Sync with upstream (#93)

* Fix typo

It was not mentioned earlier in the article that “A property can be either an accessor (has get/set methods) or a data property (has a value), not both”

So，we should not say "once again".

* Update 'Selection and Range' article.md

* Translated tasks to English

* Translated line 10 content to English

* Translated Solution from Russian to English

* Translated to English and updated.

* Fix typo

* Function return example update

* minor fixes

* Change panel names according to official documentation

* article.md

Typo fix.

* Update article.md

A small grammar change and fixing a typo (I think) (no -> not).

* Update article.md

Actually taking out a comma.

* minor fixes

* minor fixes

* minor fixes

* fix typo

* fix: spell correction to existence

* Update article.md

As threatened, change line 34, "to summarize: ..." 

Also add "these" before "internal properties".

* Update article.md

Removed extraneous quote mark I had accidentally inserted.

* Update article.md

Small punctuation change. 

Separately, I didn't change anything on this today, but note that line 34 above:
"So to summarize: the executor runs automatically and attempts to perform a job. When it is finished with the attempt it calls `resolve` if it was successful or `reject` if there was an error."
was, before it was changed recently, pretty much the same as line 82 above:
"To summarize, the executor should perform a job (usually something that takes time) and then call `resolve` or `reject` to change the state of the corresponding promise object."
So maybe some revision there is in order -- to not have both, or to change one or both. Not familiar enough with the article at this point to make the revision.

* minor fixes

* Update article.md

Corrected grammatical errors.

* Fixing a typo

Check if `pattern:Y` is immediately after `pattern:X`  and then the regex will check if Z is immediately after Y,  Like this it's more understandable.

* Update article.md

Change "occasional" to "accidental". I think that's what you mean, and the words are not synonymous in English.

* Update article.md

"continues to closest" -> "continues to next closest". Consistent w/ usage in rest of explanation.

* Fix typo in 11-coordinates/article.md

A minor typo issue : polywill -> polyfill

* adding the `[^]` pattern

* minor fixes

* Update article.md

"allows to use" -> "allows us to use"
"to use with await" -> "to use it with await"

* Update article.md

A few syntactic and punctuation changes to 'The “try…catch” syntax' section.

* Update article.md

"can use" -> "we can use".

* Update article.md

Maybe clarifying a bit where `.json()` comes from. I personally found it a bit confusing at first.

* Update article.md

"We can get loop over values by `for..of`:" -> "We can loop over their values using `for..of`"

* minor fixes

* minor fixes

* minor fixes

* Update article.md

", we have an object that is not an array, " -> ", we have an object that is not an array, "

* Update article.md

"yield is a two-way road" -> "yield is a two-way street"

"Two way street" is by far the more common and accepted way to say this. If you look up "two-way road" you will typically be redirected to "two-way street".

* Update article.md

"returns the result outside" -> "returns the result to the outside"

* Update article.md

Several punctuation changes, yielding:

"1. We use the browser [fetch](info:fetch) method to download from a remote URL. It allows us to supply authorization and other headers if needed -- here GitHub requires `User-Agent`.
2. The fetch result is parsed as JSON. That's again a `fetch`-specific method.
3. We should get the next page URL from the `Link` header of the response. It has a special format, so we use a regexp for that. The next page URL may look like `https://api.github.com/repositories/93253246/commits?page=2`. It's generated by GitHub itself.
4. Then we yield all commits received, and when they finish, the next `while(url)` iteration will trigger, making one more request."

* Update article.md

"such as browsers" -> "like in browsers"

* Update article.md

"`import` allows to import functionality.." -> "`import` allows the import of functionality..."

"relative the current file" -> "relative to the current file,"

* Update article.md

"That's the correct variant:" -> "This is the correct variant:"

* Update article.md

"Let's see that on examples." -> "Let's look at them using examples:"

* Update article.md

"allows to configure" -> "allows us to configure"

* Update article.md

"be aware that HTML-page" -> "be aware that the HTML page"

* Update article.md

"`async` attribute" -> "the `async` attribute"

* fix en #1739

* minor fixes

* Revert "minor fixes"

This reverts commit e4fb777.

