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leap.odd.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en"
xmlns:rng="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>The Livingstone Online TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines</title>
<editor xml:id="JC">James Cummings</editor>
<principal xml:id="AW">Adrian S. Wisnicki</principal>
<editor xml:id="HFB">Heather F. Ball</editor>
<editor xml:id="JL">Justin Livingstone</editor>
</titleStmt>
<editionStmt>
<edition>2016-03-11 -- Version: 2.0.1 </edition>
</editionStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>Adrian S. Wisnicki</authority>
<availability status="free">
<licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported</licence>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p>Born digital</p>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<revisionDesc status="draft">
<change when="2015-03-25" who="#HB">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2015-03-14" who="#JL">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2015-03-12" who="#AW">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2016-03-10" who="#JL">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2015-06-02" who="#AW">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2015-05-19" who="#AW">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2015-05-13" who="#AW">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2015-05-05" who="#AW">Additional corrections</change>
<change when="2015-04-07" who="#AW">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2015-03-25" who="#HB">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2014-08-01" who="#AW">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2014-05-21" who="#AW">Additional corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2014-04-29" who="#JC">Additional corrections and regeneration of schemas</change>
<change when="2014-04-10" who="#AW">Corrections and expansion</change>
<change when="2014-04-09" who="#JC">Updating header section and making corrections</change>
<change when="2014-03-22" who="#JC">Adding documentation</change>
<change when="2014-02-12" who="#JC">Initial creation</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<divGen type="toc" xml:id="toc"/>
<div xml:id="about">
<head>About the Livingstone Online TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines</head>
<p>These guidelines (TEI P5 ODD Customization) summarize Livingstone Online project practices for encoding in TEI P5 the manuscripts of David Livingstone (1813-1873), the Victorian explorer, abolitionist, and missionary. The guidelines also offer a fairly comprehensive overview of Livingstone's practices and idiosyncrasies as a writer.</p>
<p>The guidelines are a product of the Livingstone Online Enrichment and Access Project (LEAP), a three-year initiative (2013-2016) funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA). James Cummings with assistance from Adrian S. Wisnicki, Heather F. Ball, and Justin Livingstone created the guidelines, with the initial prose based on Livingstone Online's TEI P5 Tagging Guidelines written by Adrian S. Wisnicki and Heather F. Ball.</p>
<p>Significant contributions to the development of the guidelines have also come from the LEAP critical encoding team: Angela Aliff, Mary Borgo, Erin Cheatham, Samantha Fitch, Ashanka Kumari, Chris Lawrence, Anne Martin, Jared McDonald, Alexander Munson, Kate Simpson, and Megan Ward (critical encoding director).</p>
<p>The guidelines are released under a <ref type="newWindow" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported license</ref>, and we encourage broad, non-commercial use of the guidelines per the open educational remit of <ref type="newWindow" target="http://livingstoneonline.org">Livingstone Online</ref>.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="overview">
<head>Overview</head>
<p/>
<div xml:id="documentation-markup">
<head>Documentation Markup</head>
<p>In the prose of this documentation XML Elements, Attributes and Values appear
as follows:</p>
<list>
<item><label>Elements appear marked as:</label>
<gi>persName</gi> (which is a link to its reference information) or
<tag>/tagName</tag> (a tag fragment which is not a link to its
reference information)</item>
<item><label>Attributes appear marked as:</label>
<att>attributeName</att></item>
<item><label>Attribute values appear marked as:</label>
<val>attributeValue</val></item>
<item><label>Blocks of original text appear as:</label>
<eg>the man turned out to be Livingstone</eg>
</item>
<item><label>Blocks of marked up text appear as:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"> the man turned out to be <persName>Livingstone</persName>
</egXML>
</item>
</list>
<p>(<hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> the colors/formats are provided only to assist
you in distinguishing between tags, attributes, and values. You do not need
to change font colors in your transcriptions as you are transcribing. In
general these colours mimic those found in the oxygen XML editor.)</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="basic-rules">
<head>Marking Up Text - Basic Rules</head>
<list type="ordered">
<item>
<p>When text is marked up, a tag is placed at the beginning of the text
as well as at the end, per the following format: <label
rend="italics">Original text:</label>
<eg>the man turned out to be Livingstone</eg>
<label rend="italics">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">the man turned out to be <persName>Livingstone</persName>
</egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> that the first tag denotes the beginning
of the marked up text, while the second tag begins with "/" and
denotes the end of the marked up text. </p>
</item>
<item><p>If the opening tag includes an attribute, the attribute is NOT
repeated in the closing tag: <label rend="italics">Original
text:</label>
<eg>we were greeted by the Nyamwezi</eg>
<label rend="italics">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">we were greeted by the <term type="tribe">Nyamwezi</term>
</egXML>
</p>
</item>
<item><p>If there are two or more tags nested over one bit of text, the
closing tags are placed in reverse order:</p>
<label rend="italics">Original text:</label>
<eg>we saw the Lualaba</eg>
<label rend="italics">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">we saw the <placeName><geogName>Lualaba</geogName></placeName></egXML>
</item>
<item><p>An attribute is always accompanied by a value, for instance:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<term type="tribe">Nyamwezi</term>
</egXML></p>
</item>
<item><p>If an opening tag ends with a "/", then it is an "empty element"
combining the opening and closing tag and need not be used again at
the end of whatever is being marked up. <label>Original
text:</label>
<eg>we saw the Lualaba</eg>
<label rend="italics">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>we saw the Lualaba </egXML></p>
</item>
<item><p> Any problems related to the transcription should be addressed
directly in the transcription at the points where they occur using
the "comment out" feature. <label>Original text:</label>
<eg>He called me over.</eg>
<label rend="italics">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">He called me over.<!-- The text is very illegible here and I've done the best I could.
