
            </author>
            <date year="2020" month="June"/>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="ECMA" value="Standard ECMA-262, 11th Edition"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="CamelCase" target="http://wiki.c2.com/?CamelCase">
          <front>
            <title>Camel Case</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date year="2014" month="December"/>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="KebabCase" target="http://wiki.c2.com/?KebabCase">
          <front>
            <title>Kebab Case</title>
            <author>
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date year="2014" month="August"/>
          </front>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdftype-link">
          <front>
            <title>An sdfType for Links</title>
            <author fullname="Carsten Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann">
              <organization>Universität Bremen TZI</organization>
            </author>
            <date day="6" month="December" year="2024"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   This document defines and registers an sdfType "link" for the
   Semantic Definition Format (SDF) for Data and Interactions of Things
   (draft-ietf-asdf-sdf).

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-bormann-asdf-sdftype-link-04"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping">
          <front>
            <title>Semantic Definition Format (SDF): Mapping files</title>
            <author fullname="Carsten Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann">
              <organization>Universität Bremen TZI</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Jan Romann" initials="J." surname="Romann">
              <organization>Hochschule Emden/Leer</organization>
            </author>
            <date day="6" month="December" year="2024"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   The Semantic Definition Format (SDF) is a format for domain experts
   to use in the creation and maintenance of data and interaction models
   that describe Things, i.e., physical objects that are available for
   interaction over a network.  It was created as a common language for
   use in the development of the One Data Model liaison organization
   (OneDM) models.  Tools convert this format to database formats and
   other serializations as needed.

   An SDF specification often needs to be augmented by additional
   information that is specific to its use in a particular ecosystem or
   application.  SDF mapping files provide a mechanism to represent this
   augmentation.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping-05"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="I-D.bormann-t2trg-deref-id">
          <front>
            <title>The "dereferenceable identifier" pattern</title>
            <author fullname="Carsten Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann">
              <organization>Universität Bremen TZI</organization>
            </author>
            <author fullname="Christian Amsüss" initials="C." surname="Amsüss">
         </author>
            <date day="3" month="March" year="2025"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>   In a protocol or an application environment, it is often important to
   be able to create unambiguous identifiers for some meaning (concept
   or some entity).

   Due to the simplicity of creating URIs, these have become popular for
   this purpose.  Beyond the purpose of identifiers to be uniquely
   associated with a meaning, some of these URIs are in principle
   _dereferenceable_, so something can be placed that can be retrieved
   when encountering such a URI.


   // The present revision -04 includes a few clarifications.

              </t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-bormann-t2trg-deref-id-05"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC9485">
          <front>
            <title>I-Regexp: An Interoperable Regular Expression Format</title>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann"/>
            <author fullname="T. Bray" initials="T." surname="Bray"/>
            <date month="October" year="2023"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>This document specifies I-Regexp, a flavor of regular expression that is limited in scope with the goal of interoperation across many different regular expression libraries.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9485"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9485"/>
        </reference>
        <reference anchor="RFC9535">
          <front>
            <title>JSONPath: Query Expressions for JSON</title>
            <author fullname="S. Gössner" initials="S." role="editor" surname="Gössner"/>
            <author fullname="G. Normington" initials="G." role="editor" surname="Normington"/>
            <author fullname="C. Bormann" initials="C." role="editor" surname="Bormann"/>
            <date month="February" year="2024"/>
            <abstract>
              <t>JSONPath defines a string syntax for selecting and extracting JSON (RFC 8259) values from within a given JSON value.</t>
            </abstract>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9535"/>
          <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9535"/>
        </reference>
        <referencegroup anchor="STD97" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std97">
          <reference anchor="RFC9110" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9110">
            <front>
              <title>HTTP Semantics</title>
              <author fullname="R. Fielding" initials="R." role="editor" surname="Fielding"/>
              <author fullname="M. Nottingham" initials="M." role="editor" surname="Nottingham"/>
              <author fullname="J. Reschke" initials="J." role="editor" surname="Reschke"/>
              <date month="June" year="2022"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document describes the overall architecture of HTTP, establishes common terminology, and defines aspects of the protocol that are shared by all versions. In this definition are core protocol elements, extensibility mechanisms, and the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes.</t>
                <t>This document updates RFC 3864 and obsoletes RFCs 2818, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7235, 7538, 7615, 7694, and portions of 7230.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="STD" value="97"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9110"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9110"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <referencegroup anchor="BCP100" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp100">
          <reference anchor="RFC7120" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7120">
            <front>
              <title>Early IANA Allocation of Standards Track Code Points</title>
              <author fullname="M. Cotton" initials="M." surname="Cotton"/>
              <date month="January" year="2014"/>
              <abstract>
                <t>This memo describes the process for early allocation of code points by IANA from registries for which "Specification Required", "RFC Required", "IETF Review", or "Standards Action" policies apply. This process can be used to alleviate the problem where code point allocation is needed to facilitate desired or required implementation and deployment experience prior to publication of an RFC, which would normally trigger code point allocation. The procedures in this document are intended to apply only to IETF Stream documents.</t>
              </abstract>
            </front>
            <seriesInfo name="BCP" value="100"/>
            <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7120"/>
            <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7120"/>
          </reference>
        </referencegroup>
        <reference anchor="WoT" target="https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description11/">
          <front>
            <title>Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description 1.1</title>
            <author initials="S." surname="Kaebisch" fullname="Sebastian Kaebisch">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="M." surname="McCool" fullname="Michael McCool">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <author initials="E." surname="Korkan" fullname="Ege Korkan">
              <organization/>
            </author>
            <date year="2023" month="December" day="05"/>
          </front>
          <seriesInfo name="W3C" value="Recommendation"/>
        </reference>
      </references>
    </references>
    <?line 2321?>

