asr_to_llvm.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <functional>
#include <string_view>
#include <utility>

#include <llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h>
#include <llvm/Analysis/Passes.h>
#include <llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h>
#include <llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h>
#include <llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Argument.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Attributes.h>
#include <llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Constants.h>
#include <llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Function.h>
#include <llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Instructions.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h>
#include <llvm/IR/LegacyPassManager.h>
#include <llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Module.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Type.h>
#include <llvm/Support/Casting.h>
#include <llvm/Support/ManagedStatic.h>
#include <llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h>
#include <llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h>
#include <llvm/ADT/APFloat.h>
#include <llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Verifier.h>
#include <llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h>
#include <llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h>
#include <llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h>
#include <llvm/Transforms/Vectorize.h>
#include <llvm/ExecutionEngine/ObjectCache.h>
#include <llvm/Support/FileSystem.h>
#include <llvm/Support/Path.h>
#include <llvm/IR/DIBuilder.h>

#include <libasr/asr.h>
#include <libasr/containers.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_llvm.h>
#include <libasr/pass/pass_manager.h>
#include <libasr/exception.h>
#include <libasr/asr_utils.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/llvm_utils.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/llvm_array_utils.h>
#include <libasr/pass/intrinsic_function_registry.h>

namespace LCompilers {

using ASR::is_a;
using ASR::down_cast;
using ASR::down_cast2;

using ASRUtils::expr_type;
using ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external;
using ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR;
using ASRUtils::EXPR2FUN;
using ASRUtils::intent_local;
using ASRUtils::intent_return_var;
using ASRUtils::determine_module_dependencies;
using ASRUtils::is_arg_dummy;
using ASRUtils::is_argument_of_type_CPtr;

void string_init(llvm::LLVMContext &context, llvm::Module &module,
        llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder, llvm::Value* arg_size, llvm::Value* arg_string) {
    std::string func_name = "_lfortran_string_init";
    llvm::Function *fn = module.getFunction(func_name);
    if (!fn) {
        llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                    llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(context)
                }, true);
        fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name, module);
    }
    std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {arg_size, arg_string};
    builder.CreateCall(fn, args);
}

class ASRToLLVMVisitor : public ASR::BaseVisitor<ASRToLLVMVisitor>
{
private:
  //! To be used by visit_StructInstanceMember.
  std::string current_der_type_name;

    //! Helpful for debugging while testing LLVM code
    void print_util(llvm::Value* v, std::string fmt_chars, std::string endline) {
        // Usage:
        // print_util(tmp, "%d", "\n") // `tmp` is an integer type to match the format specifiers
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
        std::vector<std::string> fmt;
        args.push_back(v);
        fmt.push_back(fmt_chars);
        std::string fmt_str;
        for (size_t i=0; i<fmt.size(); i++) {
            fmt_str += fmt[i];
            if (i < fmt.size()-1) fmt_str += " ";
        }
        fmt_str += endline;
        llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(fmt_str);
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> printf_args;
        printf_args.push_back(fmt_ptr);
        printf_args.insert(printf_args.end(), args.begin(), args.end());
        printf(context, *module, *builder, printf_args);
    }

    //! Helpful for debugging while testing LLVM code
    void print_util(llvm::Value* v, std::string endline="\n") {
        // Usage:
        // print_util(tmp)
        std::string buf;
        llvm::raw_string_ostream os(buf);
        v->print(os);
        std::cout << os.str() << endline;
    }

    //! Helpful for debugging while testing LLVM code
    void print_util(llvm::Type* v, std::string endline="\n") {
        // Usage:
        // print_util(tmp->getType())
        std::string buf;
        llvm::raw_string_ostream os(buf);
        v->print(os);
        std::cout << os.str() << endline;
    }

public:
    diag::Diagnostics &diag;
    llvm::LLVMContext &context;
    std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> module;
    std::unique_ptr<llvm::IRBuilder<>> builder;
    std::string infile;
    Allocator &al;

    llvm::Value *tmp;
    llvm::BasicBlock *proc_return;
    std::string mangle_prefix;
    bool prototype_only;
    llvm::StructType *complex_type_4, *complex_type_8;
    llvm::StructType *complex_type_4_ptr, *complex_type_8_ptr;
    llvm::PointerType *character_type;
    llvm::PointerType *list_type;
    std::vector<std::string> struct_type_stack;

    std::unordered_map<std::uint32_t, std::unordered_map<std::string, llvm::Type*>> arr_arg_type_cache;

    std::map<std::string, std::pair<llvm::Type*, llvm::Type*>> fname2arg_type;

    // Maps for containing information regarding derived types
    std::map<std::string, llvm::StructType*> name2dertype, name2dercontext;
    std::map<std::string, std::string> dertype2parent;
    std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, int>> name2memidx;

    std::map<uint64_t, llvm::Value*> llvm_symtab; // llvm_symtab_value
    std::map<uint64_t, llvm::Function*> llvm_symtab_fn;
    std::map<std::string, uint64_t> llvm_symtab_fn_names;
    std::map<uint64_t, llvm::Value*> llvm_symtab_fn_arg;
    std::map<uint64_t, llvm::BasicBlock*> llvm_goto_targets;

    const ASR::Function_t *parent_function = nullptr;

    std::vector<llvm::BasicBlock*> loop_head; /* For saving the head of a loop,
        so that we can jump to the head of the loop when we reach a cycle */
    std::vector<std::string> loop_head_names;
    std::vector<llvm::BasicBlock*> loop_or_block_end; /* For saving the end of a block,
        so that we can jump to the end of the block when we reach an exit */
    std::vector<std::string> loop_or_block_end_names;

    int64_t ptr_loads;
    bool lookup_enum_value_for_nonints;
    bool is_assignment_target;

    CompilerOptions &compiler_options;

    // For handling debug information
    std::unique_ptr<llvm::DIBuilder> DBuilder;
    llvm::DICompileUnit *debug_CU;
    llvm::DIScope *debug_current_scope;
    std::map<uint64_t, llvm::DIScope*> llvm_symtab_fn_discope;
    llvm::DIFile *debug_Unit;

    std::map<ASR::symbol_t*, std::map<SymbolTable*, llvm::Value*>> type2vtab;
    std::map<ASR::symbol_t*, std::map<SymbolTable*, std::vector<llvm::Value*>>> class2vtab;
    std::map<ASR::symbol_t*, llvm::Type*> type2vtabtype;
    std::map<ASR::symbol_t*, int> type2vtabid;
    std::map<ASR::symbol_t*, std::map<std::string, int64_t>> vtabtype2procidx;
    llvm::Type* current_select_type_block_type;
    std::string current_select_type_block_der_type;

    SymbolTable* current_scope;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMUtils> llvm_utils;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMList> list_api;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMTuple> tuple_api;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMDictInterface> dict_api_lp;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMDictInterface> dict_api_sc;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMSetInterface> set_api_lp;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMSetInterface> set_api_sc;
    std::unique_ptr<LLVMArrUtils::Descriptor> arr_descr;
    std::vector<llvm::Value*> heap_arrays;
    std::map<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*> strings_to_be_allocated; // (array, size)
    Vec<llvm::Value*> strings_to_be_deallocated;

    ASRToLLVMVisitor(Allocator &al, llvm::LLVMContext &context, std::string infile,
        CompilerOptions &compiler_options_, diag::Diagnostics &diagnostics) :
    diag{diagnostics},
    context(context),
    builder(std::make_unique<llvm::IRBuilder<>>(context)),
    infile{infile},
    al{al},
    prototype_only(false),
    ptr_loads(2),
    lookup_enum_value_for_nonints(false),
    is_assignment_target(false),
    compiler_options(compiler_options_),
    current_select_type_block_type(nullptr),
    current_scope(nullptr),
    llvm_utils(std::make_unique<LLVMUtils>(context, builder.get(),
        current_der_type_name, name2dertype, name2dercontext, struct_type_stack,
        dertype2parent, name2memidx, compiler_options, arr_arg_type_cache,
        fname2arg_type)),
    list_api(std::make_unique<LLVMList>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    tuple_api(std::make_unique<LLVMTuple>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    dict_api_lp(std::make_unique<LLVMDictOptimizedLinearProbing>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    dict_api_sc(std::make_unique<LLVMDictSeparateChaining>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    set_api_lp(std::make_unique<LLVMSetLinearProbing>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    set_api_sc(std::make_unique<LLVMSetSeparateChaining>(context, llvm_utils.get(), builder.get())),
    arr_descr(LLVMArrUtils::Descriptor::get_descriptor(context,
              builder.get(), llvm_utils.get(),
              LLVMArrUtils::DESCR_TYPE::_SimpleCMODescriptor, compiler_options_, heap_arrays))
    {
        llvm_utils->tuple_api = tuple_api.get();
        llvm_utils->list_api = list_api.get();
        llvm_utils->dict_api = nullptr;
        llvm_utils->set_api = nullptr;
        llvm_utils->arr_api = arr_descr.get();
        llvm_utils->dict_api_lp = dict_api_lp.get();
        llvm_utils->dict_api_sc = dict_api_sc.get();
        llvm_utils->set_api_lp = set_api_lp.get();
        llvm_utils->set_api_sc = set_api_sc.get();
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
    }

    llvm::AllocaInst* CreateAlloca(llvm::Type* type,
        llvm::Value* size, const std::string& Name) {
        llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
        llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
        builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
        return builder0.CreateAlloca(type, size, Name);
    }

    llvm::Value* CreateLoad(llvm::Value *x) {
        return LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, x);
    }


    llvm::Value* CreateGEP(llvm::Value *x, std::vector<llvm::Value *> &idx) {
        return LLVM::CreateGEP(*builder, x, idx);
    }

    #define load_non_array_non_character_pointers(expr, type, llvm_value) if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*expr) && \
        !ASRUtils::is_array(type) && \
        LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*type) && \
        !ASRUtils::is_character(*type) ) { \
        llvm_value = CreateLoad(llvm_value); \
    } \

    // Inserts a new block `bb` using the current builder
    // and terminates the previous block if it is not already terminated
    void start_new_block(llvm::BasicBlock *bb) {
        llvm::BasicBlock *last_bb = builder->GetInsertBlock();
        llvm::Function *fn = last_bb->getParent();
        llvm::Instruction *block_terminator = last_bb->getTerminator();
        if (block_terminator == nullptr) {
            // The previous block is not terminated --- terminate it by jumping
            // to our new block
            builder->CreateBr(bb);
        }
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 16
        fn->insert(fn->end(), bb);
#else
        fn->getBasicBlockList().push_back(bb);
#endif
        builder->SetInsertPoint(bb);
    }

    template <typename Cond, typename Body>
    void create_loop(char *name, Cond condition, Body loop_body) {

        std::string loop_name;
        if (name) {
            loop_name = std::string(name);
        } else {
            loop_name = "loop";
        }

        std::string loophead_name = loop_name + ".head";
        std::string loopbody_name = loop_name + ".body";
        std::string loopend_name = loop_name + ".end";

        llvm::BasicBlock *loophead = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, loophead_name);
        llvm::BasicBlock *loopbody = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, loopbody_name);
        llvm::BasicBlock *loopend = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, loopend_name);

        loop_head.push_back(loophead);
        loop_head_names.push_back(loophead_name);
        loop_or_block_end.push_back(loopend);
        loop_or_block_end_names.push_back(loopend_name);

        // head
        start_new_block(loophead); {
            llvm::Value* cond = condition();
            builder->CreateCondBr(cond, loopbody, loopend);
        }

        // body
        start_new_block(loopbody); {
            loop_body();
            builder->CreateBr(loophead);
        }