However, this might also be transcribed as "He willed in on me."
What should I do? DH --></egXML>
In other words the commented out bit begins with <code
rend="comment"><!--</code> followed by a space and ends with
<code rend="comment">--></code>. Always add your initials inside but at the end of the comment.
</p>
</item>
</list>
</div>
<div xml:id="file-naming">
<head>File Naming</head>
<p> When transcribing, please use the LEAP designated file name for the given
item. This can be found on <hi rend="italic">Livingstone Online</hi> along
with the rest of the bibliographical data for the given item. So, for
instance, Livingstone's letter to Rev. D.G. Watt (18 August 1850) would be:
<eg>liv_000699.xml</eg>
</p>
<p> If you are transcribing the given item with other individuals in sequence
(and so the transcription is not yet final) please add your initials
directly after the LEAP designated name: <eg>liv_000699_aw_hb_ks_hb.xml</eg>
</p>
<p> In the above example, the four sets of intials indicate that the
transcription has been worked on in four stages. The first three stages were
done by three different individuals (aw, hb, ks) and the last stage was done
by the second individual (hb). </p>
<p>The <att>xml:id</att> value on the <gi>TEI</gi> element of any LEAP file
should be the initial parts of the LEAP designated file name without the
'.xml' suffix.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><?xml-model href="leap.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="leap.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<TEI xml:id="liv_000699">
<!-- Change the xml:id above to be the LEAP file name without suffix -->
</TEI>
</egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Please Note: </hi> All TEI P5 XML files are in the TEI
Namespace which means their root element has a psuedo-attribute
<att>xmlns</att> with a value of
"<val>http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0</val>". This is the TEI Namespace and is
inherited by any elements underneath keeps TEI elements safe from confusion
with similarly-named elements from other schemes.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="TEI" atts="xml:id"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="header">
<head>The TEI Header</head>
<p>Each TEI file has a <gi>teiHeader</gi> element at the start which stores all the
metadata for the electronic text. A sample full <gi>teiHeader</gi> element looks
like:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<!-- Change title below -->
<title>Letter to Rev. D.G. Watt, 18 August 1850</title>
<author>David Livingstone</author>
<principal>Adrian S. Wisnicki</principal>
<principal>Christopher Lawrence</principal>
<!-- Add or remove <respStmt> as appropriate below -->
<!-- Change xml:id below -->
<respStmt xml:id="JM">
<!-- Change name below -->
<name>Jared McDonald</name>
<!-- Change, remove, or add more <resp> as appropriate below -->
<resp>Transcription</resp>
<resp>Encoding</resp>
</respStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="AA">
<name>Angela Aliff</name>
<resp>Transcription</resp>
<resp>Encoding</resp>
</respStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="AW">
<name>Adrian S. Wisnicki</name>
<resp>Coding review</resp>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>Livingstone Online</authority>
<publisher>UCLA Digital Library</publisher>
<pubPlace>Los Angeles, CA, USA</pubPlace>
<!-- Change date below if necessary -->
<date>2015</date>
<!-- Change base file name below -->
<idno type="LEAP-ID">liv_000688</idno>
<!-- Change the license below if necessary -->
<availability>
<licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
All materials are licensed for use under the
<ref target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License
</ref>. (c) Dr. Neil Imray Livingstone Wilson, 2011
</licence>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<!-- Change country below as needed -->
<country>South Africa</country>
<!-- Change settlement below as needed -->
<settlement>Johannesburg</settlement>
<!-- Change repository below as needed -->
<repository>Brenthurst Library</repository>
<!-- Change shelfmark below as needed -->
<idno type="shelfmark">778</idno>
<altIdentifier>
<!-- Change CC number below as needed -->
<idno type="ccnumber">Letters, 0229</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<handDesc>
<!-- Add additional <handNote> elements below as needed. -->
<handNote xml:id="U"><label>Unknown Hand</label> This hand is unknown
but thought not David Livingstone's.</handNote>
</handDesc>
</physDesc>
</msDesc>
<bibl type="sourceMetadata">
<!-- Change title below -->
<title>Letter to Rev. D.G. Watt, 18 August 1850</title>
<author xml:id="DL">David Livingstone</author>
<!-- Change @when and date below -->
<date type="composition" when="1850-08-18">18 August 1850</date>
<!-- Change place below -->
<placeName type="compositionPlace">Kolobeng</placeName>
<!-- Change addressee below -->
<persName type="addressee">Rev. D.F. Watt</persName>
</bibl>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<langUsage>
<!-- See LEAP encoding manual sect. 20 for language abbreviations.