<section anchor="syntax">
      <name>Formal Syntax of SDF</name>
      <t>This normative appendix describes the syntax of SDF using CDDL <xref target="RFC8610"/>.</t>
      <t>This appendix shows the framework syntax only, i.e., a syntax with liberal extension points.
Since this syntax is nearly useless in finding typos in an SDF
specification, a second syntax, the validation syntax, is defined that
does not include the extension points.
The validation syntax can be generated from the framework syntax by
leaving out all lines containing the string <tt>EXTENSION-POINT</tt>; as this
is trivial, the result is not shown here.</t>
      <t>This appendix makes use of CDDL "features" as defined in <xref section="4" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC9165"/>.
Features whose names end in "-ext" indicate extension points for
further evolution.</t>
      <sourcecode type="cddl"><![CDATA[
start = sdf-syntax

sdf-syntax = {
 ; info will be required in most process policies
 ? info: sdfinfo
 ? namespace: named<text>
 ? defaultNamespace: text
 ; Thing is a composition of objects that work together in some way
 ? sdfThing: named<thingqualities>
 ; Object is a set of Properties, Actions, and Events that together
 ; perform a particular function
 ? sdfObject: named<objectqualities>
 ; Includes Properties, Actions, and Events as well as sdfData
 paedataqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"top-ext">
}

sdfinfo = {
 ? title: text
 ? description: text
 ? version: text
 ? copyright: text
 ? license: text
 ? modified: modified-date-time
 ? features: [
               * (any .feature "feature-name") ; EXTENSION-POINT
             ]
 optional-comment
 EXTENSION-POINT<"info-ext">
}

; Shortcut for a map that gives names to instances of X
; (has keys of type text and values of type X)
named<X> = { * text => X }

; EXTENSION-POINT is only used in framework syntax
EXTENSION-POINT<f> = ( * (quality-name .feature f) => any )
quality-name = text .regexp "([a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*"

sdf-pointer = global / same-object / true
global = text .regexp ".*[:#].*" ; rough CURIE or JSON Pointer syntax
same-object = referenceable-name
referenceable-name = text .regexp "[^:#]*"

; per se no point in having an empty list, but used for sdfRequired
; in odmobject-multiple_axis_joystick.sdf.json
pointer-list = [* sdf-pointer]

optional-comment = (
 ? $comment: text       ; source code comments only, no semantics
)

commonqualities = (
 ? description: text    ; long text (no constraints)
 ? label: text          ; short text (no constraints); default to key
 optional-comment
 ? sdfRef: sdf-pointer
 ; applies to qualities of properties, of data:
 ? sdfRequired: pointer-list
)

arraydefinitionqualities = (
 ? "minItems" => uint
 ? "maxItems" => uint
)

paedataqualities = (
 ; Property represents the state of an instance of an object
 ? sdfProperty: named<propertyqualities>
 ; Action invokes an application layer verb associated with an object
 ? sdfAction: named<actionqualities>
 ; Event represents an occurrence of event associated with an object
 ? sdfEvent: named<eventqualities>
 ; Data represents a piece of information that can be the state of a
 ; property or a parameter to an action or a signal in an event
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>