* Revert "Revert "minor fixes""

This reverts commit d6035ee.

* Update article.md

"better convenience" -> "more convenience"

* Update article.md

"That's not a function" -> "It's not a function"

* Update article.md

"chapter" -> "article" (6 times or so)

I believe that is consistent with the agreed-upon terminology.

* Update article.md

"as `Proxy` trap" -> "as the `Proxy` trap"

* Fix link in BigInt

* Remove extra word

* Typo fix

* Grammar mistake (?)

It literally says «Operating System system functions.»

* Update article.md

add semicolon at end -> "    return prop >= target.start && prop <= target.end;"

* Update article.md

"return `undefined`" -> "returns `undefined`"

* Update article.md

"on the paper" -> "on paper"

* False precedence numbers

According to the MDN precedence-table you've linked some precedence numbers are incorrect. Having a quick look at different language versions (French and Russian) this error may has to be corrected at every version.

* Update article.md

"chapter" -> "article" 2x

* Update article.md

"returns to event loop" -> "returns to the event loop"
"no much difference" -> "not much difference"

* Update article.md

"move the scheduling to the beginning" (2x)

* closes #1747

* Update article.md

"similar stuff to described above" -> "similar stuff to what's described above"

* Update article.md

"roll our own" -> "roll your own"
"can see that's" - "can see that that's"

* Fix translation

* Either quotation marks or italicization

Highlighting twice is unnecessary.

* Update article.md

"big text" -> "large amount of text"
"evade problems" -> "avoid problems"
"another 100 lines" -> "for the next 100 lines"
"To demonstrate the approach" -> "To demonstrate this approach"
"instead of syntax-highlighting" -> "instead of text-highlighting,"

* Update article.md

"using nested `setTimeout`:" -> "using nested `setTimeout` calls:"

* Update article.md

'The browser may even show "the script..." warning' -> 'The browser may even show a "the script..." warning'

* Update article.md

"to react on other user actions" -> "to react to other user actions"  (a little more natural sounding)

* Update article.md

"From one hand" -> "On one hand"

* Update article.md

"get in details" -> "get in to the details"

* Update article.md

"if arguments count" -> "if the arguments count"
"allows to easily" -> "allows us to easily"
"seen in the logging example:" -> "seen in the logging example,"
rephrasing rest of above sentence for readability

* Remove unnecessary return in couple of examples

* fixes #1747

* Update article.md

* Fix typo

* fix: Minor typo and grammar

* edited alice's wage difference, wage is based on the average of her male counterparts and rounded up for easy comprehension.

* minor fixes

* closes #1742

* Mac OS multiline Commenting shortcut is should use 'Option' instead of 'Shift' #1743

Fix Submitted.

* closes #1758

* Copy and paste mistake 

The code never has been not OK. It's just a copy from an example of the chapter before.

* "better to demonstrate" -> "best demonstrated", ", like this:" -> ":"

* Update article.md

* Some missing whitespaces

* Update article.md

* small typo fix

element.addEventListener(event, handler[, options]); TO element.addEventListener(event, handler, [options]);

* Fix typo

Changed "it's" to "its" since that is the correct spelling of the possessive form of "it."

* Fix typo

* Add commas non-terminal properties

* Update article.md

Rephrasing introductory sentences about async iterators and generators.

* Update article.md

"allows to" -> "allows us to" (3x)

* Update article.md

"we should use `for...loop`" -> "we should use a `for...loop`"

* "allows to" -> "allows us to" (2x)

* Update article.md

* Remove useless spaces

they have no effect on the article's appearance

* Fix typo.