English should be first, then add all other languages, as appropriate,
in alphabetical order. -->
<language ident="en">English</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<!-- Change @when, @who, and work description below. -->
<!-- Note that @who initials are taken from <respStmt> above -->
<!-- Add new <change> elements below as needed. -->
<!-- Note that the most recent <change> should always be placed first, at the top -->
<change when="2012-12-04" who="#KS">Initial transcription and XML encoding</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>That might look overwhelming, so let's break that down. Notice that there are
really only a few elements directly inside <gi>teiHeader</gi>:
<gi>fileDesc</gi>, <gi>profileDesc</gi>, and <gi>revisionDesc</gi>. Take a look
at the header text above. You'll need to change some parts of this text
(indicated in the comments) each time you start a new file in XML. Please copy
the data exactly as found on <hi rend="italic">Livingstone Online</hi>. </p>
<div xml:id="header-titleStmt">
<head>The TEI Header: Adding Title and Responsibilities</head>
<p>Once you have found the corresponding entry for the item you're transcribing
on <hi rend="italic">Livingstone Online</hi>, you will need to modify the
template to match this information.</p>
<p>The item <gi>title</gi> should match the title found on <hi rend="italic"
>Livingstone Online</hi>.</p>
<p> For each new person who works on the file, they should add a
<gi>respStmt</gi> with an <att>xml:id</att> with their initials as the
value. If a person has more than one responsibility the <gi>respStmt</gi>
should have more than one <gi>resp</gi> element.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<!-- Change title below -->
<titleStmt>
<!-- Change title below -->
<title>Letter to Rev. D.G. Watt, 18 August 1850</title>
<author>David Livingstone</author>
<principal>Adrian S. Wisnicki</principal>
<principal>Christopher Lawrence</principal>
<!-- Add or remove <respStmt> as appropriate below -->
<!-- Change xml:id below -->
<respStmt xml:id="JM">
<!-- Change name below -->
<name>Jared McDonald</name>
<!-- Change, remove, or add more <resp> as appropriate below -->
<resp>Transcription</resp>
<resp>Encoding</resp>
</respStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="AA">
<name>Angela Aliff</name>
<resp>Transcription</resp>
<resp>Encoding</resp>
</respStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="AW">
<name>Adrian S. Wisnicki</name>
<resp>Coding review</resp>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="titleStmt"/>
<specDesc key="title"/>
<specDesc key="author"/>
<specDesc key="principal"/>
<specDesc key="respStmt"/>
<specDesc key="name"/>
<specDesc key="resp"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="header-publicationStmt">
<head>The TEI Header: Publication Statement</head>
<p>Change the parts of the <gi>publicationStmt</gi> as needed:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<!-- Publication Statement -->
<publicationStmt>
<authority>Livingstone Online</authority>
<publisher>UCLA Digital Library</publisher>
<pubPlace>Los Angeles, CA, USA</pubPlace>
<!-- Change date below if necessary -->
<date>2015</date>
<!-- Change base file name below -->
<idno type="LEAP-ID">liv_000688</idno>
<!-- Change the license below if necessary -->
<availability>
<licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
All materials are licensed for use under the
<ref target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License
</ref>. (c) Dr. Neil Imray Livingstone Wilson, 2011
</licence>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
</egXML></p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="publicationStmt"/>
<specDesc key="authority"/>
<specDesc key="publisher"/>
<specDesc key="pubPlace"/>
<specDesc key="date"/>
<specDesc key="idno"/>
<specDesc key="availability"/>
<specDesc key="licence"/>
<specDesc key="ref"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="header-msDesc">
<head>The TEI Header: The Source Description</head>
<p>The <gi>msDesc</gi> element must contain an <gi>msIdentifier</gi> where
elements are given in a specific order from most general to most specific.