)

; for building hierarchy
thingqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfObject: named<objectqualities>
 ? sdfThing: named<thingqualities>
 paedataqualities
 arraydefinitionqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"thing-ext">
}

; for single objects, or for arrays of objects
objectqualities = {
 commonqualities
 paedataqualities
 arraydefinitionqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"object-ext">
}

parameter-list = dataqualities

actionqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfInputData: parameter-list   ; sdfRequiredInputData applies here
 ? sdfOutputData: parameter-list  ; sdfRequired applies here
 ; zero or more named data type definitions that might be used above
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>
 EXTENSION-POINT<"action-ext">
}

eventqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfOutputData: parameter-list  ; sdfRequired applies here
 ; zero or more named data type definitions that might be used above
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>
 EXTENSION-POINT<"event-ext">
}

sdftype-name = text .regexp "[a-z][-a-z0-9]*"       ; EXTENSION-POINT

dataqualities = {
 commonqualities
 jsonschema
 ? "unit" => text
 ? nullable: bool
 ? "sdfType" => "byte-string" / "unix-time"
            / (sdftype-name .feature "sdftype-ext") ; EXTENSION-POINT
 ? contentFormat: text
 EXTENSION-POINT<"data-ext">
}

propertyqualities = {
 ? observable: bool
 ? readable: bool
 ? writable: bool
 ~dataqualities
}

allowed-types = number / text / bool / null
              / [* number] / [* text] / [* bool]
              / {* text => any}
              / (any .feature "allowed-ext")        ; EXTENSION-POINT

compound-type = (
  "type" => "object"
  ? required: [+text]
  ? properties: named<dataqualities>
)

optional-choice = (
 ? (("sdfChoice" => named<dataqualities>)
  // ("enum" => [+ text])) ; limited to text strings
)

jsonschema = (
 ? (("type" => "number" / "string" / "boolean" / "integer" / "array")
    // compound-type
    // (type: text .feature "type-ext")             ; EXTENSION-POINT
   )
 ; if present, all other qualities apply to all choices:
 optional-choice
 ; the next three should validate against type:
 ? const: allowed-types
 ? default: allowed-types
 ; number/integer constraints
 ? minimum: number
 ? maximum: number
 ? exclusiveMinimum: number
 ? exclusiveMaximum: number
 ? multipleOf: number
 ; text string constraints
 ? minLength: uint
 ? maxLength: uint
 ? pattern: text                ; regexp
 ? format: "date-time" / "date" / "time"
           / "uri" / "uri-reference" / "uuid"
           / (text .feature "format-ext")           ; EXTENSION-POINT
 ; array constraints
 ? minItems: uint
 ? maxItems: uint
 ? uniqueItems: bool
 ? items: jso-items
)

jso-items = {
     ? sdfRef: sdf-pointer ; import limited to subset allowed here...
     ? description: text   ; long text (no constraints)
     optional-comment
     ; leave commonqualities out for non-complex data types,
     ; but need the above three.
     ; no further nesting: no "array"
     ? ((type: "number" / "string" / "boolean" / "integer")
        // compound-type
        // (type: text .feature "itemtype-ext")     ; EXTENSION-POINT
       )
     ; if present, all other qualities apply to all choices
     optional-choice
     ; jso subset
     ? minimum: number
     ? maximum: number
     ? format: text
     ? minLength: uint
     ? maxLength: uint
     EXTENSION-POINT<"items-ext">
   }

modified-date-time = text .abnf modified-dt-abnf
modified-dt-abnf = "modified-dt" .det rfc3339z