* minor fixes

* corrected order for subtraction

* minor fixes

* fix typo

Number should be 79031234567 not 79035419441

* fix: removed , from solution.md date data types

* fix: removed , from task.md date data types

* Corrected Grammar

* Fix typo

* Fix a typo

* Fix a typo

* fix: 2 lines of russian to english and a typo (mathces -> matches)

* fix: fix markdown highlight

* Create index.html

* Update index.html

* Update index.html

* Update solution.md

* Update article.md

* minor fixes

- fix erratas
- fix wrong error message
- add 'run' on runnable example
- add explanation about window.onload property corresponding load event
- add comment about window.onstorage property corresponding storage event

* Minor statement change

* Update article.md

* minor fixes

* closes #1791

* fixes #1794

* closes #1794

* Update solution.md

* Update article.md

* closes #1808

* closes #1812

* minor fixes

* Edit sentance syntax in closure article

* Update solution.md

* formatting

* Update article.md

* Update article.md

* Update article.md

* fix typo

* Update article.md

* Update article.md

* Update article.md

* fix typo

* Update article.md

* trick get a new copy of objects/arrays using the spread operator

* fix missing js formatting

* Update article.md

* do the same => do the same thing

* Fixing "sum(1)" instead of "curriedSum(1)" (l. 42)

"sum(1)" doesn't return a wrapper, "curriedSum(1)" does.

* Change 'brackets' to 'parentheses'

I think this is the way it is typically used here and elsewhere. reserving "brackets" without a qualifier for indicating square brackets., so probably no explanation is necessary. 

But, for those who want to know more:

It does seem to be the case that in British English "brackets" typically means "round brackets", which are parentheses, but in American English "brackets" typically means square brackets ("[]"). 

Admittedly, "brackets" is easier to spell. And to pronounce. Even to type, once you get used to it.

* Change 'brackets' to 'parentheses'

Again, in American English, and programming, "brackets" usually means "square brackets". "Parentheses" is unambiguous.

* Update article.md

* fix an anchor link error

Object.assign() is referring to wrong article, which is Sympol.
so I fix it to the right article "objects" with the right section #Cloning and merging, Object.assign

* Update article.md

* fixes #1836

* closes #1810

* fix minor typo

"synctax" to "syntax"

* Change switch Grouping of "case" example

Change switch Grouping of "case" example

* up

* minor fixes

* minor fixes

* chapter -> article (3x)

* Various small wording and punctuation changes

Co-authored-by: Alexey Pyltsyn <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: zhangbao <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Daria Pimenova <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Abir <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dpyzo0o <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Marco Dizo <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Ilya Kantor <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: tarasyyyk <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: va-z <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Roche <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Zeel <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Aniket Kudale <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Violet Bora Lee <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Beginnerds <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sohail Ashraf <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Daniel Hong <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kin Lum <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: qdflavel <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Rizky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Arinze Chianumba <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kelly K H <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Larry Ng <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Ahmed Magdy Seleem <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sambalim <[email protected]>

Author: 44 people

Diff for: 1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ## 什麼是 JavaScript?
 
-*JavaScript* 最初是為了 *"賦予網頁活力"*。
+*JavaScript* 最初是為了 *"賦予網頁活力"* 而創造的。
 
 這種程式語言我們稱之為 *腳本*，它們可以被寫入網頁 HTML 中，並在頁面讀取時自動執行。
 

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/01-hello-world/1-hello-alert/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+  <script>
+    alert( "I'm JavaScript!" );
+  </script>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/01-hello-world/1-hello-alert/solution.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+[html src="index.html"]

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/02-structure/article.md

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ alert("There will be an error")[1, 2].forEach(alert)
 
 我們建議即使是依據換行分開的述句也要標上分號，這個規則被社群廣為採納。再次強調 -- 大多時間 *可能* 可以省略分號，但加上分號會更安全，尤其對新手而言。
 
-## 註解
+## 註解 [#code-comments]
 