First location elements like <gi>country</gi> and <gi>settlement</gi>,
followed by institutional data like <gi>institution</gi> and/or
<gi>repository</gi>, followed by an <gi>idno</gi> and any alternative
identifiers <gi>altIdentifier</gi>, and finally a <gi>physDesc</gi>.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<!-- Change country below as needed -->
<country>South Africa</country>
<!-- Change settlement below as needed -->
<settlement>Johannesburg</settlement>
<!-- Change repository below as needed -->
<repository>Brenthurst Library</repository>
<!-- Change shelfmark below as needed -->
<idno type="shelfmark">778</idno>
<altIdentifier>
<!-- Change CC number below as needed -->
<idno type="ccnumber">Letters, 0229</idno>
</altIdentifier>
</msIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<handDesc>
<!-- Add additional <handNote> elments below as needed. -->
<handNote xml:id="U"><label>Unknown Hand</label> This hand is unknown
but thought not David Livingstone's.</handNote>
</handDesc>
</physDesc>
</msDesc>
</egXML>
In this case a note of the hands in the manuscript is given in a <gi>handNote</gi> with an <att>xml:id</att> attribute
that can be pointed to from additions or deletions in the text. See <ptr target="#add-del"/>. More than one <gi>handNote</gi> can be recorded in
the <gi>handDesc</gi> inside the <gi>physDesc</gi> element. The default assumption is that all writing is by
David Livingstone so his hand need not be recorded.
</p>
<p>After the closing <tag>/msDesc</tag> there is a <gi>bibl</gi> element
containing a variety of source metadata. You must update the: <list
type="ordered">
<item>title (usually the same as in <gi>titleStmt</gi>) </item>
<item>date of composition (both the human readable content and the
<att>when</att> attribute)</item>
<item>place of composition (if known, otherwise 'Unknown')</item>
<item>name of the addressee (if known, otherwise 'Unknown')</item>
</list>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<bibl type="sourceMetadata">
<!-- Change title below -->
<title>Letter to Rev. D.G. Watt, 18 August 1850</title>
<author xml:id="DL">David Livingstone</author>
<!-- Change @when and date below -->
<date type="composition" when="1850-08-18">18 August 1850</date>
<!-- Change place below -->
<placeName type="compositionPlace">Kolobeng</placeName>
<!-- Change addressee below -->
<persName type="addressee">Rev. D.F. Watt</persName>
</bibl>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="msDesc"/>
<specDesc key="msIdentifier"/>
<specDesc key="country"/>
<specDesc key="settlement"/>
<specDesc key="institution"/>
<specDesc key="repository"/>
<specDesc key="idno"/>
<specDesc key="altIdentifier"/>
<specDesc key="bibl"/>
<specDesc key="title"/>
<specDesc key="author"/>
<specDesc key="date"/>
<specDesc key="placeName"/>
<specDesc key="persName"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="header-profileDesc">
<head>The TEI Header: The Profile Description</head>
<p>The profile description contains additional metadata about the file. In the
case of LEAP files this is used to store the language(s) in the document.
Usually this will just be English and so should not be changed.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<profileDesc>
<langUsage>
<!-- See LEAP encoding manual sect. 20 for language abbreviations.
English should be first, then add all other languages, as appropriate,
in alphabetical order. -->
<language ident="en">English</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</egXML>
However, multiple <gi>language</gi> elements can be provided if necessary
and should have the proper ISO 639 language code for the language. See <ptr
target="#foreign-words"/>. </p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="profileDesc"/>
<specDesc key="langUsage"/>
<specDesc key="language" atts="ident"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="header-revisionDesc">
<head>The TEI Header: The Revision Description</head>
<p>A later part of the header, the <gi>revisionDesc</gi>, contains entries that
record the major milestones of work completed on, or updates to, the file:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<revisionDesc>
<!-- Change @when, @who, and work description below. -->
<!-- Note that @who initials are taken from <respStmt> above -->
<!-- Add new <change> elements below as needed. -->
<!-- Note that the most recent <change> should always be placed first, at the top -->
<change when="2012-12-04" who="#KS">Initial transcription and XML encoding</change>
</revisionDesc>
</egXML>
When working from the encoding template, either change the information in this
entry as relevant (if you are the first one working on the given item) or
add a new iteration of this element above the previous one to record a new
stage of devleopment. For each iteration, you need to change the the
<att>when</att> attribute to the correct YYYY-MM-DD format. You need to
change <att>who</att> attribute to have a value of your initials prefixed
with a '#': <val>#AW</val> to match your initials. This URI fragment points
to the <gi>respStmt</gi> you added above and records your responsibility in
making this change. Finally, you need to provide the appropriate description
of your work. A <gi>change</gi> element should only be provided at each
major stage of file development.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="revisionDesc"/>
<specDesc key="change" atts="when who"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="divisions">
<head>Divisions of the Text</head>
<p>We use the <gi>div</gi> to contain the main body of text of any given Livingstone object,
so in most cases a transcription will only have
one <gi>div</gi> elment that opens and closes the text.
