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glossary.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xml; charset=utf-8"/>
<title>Appendix: Glossary</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/book.css" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<h2>
Appendix: Glossary
</h2>
<dl>
<dt id="ascii">
ASCII
</dt>
<dd>
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The predominant computer encoding for the English alphabet.
</dd>
<dt id="bsd_license">
BSD License
</dt>
<dd>
A permissive open source license used for the <a class="term" href="#bsd_unix">BSD UNIX</a> operating systems
(among many, many other tools). May refer to either the <a class="external"
href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php">two-part</a> or <a class="external"
href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause">three-part</a> (deprecated) form.
</dd>
<dt id="bsd_unix">
BSD UNIX
</dt>
<dd>
A class of free implementations of the <a href="#unix" class="term">UNIX</a> operating system, originally
deriving from the Version 6 AT&T UNIX. This class consists primarily of <a class="external"
href="http://www.freebsd.org">FreeBSD</a>, <a class="external" href="http://www.netbsd.org">NetBSD</a>,
and <a class="external" href="http://www.openbsd.org">OpenBSD</a>. These operating systems are licensed either
under the <a class="term" href="#bsd_license">BSD license</a> or the <a class="term" href="#isc_license">ISC
license</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="c">
C
</dt>
<dd>
A programming language developed in 1969 by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs. This is the language of
choice for <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> development. A compiler for C first appeared in Version 6
AT&T UNIX, and one is stipulated now by <a class="term" href="#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008.
</dd>
<dt id="cat_pages">
Cat Pages
</dt>
<dd>
Manual pages pre-formatted and installed with an operating system. Historically, the <a class="cmd"
href="commands.xml#cmd_nroff">nroff</a> utility was quite slow: pre-formatted pages in a cache reduced
the wait time for <a class="cmd" href="commands.xml#cmd_man">man</a> to display a manual. This has since become
the convention for most <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> operating systems.
</dd>
<dt id="cddl">
CDDL
</dt>
<dd>
The <a href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/CDDL-1.0" class="external">Common Development and Distribution
License</a>, a free software license.
</dd>
<dt id="command_line">
Command Line
</dt>
<dd>
The text environment for operating <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> systems. Often replaced by graphical
windowing systems such as the <a class="external" href="http://www.xorg.org">X Window System</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="css">
CSS
</dt>
<dd>
Cascading style sheet, used primarily to style documents in <a class="term" href="#html">HTML</a> or <a
class="term" href="#xhtml">XHTML</a>. The language is a <a class="external"
href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/">standard</a> maintained by the <a class="external"
href="http://www.w3.org">World Wide Web Consortium</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="docbook">
DocBook
</dt>
<dd>
A documentation system maintained by <a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/" class="external">OASIS</a> and
developed at <a class="external" href="http://docbook.org">docbook.org</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="dos_prompt">
DOS Prompt
</dt>
<dd>
Text (command line) interface to the historical Disk Operating System, usually Microsoft's Disk Operating System
(MS-DOS).
</dd>
<dt id="english_spacing">
English Spacing
</dt>
<dd>
The practise of using two spaces between sentences as punctuated by <span class="screen">.</span>, <span
class="screen">!</span>, or <span class="screen">?</span>. This applies even in the event that a sentence
is quoted or parenthesised, where the spaces follow the final sentence enclosure.
</dd>
<dt id="gnu">
GNU
</dt>
<dd>
The <a class="external" href="http://www.gnu.org">GNU</a> project is a UNIX-like operating system licensed under
on the <a class="term" href="#gpl">General Public License</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="gpl">
GPL
</dt>
<dd>
The <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" class="external">General Public License</a>. This is the
license of choice for the <a class="term" href="#gnu">GNU</a> project.
</dd>
<dt id="isc_license">
ISC License
</dt>
<dd>
A permissive free software license issued by ISC, the <a class="external" href="http://www.isc.org">Internet
Systems Consortium</a>. This is the license of choice for the <a class="external"
href="http://www.openbsd.org">OpenBSD</a> free <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> implementation.
</dd>
<dt id="html">
HTML
</dt>
<dd>
Hypertext markup language. A structured mark-up language standardised by the <a class="external"
href="http://www.w3.org">W3C</a>. This is the predominant language for formatting world wide web
content.
</dd>
<dt id="libc">
libc
</dt>
<dd>
The C Standard Library. A set of functions (including <a class="term" href="#system_call">system calls</a>) in
the <a class="term" href="#c">C programming language</a>. Standardised by <a class="term"
href="#posix">POSIX</a>, among other standards bodies.