 程式碼會隨著時間變得越來越複雜，有其必要加入 *註解* 來解釋程式在做什麼且為什麼這麼做。
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ alert('World');
 ```
 
 ```smart header="用熱鍵！"
-大多數編輯器中，可以按下 `key:Ctrl+/` 這個熱鍵來註解掉單行程式碼，而 `key:Ctrl+Shift+/` 可以註解多行（選取一段程式碼後按下熱鍵）。Mac 則使用 `key:Cmd` 取代 `key:Ctrl`。
+大多數編輯器中，可以按下 `key:Ctrl+/` 這個熱鍵來註解掉單行程式碼，而 `key:Ctrl+Shift+/` 可以註解多行（選取一段程式碼後按下熱鍵）。Mac 則使用 `key:Cmd` 取代 `key:Ctrl`；`key:Option` 取代 ｀key:Shift`。
 ```
 
 ````warn header="不支援巢狀註解！"

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/05-types/article.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ message = 123456;
 
 若允許這麼做的程式語言，稱其具有 "動態類型（dynamically typed）"，意思是變數不會綁定任一種資料類型。
 
-JavaScript 中有七種基礎的資料類型，在此我們會稍微介紹下它們，然後在接下來的章節中我們會逐一介紹其細節：
+JavaScript 中有八種基礎的資料類型，在此我們會稍微介紹下它們，然後在接下來的章節中我們會逐一介紹其細節：
 
 ## 數值（A number）
 
@@ -63,7 +63,26 @@ n = 12.345;
 
 我們會在章節 <info:number> 中看到更多使用數值的方式。
 
-## 字串（A string）
+## BigInt 類型
+
+在 JavaScript 中，"number" 類型沒辦法代表大於 <code>2<sup>53</sup></code> （或小於 <code>-2<sup>53</sup></code> ）的整數，這是其內部表示系統上的技術限制。這大約是 16 位十進位數字，在大多數的情況下，這個限制都不是問題，但有時我們真的需要很大的數字，例如用於密碼學或是精準度到 microsecond 的時間戳記。
+
+`BigInt` 類型最近被加入到 JavaScript 語言中，用於表示任意長度的整數。
+
+可以通過將 `n` 加入整數字面值的尾部來創建 `BigInt`：
+
+```js
+// 有個 "n" 在其尾部，代表這是一個 BigInt
+const bigInt = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
+```
+
+As `BigInt` numbers are rarely needed, we devoted them a separate chapter <info:bigint>.
+
+```smart header="Compatability issues"
+Right now `BigInt` is supported in Firefox and Chrome, but not in Safari/IE/Edge.
+```
+
+## 字串（String）
 
 JavaScript 中的字串（string）必須被引號（quotes）所環繞。
 
@@ -108,7 +127,7 @@ alert( "the result is ${1 + 2}" ); // the result is ${1 + 2}（雙引號什麼
 在 JavaScript 中沒有這種類型，只有一種 `字串` 類型。一串字串可以只有一個或擁有多個字元在內。
 ```
 
-## 布林（A boolean）（邏輯類型）
+## 布林（Boolean）（邏輯類型）
 
 布林（boolean）類型只有兩種值：`true` 和 `false`。
 
@@ -199,6 +218,8 @@ typeof undefined // "undefined"
 
 typeof 0 // "number"
 
+typeof 10n // "bigint"
+
 typeof true // "boolean"
 
 typeof "foo" // "string"
@@ -227,9 +248,10 @@ typeof alert // "function"（3）
 
 ## 總結
 
-在 JavaScript 中有 7 種基礎資料類型：
+在 JavaScript 中有 8 種基礎資料類型：
 
 - `number` 用於任何類型的數值：整數或浮點數。
+- `bigint` 用於任意長度的整數。
 - `string` 用於字串。一個字串可以包含一個或多個字元，但不獨立存在單一字元的類型。
 - `boolean` 用於 `true` 或 `false`。
 - `null` 用於未知的值 -- 只有一個值 `null` 的獨立類型。

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/06-type-conversions/article.md

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ alert( '1' + 2 ); // '12'（左側為字串）
 這只發生在當至少一側的引數是字串時，否則值都會被轉為數值。
 ````
 