However, there are some cases where a second <gi>div</gi> element should be used.
See <ptr target="#front-back"/>, <ptr target="#colors"/>, and <ptr target="#text-direction"/>. In
other cases, it may be necessary to mark the beginning of a new gathering with <tag>gb/</tag>
(see <ptr target="#gatherings"/>).</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="div"/>
<specDesc key="gb"/>
</specList>
</p>
<div xml:id="gatherings">
<head>New Gatherings</head>
<p>We record the beginning of a new gathering, if a document consists of <hi rend="italics">more than one</hi>, using the <tag>gb/</tag> tag. The specification of an <att>type</att> is optional, while the value of <att>type</att> will often be improvised based on the source material.</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><gb type="square-sheets"/><!-- Livingstone here begins writing on square sheets rather than rectangular ones. AW --></egXML>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> If <tag>gb/</tag> is used, every gathering in the document should be marked, including the opening one.</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> Using the <tag>gb/</tag> tag with the <gi>div</gi> is allowed, but not required. One would normally use both in combination only when a new gathering begins a new divison or section of text.</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> The <tag>gb/</tag> tag should not normally be used without consulting the project directors</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="gb" atts="type"/>
<specDesc key="div"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="front-back">
<head>Front and Back Matter</head>
<p>Use <gi>front</gi> and <gi>back</gi> elements (siblings of the <gi>body</gi> element) to contain to any material that, respectively, precedes (e.g., a table of contents)
or succeeds (e.g. an appendix) the main text being encoded.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<front><!-- Table of contents goes here --></front>
<body>
<div>
<p><!-- Main text being encoded goes here --></p>
</div>
</body>
<back><!-- Appendix goes here --></back>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="front"/>
<specDesc key="back"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="pagebreak">
<head>The Beginning of a New Page</head>
<p>After the initial <gi>text</gi><gi>body</gi><gi>div</gi> tags (already in the
diary template document), make sure there is a <gi>pb</gi> element at the
beginning of each new page/image that you transcribe. Note that the manner in
which this is based on the LEAP designated file name
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<pb facs="liv_000699_0001.jpg" n="0001"/>
<!-- a page worth of text -->
<pb facs="liv_000699_0002.jpg" n="0002"/>
</egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note</hi> that this combined or empty element ends with a "/" and
has no separate closing tag. The <att>facs</att> attribute points to the image
facsimile for this page, the <att>n</att> attribute records the project page
number separately.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="pb" atts="facs n"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="linebreak">
<head>The Beginning of a Manuscript Line</head>
<p>Whenever you come to the beginning of a manuscript line, use
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><lb/></egXML>
No corresponding tag is needed at the end of the line. <label rend="italic"
>Original text:</label>
<eg> As we traveled <lb/>I came <lb/>across two men.</eg>
<label rend="italic">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>As we traveled
<lb/>I came
<lb/>across two men.