        // end
        loop_head.pop_back();
        loop_head_names.pop_back();
        loop_or_block_end.pop_back();
        loop_or_block_end_names.pop_back();
        start_new_block(loopend);
    }

    void get_type_debug_info(ASR::ttype_t* t, std::string &type_name,
            uint32_t &type_size, uint32_t &type_encoding) {
        type_size = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(t)*8;
        switch( t->type ) {
            case ASR::ttypeType::Integer: {
                type_name = "integer";
                type_encoding = llvm::dwarf::DW_ATE_signed;
                break;
            }
            case ASR::ttypeType::Logical: {
                type_name = "boolean";
                type_encoding = llvm::dwarf::DW_ATE_boolean;
                break;
            }
            case ASR::ttypeType::Real: {
                if( type_size == 32 ) {
                    type_name = "float";
                } else if( type_size == 64 ) {
                    type_name = "double";
                }
                type_encoding = llvm::dwarf::DW_ATE_float;
                break;
            }
            default : throw LCompilersException("Debug information for the type: `"
                + ASRUtils::type_to_str_python(t) + "` is not yet implemented");
        }
    }

    void debug_get_line_column(const uint32_t &loc_first,
            uint32_t &line, uint32_t &column) {
        LocationManager lm;
        LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        lm.pos_to_linecol(lm.output_to_input_pos(loc_first, false),
            line, column, fl.in_filename);
    }

    template <typename T>
    void debug_emit_loc(const T &x) {
        Location loc = x.base.base.loc;
        uint32_t line, column;
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column) {
            debug_get_line_column(loc.first, line, column);
        } else {
            line = loc.first;
            column = 0;
        }
        builder->SetCurrentDebugLocation(
            llvm::DILocation::get(debug_current_scope->getContext(),
                line, column, debug_current_scope));
    }

    template <typename T>
    void debug_emit_function(const T &x, llvm::DISubprogram *&SP) {
        debug_Unit = DBuilder->createFile(
            debug_CU->getFilename(),
            debug_CU->getDirectory());
        llvm::DIScope *FContext = debug_Unit;
        uint32_t line, column;
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column) {
            debug_get_line_column(x.base.base.loc.first, line, column);
        } else {
            line = 0;
        }
        std::string fn_debug_name = x.m_name;
        llvm::DIBasicType *return_type_info = nullptr;
        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, ASR::Function_t>){
            if(x.m_return_var != nullptr) {
                std::string type_name; uint32_t type_size, type_encoding;
                get_type_debug_info(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_return_var),
                    type_name, type_size, type_encoding);
                return_type_info = DBuilder->createBasicType(type_name,
                    type_size, type_encoding);
            }
        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, ASR::Program_t>) {
            return_type_info = DBuilder->createBasicType("integer", 32,
                llvm::dwarf::DW_ATE_signed);
        }
        llvm::DISubroutineType *return_type = DBuilder->createSubroutineType(
            DBuilder->getOrCreateTypeArray(return_type_info));
        SP = DBuilder->createFunction(
            FContext, fn_debug_name, llvm::StringRef(), debug_Unit,
            line, return_type, 0, // TODO: ScopeLine
            llvm::DINode::FlagPrototyped,
            llvm::DISubprogram::SPFlagDefinition);
        debug_current_scope = SP;
    }

    inline bool verify_dimensions_t(ASR::dimension_t* m_dims, int n_dims) {
        if( n_dims <= 0 ) {
            return false;
        }
        bool is_ok = true;
        for( int r = 0; r < n_dims; r++ ) {
            if( m_dims[r].m_length == nullptr ) {
                is_ok = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        return is_ok;
    }

    void fill_array_details(llvm::Value* arr, llvm::Type* llvm_data_type,
                            ASR::dimension_t* m_dims, int n_dims, bool is_data_only=false,
                            bool reserve_data_memory=true) {
        std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*>> llvm_dims;
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2;
        for( int r = 0; r < n_dims; r++ ) {
            ASR::dimension_t m_dim = m_dims[r];
            visit_expr(*(m_dim.m_start));
            llvm::Value* start = tmp;
            visit_expr(*(m_dim.m_length));
            llvm::Value* end = tmp;
            llvm_dims.push_back(std::make_pair(start, end));
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( is_data_only ) {
            if( !ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(m_dims, n_dims) ) {
                llvm::Value* const_1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                llvm::Value* prod = const_1;
                for( int r = 0; r < n_dims; r++ ) {
                    llvm::Value* dim_size = llvm_dims[r].second;
                    prod = builder->CreateMul(prod, dim_size);
                }
                llvm::Value* arr_first = nullptr;
                if( !compiler_options.stack_arrays ) {
                    llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                    uint64_t size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                    prod = builder->CreateMul(prod,
                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size)));
                    llvm::Value* arr_first_i8 = LLVMArrUtils::lfortran_malloc(
                        context, *module, *builder, prod);
                    heap_arrays.push_back(arr_first_i8);
                    arr_first = builder->CreateBitCast(
                        arr_first_i8, llvm_data_type->getPointerTo());
                } else {
                    arr_first = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_data_type, prod);
                    builder->CreateStore(arr_first, arr);
                }
            }
        } else {
            arr_descr->fill_array_details(arr, llvm_data_type, n_dims,
                llvm_dims, module.get(), reserve_data_memory);
        }
    }

    /*
        This function fills the descriptor
        (pointer to the first element, offset and descriptor of each dimension)
        of the array which are allocated memory in heap.
    */
    inline void fill_malloc_array_details(llvm::Value* arr, llvm::Type* llvm_data_type,
                                          ASR::dimension_t* m_dims, int n_dims,
                                          bool realloc=false) {
        std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*>> llvm_dims;
        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2;
        for( int r = 0; r < n_dims; r++ ) {
            ASR::dimension_t m_dim = m_dims[r];
            visit_expr_wrapper(m_dim.m_start, true);
            llvm::Value* start = tmp;
            visit_expr_wrapper(m_dim.m_length, true);
            llvm::Value* end = tmp;
            llvm_dims.push_back(std::make_pair(start, end));
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        arr_descr->fill_malloc_array_details(arr, llvm_data_type,
            n_dims, llvm_dims, module.get(), realloc);
    }

    /*
    * Dispatches the required function from runtime library to
    * perform the specified binary operation.
    *
    * @param left_arg llvm::Value* The left argument of the binary operator.
    * @param right_arg llvm::Value* The right argument of the binary operator.
    * @param runtime_func_name std::string The name of the function to be dispatched
    *                                      from runtime library.
    * @returns llvm::Value* The result of the operation.
    *
    * Note
    * ====
    *
    * Internally the call to this function gets transformed into a runtime call:
    * void _lfortran_complex_add(complex* a, complex* b, complex *result)
    *
    * As of now the following values for func_name are supported,
    *
    * _lfortran_complex_add
    * _lfortran_complex_sub
    * _lfortran_complex_div
    * _lfortran_complex_mul
    */
    llvm::Value* lfortran_complex_bin_op(llvm::Value* left_arg, llvm::Value* right_arg,
                                         std::string runtime_func_name,
                                         llvm::Type* complex_type=nullptr)
    {
        if( complex_type == nullptr ) {
            complex_type = complex_type_4;
        }
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        complex_type->getPointerTo(),
                        complex_type->getPointerTo(),
                        complex_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, true);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }

        llvm::AllocaInst *pleft_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type,
            nullptr);

        builder->CreateStore(left_arg, pleft_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *pright_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(right_arg, pright_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *presult = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type,
            nullptr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {pleft_arg, pright_arg, presult};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        return CreateLoad(presult);
    }


    llvm::Value* lfortran_strop(llvm::Value* left_arg, llvm::Value* right_arg,
                                         std::string runtime_func_name)
    {
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo(),
                        character_type->getPointerTo(),
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pleft_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(left_arg, pleft_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *pright_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(right_arg, pright_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *presult = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {pleft_arg, pright_arg, presult};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, CreateLoad(presult));
        return CreateLoad(presult);
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_cmp(llvm::Value* left_arg, llvm::Value* right_arg,
                                         std::string runtime_func_name)
    {
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if(!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo(),
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pleft_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(left_arg, pleft_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *pright_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(right_arg, pright_arg);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {pleft_arg, pright_arg};
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_strrepeat(llvm::Value* left_arg, llvm::Value* right_arg)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_strrepeat";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo(),
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pleft_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(left_arg, pleft_arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *presult = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type,
            nullptr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {pleft_arg, right_arg, presult};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        return CreateLoad(presult);
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_len(llvm::Value* str, bool use_descriptor=false)
    {
        if (use_descriptor) {
            str = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(str));
        }
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_len";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_to_int(llvm::Value* str)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_to_int";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_ord(llvm::Value* str)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_ord";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_chr(llvm::Value* str)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_chr";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    character_type, {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_item(llvm::Value* str, llvm::Value* idx1)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_item";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    character_type, {
                        character_type, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str, idx1});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_copy(llvm::Value* str, llvm::Value* idx1, llvm::Value* idx2)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_copy";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    character_type, {
                        character_type, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str, idx1, idx2});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_slice(llvm::Value* str, llvm::Value* idx1, llvm::Value* idx2,
                    llvm::Value* step, llvm::Value* left_present, llvm::Value* right_present)
    {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_slice";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    character_type, {
                        character_type, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {str, idx1, idx2, step, left_present, right_present});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_str_copy(llvm::Value* dest, llvm::Value *src, bool is_allocatable=false) {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_strcpy";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                     llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo(), character_type,
                        llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        llvm::Value* free_string = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
            llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, is_allocatable));
        return builder->CreateCall(fn, {dest, src, free_string});
    }

    llvm::Value* lfortran_type_to_str(llvm::Value* arg, llvm::Type* value_type, std::string type, int value_kind) {
        std::string func_name = "_lfortran_" + type + "_to_str" + std::to_string(value_kind);
         llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(func_name);
         if(!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                 character_type, {
                     value_type
                 }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                     llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name, *module);
         }
         llvm::Value* res = builder->CreateCall(fn, {arg});
         return res;
    }

    // This function is called as:
    // float complex_re(complex a)
    // And it extracts the real part of the complex number
    llvm::Value *complex_re(llvm::Value *c, llvm::Type* complex_type=nullptr) {
        if( complex_type == nullptr ) {
            complex_type = complex_type_4;
        }
        if( c->getType()->isPointerTy() ) {
            c = CreateLoad(c);
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pc = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(c, pc);
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> idx = {
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0))};
        llvm::Value *pim = CreateGEP(pc, idx);
        return CreateLoad(pim);
    }

    llvm::Value *complex_im(llvm::Value *c, llvm::Type* complex_type=nullptr) {
        if( complex_type == nullptr ) {
            complex_type = complex_type_4;
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pc = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(c, pc);
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> idx = {
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1))};
        llvm::Value *pim = CreateGEP(pc, idx);
        return CreateLoad(pim);
    }

    llvm::Value *complex_from_floats(llvm::Value *re, llvm::Value *im,
                                     llvm::Type* complex_type=nullptr) {
        if( complex_type == nullptr ) {
            complex_type = complex_type_4;
        }
        llvm::AllocaInst *pres = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type, nullptr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> idx1 = {
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0))};
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> idx2 = {
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1))};
        llvm::Value *pre = CreateGEP(pres, idx1);
        llvm::Value *pim = CreateGEP(pres, idx2);
        builder->CreateStore(re, pre);
        builder->CreateStore(im, pim);
        return CreateLoad(pres);
    }

    llvm::Value *nested_struct_rd(std::vector<llvm::Value*> vals,
            llvm::StructType* rd) {
        llvm::AllocaInst *pres = builder->CreateAlloca(rd, nullptr);
        llvm::Value *pim = CreateGEP(pres, vals);
        return CreateLoad(pim);
    }

    /**
     * @brief This function generates the
     * @detail This is converted to
     *
     *     float lfortran_KEY(float *x)
     *
     *   Where KEY can be any of the supported intrinsics; this is then
     *   transformed into a runtime call:
     *
     *     void _lfortran_KEY(float x, float *result)
     */
    llvm::Value* lfortran_intrinsic(llvm::Function *fn, llvm::Value* pa, int a_kind)
    {
        llvm::Type *presult_type = llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind);
        llvm::AllocaInst *presult = builder->CreateAlloca(presult_type, nullptr);
        llvm::Value *a = CreateLoad(pa);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {a, presult};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        return CreateLoad(presult);
    }

    void visit_TranslationUnit(const ASR::TranslationUnit_t &x) {
        module = std::make_unique<llvm::Module>("LFortran", context);
        module->setDataLayout("");
        llvm_utils->set_module(module.get());

        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
            DBuilder = std::make_unique<llvm::DIBuilder>(*module);
            debug_CU = DBuilder->createCompileUnit(
                llvm::dwarf::DW_LANG_C, DBuilder->createFile(infile, "."),
                "LPython Compiler", false, "", 0);
        }

        // All loose statements must be converted to a function, so the items
        // must be empty:
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_items == 0);

        // Define LLVM types that we might need
        // Complex type is represented as an identified struct in LLVM
        // %complex = type { float, float }
        complex_type_4 = llvm_utils->complex_type_4;
        complex_type_8 = llvm_utils->complex_type_8;
        complex_type_4_ptr = llvm_utils->complex_type_4_ptr;
        complex_type_8_ptr = llvm_utils->complex_type_8_ptr;
        character_type = llvm_utils->character_type;
        list_type = llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(context);

        llvm::Type* bound_arg = static_cast<llvm::Type*>(arr_descr->get_dimension_descriptor_type(true));
        fname2arg_type["lbound"] = std::make_pair(bound_arg, bound_arg->getPointerTo());
        fname2arg_type["ubound"] = std::make_pair(bound_arg, bound_arg->getPointerTo());

        // Process Variables first:
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*item.second) ||
                is_a<ASR::EnumType_t>(*item.second)) {
                visit_symbol(*item.second);
            }
        }

        prototype_only = false;
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Module_t>(*item.second) &&
                item.first.find("lfortran_intrinsic_optimization") != std::string::npos) {
                ASR::Module_t* mod = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Module_t>(item.second);
                for( auto &moditem: mod->m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                    ASR::symbol_t* sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(moditem.second);
                    if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*sym)) {
                        visit_Function(*ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(sym));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        prototype_only = true;
        // Generate function prototypes
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second)) {
                visit_Function(*ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(item.second));
            }
        }
        prototype_only = false;