; RFC 3339 sans time-numoffset, slightly condensed
rfc3339z = '
   date-fullyear   = 4DIGIT
   date-month      = 2DIGIT  ; 01-12
   date-mday       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on
                             ; month/year
   time-hour       = 2DIGIT  ; 00-23
   time-minute     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59
   time-second     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-58, 00-59, 00-60 based on leap sec
                             ; rules
   time-secfrac    = "." 1*DIGIT
   DIGIT           =  %x30-39 ; 0-9

   partial-time    = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
                     [time-secfrac]
   full-date       = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday

   modified-dt     = full-date ["T" partial-time "Z"]
'
]]></sourcecode>
    </section>
    <section anchor="jso">
      <name>json-schema.org Rendition of SDF Syntax</name>
      <t>This informative appendix describes the syntax of SDF defined in <xref target="syntax"/>, but
using a version of the description techniques advertised on
json-schema.org <xref target="JSO7"/> <xref target="JSO7V"/>.</t>
      <t>The appendix shows both the validation and the framework syntax.
Since most of the lines are the same between these two files, those lines are shown only once, with a leading space, in the form of a unified diff.
Lines leading with a <tt>-</tt> are part of the validation syntax, and lines leading with a <tt>+</tt> are part of the framework syntax.</t>
      <sourcecode type="jso.json"><![CDATA[
 {
-  "title": "sdf-validation.cddl -- Generated: 2024-02-29T07:42:35Z",
+  "title": "sdf-framework.cddl -- Generated: 2024-02-29T07:42:52Z",
   "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
   "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-syntax",
   "definitions": {
     "sdf-syntax": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "info": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfinfo"
         },
         "namespace": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "type": "string"
           }
         },
         "defaultNamespace": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfThing": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/thingqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfObject": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/objectqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "sdfinfo": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "title": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "version": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "copyright": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "license": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "modified": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/modified-date-time"
         },
         "features": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "maxItems": 0
+          "type": "array"
         },
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "modified-date-time": {
       "type": "string"
     },
     "thingqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         },
         "sdfObject": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/objectqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfThing": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/thingqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         },
         "minItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "maxItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "sdf-pointer": {
       "anyOf": [
         {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/global"
         },
         {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/same-object"
         },
         {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/true"
         }
       ]
     },
     "global": {
       "type": "string",
       "pattern": "^[^\\n\\r]*[:#][^\\n\\r]*$"
     },
     "same-object": {
       "$ref": "#/definitions/referenceable-name"
     },
     "referenceable-name": {
       "type": "string",
       "pattern": "^[^:#]*$"
     },
     "true": {
       "type": "boolean",
       "const": true
     },
     "pointer-list": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
       }
     },
     "objectqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         },
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         },
         "minItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "maxItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "propertyqualities": {
       "anyOf": [
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
             "sdfChoice": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "observable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "readable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "writable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
             },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "object"
+            },
+            "required": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "minItems": 1
+            },
+            "properties": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "sdfChoice": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "observable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "readable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "writable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "label": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "sdfRequired": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "const": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "default": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "multipleOf": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "pattern": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
+            },
+            "minItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "uniqueItems": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "items": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
+            },
+            "unit": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "nullable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "sdfType": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfChoice": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "observable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "readable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "writable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "label": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "sdfRequired": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "const": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "default": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "multipleOf": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "pattern": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
+            },
+            "minItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "uniqueItems": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "items": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
+            },
+            "unit": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "nullable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "sdfType": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
+            },
+            "enum": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "minItems": 1
