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as31.1
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.TH AS31 1L
.SH NAME
as31 - An Intel 8031/8051 assembler
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B as31
[
.B \-Fformat
] [
.B \-Aarg
] [
.B \-l
]
.BR infile.asm
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I As31
assembles
.IR infile.asm
into one of several different output formats. The output
will be in a file called infile.obj. The .asm extenstion
is required.
.SH OPTIONS
The options must appear before the input file name. Both
options are optional. The text of each flag must appear
on the same argument as the flag. For example, "-Fod" is a
valid argument, but "-F od" is not.
.TP
.I \-Fformat
This options specifies the output format that is to be used.
.IP
Currently the only options available for this are:
.RS
.IP "hex"
This format is the Intel HEX format which is expected by a
number of EPROM programmers and the PAULMON debugger. For
use with some programmers, the output file's extension may
have to be changed to .HEX to be recognized by the programmer.
No -A option is used. This format should be the
default if no -F option is used.
.IP "tdr"
This format generates an asci file of hex digits formatted in such a
way, so that they can be read by tdr's debugger. An argument can be
specified (See -A option) which will pass a format specific string to
the format generator. In this case, the argument string represents
an offset to add to the location counter. This offset is
specified in decimal and defaults to 64*1024 (0x10000). To specify
and offset of 100, you would need "-Ftdr -A100" when invoking the
assembler.
.IP "byte"
This format is simply an address and a byte on each line, in ascii.
No -A option is used.
.IP "od"
This format is similar to the output from od(1). The format
consists of an address followed by sixteen hexadecimal bytes, followed
by the equivilant ASCII. No -A option is used.
.IP "srec2, srec3, srec4"
The srecord generator is capable of generating output with any one
of 2, 3, or 4 byte addresses. The -A option can be used to set the
base address offset, the default here is 0x0000 (unlike \fBtdr\fP).
.RE
.IP
NOTE: This assembler allows for the output formats to be expanded to
include many different output formats.
.IP \-Aarg
This option specifies a format specific string which is
passed to the format generator. Both format "tdr" and the srecord
formats use this option.
.IP \-l
This option tells the assembler to also generate a listing file.
A listing will be placed in the file infile.lst. Where 'infile' is
the file that is being assembled. This option may appear
anywhere before infile.asm. The option must occur isolated on
the command line.
.IP
The listing file shows the assembler generated code in hex, and up to
60 characters are retained from the source file.
.IP \-cgi
This option instructs the assembler to supress the listing,
output the object code to stdout, and DELETE the original
assembly source file. This is intended to be used with a
cgi script which builds a custom cunfigured temporary copy
of an assembly source. This option should not normally be used.
.DE
.SH "ASSEMBLER INSTRUCTIONS"
This assembler accepts standard 8031/8051 instruction formats.
Below is a list of instructions
and addressing modes.
.IP
.RS
.nf
.ta +1i +2i +1i +1i
INSTRUCTION BYTES CYCLES
----------- ----- ------
ACALL addr11 2 24
ADD A, #data8 2 12
ADD A, @Ri 1 12
ADD A, Rn 1 12
ADD A, direct 2 12
ADDC A, #data8 2 12
ADDC A, @Ri 1 12
ADDC A, Rn 1 12
ADDC A, direct 2 12
AJMP addr11 2 24
ANL A, #data8 2 12
ANL A, @Ri 1 12
ANL A, Rn 1 12
ANL A, direct 2 12
ANL C, /bit 2 24
ANL C, !bit 2 24
ANL C, bit 2 24
ANL direct, #data8 3 24
ANL direct, A 2 12
CJNE @Ri, #data8, rel 3 24
CJNE A, #data8, rel 3 24
CJNE A, direct, rel 3 24
CJNE Rn, #data8, rel 3 24
CLR A 1 12
CLR C 1 12
CLR bit 2 12
CPL A 1 12
CPL C 1 12
CPL bit 2 12
DA A 1 12
DEC @Ri 1 12
DEC A 1 12
DEC DPTR 1 12
DEC Rn 1 12
DEC direct 2 12
DIV AB 1 48
DJNZ Rn, rel 2 24
DJNZ direct, rel 3 24
INC @Ri 1 12
INC A 1 12
INC DPTR 1 24
INC Rn 1 12
INC direct 2 12
JB bit, rel 3 24
JBC bit, rel 3 24
JC relative 2 24
JMP @A + DPTR 1 24
JMP @DPTR + A 1 24
JNB bit, rel 3 24
JNC relative 2 24
JNZ relative 2 24
JZ relative 2 24
LCALL addr16 3 24
LJMP addr16 3 24
MOV @Ri, #data8 2 12
MOV @Ri, A 1 12
MOV @Ri, direct 2 24
MOV A, #data8 2 12
MOV A, @Ri 1 12
MOV A, Rn 1 12
MOV A, direct 2 12
MOV C, bit 2 12
MOV DPTR, #data16 3 24
MOV Rn, #data8 2 12
MOV Rn, A 1 12
MOV Rn, direct 2 24
MOV bit, C 2 24
MOV direct, #data8 3 24
MOV direct, @Ri 2 24
MOV direct, A 2 12
MOV direct, Rn 2 24
MOV direct, direct 3 24
MOVC A, @A + DPTR 1 24
MOVC A, @A + PC 1 24
MOVC A, @DPTR + A 1 24
MOVC A, @PC + A 1 24
MOVX @DPTR, A 1 12
MOVX @Ri, A 1 24
MOVX A, @DPTR 1 24
MOVX A, @Ri 1 24
MUL AB 1 48
NOP 1 12
ORL A, #data8 2 12
ORL A, @Ri 1 12
ORL A, Rn 1 12
ORL A, direct 2 12
ORL C, /bit 2 24
ORL C, !bit 2 24
ORL C, bit 2 24
ORL direct, #data8 3 24
ORL direct, A 2 12
POP direct 2 24
PUSH direct 2 24
RET 1 24
RETI 1 24
RL A 1 12
RLC A 1 12
RR A 1 12
RRC A 1 12
SETB A 1 12
SETB bit 2 12
SJMP relative 2 24
SUBB A, #data8 2 12
SUBB A, @Ri 1 12
SUBB A, Rn 1 12
SUBB A, direct 2 12
SWAP A 1 12
XCH A, #data8 2 12
XCH A, @Ri 1 12
XCH A, Rn 1 12
XCH A, direct 2 12
XCHD A, #data8 2 12
XCHD A, @Ri 1 12
XCHD A, Rn 1 12
XCHD A, direct 2 12
XRL A, #data8 2 12
XRL A, @Ri 1 12
XRL A, Rn 1 12
XRL A, direct 2 12
XRL direct, #data8 3 12
XRL direct, A 2 12
.fi
.RE
.SH "ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES"
As31 includes the following assembler directives:
.IP ".ORG expr"
Start assembling at the address specified by the expression expr.