        // TODO: handle dependencies across modules and main program

        // Then do all the modules in the right order
        std::vector<std::string> build_order
            = determine_module_dependencies(x);
        for (auto &item : build_order) {
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_symtab->get_symbol(item)
                != nullptr);
            ASR::symbol_t *mod = x.m_symtab->get_symbol(item);
            visit_symbol(*mod);
        }

        // Then do all the procedures
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second) ) {
                visit_symbol(*item.second);
            }
        }

        // Then the main program
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Program_t>(*item.second)) {
                visit_symbol(*item.second);
            }
        }
    }

    template <typename T>
    void visit_AllocateUtil(const T& x, ASR::expr_t* m_stat, bool realloc) {
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_args; i++ ) {
            ASR::alloc_arg_t curr_arg = x.m_args[i];
            ASR::expr_t* tmp_expr = x.m_args[i].m_a;
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(tmp_expr, false);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Value* x_arr = tmp;
            ASR::ttype_t* curr_arg_m_a_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                ASRUtils::expr_type(tmp_expr)));
            size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(curr_arg_m_a_type);
            curr_arg_m_a_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(curr_arg_m_a_type);
            if( n_dims == 0 ) {
                llvm::Function *fn = _Allocate(realloc);
                if (ASRUtils::is_character(*curr_arg_m_a_type)) {
                    // TODO: Add ASR reference to capture the length of the string
                    // during initialization.
                    int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                    ptr_loads = 2;
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(curr_arg.m_len_expr != nullptr);
                    visit_expr(*curr_arg.m_len_expr);
                    ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                    llvm::Value* m_len = tmp;
                    llvm::Value* const_one = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                    llvm::Value* alloc_size = builder->CreateAdd(m_len, const_one);
                    std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {x_arr, alloc_size};
                    builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
                    builder->CreateMemSet(LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, x_arr),
                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, 0)),
                        alloc_size, llvm::MaybeAlign());
                } else if(ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*curr_arg_m_a_type) ||
                          ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*curr_arg_m_a_type) ||
                          ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*curr_arg_m_a_type)) {
                    llvm::Value* malloc_size = SizeOfTypeUtil(curr_arg_m_a_type, llvm_utils->getIntType(4),
                    ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Integer_t(al, x.base.base.loc, 4)));
                    llvm::Value* malloc_ptr = LLVMArrUtils::lfortran_malloc(
                        context, *module, *builder, malloc_size);
                    llvm::Type* llvm_arg_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(curr_arg_m_a_type, module.get());
                    builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(
                        malloc_ptr, llvm_arg_type->getPointerTo()), x_arr);
                } else {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                }
            } else {
                ASR::ttype_t* asr_data_type = ASRUtils::duplicate_type_without_dims(al,
                    curr_arg_m_a_type, curr_arg_m_a_type->base.loc);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(asr_data_type, module.get());
                fill_malloc_array_details(x_arr, llvm_data_type, curr_arg.m_dims, curr_arg.n_dims, realloc);
                if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*ASRUtils::extract_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(tmp_expr)))) {
                    allocate_array_members_of_struct_arrays(LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, x_arr),
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(tmp_expr));
                }
            }
        }
        if (m_stat) {
            ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(m_stat);
            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)asr_target);
            if (llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end()) {
                llvm::Value *target, *value;
                target = llvm_symtab[h];
                // Store 0 (success) in the stat variable
                value = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0));
                builder->CreateStore(value, target);
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("Stat variable in allocate not found in LLVM symtab");
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_Allocate(const ASR::Allocate_t& x) {
        visit_AllocateUtil(x, x.m_stat, false);
    }

    void visit_ReAlloc(const ASR::ReAlloc_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_args == 1);
        handle_allocated(x.m_args[0].m_a);
        llvm::Value* is_allocated = tmp;
        llvm::Value* size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.m_args[0].n_dims; i++ ) {
            ptr_loads = 2 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*
                ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_args[0].m_dims[i].m_length));
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_dims[i].m_length, true);
            size = builder->CreateMul(size, tmp);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        visit_ArraySizeUtil(x.m_args[0].m_a,
            ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Integer_t(al, x.base.base.loc, 4)));
        llvm::Value* arg_array_size = tmp;
        llvm::Value* realloc_condition = builder->CreateOr(
            builder->CreateNot(is_allocated), builder->CreateAnd(
                is_allocated, builder->CreateICmpNE(size, arg_array_size)));
        llvm_utils->create_if_else(realloc_condition, [=]() {
            visit_AllocateUtil(x, nullptr, true);
        }, [](){});
    }

    void visit_Nullify(const ASR::Nullify_t& x) {
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_vars; i++ ) {
            std::uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x.m_vars[i]);
            llvm::Value *target = llvm_symtab[h];
            llvm::Type* tp = target->getType()->getContainedType(0);
            llvm::Value* np = builder->CreateIntToPtr(
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)), tp);
            builder->CreateStore(np, target);
        }
    }

    inline void call_lfortran_free(llvm::Function* fn, llvm::Type* llvm_data_type) {
        llvm::Value* arr = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
        llvm::AllocaInst *arg_arr = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(arr, character_type), arg_arr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {CreateLoad(arg_arr)};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        arr_descr->reset_is_allocated_flag(tmp, llvm_data_type);
    }

    llvm::Function* _Deallocate() {
        std::string func_name = "_lfortran_free";
        llvm::Function *free_fn = module->getFunction(func_name);
        if (!free_fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type
                    }, true);
            free_fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name, *module);
        }
        return free_fn;
    }

    inline void call_lcompilers_free_strings() {
        // if (strings_to_be_deallocated.n > 0) {
        //     llvm::Function* free_fn = _Deallocate();
        //     for( auto &value: strings_to_be_deallocated ) {
        //         builder->CreateCall(free_fn, {value});
        //     }
        //     strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
        // }
    }

    llvm::Function* _Allocate(bool realloc_lhs) {
        std::string func_name = "_lfortran_alloc";
        if( realloc_lhs ) {
            func_name = "_lfortran_realloc";
        }
        llvm::Function *alloc_fun = module->getFunction(func_name);
        if (!alloc_fun) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type->getPointerTo(),
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, true);
            alloc_fun = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name, *module);
        }
        return alloc_fun;
    }

    template <typename T>
    void visit_Deallocate(const T& x) {
        llvm::Function* free_fn = _Deallocate();
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_vars; i++ ) {
            const ASR::expr_t* tmp_expr = x.m_vars[i];
            ASR::symbol_t* curr_obj = nullptr;
            ASR::abiType abt = ASR::abiType::Source;
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*tmp_expr) ) {
                const ASR::Var_t* tmp_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(tmp_expr);
                curr_obj = tmp_var->m_v;
                ASR::Variable_t *v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(
                                    symbol_get_past_external(curr_obj));
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 1 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*v->m_type);
                fetch_var(v);
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                abt = v->m_abi;
            } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*tmp_expr)) {
                ASR::StructInstanceMember_t* sm = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(tmp_expr);
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(sm->m_v);
                ASR::ttype_t* caller_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(sm->m_v));
                llvm::Value* dt = tmp;
                ASR::symbol_t *struct_sym = nullptr;
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*caller_type)) {
                    struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                        ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(caller_type)->m_derived_type);
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*caller_type)) {
                    struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                        ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(caller_type)->m_class_type);
                    dt = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvm_utils->create_gep(dt, 1));
                } else {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                }

                int dt_idx = name2memidx[ASRUtils::symbol_name(struct_sym)]
                    [ASRUtils::symbol_name(ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(sm->m_m))];
                llvm::Value* dt_1 = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt, dt_idx);
                tmp = dt_1;
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("Cannot deallocate variables in expression " +
                                    std::to_string(tmp_expr->type),
                                    tmp_expr->base.loc);
            }
            ASR::ttype_t *cur_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(tmp_expr);
            int dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(cur_type);
            if (dims == 0) {
                if (ASRUtils::is_character(*cur_type)) {
                    llvm::Value* tmp_ = tmp;
                    if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*cur_type) ) {
                        tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                    }
                    llvm::Value *cond = builder->CreateICmpNE(
                        builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context)),
                        builder->CreatePtrToInt(llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(character_type),
                            llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context)) );
                    llvm_utils->create_if_else(cond, [=]() {
                        builder->CreateCall(free_fn, {tmp});
                        builder->CreateStore(
                            llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(character_type), tmp_);
                    }, [](){});
                    continue;
                } else {
                    llvm::Value* tmp_ = tmp;
                    if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*cur_type) ) {
                        tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                    }
                    llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                                ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(cur_type))),
                        module.get(), abt);
                    llvm::Value *cond = builder->CreateICmpNE(
                        builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context)),
                        builder->CreatePtrToInt(
                            llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(llvm_data_type->getPointerTo()),
                            llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context)) );
                    llvm_utils->create_if_else(cond, [=]() {
                        llvm::AllocaInst *arg_tmp = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
                        builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, character_type), arg_tmp);
                        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {CreateLoad(arg_tmp)};
                        builder->CreateCall(free_fn, args);
                        builder->CreateStore(
                            llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(llvm_data_type->getPointerTo()), tmp_);
                    }, [](){});
                }
            } else {
                if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*cur_type) ) {
                    tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                }
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(cur_type))),
                    module.get(), abt);
                llvm::Value *cond = arr_descr->get_is_allocated_flag(tmp, llvm_data_type);
                llvm_utils->create_if_else(cond, [=]() {
                    call_lfortran_free(free_fn, llvm_data_type);
                }, [](){});
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_ImplicitDeallocate(const ASR::ImplicitDeallocate_t& x) {
        visit_Deallocate(x);
    }

    void visit_ExplicitDeallocate(const ASR::ExplicitDeallocate_t& x) {
        visit_Deallocate(x);
    }

    void visit_ListConstant(const ASR::ListConstant_t& x) {
        ASR::List_t* list_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(x.m_type);
        bool is_array_type_local = false, is_malloc_array_type_local = false;
        bool is_list_local = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims_local = nullptr;
        int n_dims_local = -1, a_kind_local = -1;
        llvm::Type* llvm_el_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(list_type->m_type,
                                    nullptr, ASR::storage_typeType::Default, is_array_type_local,
                                    is_malloc_array_type_local, is_list_local, m_dims_local,
                                    n_dims_local, a_kind_local, module.get());
        std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(list_type->m_type);
        int32_t type_size = -1;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*list_type->m_type) ||
            LLVM::is_llvm_struct(list_type->m_type) ||
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*list_type->m_type) ) {
            llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
            type_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_el_type);
        } else {
            type_size = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(list_type->m_type);
        }
        llvm::Type* const_list_type = list_api->get_list_type(llvm_el_type, type_code, type_size);
        llvm::Value* const_list = builder->CreateAlloca(const_list_type, nullptr, "const_list");
        list_api->list_init(type_code, const_list, *module, x.n_args, x.n_args);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_args; i++ ) {
            if (is_argument_of_type_CPtr(x.m_args[i])) {
                ptr_loads = 0;
             } else {
                ptr_loads = 1;
             }
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_args[i]);
            llvm::Value* item = tmp;
            llvm::Value* pos = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, i));
            list_api->write_item(const_list, pos, item, list_type->m_type,
                                 false, module.get(), name2memidx);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = const_list;
    }

    void visit_DictConstant(const ASR::DictConstant_t& x) {
        llvm::Type* const_dict_type = llvm_utils->get_dict_type(x.m_type, module.get());
        llvm::Value* const_dict = builder->CreateAlloca(const_dict_type, nullptr, "const_dict");
        ASR::Dict_t* x_dict = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(x.m_type);
        llvm_utils->set_dict_api(x_dict);
        std::string key_type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(x_dict->m_key_type);
        std::string value_type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(x_dict->m_value_type);
        llvm_utils->dict_api->dict_init(key_type_code, value_type_code, const_dict, module.get(), x.n_keys);
        int64_t ptr_loads_key = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(x_dict->m_key_type);
        int64_t ptr_loads_value = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(x_dict->m_value_type);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_keys; i++ ) {
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_key;
            visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_keys[i], true);
            llvm::Value* key = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_value;
            visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_values[i], true);
            llvm::Value* value = tmp;
            llvm_utils->dict_api->write_item(const_dict, key, value, module.get(),
                                 x_dict->m_key_type, x_dict->m_value_type, name2memidx);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = const_dict;
    }

    void visit_SetConstant(const ASR::SetConstant_t& x) {
        llvm::Type* const_set_type = llvm_utils->get_set_type(x.m_type, module.get());
        llvm::Value* const_set = builder->CreateAlloca(const_set_type, nullptr, "const_set");
        ASR::Set_t* x_set = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Set_t>(x.m_type);
        llvm_utils->set_set_api(x_set);
        std::string el_type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(x_set->m_type);
        llvm_utils->set_api->set_init(el_type_code, const_set, module.get(), x.n_elements);
        int64_t ptr_loads_el = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(x_set->m_type);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_el;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_elements; i++ ) {
            visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_elements[i], true);
            llvm::Value* element = tmp;
            llvm_utils->set_api->write_item(const_set, element, module.get(),
                                            x_set->m_type, name2memidx);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = const_set;
    }