+            },
+            "observable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "readable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "writable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "label": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "sdfRequired": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "const": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "default": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "multipleOf": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "pattern": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
+            },
+            "minItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "uniqueItems": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "items": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
+            },
+            "unit": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "nullable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "sdfType": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "object"
+            },
+            "required": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "minItems": 1
+            },
+            "properties": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "enum": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "minItems": 1
+            },
+            "observable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "readable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "writable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "label": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "sdfRequired": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "const": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "default": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "exclusiveMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "multipleOf": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "pattern": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
+            },
+            "minItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxItems": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "uniqueItems": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "items": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
+            },
+            "unit": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "nullable": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "sdfType": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
-              "type": "string",
-              "const": "object"
+              "type": "string"
             },
-            "required": {
+            "enum": {
               "type": "array",
               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
               },
               "minItems": 1
             },
-            "properties": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
-            },
-            "sdfChoice": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
-            },
             "observable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "readable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "writable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/jso-items"
             },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
-        },
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "dataqualities": {
+      "anyOf": [
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
-            "enum": {
-              "type": "array",
-              "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              "minItems": 1
-            },
-            "observable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
-            },
-            "readable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
-            },
-            "writable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
+            "sdfChoice": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
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             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "const": "object"
             },
             "required": {
               "type": "array",
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                 "type": "string"
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             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
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-              "items": {
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-              },
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-            },
-            "observable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
-            },
-            "readable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
-            },
-            "writable": {
-              "type": "boolean"
+            "sdfChoice": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
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             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
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               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "dataqualities": {
-      "anyOf": [
+        },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
+              "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfChoice": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
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             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
-              "type": "string",
-              "const": "object"
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
-            "required": {
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               "type": "array",
               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
               },
               "minItems": 1
             },
-            "properties": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
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-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
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             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "object"
+            },
+            "required": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              "minItems": 1
+            },
+            "properties": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
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               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
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             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
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-              "const": "object"
-            },
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-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              "minItems": 1
-            },
-            "properties": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+              "type": "string"
             },
             "enum": {
               "type": "array",
               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
               },
               "minItems": 1
             },
             "description": {
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         {
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         {
           "type": "array",
           "items": {
             "type": "boolean"