-## Boolean Conversion
+# Boolean Conversion
 
 布林轉換是最簡單的一個。
 

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/06-type-conversions/1-primitive-conversions-questions/solution.md renamed to 1-js/02-first-steps/07-operators/3-primitive-conversions-questions/solution.md

@@ -137,17 +137,17 @@ JavaScript 中有許多運算子，每個運算子都有個對應的優先權號
 | 優先權 | 名稱 | 符號 |
 |------------|------|------|
 | ... | ... | ... |
-| 16 | 一元正號 | `+` |
-| 16 | 一元負號 | `-` |
-| 14 | 乘法 | `*` |
-| 14 | 除法 | `/` |
+| 17 | 一元正號 | `+` |
+| 17 | 一元負號 | `-` |
+| 15 | 乘法 | `*` |
+| 15 | 除法 | `/` |
 | 13 | 加法 | `+` |
 | 13 | 減法 | `-` |
 | ... | ... | ... |
 | 3 | 指定 | `=` |
 | ... | ... | ... |
 
-我們可以看到，"一元正號運算子" 有著優先權號碼 `16`，比 "加法（二元加法運算子）" 的 `13` 還高。這也是為什麼在表達式 `"+apples + +oranges"` 中，一元正號運算子比加法還要更早運作。
+我們可以看到，"一元正號運算子" 有著優先權號碼 `17`，比 "加法（二元加法運算子）" 的 `13` 還高。這也是為什麼在表達式 `"+apples + +oranges"` 中，一元正號運算子比加法還要更早運作。
 
 ## 指定運算子（Assignment）
 

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/06-type-conversions/1-primitive-conversions-questions/task.md renamed to 1-js/02-first-steps/07-operators/3-primitive-conversions-questions/task.md

@@ -11,4 +11,3 @@ alert( alert(1) || 2 || alert(3) );
 3. 第二個運算元 `2` 是真值，所以執行停止，`2` 被回傳並且被外部的 alert 顯示。
 
 不會顯示 `3`，因為核定根本到不了 `alert(3)`。
-

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/07-operators/article.md

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
 ````smart header="`continue` 指令有助於減少巢狀結構"
 一個顯示奇數的迴圈也可以長這樣：
 
-```js
+```js run
 for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
 
   if (i % 2) {

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/11-logical-operators/2-alert-or/solution.md

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Several variants of `case` which share the same code can be grouped.
 For example, if we want the same code to run for `case 3` and `case 5`:
 
 ```js run no-beautify
-let a = 2 + 2;
+let a = 3;
 
 switch (a) {
   case 4:

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/11-logical-operators/9-check-login/ifelse_task.svg

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ alert( result ); // 3
 
 ```js run
 function checkAge(age) {
-  if (age > 18) {
+  if (age >= 18) {
 *!*
     return true;
 */!*

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/12-while-for/article.md

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ let welcome = (age < 18) ?
   () => alert('Hello') :
   () => alert("Greetings!");
 
-welcome(); // ok now
+welcome();
 ```
 
 在剛開始使用箭頭函式時，可能會覺得不熟悉且閱讀性不那麼好，但習慣這種結構後，情況會迅速改變。

Diff for: 1-js/02-first-steps/13-switch/article.md

@@ -83,9 +83,10 @@ let x = 5;
 x = "John";
 ```
 
-有 7 種資料類型：
+有 8 種資料類型：
 
 - `number` 可以是浮點數或是整數。
+- `bigint` 任意長度的整數。
 - `string` 字串類型。
 - `boolean` 表達邏輯的值： `true/false`。
 - `null` -- 具有單一值 `null` 的類型，代表 "空的" 或 "不存在"。