</egXML>
</p>
<p>If line breaks occur in the middle of an addition, do not place <tag>lb/</tag> before the first line of the addition, but do use it to mark the beginning of each subsequent line of the addition:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><add place="marginleft">First line of addition <lb/>second line, <lb/>and third line.</add></egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="lb"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="paragraph">
<head>The Beginning of a New Paragraph</head>
<p>When you start a new paragraph, use the following tag: <gi>p</gi></p>
<p>The <att>rend</att> attribute is used to indicate information about the rendering
of the paragraph as a whole in the original source. For
example, if the paragraph as a whole was centered on the page, you might give it
a value of "<val>center</val>" or if aligned right a value of
"<val>right</val>". The use of <att>rend</att> to say whether something is
centered or right (left is considered the default so there is no need to record
that) is a bit of a judgment call regarding the placement of the paragraph on
the page.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<p rend="right">This paragraph is aligned to the right on the page.</p>
</egXML></p>
<p>For more information about the <att>rend</att> attribute see <ptr
target="#formatting"/>. </p>
<p>The default assumption is that a paragraph is indented, so there is no need
to mark that. For marking the exceptionally indented first lines of paragraphs
see <ptr target="#extra-space"/>.</p>
<p>However, if a paragraph is not indented,
please mark it as follows:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><p rend="no-indent">This paragraph is not indented</p></egXML></p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> It is especially important to use <tag>p rend="no-indent"</tag> when marking new, dated diary entries that Livingstone begins on a new line but does not indent.</p>
<p>Also, remember at the end of the paragraph to use the closing paragraph tag
<tag>/p</tag>.</p>
<p>Finally, note that we capitalize the first word of a new paragraph by default. If it is not capitalized, use the <gi>choice</gi>, <gi>sic</gi>, and <gi>corr</gi> tags to correct this.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><p><choice><sic>arrived</sic><corr>Arrived</corr></choice> at the lake.</p></egXML></p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="p" atts="rend"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="dates">
<head>Dates</head>
<p>For marking up dates use the <gi>date</gi> element with the <att>when</att>
attribute. The value of the <att>when</att> attribute should always be given in this YYYY-MM-DD format
(four-digit year, two-digit month, two-digit day). This is an important
international standard for representing dates and stops people and computers
getting confused as to whether '05/02/71' means the second of May or the fifth
of February:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<date when="1871-02-05">5th February 1871</date>
</egXML>
If only the month and year (and not the day) are given, code as follows:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">We visited in <date when="1871-02">February 1871</date></egXML>
However, if the day (and month) are given, but not the year, yet you know the
year provide it. For instance, if Livingstone begins a diary entry with "5th"
but you know from previous entries that this actually means 5th February 1871,
then code it as follows:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">We visited last year on the <date when="1871-02-05">5th</date></egXML>
If you don't know the year, bring it to the attention of the project and code it as follows:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">We visited on <date when="--02-05">5th February</date></egXML></p>
<p>Finally, use the <att>from</att> and <att>to</att> attributes to
provide a start and end date of a range. Use these as needed:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<date from="1871-02-05" to="1871-02-07">5th to 7th February 1871</date>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>For B.C. dates code as follows:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><date when="-600-03-28">28 March 600 B.C.</date></egXML>
or
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><date when="-600">600 B.C.</date></egXML>
</p>
<p>For coding dates that Livingstone adds to the margin of the <hi rend="italic">Unyanyembe Journal</hi>, see <ptr target="#notes"/>.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="date" atts="when from to"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="letters">
<head>Letters</head>
<div xml:id="openers-closers">
<head>The Opening and Closing of Letters</head>
<p>Note that the opening and closing of letters often have items which
aren't strictly paragraphs. The TEI has special elements just for these. The entire beginning of a letter
should be contained within an <gi>opener</gi> tag. Within this <gi>opener</gi> tag, any address or date will also
be contained within a single <gi>dateline</gi>. Finally, any personalized greeting, should go inside of
a <gi>salute</gi> tag:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><opener><dateline rend="right"><placeName>Hadley Green</placeName>
<lb/><date when="1857-08-22">22 August
<lb/>1857</date></dateline>
<lb/>
<lb/><salute>My Dear Sir,</salute></opener>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>Likewise, the end of a letter should be contained within a <gi>closer</gi> tag, with any personalized address
contained within a <gi>salute</gi> tag and any signature within a <gi>signed</gi> tag.:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><closer><salute>Sincerely,</salute>
<lb/><signed><persName>David Livingstone</persName></signed></closer>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>For both the <gi>opener</gi> and <gi>closer</gi>, linebreaks (see <ptr target="#linebreak"/>) should be marked in
the regular fashion, as in the examples above.</p>
<p>The <gi>date</gi> and <gi>persName</gi> elements are discussed in
more detail below.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="opener"/>
<specDesc key="dateline"/>
<specDesc key="salute"/>
<specDesc key="closer"/>
<specDesc key="signed"/>
</specList></p>
</div>
<div xml:id="postal-addresses">
<head>Postal Address of Letter Recipient</head>
<p>The portion of each letter that contains that postal address of the letter recipient should be placed inside both the <gi>closer</gi> and <gi>address</gi> elements. If the placement of the address within the letter does not allow for the address to be added to the <gi>closer</gi>, then place the address in a separate set of <gi>div</gi> and <gi>ab</gi> elements. The beginning of each line of the address should be marked with <gi>addrLine</gi> and the end of each line of address should be marked with <tag>/addrLine</tag>. Note too that when you use the <gi>addrLine</gi> tag, you should not use the <tag>lb/</tag> tag (see <ptr target="#linebreak"/>). In other words, use <gi>addrLine</gi> or <tag>lb/</tag>, but not both.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<address>
<addrLine><persName>Bevan Braithwaite</persName></addrLine>
<addrLine><placeName>3 New Court</placeName></addrLine>
<addrLine><placeName>Lincoln's Inn</placeName></addrLine>
</address></egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="addrLine"/>
<specDesc key="address"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="postscripts">
<head>Postscripts</head>
<p>Use the <gi>postscript</gi> element to contain
the entirety of any postscript added to a letter. Each separate postscript should be contained by its own element.