           }
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
           }
+        },
+        {
         }
       ]
     },
     "uint": {
       "type": "integer",
       "minimum": 0
     },
     "jso-items": {
       "anyOf": [
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "enum": [
                 "number",
                 "string",
                 "boolean",
                 "integer"
               ]
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
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             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "const": "object"
             },
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                 "type": "string"
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             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "sdfChoice": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "enum": [
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                 "string",
                 "boolean",
                 "integer"
               ]
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             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
           "properties": {
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "const": "object"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             }
           },
           "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+            }
+          },
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "enum": {
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+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
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+            },
+            "sdfRef": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
+            },
+            "description": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "$comment": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "minimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "maximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "format": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "minLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            },
+            "maxLength": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
         }
       ]
     },
+    "sdftype-name": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[a-z][\\-a-z0-9]*$"
+    },
     "actionqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
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         },
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           "$ref": "#/definitions/parameter-list"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "parameter-list": {
       "$ref": "#/definitions/dataqualities"
     },
     "eventqualities": {
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       "properties": {
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           "$ref": "#/definitions/parameter-list"
         },
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           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         }
       },
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^(?:[a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*$": {
+        }
+      },
       "additionalProperties": false
     },
     "format-": {
-      "type": "string",
-      "enum": [
-        "date-time",
-        "date",
-        "time",
-        "uri",
-        "uri-reference",
-        "uuid"
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "date-time"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "date"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "time"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uri"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uri-reference"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uuid"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "sdfType-": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "byte-string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "unix-time"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/sdftype-name"
+        }
       ]
     },
     "sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/dataqualities"
       }
     },
     "type-": {
       "type": "string",
       "enum": [
         "number",
         "string",
         "boolean",
         "integer",
         "array"
       ]
     },
-    "sdfAction-": {
+    "sdfEvent-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
-        "$ref": "#/definitions/actionqualities"
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/eventqualities"
       }
     },
-    "sdfProperty-": {
+    "sdfAction-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
-        "$ref": "#/definitions/propertyqualities"
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/actionqualities"
       }
     },
-    "sdfEvent-": {
+    "sdfProperty-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
-        "$ref": "#/definitions/eventqualities"
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/propertyqualities"
       }
-    },
-    "sdfType-": {
-      "type": "string",
-      "enum": [
-        "byte-string",
-        "unix-time"
-      ]
     }
   }
 }
]]></sourcecode>
    </section>
    <section anchor="jso-inspired">
      <name>Data Qualities inspired by json-schema.org</name>
      <t>This appendix is normative.</t>
      <t>Data qualities define data used in SDF affordances at an information
model level.
A popular way to describe JSON data at a data model level is proposed
by a number of drafts on json-schema.org (which collectively are
abbreviated JSO here); for reference to a popular version this appendix
points to <xref target="JSO7"/> and <xref target="JSO7V"/>.
As the vocabulary used by JSO is familiar to many JSON modelers, the
present specification borrows some of the terms and ports their
semantics to the information model level needed for SDF.</t>
      <t>The main data quality imported is the "<tt>type</tt>".
In SDF, this can take one of six (text string) values, which are
discussed in the following subsections (note that the JSO type
"<tt>null</tt>" is not supported as a value of this data quality in SDF).</t>
      <t>The additional quality "<tt>const</tt>" restricts the data to one specific
value (given as the value of the <tt>const</tt> quality).</t>
      <t>Similarly, the additional quality "<tt>default</tt>" provides data that can
be used in the absence of the data (given as the value of the <tt>const</tt>
quality); this is mainly documentary and not very well-defined for SDF
as no process is defined that would add default values to an instance
of some interaction data.</t>
      <t>Other qualities that are inspired by JSO are "<tt>$comment</tt>" and
"<tt>description</tt>", both of which are also available in the information block.</t>
      <section anchor="type-number-type-integer">
        <name>type "<tt>number</tt>", type "<tt>integer</tt>"</name>
        <t>The types "<tt>number</tt>" and "<tt>integer</tt>" are associated with floating point
and integer numbers, as they are available in JSON.
A type value of <tt>integer</tt> means that only integer values of JSON
numbers can be used (note that <tt>10.0</tt> is an integer value, even if it
is in a notation that would also allow non-zero decimal fractions).</t>
        <t>The additional data qualities "<tt>minimum</tt>", "<tt>maximum</tt>",