An error occurs if the assembler starts assembling over an address
space that has previously been assembled into.
.IP ".EQU symbol, expr"
Set symbol to the value of expr. The value for expr must be
known during the first pass, when the line containing the .EQU
is encountered.
.IP ".BYTE expr, expr, ..."
Assemble the bytes specified by the expression into memory. A
string may also be specified with this directive.
.IP ".WORD expr, expr, ..."
Assemble the words specified by the expression into memory.
The byte ordering used, is that used by the 8031.
.IP ".FLAG symbol1, symbol.[0-7]"
Sets symbol1 to the bit address specified by the symbol.[0-7]
expression. Where [0-7] denotes a character between 0 and 7.
The resulting bit address is checked to see if it is a valid bit
address.
.IP ".END"
This directive is ignored.
.IP ".SKIP expr"
Adds the value of expr to the location counter. Used
to reserve a block of uninitialized data. Expr should
be in bytes.
.SH "LEXICAL CONVENTIONS"
.IP "-"
All characters following a semi-colon are ignored until a newline
is encountered.
.IP "-"
All numbers default to decimal, unless the number starts with
one of the following:
.RS
.IP "0x or 0X"
This indicates a hexadecimal number. ie. 0x00ff
.IP "0b or 0B"
This indicates a binary number. (1's and 0's). ie. 0b1100110010
.IP "0"
This indicates an octal number. ie. 0377
.RE
.IP "-"
All numbers default to decimal, unless the number ends with
one of the following characters:
.RS
.IP "b or B"
This indicates a binary number. Unless 0x was used above.
ie. 1010101b
.IP "h or H"
This always indicates a hex number, However the if the first
character is non-numerical, then either 0x or 0 must be specified.
This avoids confusing the assembler into thinking a hex number is
a symbol.
For example: 0ffh, 0xffh, 0XffH, 20h, 0x20 and 020h are means
to specify a valid hexdigit. But the following are not:
ffh, 0ff.
.IP "d or D"
This forces a number to decimal. Unless 0X was used. ie. 129d
.IP "o or O"
This causes the number to be interpreted as octal. ie. 377o
.RE
.IP "-"
A character constant can be entered as 'c' where c is some
character. \\b, \\n, \\r, \\t, \\' \\0 are also valid. A character
constant can be used anywhere that an integer value can.
.IP "-"
A string is entered as a set of characters enclosed in double quotes "".
A string is only valid with the .BYTE directive. \\b, \\n, \\r, \\t, \\"
are also valid escapes. However \\0 is not.
.IP "-"
Instructions, directives, and the symbols: R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5,
R6, R7, A, AB, and C can be entered in upper or lower case without
assembler confusion. These words however cannot be defined as a user symbol.
Any user symbol may be used, and case will be preserved. So the
user symbols "foo" and "Foo" are different, but "addc" is the same
as "aDdC".
.IP "-"
A symbol can be any alpha numerical character plus the underscore ('_').
.IP "-"
Expressions are accepted in most places where a value or a symbol is
needed. An expression consists of the following operators. All
operators evaulate to integer objects (higher precedence opertors listed
first):
.RS
.IP "-"
Unary minus
.IP "&"
Bit-wise AND.
.IP "|"
Bit-Wise OR.
.IP "*"
Integer multiplication.
.IP
\\ Integer division
.IP "%"
Intieger modulus
.IP "+"
Integer addition.
.IP "-"
Integer subtraction.
.RE
.IP "-"
In addition to these operators, a special symbol '*' may be used
to represent the current location counter.
.SH EXAMPLES
.IP
Below is a sample assembly program.
.RS
.nf
.org 0
start: mov P3, #0xff ; use alternate fns on P3
; leds on P1 are inverted.
setb F0 ; climbing up
mov A, #0x01 ; initial bit
write: cpl A ; write it
mov P1, A
cpl A
acall delay
jb F0, climbup ; climbing which way?
climbdn: rr A ; down - shift right
jnb ACC.0, write ; back for more
setb F0
ajmp write
climbup: rl A ; up - shift left
jnb ACC.7, write ; back for more
clr F0
ajmp write
.end ; this directive ignored.
.fi
.SH AUTHOR
Ken Stauffer (University of Calgary)
.br