    void visit_TupleConstant(const ASR::TupleConstant_t& x) {
        ASR::Tuple_t* tuple_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Tuple_t>(x.m_type);
        std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(tuple_type->m_type,
                                                        tuple_type->n_type);
        std::vector<llvm::Type*> llvm_el_types;
        ASR::storage_typeType m_storage = ASR::storage_typeType::Default;
        bool is_array_type = false, is_malloc_array_type = false;
        bool is_list = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
        int n_dims = 0, a_kind = -1;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < tuple_type->n_type; i++ ) {
            llvm_el_types.push_back(llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(tuple_type->m_type[i],
                nullptr, m_storage, is_array_type, is_malloc_array_type,
                is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get()));
        }
        llvm::Type* const_tuple_type = tuple_api->get_tuple_type(type_code, llvm_el_types);
        llvm::Value* const_tuple = builder->CreateAlloca(const_tuple_type, nullptr, "const_tuple");
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> init_values;
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_elements; i++ ) {
            if(!LLVM::is_llvm_struct(tuple_type->m_type[i])) {
                ptr_loads = 2;
            }
            else {
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            }
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_elements[i]);
            init_values.push_back(tmp);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tuple_api->tuple_init(const_tuple, init_values, tuple_type,
                              module.get(), name2memidx);
        tmp = const_tuple;
    }

    void visit_IntegerBitLen(const ASR::IntegerBitLen_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value *int_val = tmp;
        int int_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lpython_bit_length" + std::to_string(int_kind);
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                        llvm_utils->getIntType(int_kind)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {int_val});
    }

    void visit_Ichar(const ASR::Ichar_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *c = tmp;
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_ichar";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                    llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(context)
                }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {c});
    }

    void visit_Iachar(const ASR::Iachar_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *c = tmp;
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_iachar";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                    llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(context)
                }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {c});
        if( ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type) == 8 ) {
            tmp = builder->CreateSExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(8));
        }
    }

    void visit_ArrayAll(const ASR::ArrayAll_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        ASR::ttype_t *type_ = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_mask);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*type_);
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_mask);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *mask = tmp;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASRUtils::is_logical(*type_));
        int32_t n = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(type_);
        llvm::Value *size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, n));
        switch( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(type_) ) {
             case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                 mask = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(mask));
                 break;
             }
             case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                 mask = llvm_utils->create_gep(mask, 0);
                 break;
             }
             case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray: {
                 // do nothing
                 break;
             }
             default: {
                 throw CodeGenError("Array physical type not supported",
                                    x.base.base.loc);
             }
        }
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_all";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), {
                    llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context)->getPointerTo(),
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {mask, size});
    }

    void visit_RealSqrt(const ASR::RealSqrt_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        if (tmp->getType()->isPointerTy()) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
        llvm::Value *c = tmp;
        int64_t kind_value = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        std::string func_name;
        if (kind_value ==4) {
            func_name = "llvm.sqrt.f32";
        } else {
            func_name = "llvm.sqrt.f64";
        }
        llvm::Type *type = llvm_utils->getFPType(kind_value);
        llvm::Function *fn_sqrt = module->getFunction(func_name);
        if (!fn_sqrt) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    type, {type}, false);
            fn_sqrt = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name,
                    module.get());
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn_sqrt, {c});
    }

    void visit_ListAppend(const ASR::ListAppend_t& x) {
        ASR::List_t* asr_list = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_list->m_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_ele, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        list_api->append(plist, item, asr_list->m_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
    }

    void visit_UnionInstanceMember(const ASR::UnionInstanceMember_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_v);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* union_llvm = tmp;
        ASR::Variable_t* member_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(
            ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_m));
        ASR::ttype_t* member_type_asr = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(member_var->m_type);
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*member_type_asr) ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* d = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(member_type_asr);
            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(d->m_derived_type);
        }
        member_type_asr = member_var->m_type;
        llvm::Type* member_type_llvm = llvm_utils->getMemberType(member_type_asr, member_var, module.get())->getPointerTo();
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(union_llvm, member_type_llvm);
        if( is_assignment_target ) {
            return ;
        }
        if( ptr_loads > 0 ) {
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
        }
    }

    void visit_ListItem(const ASR::ListItem_t& x) {
        ASR::ttype_t* el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(
                                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 1;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_pos, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *pos = tmp;

        tmp = list_api->read_item(plist, pos, compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking, *module,
                (LLVM::is_llvm_struct(el_type) || ptr_loads == 0));
    }

    void visit_DictItem(const ASR::DictItem_t& x) {
        ASR::Dict_t* dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_key_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_key, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *key = tmp;
        if (x.m_default) {
            llvm::Type *val_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(dict_type->m_value_type, module.get());
            llvm::Value *def_value_ptr = builder->CreateAlloca(val_type, nullptr);
            ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_value_type);
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_default, true);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            builder->CreateStore(tmp, def_value_ptr);
            llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
            tmp = llvm_utils->dict_api->get_item(pdict, key, *module, dict_type, def_value_ptr,
                                  LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_value_type));
        } else {
            llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
            tmp = llvm_utils->dict_api->read_item(pdict, key, *module, dict_type,
                                    compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking,
                                    LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_value_type));
        }
    }

    void visit_DictPop(const ASR::DictPop_t& x) {
        ASR::Dict_t* dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_key_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_key, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *key = tmp;

        llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
        tmp = llvm_utils->dict_api->pop_item(pdict, key, *module, dict_type,
                                 LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_value_type));
    }

    void visit_ListLen(const ASR::ListLen_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
        } else {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Value* plist = tmp;
            tmp = list_api->len(plist);
        }
    }

    void visit_ListCompare(const ASR::ListCompare_t x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_left);
        llvm::Value* left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_right);
        llvm::Value* right = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        ASR::ttype_t* int32_type = ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Integer_t(al, x.base.base.loc, 4));

        if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Eq || x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_equal_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left));
            if (x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) {
                tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
            }
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Lt) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 0, int32_type);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::LtE) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 1, int32_type);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Gt) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 2, int32_type);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::GtE) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 3, int32_type);
        }
    }

    void visit_DictLen(const ASR::DictLen_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            return ;
        }

        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;
        ASR::Dict_t* x_dict = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        llvm_utils->set_dict_api(x_dict);
        tmp = llvm_utils->dict_api->len(pdict);
    }

    void visit_SetLen(const ASR::SetLen_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            return ;
        }

        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* pset = tmp;
        ASR::Set_t* x_set = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Set_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        llvm_utils->set_set_api(x_set);
        tmp = llvm_utils->set_api->len(pset);
    }

    void visit_ListInsert(const ASR::ListInsert_t& x) {
        ASR::List_t* asr_list = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 1;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_pos, true);
        llvm::Value *pos = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_list->m_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_ele, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        list_api->insert_item(plist, pos, item, asr_list->m_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
    }

    void visit_DictInsert(const ASR::DictInsert_t& x) {
        ASR::Dict_t* dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_key_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_key, true);
        llvm::Value *key = tmp;
        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_value_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
        llvm::Value *value = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
        llvm_utils->dict_api->write_item(pdict, key, value, module.get(),
                             dict_type->m_key_type,
                             dict_type->m_value_type, name2memidx);
    }

    void visit_Expr(const ASR::Expr_t& x) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_expression, false);
    }

    void visit_ListRemove(const ASR::ListRemove_t& x) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_a));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_el_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        list_api->remove(plist, item, asr_el_type, *module);
    }

    void visit_ListCount(const ASR::ListCount_t& x) {
        ASR::ttype_t *asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_el_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        tmp = list_api->count(plist, item, asr_el_type, *module);
    }

    void generate_ListIndex(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, ASR::expr_t* m_ele,
            ASR::expr_t* m_start=nullptr, ASR::expr_t* m_end=nullptr) {
        ASR::ttype_t *asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_el_type);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_ele, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;

        llvm::Value* start = nullptr;
        llvm::Value* end = nullptr;
        if(m_start) {
            ptr_loads = 2;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_start, true);
            start = tmp;
        }
        if(m_end) {
            ptr_loads = 2;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_end, true);
            end = tmp;
        }

        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = list_api->index(plist, item, start, end, asr_el_type, *module);
    }

    void generate_Exp(ASR::expr_t* m_arg) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        tmp = builder->CreateUnaryIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::exp, item);
    }

    void generate_Exp2(ASR::expr_t* m_arg) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        tmp = builder->CreateUnaryIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::exp2, item);
    }

    void generate_Expm1(ASR::expr_t* m_arg) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *item = tmp;
        llvm::Value* exp = builder->CreateUnaryIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::exp, item);
        llvm::Value* one = llvm::ConstantFP::get(builder->getFloatTy(), 1.0);
        tmp = builder->CreateFSub(exp, one);
    }

    void generate_ListReverse(ASR::expr_t* m_arg) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_el_type);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        list_api->reverse(plist, *module);
    }

    void generate_ListPop_0(ASR::expr_t* m_arg) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_el_type);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = list_api->pop_last(plist, asr_el_type, *module);
    }

    void generate_ListPop_1(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, ASR::expr_t* m_ele) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 2;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *pos = tmp;
        tmp = list_api->pop_position(plist, pos, asr_el_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
    }

    void generate_ListReserve(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, ASR::expr_t* m_ele) {
        // For now, this only handles lists
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 2;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* n = tmp;
        list_api->reserve(plist, n, asr_el_type, module.get());
    }

    void generate_DictElems(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, bool key_or_value) {
        ASR::Dict_t* dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        ASR::ttype_t* el_type = key_or_value == 0 ?
                                    dict_type->m_key_type : dict_type->m_value_type;

        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;

        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        bool is_array_type_local = false, is_malloc_array_type_local = false;
        bool is_list_local = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims_local = nullptr;
        int n_dims_local = -1, a_kind_local = -1;
        llvm::Type* llvm_el_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(el_type, nullptr,
                                    ASR::storage_typeType::Default, is_array_type_local,
                                    is_malloc_array_type_local, is_list_local, m_dims_local,
                                    n_dims_local, a_kind_local, module.get());
        std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(el_type);
        int32_t type_size = -1;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*el_type) ||
            LLVM::is_llvm_struct(el_type) ||
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*el_type) ) {
            llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
            type_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_el_type);
        } else {
            type_size = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(el_type);
        }
        llvm::Type* el_list_type = list_api->get_list_type(llvm_el_type, type_code, type_size);
        llvm::Value* el_list = builder->CreateAlloca(el_list_type, nullptr, key_or_value == 0 ?
                                                    "keys_list" : "values_list");
        list_api->list_init(type_code, el_list, *module, 0, 0);

        llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
        llvm_utils->dict_api->get_elements_list(pdict, el_list, dict_type->m_key_type,
                                                dict_type->m_value_type, *module,
                                                name2memidx, key_or_value);
        tmp = el_list;
    }

    void generate_SetAdd(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, ASR::expr_t* m_ele) {
        ASR::Set_t* set_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Set_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* pset = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 2;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *el = tmp;
        llvm_utils->set_set_api(set_type);
        llvm_utils->set_api->write_item(pset, el, module.get(), asr_el_type, name2memidx);
    }

    void generate_SetRemove(ASR::expr_t* m_arg, ASR::expr_t* m_ele, bool throw_key_error) {
        ASR::Set_t* set_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Set_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_el_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_arg));
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
        llvm::Value* pset = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 2;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_ele, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *el = tmp;
        llvm_utils->set_set_api(set_type);
        llvm_utils->set_api->remove_item(pset, el, *module, asr_el_type, throw_key_error);
    }