"<tt>exclusiveMinimum</tt>", "<tt>exclusiveMaximum</tt>" provide number values that
serve as inclusive/exclusive lower/upper bounds for the number.
(Note that the Boolean form of
"<tt>exclusiveMinimum</tt>"/"<tt>exclusiveMaximum</tt>" found in earlier JSO drafts <xref target="JSO4V"/>
is not used.)</t>
        <t>The data quality "<tt>multipleOf</tt>" gives a positive number that
constrains the data value to be an integer multiple of the number
given.
(Type "<tt>integer</tt>" can also be expressed as a "<tt>multipleOf</tt>" quality of
value 1, unless another "<tt>multipleOf</tt>" quality is present.)</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="type-string">
        <name>type "<tt>string</tt>"</name>
        <t>The type "<tt>string</tt>" is associated with Unicode text string values as
they can be represented in JSON.</t>
        <t>The length (as measured in characters, specifically Unicode scalar
values) can be constrained by the
additional data qualities "<tt>minLength</tt>" and "<tt>maxLength</tt>", which are
inclusive bounds.</t>
        <t>(More specifically, Unicode text strings as defined in this
specification are sequences of Unicode scalar values, the number of
which is taken as the length of such a text string.</t>
        <t>The data quality "<tt>pattern</tt>" takes a string value that is interpreted
as an <xref target="ECMA-262"/> regular expression in Unicode mode that constrains the
string (note that these are not anchored by default, so unless <tt>^</tt> and
<tt>$</tt> anchors are employed, ECMA-262 regular expressions match any string that <em>contains</em> a match).
The JSO proposals acknowledge that regular expression support is
rather diverse in various platforms, so the suggestion is to limit
them to:</t>
        <ul spacing="compact">
          <li>
            <t>characters;</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>character classes in square brackets, including ranges; their complements;</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>simple quantifiers <tt>*</tt>, <tt>+</tt>, <tt>?</tt>, and range quantifiers <tt>{n}</tt>,
<tt>{n,m}</tt>, and <tt>{n,}</tt>;</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>grouping parentheses;</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>the choice operator <tt>|</tt>;</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>and anchors (beginning-of-input <tt>^</tt> and end-of-input <tt>$</tt>).</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
        <t>Note that this subset is somewhat similar to the subset introduced by
I-Regexps <xref target="RFC9485"/>, which however are anchored
regular expressions, and which include certain backslash escapes for
characters and character classes.</t>
        <t>The additional data quality "<tt>format</tt>" can take one of the following
values.  Note that, at an information model level, the presence of
this data quality changes the type from being a simple text string to
the abstract meaning of the format given (i.e., the format "date-time"
is less about the specific syntax employed in <xref target="RFC3339"/> than about the usage
as an absolute point in civil time).</t>
        <ul spacing="compact">
          <li>
            <t>"<tt>date-time</tt>", "<tt>date</tt>", "<tt>time</tt>":
An <xref target="RFC3339"/> <tt>date-time</tt>, <tt>full-date</tt>, or <tt>full-time</tt>, respectively.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>"<tt>uri</tt>", "<tt>uri-reference</tt>":
An <xref target="STD66"/> URI or URI Reference, respectively.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>"<tt>uuid</tt>": An <xref target="RFC9562"/> UUID.</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </section>
      <section anchor="type-boolean">
        <name>type "<tt>boolean</tt>"</name>
        <t>The type "<tt>boolean</tt>" can take the values "<tt>true</tt>" or "<tt>false</tt>".</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="type-array">
        <name>type "<tt>array</tt>"</name>
        <t>The type "<tt>array</tt>" is associated with arrays as they are available in
JSON.</t>
        <t>The additional quality "<tt>items</tt>" gives the type that each of the
elements of the array must match.</t>
        <t>The number of elements in the array can be constrained by the additional
data qualities "<tt>minItems</tt>" and "<tt>maxItems</tt>", which are inclusive
bounds.</t>
        <t>The additional data quality "<tt>uniqueItems</tt>" gives a Boolean value
that, if true, requires the elements to be all different.</t>
      </section>
      <section anchor="type-object">
        <name>type "<tt>object</tt>"</name>
        <t>The type "<tt>object</tt>" is associated with maps, from strings to values, as
they are available in JSON.</t>
        <t>The additional quality "<tt>properties</tt>" is a map the entries of which
describe entries in the specified JSON map: The key gives an
allowable map key for the specified JSON map, and the value is a
map with a named set of data qualities giving the type for the
corresponding value in the specified JSON map.</t>
        <t>All entries specified this way are optional, unless they are listed in
the value of the additional quality "<tt>required</tt>", which is an array of
string values that give the key names of required entries.</t>
        <t>Note that the term "properties" as an additional quality for
defining map entries is unrelated to sdfProperty.</t>
        <t>For example, to include information about the type of the event in the
"overTemperatureEvent" of <xref target="example-req"/>, the sdfOutputData there could
be defined as follows:</t>
        <figure anchor="example-obj-type">
          <name>Using object type with sdfOutputData</name>
          <sourcecode type="json"><![CDATA[
    "sdfOutputData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "alarmType": {
          "sdfRef": "cap:#/sdfData/alarmTypes/quantityAlarms",
          "const": "OverTemperatureAlarm"
        },
        "temperature": {
"sdfRef": "#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfData/temperatureData"
        }
      }
    }
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
      </section>
      <section anchor="implementation-notes">
        <name>Implementation notes</name>
        <t>JSO-based keywords are also used in the specification techniques of a
number of ecosystems, but some adjustments may be required.</t>
        <t>For instance, <xref target="OCF"/> is based on Swagger 2.0 which appears to be based on
"draft-4" <xref target="JSO4"/><xref target="JSO4V"/> (also called draft-5, but semantically intended to
be equivalent to draft-4).
The "<tt>exclusiveMinimum</tt>" and "<tt>exclusiveMaximum</tt>" keywords use the
Boolean form there, so on import to SDF their values have to be
replaced by the values of the respective "<tt>minimum</tt>"/"<tt>maximum</tt>"
keyword, which are themselves then removed; the reverse transformation
applies on export.</t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="composition-examples">
      <name>Composition Examples</name>
      <t>This informative appendix contains two examples illustrating different composition approaches
using the <tt>sdfThing</tt> quality.</t>
      <section anchor="outlet-strip-example">
        <name>Outlet Strip Example</name>
        <figure anchor="exa-sdfthing-outlet-strip">
          <name>Outlet Strip Example</name>