The <att>n</att> may be used to number successive postscripts.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><postscript n="1"><label>P.S.</label> Give my regards
<lb/>to your children.</postscript>
<lb/><postscript n="2"><label>P.P.S.</label> And greet your parents</postscript></egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Note:</hi> In order for your use of the <gi>postscript</gi> to validate, it may be necessary to place empty <tag>opener/</tag> and <tag>closer/</tag> tags before it, if you haven't already otherwise used such tags.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="postscript" atts="n"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="composition">
<head>Marking Authorial Composition Practices</head>
<p/>
<div xml:id="headings">
<head>Any Type of Heading</head>
<p>Use the <gi>head</gi> element for any type of heading, such as the title of a chapter or section or the heading of a list
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><head>Chapter I</head></egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="head"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="running-header">
<head>Running Header (including Authorial Page Numbers)</head>
<p>Use the <gi>fw</gi> element to contain any type of running head (usually, but not always, found in the header or footnote of a given page) that appears on a page or series of pages. The <att>rend</att> may be used as needed to mark the location of this element.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><fw rend="center">1</fw></egXML>
</p>
<p>For any page numbers instituted by Livingstone himself, use the <gi>fw</gi> element plus <att>n</att> in the following manner:</p> <egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><fw n="heading_XIV">XIV</fw></egXML>
<p>In other words, whenever <gi>fw</gi> is used to encode one of Livingstone's page numbers, <att>n</att> value should begin with "heading_" followed by the number Livingstone uses, in the form that he uses it (i.e., Roman or Arabic numeral).</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="fw" atts="rend"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="formatting">
<head>Textual Formatting</head>
<p>If the original text is formatted in some manner such as underlining,
superscript, etc., use the <gi>hi</gi> element with the <att>rend</att>
attribute. </p>
<p>
<label rend="italic">Original text:</label>
<eg>I saw <hi rend="underline">the man</hi></eg>
<label rend="italic">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"> I saw <hi rend="underline">the man</hi>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>If there is more than one type of formatting, for instance both underline and
superscript, use the <att>rend</att> attribute only once but provide two values
separated by a space.
</p>
<p>
<label rend="italic">Original text:</label>
<eg>He was the N<hi rend="sup"><hi rend="underline">umber</hi></hi> 1 man</eg>
<label rend="italic">Marked up:</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">He was the N<hi rend="sup underline">umber</hi> 1 man</egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Please Note: </hi> The <att>rend</att> attribute is part of the
att.global class and so can be used on other elements if they are present. For
example instead of marking up:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><hi rend="underline"><placeName><geogName type="river">Lualaba</geogName></placeName></hi>
</egXML>
one can do:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><placeName rend="underline"><geogName type="river">Lualaba</geogName></placeName>
</egXML>
but if unsure then the former is acceptable. </p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="hi" atts="rend"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="colors">
<head>Textual Colors</head>
<p>Livingstone occasionally changes the color of his text. In the majority of cases, such changes fall into one of two categories: a change in color for a few words; a change in color for a longer section of a text. Changes of the former sort (a few words) are usally due to an after-the-fact addition, so the color change should be marked with <att>rend</att> and the appropriate color directly on the <gi>add</gi> element:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">We followed <add place="above" rend="blue">the</add> path</egXML>
</p>
<p>If Livingstone changes color for a longer section of text (this often happens in his field diaries), use the <gi>seg</gi> element (or, for very long sections, <gi>div</gi> element) plus <att>rend</att> and the appropriate color to mark the different sections of the text:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<div>
<lb/><p><seg rend="black">First section in black would go here and
<lb/>could span part of a line, a line, or several lines</seg>.</p>
</div>
<div rend="blue">
<lb/><p>Second longer section in blue would go here.</p>
</div>
</egXML>
</p>
<p><hi rend="bold">Please note: </hi> Sometimes words appear to be the same color but are darker than their surrounding text. This may or may not be an intentional attempt by Livingstone to emphasize a portion of the text. To be on the safe side, code such darkening as appropriate. If it seems to be intentional, code it as follows with <att>hi</att> plus the appropriate color:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve"><p rend="black"><hi rend="black"><persName>Mtarika</persName></hi> came at last.</p></egXML>
