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Data Management with SQL for Ecologists
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<h1>Reference</h1>
<p> Last updated on 2023-06-09 |
<a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/sql-ecology-lesson/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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<section id="glossary"><h2 class="section-heading">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
</h2>
<hr class="half-width"><p><em>The definitions below are modified from the <a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/" class="external-link">Carpentries Glosario</a>
(CC-BY-4.0)</em></p>
<dl><dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#aggreation" class="external-link"><span id="aggreation"><strong>aggreation</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
To combine many values into one, e.g., by summing a set of numbers.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#field" class="external-link"><span id="field"><strong>field</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A component of a <a href="#record">record</a> containing a single value.
Every record in a database <a href="#table">table</a> has the same
fields.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#filter" class="external-link"><span id="filter"><strong>filter</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
To choose a set of <a href="#record">records</a> (i.e., rows of a table)
based on the values they contain.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#full_join" class="external-link"><span id="full-join"><strong>full join</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A <a href="#join">join</a> that returns all rows and all columns from
two tables A and B. Where the <a href="#key">keys</a> of A and B match,
values are combined; where they do not, missing values from either table
are filled with <a href="#null">null</a>, NA, or some other <a href="#missing-value">missing value</a> signifier.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#group" class="external-link"><span id="group"><strong>group</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
To divide data into subsets according to a set of criteria while leaving
records in a single structure.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#inner_join" class="external-link"><span id="inner-join"><strong>inner join</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A <a href="#join">join</a> that returns the combination of rows from two
tables, A and B, whose <a href="#key">keys</a> exist in both tables.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#join" class="external-link"><span id="join"><strong>join</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
One of several operations that combine values from two <a href="#table">tables</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#key" class="external-link"><span id="key"><strong>key</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A <a href="#field">field</a> or combination of fields whose value(s)
uniquely identify a <a href="#record">record</a> within a <a href="#table">table</a> or dataset. Keys are often used to select
specific records and in <a href="#join">joins</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#left_join" class="external-link"><span id="left-join"><strong>left join</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A <a href="#join">join</a> that combines data from two tables, A and B,
where <a href="#key">keys</a> in table A match keys in table B, <a href="#field">fields</a> are concatenated. Where a key in table A does
<em>not</em> match a key in table B, columns from table B are filled
with <a href="#null">null</a>, NA, or some other <a href="#missing-value">missing value</a>. Keys from table B that do not
match keys from table A are excluded for the result.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#missing_value" class="external-link"><span id="missing-value"><strong>missing value</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A special value such as <a href="#null">null</a> or NA used to indicate
the absence of data. Missing values can signal that data was not
collected or that the data did not exist in the first place (e.g., the
middle name of someone who does not have one).
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#null" class="external-link"><span id="null"><strong>null</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A special value used to represent a missing object.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#record" class="external-link"><span id="record"><strong>record</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A group of related values that are stored together. A record may be
represented as a tuple or as a row in a <a href="#table">table</a>; in
the latter case, every record in the table has the same <a href="#field">fields</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#relational_database" class="external-link"><span id="relational-database"><strong>relational_database</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A database that organizes information into <a href="#table">tables</a>,
each of which has a fixed set of named <a href="#field">fields</a>
(shown as columns) and a variable number of <a href="#record">records</a> (shown as rows).
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#right_join" class="external-link"><span id="right-join"><strong>right join</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A <a href="#join">join</a> that combines data from two tables, A and B.
Where <a href="#key">keys</a> in table A match keys in table B, <a href="#field">fields</a> are concatenated. Where a key in table B does
*not* match a key in table A, columns from table A are filled with <a href="#null">null</a>, NA, or some other <a href="#missing-value">missing value</a> signifier. Keys from table A
that do not exist in table B are dropped.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#select" class="external-link"><span id="select"><strong>select</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
To choose entire columns or rows from a table by name or location.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#sql" class="external-link"><span id="SQL"><strong>SQL</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
The language used for writing queries for a <a href="#relational-database">relational database</a>. The term is an
acronym for Structured Query Language.
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#table" class="external-link"><span id="table"><strong>table</strong></span></a></dt>
<dd>
A set of <a href="#record">records</a> in a <a href="#relational-database">relational database</a> or observations in a
data frame. Tables are usually displayed as rows (each of which
represents one record or observation) and columns (each of which
represents a <a href="#field">field</a> or variable.)
</dd>
</dl></section><section id="commands"><h2 class="section-heading">Commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commands"></a>
</h2>
<hr class="half-width"><p>See <a href="files/sql-cheat-sheet.html">this cheat sheet</a> for an
list of the commands covered in this lesson.</p>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="keywords">Keywords<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keywords"></a></h3>
<table class="table"><thead><tr><th>
Keyword
</th>
<th>
Definition
</th>
<th>
Example
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">
SELECT
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
Select data from database or table
</td>
<td>
SELECT *
</td>
<td>
Selects the entire dataset
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
SELECT column1
</td>
<td>
Selects a particular column
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
SELECT 1 + 2
</td>
<td>
Performs a calculation
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
FROM
</td>
<td>
Indicates the table from which the data is selected or deleted
</td>
<td>
SELECT year <br> FROM surveys
</td>
<td>
Query will display the desired column from the table
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
WHERE
</td>
<td>
Filter the result set so that only the values satisfying the condition
are included
</td>
<td>
SELECT * <br> FROM surveys <br> WHERE year == 1990
</td>
<td>
Query will display all values from the table for which the year is 1990
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
LIMIT
</td>
<td>
Retrieves the number of records from the table up to the limit value
</td>
<td>
SELECT * <br> FROM surveys <br> LIMIT 5
</td>
<td>
Query will will return only the first 5 rows from the table
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
DISTINCT
</td>
<td>
Select distinct values
</td>
<td>
SELECT DISTINCT year <br> FROM surveys
</td>
<td>
Query will display the distinct years present on the table
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
AS
</td>
<td>
Used as an alias to rename the column or table
</td>
<td>
SELECT 1 + 2 AS calc
</td>
<td>
Column will be renamed to “calc”
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
GROUP BY
</td>
<td>
Groups the result set
</td>
<td>
SELECT MAX(weight) <br> FROM surveys <br> GROUP BY year
</td>
<td>
Query will display the max weight per year
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
HAVING
</td>
<td>
Used to filter grouped rows when using aggregate functions
</td>
<td>
SELECT MAX(weight) <br> FROM surveys <br> GROUP BY year HAVING
MAX(weight) > 100
</td>
<td>
Filter the results by the years that have a maximum weight greater than
100g
</td>
</tr><tr><td>
JOIN
</td>
<td>
Joins tables
</td>
<td>
SELECT * <br> FROM surveys <br> JOIN species <br> ON surveys.species_id
= species.species_id
</td>
<td>
Query will display all the columns from both tables where the condition
is met
</td>
</tr></tbody></table></div>
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