    void visit_IntrinsicElementalFunction(const ASR::IntrinsicElementalFunction_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        switch (static_cast<ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions>(x.m_intrinsic_id)) {
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::ListIndex: {
                ASR::expr_t* m_arg = x.m_args[0];
                ASR::expr_t* m_ele = x.m_args[1];
                ASR::expr_t* m_start = nullptr;
                ASR::expr_t* m_end = nullptr;
                switch (x.m_overload_id) {
                    case 0: {
                        break ;
                    }
                    case 1: {
                        m_start = x.m_args[2];
                        break ;
                    }
                    case 2: {
                        m_start = x.m_args[2];
                        m_end = x.m_args[3];
                        break ;
                    }
                    default: {
                        throw CodeGenError("list.index accepts at most four arguments",
                                            x.base.base.loc);
                    }
                }
                generate_ListIndex(m_arg, m_ele, m_start, m_end);
                break ;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::ListReverse: {
                generate_ListReverse(x.m_args[0]);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::ListPop: {
                switch(x.m_overload_id) {
                    case 0:
                        generate_ListPop_0(x.m_args[0]);
                        break;
                    case 1:
                        generate_ListPop_1(x.m_args[0], x.m_args[1]);
                        break;
                }
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::ListReserve: {
                generate_ListReserve(x.m_args[0], x.m_args[1]);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::DictKeys: {
                generate_DictElems(x.m_args[0], 0);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::DictValues: {
                generate_DictElems(x.m_args[0], 1);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::SetAdd: {
                generate_SetAdd(x.m_args[0], x.m_args[1]);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::SetRemove: {
                generate_SetRemove(x.m_args[0], x.m_args[1], true);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::SetDiscard: {
                generate_SetRemove(x.m_args[0], x.m_args[1], false);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::Exp: {
                switch (x.m_overload_id) {
                    case 0: {
                        ASR::expr_t* m_arg = x.m_args[0];
                        generate_Exp(m_arg);
                        break ;
                    }
                    default: {
                        throw CodeGenError("exp() only accepts one argument",
                                            x.base.base.loc);
                    }
                }
                break ;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::Exp2: {
                switch (x.m_overload_id) {
                    case 0: {
                        ASR::expr_t* m_arg = x.m_args[0];
                        generate_Exp2(m_arg);
                        break ;
                    }
                    default: {
                        throw CodeGenError("exp2() only accepts one argument",
                                            x.base.base.loc);
                    }
                }
                break ;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::Expm1: {
                switch (x.m_overload_id) {
                    case 0: {
                        ASR::expr_t* m_arg = x.m_args[0];
                        generate_Expm1(m_arg);
                        break ;
                    }
                    default: {
                        throw CodeGenError("expm1() only accepts one argument",
                                            x.base.base.loc);
                    }
                }
                break ;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::FlipSign: {
                Vec<ASR::call_arg_t> args;
                args.reserve(al, 2);
                ASR::call_arg_t arg0_, arg1_;
                arg0_.loc = x.m_args[0]->base.loc, arg0_.m_value = x.m_args[0];
                args.push_back(al, arg0_);
                arg1_.loc = x.m_args[1]->base.loc, arg1_.m_value = x.m_args[1];
                args.push_back(al, arg1_);
                generate_flip_sign(args.p);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::FMA: {
                Vec<ASR::call_arg_t> args;
                args.reserve(al, 3);
                ASR::call_arg_t arg0_, arg1_, arg2_;
                arg0_.loc = x.m_args[0]->base.loc, arg0_.m_value = x.m_args[0];
                args.push_back(al, arg0_);
                arg1_.loc = x.m_args[1]->base.loc, arg1_.m_value = x.m_args[1];
                args.push_back(al, arg1_);
                arg2_.loc = x.m_args[2]->base.loc, arg2_.m_value = x.m_args[2];
                args.push_back(al, arg2_);
                generate_fma(args.p);
                break;
            }
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::SignFromValue: {
                Vec<ASR::call_arg_t> args;
                args.reserve(al, 2);
                ASR::call_arg_t arg0_, arg1_;
                arg0_.loc = x.m_args[0]->base.loc, arg0_.m_value = x.m_args[0];
                args.push_back(al, arg0_);
                arg1_.loc = x.m_args[1]->base.loc, arg1_.m_value = x.m_args[1];
                args.push_back(al, arg1_);
                generate_sign_from_value(args.p);
                break;
            }
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("Either the '" + ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctionRegistry::
                        get_intrinsic_function_name(x.m_intrinsic_id) +
                        "' intrinsic is not implemented by LLVM backend or "
                        "the compile-time value is not available", x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_IntrinsicImpureFunction(const ASR::IntrinsicImpureFunction_t &x) {
        switch (static_cast<ASRUtils::IntrinsicImpureFunctions>(x.m_impure_intrinsic_id)) {
            case ASRUtils::IntrinsicImpureFunctions::IsIostatEnd : {
                // TODO: Fix this once the iostat is implemented in file handling;
                // until then, this returns `False`
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(1, 0));
                break ;
            } case ASRUtils::IntrinsicImpureFunctions::IsIostatEor : {
                // TODO: Fix this once the iostat is implemented in file handling;
                // until then, this returns `False`
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(1, 0));
                break ;
            } case ASRUtils::IntrinsicImpureFunctions::Allocated : {
                handle_allocated(x.m_args[0]);
                break ;
            } default: {
                throw CodeGenError( ASRUtils::get_impure_intrinsic_name(x.m_impure_intrinsic_id) +
                        " is not implemented by LLVM backend.", x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_TypeInquiry(const ASR::TypeInquiry_t &x) {
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
    }

    void visit_ListClear(const ASR::ListClear_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        llvm::Value* plist = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        list_api->list_clear(plist);
    }

    void visit_ListRepeat(const ASR::ListRepeat_t& x) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        ptr_loads = 2;      // right is int always
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;

        ASR::List_t* list_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(x.m_type);
        bool is_array_type_local = false, is_malloc_array_type_local = false;
        bool is_list_local = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims_local = nullptr;
        int n_dims_local = -1, a_kind_local = -1;
        llvm::Type* llvm_el_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(list_type->m_type,
            nullptr, ASR::storage_typeType::Default, is_array_type_local,
            is_malloc_array_type_local, is_list_local, m_dims_local,
            n_dims_local, a_kind_local, module.get());
        std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(list_type->m_type);
        int32_t type_size = -1;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*list_type->m_type) ||
            LLVM::is_llvm_struct(list_type->m_type) ||
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*list_type->m_type) ) {
            llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
            type_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_el_type);
        } else {
            type_size = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(list_type->m_type);
        }
        llvm::Type* repeat_list_type = list_api->get_list_type(llvm_el_type, type_code, type_size);
        llvm::Value* repeat_list = builder->CreateAlloca(repeat_list_type, nullptr, "repeat_list");
        llvm::Value* left_len = list_api->len(left);
        llvm::Value* capacity = builder->CreateMul(left_len, right);
        list_api->list_init(type_code, repeat_list, *module,
                            capacity, capacity);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1;
        list_api->list_repeat_copy(repeat_list, left, right, left_len, module.get());
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        tmp = repeat_list;
    }

    void visit_TupleCompare(const ASR::TupleCompare_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_left);
        llvm::Value* left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_right);
        llvm::Value* right = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Eq || x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_equal_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left));
            if (x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) {
                tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
            }
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Lt) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 0);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::LtE) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 1);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::Gt) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 2);
        }
        else if(x.m_op == ASR::cmpopType::GtE) {
            tmp = llvm_utils->is_ineq_by_value(left, right, *module,
                    ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), 3);
        }
    }

    void visit_TupleLen(const ASR::TupleLen_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_value);
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
    }

    void visit_TupleItem(const ASR::TupleItem_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_a);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* ptuple = tmp;

        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_pos, true);
        llvm::Value *pos = tmp;

        tmp = tuple_api->read_item(ptuple, pos, LLVM::is_llvm_struct(x.m_type));
    }

    void visit_TupleConcat(const ASR::TupleConcat_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_left);
        llvm::Value* left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_right);
        llvm::Value* right = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        ASR::Tuple_t* tuple_type_left = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Tuple_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left));
        std::string type_code_left = ASRUtils::get_type_code(tuple_type_left->m_type,
                                                        tuple_type_left->n_type);
        ASR::Tuple_t* tuple_type_right = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Tuple_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_right));
        std::string type_code_right = ASRUtils::get_type_code(tuple_type_right->m_type,
                                                        tuple_type_right->n_type);
        Vec<ASR::ttype_t*> v_type;
        v_type.reserve(al, tuple_type_left->n_type + tuple_type_right->n_type);
        std::string type_code = type_code_left + type_code_right;
        std::vector<llvm::Type*> llvm_el_types;
        ASR::storage_typeType m_storage = ASR::storage_typeType::Default;
        bool is_array_type = false, is_malloc_array_type = false;
        bool is_list = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
        int n_dims = 0, a_kind = -1;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < tuple_type_left->n_type; i++ ) {
            llvm_el_types.push_back(llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(tuple_type_left->m_type[i],
                nullptr, m_storage, is_array_type, is_malloc_array_type,
                is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get()));
            v_type.push_back(al, tuple_type_left->m_type[i]);
        }
        is_array_type = false; is_malloc_array_type = false;
        is_list = false;
        m_dims = nullptr;
        n_dims = 0; a_kind = -1;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < tuple_type_right->n_type; i++ ) {
            llvm_el_types.push_back(llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(tuple_type_right->m_type[i],
                nullptr, m_storage, is_array_type, is_malloc_array_type,
                is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get()));
            v_type.push_back(al, tuple_type_right->m_type[i]);
        }
        llvm::Type* concat_tuple_type = tuple_api->get_tuple_type(type_code, llvm_el_types);
        llvm::Value* concat_tuple = builder->CreateAlloca(concat_tuple_type, nullptr, "concat_tuple");
        ASR::Tuple_t* tuple_type = (ASR::Tuple_t*)(ASR::make_Tuple_t(
                                    al, x.base.base.loc, v_type.p, v_type.n));
        tuple_api->concat(left, right, tuple_type_left, tuple_type_right, concat_tuple,
                          tuple_type, *module, name2memidx);
        tmp = concat_tuple;
    }

    void visit_ArrayItem(const ASR::ArrayItem_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        ASR::ttype_t* x_mv_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v);
        llvm::Value* array = nullptr;
        ASR::Variable_t *v = nullptr;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_v) ) {
            v = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(x.m_v);
            uint32_t v_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)v);
            array = llvm_symtab[v_h];
        } else {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_v);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            array = tmp;
        }

        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*ASRUtils::extract_type(x.m_type)) ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(
                ASRUtils::extract_type(x.m_type));
            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(der_type->m_derived_type));
        }

        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims;
        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_mv_type, m_dims);
        if (ASRUtils::is_character(*x.m_type) && n_dims == 0) {
            // String indexing:
            if (x.n_args != 1) {
                throw CodeGenError("Only string(a) supported for now.", x.base.base.loc);
            }
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_args[0].m_right));
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_right, true);
            llvm::Value *p = nullptr;
            llvm::Value *idx = tmp;
            llvm::Value *str = CreateLoad(array);
            if( is_assignment_target ) {
                idx = builder->CreateSub(idx, llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1)));
                std::vector<llvm::Value*> idx_vec = {idx};
                p = CreateGEP(str, idx_vec);
            } else {
                p = lfortran_str_item(str, idx);
                strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, p);
            }
            // TODO: Currently the string starts at the right location, but goes to the end of the original string.
            // We have to allocate a new string, copy it and add null termination.

            tmp = p;
            if( ptr_loads == 0 ) {
                tmp = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
                builder->CreateStore(p, tmp);
            }

            //tmp = p;
        } else {
            // Array indexing:
            std::vector<llvm::Value*> indices;
            for( size_t r = 0; r < x.n_args; r++ ) {
                ASR::array_index_t curr_idx = x.m_args[r];
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 2;
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(curr_idx.m_right, true);
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                indices.push_back(tmp);
            }

            ASR::ttype_t* x_mv_type_ = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x_mv_type));
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Array_t>(*x_mv_type_));
            ASR::Array_t* array_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Array_t>(x_mv_type_);
            bool is_bindc_array = ASRUtils::expr_abi(x.m_v) == ASR::abiType::BindC;
            if ( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*x_mv_type) ||
               ((is_bindc_array && !ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(m_dims, n_dims)) &&
                ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_v)) ) {
                array = CreateLoad(array);
            }

            Vec<llvm::Value*> llvm_diminfo;
            llvm_diminfo.reserve(al, 2 * x.n_args + 1);
            if( array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray ||
                array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ||
                array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray ||
                (array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer && ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(x_mv_type)) ) {
                int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                for( size_t idim = 0; idim < x.n_args; idim++ ) {
                    ptr_loads = 2 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(m_dims[idim].m_start));
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[idim].m_start, true);
                    llvm::Value* dim_start = tmp;
                    ptr_loads = 2 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(m_dims[idim].m_length));
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[idim].m_length, true);
                    llvm::Value* dim_size = tmp;
                    llvm_diminfo.push_back(al, dim_start);
                    llvm_diminfo.push_back(al, dim_size);
                }
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            } else if( array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::UnboundedPointerToDataArray ) {
                int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                for( size_t idim = 0; idim < x.n_args; idim++ ) {
                    ptr_loads = 2 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(m_dims[idim].m_start));
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[idim].m_start, true);
                    llvm::Value* dim_start = tmp;
                    llvm_diminfo.push_back(al, dim_start);
                }
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            }
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(x_mv_type) > 0);
            bool is_polymorphic = current_select_type_block_type != nullptr;
            if (array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::UnboundedPointerToDataArray) {
                tmp = arr_descr->get_single_element(array, indices, x.n_args,
                                                    true,
                                                    false,
                                                    llvm_diminfo.p, is_polymorphic, current_select_type_block_type,
                                                    true);
            } else {
                tmp = arr_descr->get_single_element(array, indices, x.n_args,
                                                    array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray,
                                                    array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray || array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray
                                                    || (array_t->m_physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer && ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(x_mv_type)),
                                                    llvm_diminfo.p, is_polymorphic, current_select_type_block_type);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_ArraySection(const ASR::ArraySection_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_v);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* array = tmp;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims;
        [[maybe_unused]] int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v), m_dims);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v)) &&
                        n_dims == 0);
        // String indexing:
        if (x.n_args == 1) {
            throw CodeGenError("Only string(a:b) supported for now.", x.base.base.loc);
        }