</dd>
<dt id="locale">
Locale
</dt>
<dd>
A set of parameters defining a locality-specific user interface, such as special characters (glyphs), numerical
representations, and so on.
</dd>
<dt id="man_pages">
Man Pages
</dt>
<dd>
Short form of <q>UNIX manual pages</q>. System documentation for <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> systems.
Usually viewed using the <a href="commands.xml#cmd_man" class="cmd">man</a> utility, which pages formatted
manual documents using to the screen. Man pages are formatted by a utility such as <a
href="commands.xml#cmd_nroff" class="cmd">nroff</a> or <a class="cmd"
href="commands.xml#cmd_mandoc">mandoc</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="netbsd">
NetBSD
</dt>
<dd>
A free <a href="#bsd_unix" class="term">BSD UNIX</a> operating system, <a class="external"
href="http://www.netbsd.org">NetBSD</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="openbsd">
OpenBSD
</dt>
<dd>
A free <a href="#bsd_unix" class="term">BSD UNIX</a> operating system, <a class="external"
href="http://www.openbsd.org">OpenBSD</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="pdf">
PDF
</dt>
<dd>
The <a class="external" href="http://www.adobe.com/pdf/">Portable Document Format</a> language used to format
documents, usually for printing.
</dd>
<dt id="posix">
POSIX
</dt>
<dd>
Portable Operating System Interface for Unix. Most recently released as <a class="external"
href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">POSIX.1-2008</a>, IEEE Std 1003.1-2008.
Informally called UNIX08. Standards document for all UNIX implementations.
</dd>
<dt id="ps">
PS
</dt>
<dd>
The <a class="external" href="http://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/">PostScript</a> language, usually used
as a page description language (e.g., printing).
</dd>
<dt id="roff">
Roff
</dt>
<dd>
A document language written for the original <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> implementation in 1970. This
language was used for text processing.
</dd>
<dt id="runoff">
RUNOFF
</dt>
<dd>
A simple text processing utility for the CTSS operating system, usually paired as <a class="external"
href="http://mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/CC-244.html">TYPSET and RUNOFF</a>, developed before 1965.
</dd>
<dt id="rtf">
RTF
</dt>
<dd>
Rich text format. Proprietary document file format used in some popular word processors.
</dd>
<dt id="system_call">
System Call
</dt>
<dd>
A machine instruction that triggers the operating system to perform a privileged operation on behalf of the
user. A typical example is to write a region of memory to a file. In the <a class="term" href="#libc">C
standard library</a>, these instructions are encoded as function calls such as <span
class="func">write</span>.
</dd>
<dt id="terminal">
Terminal
</dt>
<dd>
The <a class="term" href="#command_line">command line</a> environment on a computer. This can either refer to a
terminal utility run within a graphical environment or the computer screen itself in text mode.
</dd>
<dt id="unix">
UNIX
</dt>
<dd>
Computer system originally developed by AT&T Bell Labs in 1969.
Modern open-source derivations include <a class="external" href="http://www.gnu.org">GNU/Linux</a>, <a
class="external" href="http://www.freebsd.org">FreeBSD</a>, <a class="term" href="#netbsd">NetBSD</a>,
<a class="term" href="#openbsd">OpenBSD</a>, etc.
</dd>
<dt id="unix_programmers_manual">
UNIX Programmer's Manual
</dt>
<dd>
A historical manual for programming and operating the <a class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> operating system.
The <a class="external" href="http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/1stEdman.html">First Edition</a>, 1971, is
preserved for reading.
</dd>
<dt id="wwb">
WWB
</dt>
<dd>
The Writer's Workbench. This was a set of writing utilities first distributed in the Seventh Edition of the <a
class="term" href="#unix">UNIX</a> operating system.
</dd>
<dt id="xhtml">
XHTML
</dt>
<dd>
Extensible Hypertext markup language. XML-based form of the popular <a class="term" href="#html">HTML</a>
format. Standardised by the <a class="external" href="http://www.w3.org">W3C</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="nav">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="nav-contents"><a href="toc.xml">Contents</a></td>
<td class="nav-next"><a href="macros.xml">Next</a></td>
<td class="nav-home"><a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/index.html">Home</a></td>
<td class="nav-history"><a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/cgi-bin/cvsweb/glossary.xml?cvsroot=manpages">History</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="edits">
Last edited by $Author$ on $Date$. Copyright © 2011, Kristaps Dzonsons. CC BY-SA.
</p>
</body>
</html>