          <sourcecode type="json" name="example-sdfthing-outlet-strip.sdf.json"><![CDATA[
{
  "sdfThing": {
    "outlet-strip": {
      "label": "Outlet strip",
      "description": "Contains a number of Sockets",
      "sdfObject": {
        "socket": {
          "description": "An array of sockets in the outlet strip",
          "minItems": 2,
          "maxItems": 10
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
      </section>
      <section anchor="fridge-freezer-example">
        <name>Refrigerator-Freezer Example</name>
        <figure anchor="exa-sdfthing-fridge-freezer">
          <name>Refrigerator-Freezer Example</name>
          <sourcecode type="json" name="example-sdfthing-refrigerator-freezer.sdf.json"><![CDATA[
{
  "sdfThing": {
    "refrigerator-freezer": {
      "description": "A refrigerator combined with a freezer",
      "sdfProperty": {
        "status": {
          "type": "boolean",
          "description":
"Indicates if the refrigerator-freezer is powered"
        }
      },
      "sdfObject": {
        "refrigerator": {
          "description": "A refrigerator compartment",
          "sdfProperty": {
            "temperature": {
              "sdfRef": "#/sdfProproperty/temperature",
              "maximum": 8
            }
          }
        },
        "freezer": {
          "label": "A freezer compartment",
          "sdfProperty": {
            "temperature": {
              "sdfRef": "#/sdfProproperty/temperature",
              "maximum": -6
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "sdfProperty": {
    "temperature": {
      "description": "The temperature for this compartment",
      "type": "number",
      "unit": "Cel"
    }
  }
}
]]></sourcecode>
        </figure>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="earlier">
      <name>Some Changes From Earlier Drafts</name>
      <t>This appendix is informative.</t>
      <t>The present document provides the SDF base definition.
Previous revisions of SDF have been in use for several years, and both
significant collections of older SDF models and older SDF conversion
tools are available today.
This appendix provides a brief checklist that can aid in upgrading
these to the standard.</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>The quality <tt>unit</tt> was previously called <tt>units</tt>.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t><tt>sdfType</tt> was developed out of a concept previously called <tt>subtype</tt>.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t><tt>sdfChoice</tt> is the preferred way to represent JSO <tt>enum</tt> (only a
limited form of which is retained), and also the way to represent
JSO <tt>anyOf</tt>.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>the length of text strings (as used with <tt>minLength</tt>/<tt>maxLength</tt>
constraints) was previously defined in bytes.
It now is defined as the number of characters (Unicode scalar
values, to be exact); a length in bytes is not meaningful unless
bound to a specific encoding, which might differ from UTF-8 in some
ecosystem mappings and protocol bindings.</t>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </section>
    <section numbered="false" anchor="list-of-figures">
      <name>List of Figures</name>
      <dl spacing="compact" indent="11">
        <dt><xref target="example1"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="example1"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="fig-class-2"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="fig-class-2"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="exobject"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="exobject"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="example-req"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="example-req"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="exa-sdfref"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="exa-sdfref"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="example-obj-type"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="example-obj-type"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="exa-sdfthing-outlet-strip"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="exa-sdfthing-outlet-strip"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="exa-sdfthing-fridge-freezer"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="exa-sdfthing-fridge-freezer"/></t>
        </dd>
      </dl>
    </section>
    <section numbered="false" anchor="list-of-tables">
      <name>List of Tables</name>
      <dl spacing="compact" indent="11">
        <dt><xref target="infoblockqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="infoblockqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="nssec"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="nssec"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="tbl-common-qualities"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="tbl-common-qualities"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfdataqual2"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfdataqual2"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdftype1"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdftype1"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfobjqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfobjqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfpropqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfpropqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfactqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfactqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfevqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfevqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="sdfthingqual"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="sdfthingqual"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="mediatypereg"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="mediatypereg"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="contentformatreg"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="contentformatreg"/></t>
        </dd>
        <dt><xref target="tab-quality-names"/>:</dt>
        <dd>
          <t><xref format="title" target="tab-quality-names"/></t>
        </dd>
      </dl>
    </section>
    <section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgements">
      <name>Acknowledgements</name>
      <t>This specification is based on work by the One Data Model group.</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="contributors" numbered="false" toc="include" removeInRFC="false">
      <name>Contributors</name>
      <contact initials="J." surname="Romann" fullname="Jan Romann">
        <organization>Hochschule Emden/Leer</organization>
        <address>
          <postal>
            <country>Germany</country>
          </postal>
          <email>jan.romann@hs-emden-leer.de</email>
        </address>
      </contact>
      <contact initials="W." surname="van der Beek" fullname="Wouter van der Beek">
        <organization>Cascoda Ltd.</organization>
        <address>
          <postal>
            <street>Threefield House</street>
            <street>Threefield Lane</street>
            <city>Southampton</city>
            <country>United Kingdom</country>
          </postal>
          <email>w.vanderbeek@cascoda.com</email>
        </address>
      </contact>
    </section>
  </back>
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