        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_args[0].m_left)
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_args[0].m_right)
        //throw CodeGenError("Only string(a:b) for a,b variables for now.", x.base.base.loc);
        // Use the "right" index for now
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *idx2 = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *idx1 = tmp;
        // idx = builder->CreateSub(idx, llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1)));
        //std::vector<llvm::Value*> idx_vec = {llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)), idx};
        // std::vector<llvm::Value*> idx_vec = {idx};
        llvm::Value *str = CreateLoad(array);
        // llvm::Value *p = CreateGEP(str, idx_vec);
        // TODO: Currently the string starts at the right location, but goes to the end of the original string.
        // We have to allocate a new string, copy it and add null termination.
        llvm::Value *step = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
        llvm::Value *present = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(1, 1));
        llvm::Value *p = lfortran_str_slice(str, idx1, idx2, step, present, present);

        tmp = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(p, tmp);
    }

    void visit_ArrayReshape(const ASR::ArrayReshape_t& x) {
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_array);
        llvm::Value* array = tmp;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_shape);
        llvm::Value* shape = tmp;
        ASR::ttype_t* x_m_array_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_array);
        ASR::array_physical_typeType array_physical_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(x_m_array_type);
        switch( array_physical_type ) {
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                ASR::ttype_t* asr_data_type = ASRUtils::duplicate_type_without_dims(al,
                    ASRUtils::get_contained_type(x_m_array_type), x_m_array_type->base.loc);
                ASR::ttype_t* asr_shape_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_shape));
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(asr_data_type, module.get());
                tmp = arr_descr->reshape(array, llvm_data_type, shape, asr_shape_type, module.get());
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x_m_array_type, module.get());
                llvm::Value *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                    target_type, nullptr, "fixed_size_reshaped_array");
                llvm::Value* target_ = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                ASR::dimension_t* asr_dims = nullptr;
                size_t asr_n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_m_array_type, asr_dims);
                int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(asr_dims, asr_n_dims);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x_m_array_type))), module.get());
                llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                uint64_t data_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size));
                llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size,
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, data_size)));
                builder->CreateMemCpy(target_, llvm::MaybeAlign(), array, llvm::MaybeAlign(), llvm_size);
                tmp = target;
                break;
            }
            default: {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        }
    }

    void lookup_EnumValue(const ASR::EnumValue_t& x) {
        ASR::Enum_t* enum_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Enum_t>(x.m_enum_type);
        ASR::EnumType_t* enum_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::EnumType_t>(enum_t->m_enum_type);
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*) enum_type);
        llvm::Value* array = llvm_symtab[h];
        tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(array, tmp);
        tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 1));
    }

    void visit_EnumValue(const ASR::EnumValue_t& x) {
        if( x.m_value ) {
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*x.m_type) ) {
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::EnumStaticMember_t>(*x.m_v) ) {
                ASR::EnumStaticMember_t* x_enum_member = ASR::down_cast<ASR::EnumStaticMember_t>(x.m_v);
                ASR::Variable_t* x_mv = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(x_enum_member->m_m);
                ASR::Enum_t* enum_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Enum_t>(x.m_enum_type);
                ASR::EnumType_t* enum_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::EnumType_t>(enum_t->m_enum_type);
                for( size_t i = 0; i < enum_type->n_members; i++ ) {
                    if( std::string(enum_type->m_members[i]) == std::string(x_mv->m_name) ) {
                        tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, i));
                        break ;
                    }
                }
                if( lookup_enum_value_for_nonints ) {
                    lookup_EnumValue(x);
                }
            }
            return ;
        }

        visit_expr(*x.m_v);
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_v) ) {
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
        }
        if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*x.m_type) && lookup_enum_value_for_nonints ) {
            lookup_EnumValue(x);
        }
    }

    void visit_EnumName(const ASR::EnumName_t& x) {
        if( x.m_value ) {
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            return ;
        }

        visit_expr(*x.m_v);
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_v) ) {
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
        }
        ASR::Enum_t* enum_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Enum_t>(x.m_enum_type);
        ASR::EnumType_t* enum_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::EnumType_t>(enum_t->m_enum_type);
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*) enum_type);
        llvm::Value* array = llvm_symtab[h];
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*enum_type->m_type) ) {
            int64_t min_value = INT64_MAX;

            for( auto itr: enum_type->m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                ASR::Variable_t* itr_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(itr.second);
                ASR::expr_t* value = ASRUtils::expr_value(itr_var->m_symbolic_value);
                int64_t value_int64 = -1;
                ASRUtils::extract_value(value, value_int64);
                min_value = std::min(value_int64, min_value);
            }
            tmp = builder->CreateSub(tmp, llvm::ConstantInt::get(tmp->getType(),
                        llvm::APInt(32, min_value)));
            tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(array, tmp);
            tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
        }
    }

    void visit_EnumTypeConstructor(const ASR::EnumTypeConstructor_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_args == 1);
        ASR::expr_t* m_arg = x.m_args[0];
        this->visit_expr(*m_arg);
    }

    void visit_UnionTypeConstructor([[maybe_unused]] const ASR::UnionTypeConstructor_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_args == 0);
    }

    llvm::Value* SizeOfTypeUtil(ASR::ttype_t* m_type, llvm::Type* output_type,
        ASR::ttype_t* output_type_asr) {
        llvm::Type* llvm_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(m_type, module.get());
        llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
        int64_t type_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_type);
        return llvm::ConstantInt::get(output_type, llvm::APInt(
            ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(output_type_asr) * 8, type_size));
    }

    void visit_SizeOfType(const ASR::SizeOfType_t& x) {
        llvm::Type* llvm_type_size = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get());
        tmp = SizeOfTypeUtil(x.m_arg, llvm_type_size, x.m_type);
    }

    void visit_StructInstanceMember(const ASR::StructInstanceMember_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        current_der_type_name = "";
        ASR::ttype_t* x_m_v_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::UnionInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_v) ||
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x_m_v_type)) ) {
            ptr_loads = 0;
        } else {
            ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*x_m_v_type);
        }
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_v);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(x_m_v_type))) ) {
            if (ASRUtils::is_allocatable(x_m_v_type)) {
                tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(CreateLoad(tmp), 1);
            } else {
                tmp = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 1));
            }
            if( current_select_type_block_type ) {
                tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, current_select_type_block_type);
                current_der_type_name = current_select_type_block_der_type;
            } else {
                // TODO: Select type by comparing with vtab
            }
        }
        ASR::Variable_t* member = down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(symbol_get_past_external(x.m_m));
        std::string member_name = std::string(member->m_name);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(current_der_type_name.size() != 0);
        while( name2memidx[current_der_type_name].find(member_name) == name2memidx[current_der_type_name].end() ) {
            if( dertype2parent.find(current_der_type_name) == dertype2parent.end() ) {
                throw CodeGenError(current_der_type_name + " doesn't have any member named " + member_name,
                                    x.base.base.loc);
            }
            tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
            current_der_type_name = dertype2parent[current_der_type_name];
        }
        int member_idx = name2memidx[current_der_type_name][member_name];

        tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, member_idx);
        ASR::ttype_t* member_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(member->m_type));
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*member_type) ) {
            ASR::symbol_t *s_sym = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(
                member_type)->m_derived_type;
            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(s_sym));
            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)member);
            if( llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end() ) {
                tmp = llvm_symtab[h];
            }
        } else if ( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*member_type) ) {
            ASR::symbol_t *s_sym = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(
                member_type)->m_class_type;
            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(s_sym));
        }
    }

    void visit_Variable(const ASR::Variable_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value && x.m_storage == ASR::storage_typeType::Parameter) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
        // This happens at global scope, so the intent can only be either local
        // (global variable declared/initialized in this translation unit), or
        // external (global variable not declared/initialized in this
        // translation unit, just referenced).
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_intent == intent_local || x.m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_unspecified
            || x.m_abi == ASR::abiType::Interactive);
        bool external = (x.m_abi != ASR::abiType::Source);
        llvm::Constant* init_value = nullptr;
        if (x.m_symbolic_value != nullptr){
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_symbolic_value, true);
            init_value = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::Constant>(tmp);
        }
        if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Integer
            || x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::UnsignedInteger) {
            int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
            llvm::Type *type;
            int init_value_bits = 8*a_kind;
            type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                type);
            if (!external) {
                if (ASRUtils::is_array(x.m_type)) {
                    throw CodeGenError("Arrays are not supported by visit_Variable");
                }
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                                llvm::APInt(init_value_bits, 0)));
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Real) {
            int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(x.m_type)->m_kind;
            llvm::Type *type;
            int init_value_bits = 8*a_kind;
            type = llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind);
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, type);
            if (!external) {
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    if( init_value_bits == 32 ) {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                llvm::ConstantFP::get(context,
                                    llvm::APFloat((float)0)));
                    } else if( init_value_bits == 64 ) {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                llvm::ConstantFP::get(context,
                                    llvm::APFloat((double)0)));
                    }
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Array) {
            // Using approach same as ASR::ttypeType::List
            llvm::StructType* array_type = static_cast<llvm::StructType*>(
                llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, array_type);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantStruct::get(array_type,
                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(array_type)));
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Logical) {
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context));
            if (!external) {
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                                llvm::APInt(1, 0)));
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Character) {
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                    character_type);
            if (!external) {
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type)
                        );
                    ASR::Character_t *t = down_cast<ASR::Character_t>(x.m_type);
                    if( t->m_len >= 0 ) {
                        strings_to_be_allocated.insert(std::pair(ptr, llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                            context, llvm::APInt(32, t->m_len+1))));
                    }
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if( x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::CPtr ) {
            llvm::Type* void_ptr = llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo();
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                void_ptr);
            if (!external) {
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(
                                static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(void_ptr))
                            );
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if( x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Struct ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(x.m_type);
            if( ASRUtils::is_c_ptr(struct_t->m_derived_type) ) {
                llvm::Type* void_ptr = llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo();
                llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                    void_ptr);
                if (!external) {
                    if (init_value) {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                init_value);
                    } else {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(
                                    static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(void_ptr))
                                );
                    }
                }
                llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
            } else {
                llvm::Type* type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get());
                llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                    type);
                if (!external) {
                    if (init_value) {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                init_value);
                    } else {
                        module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(type)
                            );
                    }
                }
                llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
            }
        } else if(x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Pointer) {
            ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
            int n_dims = -1, a_kind = -1;
            bool is_array_type = false, is_malloc_array_type = false, is_list = false;
            llvm::Type* x_ptr = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(
                x.m_type, nullptr, x.m_storage, is_array_type,
                is_malloc_array_type, is_list,
                m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get());
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                x_ptr);
            if (!external) {
                if (init_value) {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            init_value);
                } else {
                    module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                            llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(
                                static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(x_ptr))
                            );
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::List) {
            llvm::StructType* list_type = static_cast<llvm::StructType*>(
                llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, list_type);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantStruct::get(list_type,
                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(list_type)));
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Tuple) {
            llvm::StructType* tuple_type = static_cast<llvm::StructType*>(
                llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, tuple_type);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantStruct::get(tuple_type,
                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(tuple_type)));
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if(x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Dict) {
            llvm::StructType* dict_type = static_cast<llvm::StructType*>(
                llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, dict_type);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantStruct::get(dict_type,
                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(dict_type)));
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if(x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Set) {
            llvm::StructType* set_type = static_cast<llvm::StructType*>(
                llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
            llvm::Constant *ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name, set_type);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantStruct::get(set_type,
                llvm::Constant::getNullValue(set_type)));
            llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
        } else if (x.m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::TypeParameter) {
            // Ignore type variables
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("Variable type not supported " + std::to_string(x.m_type->type), x.base.base.loc);
        }
    }

    void visit_PointerNullConstant(const ASR::PointerNullConstant_t& x){
        llvm::Type* value_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get());
        tmp = llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(value_type));
    }

    void visit_EnumType(const ASR::EnumType_t& x) {
        if( x.m_enum_value_type == ASR::enumtypeType::IntegerUnique &&
            x.m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC ) {
            throw CodeGenError("C-interoperation support for non-consecutive but uniquely "
                               "valued integer enums isn't available yet.");
        }
        bool is_integer = ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*x.m_type);
        ASR::storage_typeType m_storage = ASR::storage_typeType::Default;
        bool is_array_type = false, is_malloc_array_type = false, is_list = false;
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
        int n_dims = -1, a_kind = -1;
        llvm::Type* value_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(
            x.m_type, nullptr, m_storage, is_array_type,
            is_malloc_array_type, is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get());
        if( is_integer ) {
            int64_t min_value = INT64_MAX;
            int64_t max_value = INT64_MIN;
            size_t max_name_len = 0;
            llvm::Value* itr_value = nullptr;
            for( auto itr: x.m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                ASR::Variable_t* itr_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(itr.second);
                ASR::expr_t* value = ASRUtils::expr_value(itr_var->m_symbolic_value);
                int64_t value_int64 = -1;
                this->visit_expr(*value);
                itr_value = tmp;
                ASRUtils::extract_value(value, value_int64);
                min_value = std::min(value_int64, min_value);
                max_value = std::max(value_int64, max_value);
                max_name_len = std::max(max_name_len, itr.first.size());
            }