If it seems to be unintentional, code it with <att>seg</att> plus the appropriate color:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><p rend="black">They do not appear to have asked for the
<lb/><seg rend="black">names of places</seg> so much as for those of people</p>
</egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="add"/>
<specDesc key="seg"/>
<specDesc key="div"/>
<specDesc key="hi" atts="rend"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="word-division">
<head>A Word Broken Up Over Two Lines</head>
<p>Use the <gi>w</gi> element to mark words that Livingstone breaks up over two
lines. You also add the <att>break</att> attribute with the value of
"<val>no</val>" to the <tag>lb/</tag> that falls between the two halves of
the word. For LEAP materials the assumed value for the <att>break</att>
attribute is <val>yes</val>, so you do not need to provide this unless it is an
exceptional circumstance. Use <val>maybe</val> only in those cases when you are
not sure whether a single word apparently broken up over two lines may indeed be
two words.</p>
<p>Livingstone's use of hyphens is erratic. Sometimes he hyphenates a word at the
end of the first line, sometimes at the beginning of the second, sometimes in
both places, sometimes in neither. </p>
<p>We code each of these instances in the same way, but we also always supply a
hyphen at the end of the line if Livingstone himself has failed to provide it. </p>
<p><label>Example #1 (no hyphen at all)</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>I look on the drove they brought <w>un<supplied>-</supplied>
<lb break="no"/>chained</w> with a sort of pleasure after </egXML>
</p>
<p><label>Example #2 (hyphen only in first line)</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>by one of <persName>Dugumbe</persName>'s people after <w>finish-
<lb break="no"/>ing</w> a piece of work = said he was tired
</egXML>
</p>
<p><label>Example #3 (hyphen only in second line)</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>sorely needed to be employed <w>him<supplied>-</supplied>
<lb break="no"/>-self</w> in something else than penny </egXML>
</p>
<p><label>Example #4 (hyphen in both lines)</label>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<lb/>by which the irresponsible <w>con-
<lb break="no"/>-clave</w> brought the Indian command </egXML>
</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="w"/>
<specDesc key="lb" atts="break"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="extra-space">
<head>More Than One Space between Words</head>
<p>If you are encoding text where the author has placed more than one space between
words, do not insert additional space in your transcription. Rather insert only
one space plus the following markup:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
a <space extent="4" unit="chars"/>word
</egXML>
</p>
<p>In other words, in the example above the space being marked is actually five characters long. One of these spaces is marked in the normal fashion, the other four are marked with the <gi>space</gi> tag. Please follow this format when marking usual spacing between words.</p>
<p>The value for the <att>extent</att> attribute will of course be a bit of a
judgment call, but a good rule of thumb is to mark only those spaces that extend for more than two characters and/or have some obvious, non-trivial significance in the text. For instance, Livingstone on occasion inserts an unusally large space just before a new sentence and indeed uses this space to indicate that the substance of the sentence that follows the space differs significantly from that of the sentence that precedes the space.</p>
<p>The value "<val>chars</val>" stands for "characters"; you can
also use "<val>words</val>". There is a <att>dim</att> attribute on
<gi>space</gi> with allowed values of <val>horiztonal</val> or
<val>vertical</val>. The default assumption in LEAP is that extra space is
horizontal so this does not need to be marked.</p>
<p>Definitions of the elements used above are: <specList>
<specDesc key="space" atts="extent unit"/>
</specList>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="extra-space-lines">
<head>One or More Spaces between Lines</head>
<p>If you are encoding text where the author has left extra spaces between lines,
you can mark up the spaces in one of two ways:</p>
<p>If there is only one space between lines, only an extra <tag>lb/</tag> tag is needed:
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><p>...and he arranges any
<lb/>differences that may
<lb/>arise -</p>
<lb/>
<lb/><p>Called at <persName>Mataka</persName>'s house ...</p>
</egXML>
If there is more than one space between lines, a <tag>space/</tag> tag is used,
along with the <att>dim</att>, <att>extent</att>, and
<att>unit</att> attributes and their appropriate values.
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xml:space="preserve">
<lb/><p>...and he arranges any
<lb/>differences that may
<lb/>arise -</p>
<lb/><space dim="vertical" extent="3" unit="lines"/>
<lb/><p>Called at <persName>Mataka</persName>'s house ...</p>
</egXML></p>