            llvm::ArrayType* name_array_type = llvm::ArrayType::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context),
                                                                    max_name_len + 1);
            llvm::StructType* enum_value_type = llvm::StructType::create({name_array_type, value_type});
            llvm::Constant* empty_vt = llvm::ConstantStruct::get(enum_value_type, {llvm::ConstantArray::get(name_array_type,
                {llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, '\0'))}),
                (llvm::Constant*) itr_value});
            std::vector<llvm::Constant*> enum_value_pairs(max_value - min_value + 1, empty_vt);

            for( auto itr: x.m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                ASR::Variable_t* itr_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(itr.second);
                ASR::expr_t* value = ASRUtils::expr_value(itr_var->m_symbolic_value);
                int64_t value_int64 = -1;
                ASRUtils::extract_value(value, value_int64);
                this->visit_expr(*value);
                std::vector<llvm::Constant*> itr_var_name_v;
                itr_var_name_v.reserve(itr.first.size());
                for( size_t i = 0; i < itr.first.size(); i++ ) {
                    itr_var_name_v.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                        llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, itr_var->m_name[i])));
                }
                itr_var_name_v.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, '\0')));
                llvm::Constant* name = llvm::ConstantArray::get(name_array_type, itr_var_name_v);
                enum_value_pairs[value_int64 - min_value] = llvm::ConstantStruct::get(
                    enum_value_type, {name, (llvm::Constant*) tmp});
            }

            llvm::ArrayType* global_enum_array = llvm::ArrayType::get(enum_value_type,
                                                    max_value - min_value + 1);
            llvm::Constant *array = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                                        global_enum_array);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantArray::get(global_enum_array, enum_value_pairs));
            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
            llvm_symtab[h] = array;
        } else {
            size_t max_name_len = 0;

            for( auto itr: x.m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                max_name_len = std::max(max_name_len, itr.first.size());
            }

            llvm::ArrayType* name_array_type = llvm::ArrayType::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context),
                                                                    max_name_len + 1);
            llvm::StructType* enum_value_type = llvm::StructType::create({name_array_type, value_type});
            std::vector<llvm::Constant*> enum_value_pairs(x.n_members, nullptr);

            for( auto itr: x.m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
                ASR::Variable_t* itr_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(itr.second);
                ASR::expr_t* value = itr_var->m_symbolic_value;
                int64_t value_int64 = -1;
                ASRUtils::extract_value(value, value_int64);
                this->visit_expr(*value);
                std::vector<llvm::Constant*> itr_var_name_v;
                itr_var_name_v.reserve(itr.first.size());
                for( size_t i = 0; i < itr.first.size(); i++ ) {
                    itr_var_name_v.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                        llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, itr_var->m_name[i])));
                }
                itr_var_name_v.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), llvm::APInt(8, '\0')));
                llvm::Constant* name = llvm::ConstantArray::get(name_array_type, itr_var_name_v);
                size_t dest_idx = 0;
                for( size_t j = 0; j < x.n_members; j++ ) {
                    if( std::string(x.m_members[j]) == itr.first ) {
                        dest_idx = j;
                        break ;
                    }
                }
                enum_value_pairs[dest_idx] = llvm::ConstantStruct::get(
                    enum_value_type, {name, (llvm::Constant*) tmp});
            }

            llvm::ArrayType* global_enum_array = llvm::ArrayType::get(enum_value_type,
                                                    x.n_members);
            llvm::Constant *array = module->getOrInsertGlobal(x.m_name,
                                        global_enum_array);
            module->getNamedGlobal(x.m_name)->setInitializer(
                llvm::ConstantArray::get(global_enum_array, enum_value_pairs));
            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
            llvm_symtab[h] = array;
        }
    }

    void start_module_init_function_prototype(const ASR::Module_t &x) {
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
        llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {}, false);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn.end());
        std::string module_fn_name = "__lfortran_module_init_" + std::string(x.m_name);
        llvm::Function *F = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, module_fn_name, module.get());
        llvm::BasicBlock *BB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, ".entry", F);
        builder->SetInsertPoint(BB);

        llvm_symtab_fn[h] = F;
    }

    void finish_module_init_function_prototype(const ASR::Module_t &x) {
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
        builder->CreateRetVoid();
        llvm_symtab_fn[h]->removeFromParent();
    }

    void visit_Module(const ASR::Module_t &x) {
        SymbolTable* current_scope_copy = current_scope;
        current_scope = x.m_symtab;
        mangle_prefix = "__module_" + std::string(x.m_name) + "_";

        start_module_init_function_prototype(x);

        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*item.second)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *v = down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(
                        item.second);
                if( v->m_storage != ASR::storage_typeType::Parameter ) {
                    visit_Variable(*v);
                }
            } else if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second)) {
                ASR::Function_t *v = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                        item.second);
                instantiate_function(*v);
            } else if (is_a<ASR::EnumType_t>(*item.second)) {
                ASR::EnumType_t *et = down_cast<ASR::EnumType_t>(item.second);
                visit_EnumType(*et);
            }
        }
        finish_module_init_function_prototype(x);

        visit_procedures(x);
        mangle_prefix = "";
        current_scope = current_scope_copy;
    }

    void visit_Program(const ASR::Program_t &x) {
        loop_head.clear();
        loop_head_names.clear();
        loop_or_block_end.clear();
        loop_or_block_end_names.clear();
        heap_arrays.clear();
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
        SymbolTable* current_scope_copy = current_scope;
        current_scope = x.m_symtab;
        bool is_dict_present_copy_lp = dict_api_lp->is_dict_present();
        bool is_dict_present_copy_sc = dict_api_sc->is_dict_present();
        dict_api_lp->set_is_dict_present(false);
        dict_api_sc->set_is_dict_present(false);
        bool is_set_present_copy_lp = set_api_lp->is_set_present();
        bool is_set_present_copy_sc = set_api_sc->is_set_present();
        set_api_lp->set_is_set_present(false);
        set_api_sc->set_is_set_present(false);
        llvm_goto_targets.clear();
        // Generate code for nested subroutines and functions first:
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second)) {
                ASR::Function_t *v = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                        item.second);
                instantiate_function(*v);
            }
        }
        visit_procedures(x);

        // Generate code for the main program
        std::vector<llvm::Type*> command_line_args = {
            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
            character_type->getPointerTo()
        };
        llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), command_line_args, false);
        llvm::Function *F = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "main", module.get());
        llvm::BasicBlock *BB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
                ".entry", F);
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
            llvm::DISubprogram *SP;
            debug_emit_function(x, SP);
            F->setSubprogram(SP);
        }
        builder->SetInsertPoint(BB);

        // Call the `_lpython_call_initial_functions` function to assign command line argument
        // values to `argc` and `argv`, and set the random seed to the system clock.
        {
            if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_emit_loc(x);
            llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction("_lpython_call_initial_functions");
            if(!fn) {
                llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        character_type->getPointerTo()
                    }, false);
                fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "_lpython_call_initial_functions", *module);
            }
            std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
            for (llvm::Argument &llvm_arg : F->args()) {
                args.push_back(&llvm_arg);
            }
            builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        }

        declare_vars(x);
        for(auto &value: strings_to_be_allocated) {
            llvm::Value *init_value = LLVM::lfortran_malloc(context, *module,
                *builder, value.second);
            string_init(context, *module, *builder, value.second, init_value);
            builder->CreateStore(init_value, value.first);
        }
        for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_body; i++) {
            this->visit_stmt(*x.m_body[i]);
        }
        for( auto& value: heap_arrays ) {
            LLVM::lfortran_free(context, *module, *builder, value);
        }
        call_lcompilers_free_strings();

        llvm::Value *ret_val2 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
            llvm::APInt(32, 0));
        builder->CreateRet(ret_val2);
        dict_api_lp->set_is_dict_present(is_dict_present_copy_lp);
        dict_api_sc->set_is_dict_present(is_dict_present_copy_sc);
        set_api_lp->set_is_set_present(is_set_present_copy_lp);
        set_api_sc->set_is_set_present(is_set_present_copy_sc);

        // Finalize the debug info.
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) DBuilder->finalize();
        current_scope = current_scope_copy;
        loop_head.clear();
        loop_head_names.clear();
        loop_or_block_end.clear();
        loop_or_block_end_names.clear();
        heap_arrays.clear();
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
    }

    /*
    * This function detects if the current variable is an argument.
    * of a function or argument. Some manipulations are to be done
    * only on arguments and not on local variables.
    */
    bool is_argument(ASR::Variable_t* v, ASR::expr_t** m_args,
                        int n_args) {
        for( int i = 0; i < n_args; i++ ) {
            ASR::expr_t* m_arg = m_args[i];
            uint32_t h_m_arg = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)m_arg);
            uint32_t h_v = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)v);
            if( h_m_arg == h_v ) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    void fill_array_details_(llvm::Value* ptr, llvm::Type* type_, ASR::dimension_t* m_dims,
        size_t n_dims, bool is_malloc_array_type, bool is_array_type,
        bool is_list, ASR::ttype_t* m_type, bool is_data_only=false) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_data_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(m_type)));
        llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(asr_data_type, module.get());
        llvm::Value* ptr_ = nullptr;
        if( is_malloc_array_type && !is_list && !is_data_only ) {
            ptr_ = builder->CreateAlloca(type_, nullptr, "arr_desc");
            arr_descr->fill_dimension_descriptor(ptr_, n_dims);
        }
        if( is_array_type && !is_malloc_array_type &&
            !is_list ) {
            fill_array_details(ptr, llvm_data_type, m_dims, n_dims, is_data_only);
        }
        if( is_array_type && is_malloc_array_type &&
            !is_list && !is_data_only ) {
            // Set allocatable arrays as unallocated
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ptr_ != nullptr);
            arr_descr->reset_is_allocated_flag(ptr_, llvm_data_type);
        }
        if( ptr_ ) {
            LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, ptr_, ptr);
        }
    }

    #define set_pointer_variable_to_null(null_value, ptr) if( (ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*v->m_type) || \
                ASR::is_a<ASR::Pointer_t>(*v->m_type)) && \
            (v->m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_local || \
             v->m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_return_var ) && \
            !ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>( \
                *ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable( \
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(v->m_type))) ) { \
            builder->CreateStore(null_value, ptr); \
        } \

    void allocate_array_members_of_struct(llvm::Value* ptr, ASR::ttype_t* asr_type) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*asr_type));
        ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(asr_type);
        ASR::StructType_t* struct_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
            ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type));
        std::string struct_type_name = struct_type_t->m_name;
        for( auto item: struct_type_t->m_symtab->get_scope() ) {
            ASR::symbol_t *sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(item.second);
            if (name2memidx[struct_type_name].find(item.first) == name2memidx[struct_type_name].end()) {
                continue;
            }
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(*sym) ||
                ASR::is_a<ASR::GenericProcedure_t>(*sym) ||
                ASR::is_a<ASR::UnionType_t>(*sym) ||
                ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*sym) ||
                ASR::is_a<ASR::CustomOperator_t>(*sym) ) {
                continue ;
            }
            ASR::ttype_t* symbol_type = ASRUtils::symbol_type(sym);
            int idx = name2memidx[struct_type_name][item.first];
            llvm::Value* ptr_member = llvm_utils->create_gep(ptr, idx);
            ASR::Variable_t* v = nullptr;
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*sym) ) {
                v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(sym);
                set_pointer_variable_to_null(llvm::Constant::getNullValue(
                    llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(v->m_type, module.get())),
                    ptr_member);
                if( v->m_symbolic_value ) {
                    visit_expr(*v->m_symbolic_value);
                    LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, tmp, ptr_member);
                }
            }
            if( ASRUtils::is_array(symbol_type) && v) {
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(symbol_type, m_dims);
                ASR::array_physical_typeType phy_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(symbol_type);
                bool is_data_only = (phy_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray ||
                                     phy_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ||
                                     (phy_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer &&
                                     ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(symbol_type)));
                if (phy_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ||
                    (phy_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer &&
                    ASRUtils::is_dimension_empty(m_dims, n_dims))) {
                    int n_dims = 0, a_kind=4;
                    ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                    bool is_array_type = false;
                    bool is_malloc_array_type = false;
                    bool is_list = false;
                    llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(v->m_type,
                                v->m_type_declaration, v->m_storage, is_array_type,
                                is_malloc_array_type, is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind,
                                module.get());
                    llvm::Type* type_ = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(v->m_type)), module.get(), v->m_abi);
                    fill_array_details_(ptr_member, type_, m_dims, n_dims,
                             is_malloc_array_type, is_array_type, is_list, v->m_type);
                } else {
                    fill_array_details_(ptr_member, nullptr, m_dims, n_dims, false, true, false, symbol_type, is_data_only);
                }
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*symbol_type) ) {
                allocate_array_members_of_struct(ptr_member, symbol_type);
            }
        }
    }

    void allocate_array_members_of_struct_arrays(llvm::Value* ptr, ASR::ttype_t* v_m_type) {
        ASR::array_physical_typeType phy_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(v_m_type);
        llvm::Value* array_size = CreateAlloca(
                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), nullptr, "array_size");
        switch( phy_type ) {
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(v_m_type, m_dims);
                LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                    llvm::APInt(32, ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(m_dims, n_dims))), array_size);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                llvm::Value* array_size_value = arr_descr->get_array_size(ptr, nullptr, 4);
                LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, array_size_value, array_size);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray: {
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(v_m_type, m_dims);
                llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 2;
                for( size_t i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                    visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                    llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(tmp, llvm_size);
                }
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, llvm_size, array_size);
                break;
            }
            default: {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT_MSG(false, std::to_string(phy_type));
            }
        }
        llvm::Value* llvmi = CreateAlloca(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), nullptr, "i");
        LLVM::CreateStore(*builder,
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 0)), llvmi);
        create_loop(nullptr, [=]() {
                llvm::Value* llvmi_loaded = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvmi);
                llvm::Value* array_size_loaded = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, array_size);
                return builder->CreateICmpSLT(
                    llvmi_loaded, array_size_loaded);
            },
            [=]() {
                llvm::Value* ptr_i = nullptr;
                switch (phy_type) {
                    case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                        ptr_i = llvm_utils->create_gep(ptr, LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvmi));
                        break;
                    }
                    case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                        ptr_i = llvm_utils->create_ptr_gep(
                            LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(ptr)),
                            LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvmi));
                        break;
                    }
                    case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray: {
                        ptr_i = llvm_utils->create_ptr_gep(ptr, LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvmi));
                        break;
                    }
                    default: {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                    }
                }
                allocate_array_members_of_struct(
                    ptr_i, ASRUtils::extract_type(v_m_type));
                LLVM::CreateStore(*builder,
                    builder->CreateAdd(LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvmi),
                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1))),
                    llvmi);
            });
    }

    void create_vtab_for_struct_type(ASR::symbol_t* struct_type_sym, SymbolTable* symtab) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*struct_type_sym));
        ASR::StructType_t* struct_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(struct_type_sym);
        if( type2vtab.find(struct_type_sym) != type2vtab.end() &&
            type2vtab[struct_type_sym].find(symtab) != type2vtab[struct_type_sym].end() ) {
            return ;
        }
        if( type2vtabtype.find(struct_type_sym) == type2vtabtype.end() ) {
            std::vector<llvm::Type*> type_vec = {llvm_utils->getIntType(8)};
            type2vtabtype[struct_type_sym] = llvm::StructType::create(
                                                context, type_vec,
                                                std::string("__vtab_") +
                                                std::string(struct_type_t->m_name));
        }
        llvm::Type* vtab_type = type2vtabtype[struct_type_sym];
        llvm::Value* vtab_obj = builder->CreateAlloca(vtab_type);
        llvm::Value* struct_type_hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(vtab_obj, 0);
        llvm::Value* struct_type_hash = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(8),
            llvm::APInt(64, get_class_hash(struct_type_sym)));
        builder->CreateStore(struct_type_hash, struct_type_hash_ptr);
        type2vtab[struct_type_sym][symtab] = vtab_obj;
        ASR::symbol_t* struct_type_ = struct_type_sym;
        bool base_found = false;
        while( !base_found ) {
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*struct_type_) ) {
                ASR::StructType_t* struct_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(struct_type_);
                if( struct_type->m_parent == nullptr ) {
                    base_found = true;
                } else {
                    struct_type_ = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_type->m_parent);
                }
            } else {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        }
        class2vtab[struct_type_][symtab].push_back(vtab_obj);
    }

    void collect_class_type_names_and_struct_types(
        std::set<std::string>& class_type_names,
        std::vector<ASR::symbol_t*>& struct_types,
        SymbolTable* x_symtab) {
        if (x_symtab == nullptr) {
            return ;
        }
        for (auto &item : x_symtab->get_scope()) {
            ASR::symbol_t* var_sym = item.second;
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*var_sym)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *v = ASR:: down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(var_sym);
                ASR::ttype_t* v_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(v->m_type);
                if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*v_type) ) {
                    ASR::Class_t* v_class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(v_type);
                    class_type_names.insert(ASRUtils::symbol_name(v_class_t->m_class_type));
                }
            } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(
                        *ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(var_sym))) {
                struct_types.push_back(var_sym);
            }
        }
        collect_class_type_names_and_struct_types(class_type_names, struct_types, x_symtab->parent);
    }

    template<typename T>
    void declare_vars(const T &x, bool create_vtabs=true) {
        llvm::Value *target_var;
        uint32_t debug_arg_count = 0;
        std::vector<std::string> var_order = ASRUtils::determine_variable_declaration_order(x.m_symtab);
        if( create_vtabs ) {
            std::set<std::string> class_type_names;
            std::vector<ASR::symbol_t*> struct_types;
            collect_class_type_names_and_struct_types(class_type_names, struct_types, x.m_symtab);
            for( size_t i = 0; i < struct_types.size(); i++ ) {
                ASR::symbol_t* struct_type = struct_types[i];
                bool create_vtab = false;
                for( const std::string& class_name: class_type_names ) {
                    ASR::symbol_t* class_sym = x.m_symtab->resolve_symbol(class_name);
                    bool is_vtab_needed = false;
                    while( !is_vtab_needed && struct_type ) {
                        if( struct_type == class_sym ) {
                            is_vtab_needed = true;
                        } else {
                            struct_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_type))->m_parent;
                        }
                    }
                    if( is_vtab_needed ) {
                        create_vtab = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if( create_vtab ) {
                    create_vtab_for_struct_type(
                        ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_types[i]),
                        x.m_symtab);
                }
            }
        }
        for (auto &item : var_order) {
            ASR::symbol_t* var_sym = x.m_symtab->get_symbol(item);
            if (is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*var_sym)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *v = down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(var_sym);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)v);
                llvm::Type *type;
                int n_dims = 0, a_kind = 4;
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                bool is_array_type = false;
                bool is_malloc_array_type = false;
                bool is_list = false;
                if (v->m_intent == intent_local ||
                    v->m_intent == intent_return_var ||
                    !v->m_intent) {
                    type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(
                        v->m_type, v->m_type_declaration, v->m_storage, is_array_type,
                        is_malloc_array_type, is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get());
                    llvm::Type* type_ = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(v->m_type)), module.get(), v->m_abi);

                    /*
                    * The following if block is used for converting any
                    * general array descriptor to a pointer type which
                    * can be passed as an argument in a function call in LLVM IR.
                    */
                    if( x.class_type == ASR::symbolType::Function) {
                        std::string m_name = std::string(x.m_name);
                        ASR::Function_t* _func = (ASR::Function_t*)(&(x.base));
                        std::uint32_t m_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)_func);
                        ASR::abiType abi_type = ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(_func)->m_abi;
                        bool is_v_arg = is_argument(v, _func->m_args, _func->n_args);
                        if( is_array_type && !is_list ) {
                            /* The first element in an array descriptor can be either of
                            * llvm::ArrayType or llvm::PointerType. However, a
                            * function only accepts llvm::PointerType for arrays. Hence,
                            * the following if block extracts the pointer to first element
                            * of an array from its descriptor. Note that this happens only
                            * for arguments and not for local function variables.
                            */
                            if( abi_type == ASR::abiType::Source && is_v_arg ) {
                                type = arr_descr->get_argument_type(type, m_h, v->m_name, arr_arg_type_cache);
                                is_array_type = false;
                            } else if( abi_type == ASR::abiType::Intrinsic &&
                                fname2arg_type.find(m_name) != fname2arg_type.end() ) {
                                type = fname2arg_type[m_name].second;
                                is_array_type = false;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    llvm::Value* array_size = nullptr;
                    if( ASRUtils::is_array(v->m_type) &&
                        ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(v->m_type) ==
                        ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray &&
                        !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*v->m_type) ) {
                        type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t(
                                ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(v->m_type),
                                v->m_type_declaration, v->m_storage, is_array_type,
                                is_malloc_array_type, is_list, m_dims, n_dims, a_kind, module.get());
                        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                        size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(v->m_type, m_dims);
                        array_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                        ptr_loads = 2;
                        for( size_t i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                            array_size = builder->CreateMul(array_size, tmp);
                        }
                        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                    }
                    llvm::Value *ptr = nullptr;
                    if( !compiler_options.stack_arrays && array_size ) {
                        llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                        uint64_t size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(type);
                        array_size = builder->CreateMul(array_size,
                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size)));
                        llvm::Value* ptr_i8 = LLVMArrUtils::lfortran_malloc(
                            context, *module, *builder, array_size);
                        heap_arrays.push_back(ptr_i8);
                        ptr = builder->CreateBitCast(ptr_i8, type->getPointerTo());
                    } else {
                        if (v->m_storage == ASR::storage_typeType::Save) {
                            std::string parent_function_name = std::string(x.m_name);
                            std::string global_name = parent_function_name+ "." + v->m_name;
                            ptr = module->getOrInsertGlobal(global_name, type);
                            llvm::GlobalVariable *gptr = module->getNamedGlobal(global_name);
                            gptr->setLinkage(llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage);
                            llvm::Constant *init_value = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(type);
                            gptr->setInitializer(init_value);
                        } else {
                            ptr = builder->CreateAlloca(type, array_size, v->m_name);
                        }
                    }
                    set_pointer_variable_to_null(llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(
                        static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(type)), ptr)
                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(
                        *ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(v->m_type)) ) {
                        if( ASRUtils::is_array(v->m_type) ) {
                            allocate_array_members_of_struct_arrays(ptr, v->m_type);
                        } else {
                            allocate_array_members_of_struct(ptr, v->m_type);
                        }
                    }
                    if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
                        // Reset the debug location
                        builder->SetCurrentDebugLocation(nullptr);
                        uint32_t line, column;
                        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column) {
                            debug_get_line_column(v->base.base.loc.first, line, column);
                        } else {
                            line = v->base.base.loc.first;
                            column = 0;
                        }
                        std::string type_name;
                        uint32_t type_size, type_encoding;
                        get_type_debug_info(v->m_type, type_name, type_size,
                            type_encoding);
                        llvm::DILocalVariable *debug_var = DBuilder->createParameterVariable(
                            debug_current_scope, v->m_name, ++debug_arg_count, debug_Unit, line,
                            DBuilder->createBasicType(type_name, type_size, type_encoding), true);
                        DBuilder->insertDeclare(ptr, debug_var, DBuilder->createExpression(),
                            llvm::DILocation::get(debug_current_scope->getContext(),
                            line, 0, debug_current_scope), builder->GetInsertBlock());
                    }

                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*v->m_type) ) {
                        ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(v->m_type);
                        ASR::StructType_t* struct_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type));
                        int64_t alignment_value = -1;
                        if( ASRUtils::extract_value(struct_type->m_alignment, alignment_value) ) {
                            llvm::Align align(alignment_value);
                            reinterpret_cast<llvm::AllocaInst*>(ptr)->setAlignment(align);
                        }
                    }

                    llvm_symtab[h] = ptr;
                    if( (ASRUtils::is_array(v->m_type) &&
                        ((ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(v->m_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) ||
                        (ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(v->m_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer &&
                        ASRUtils::is_dimension_empty(m_dims,n_dims))))
                    ) {
                        fill_array_details_(ptr, type_, m_dims, n_dims,
                            is_malloc_array_type, is_array_type, is_list, v->m_type);
                    }
                    ASR::expr_t* init_expr = v->m_symbolic_value;
                    if( v->m_storage != ASR::storage_typeType::Parameter ) {
                        for( size_t i = 0; i < v->n_dependencies; i++ ) {
                            std::string variable_name = v->m_dependencies[i];
                            ASR::symbol_t* dep_sym = x.m_symtab->resolve_symbol(variable_name);
                            if (dep_sym) {
                                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*dep_sym)) {
                                    ASR::Variable_t* dep_v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(dep_sym);
                                    if ( dep_v->m_symbolic_value == nullptr &&
                                        !(ASRUtils::is_array(dep_v->m_type) && ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(dep_v->m_type) ==
                                            ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray)) {
                                        init_expr = nullptr;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if( init_expr != nullptr &&
                        !is_list) {
                        target_var = ptr;
                        tmp = nullptr;
                        if (v->m_value != nullptr) {
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(v->m_value, true);
                        } else {
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(v->m_symbolic_value, true);
                        }
                        llvm::Value *init_value = tmp;
                        if( ASRUtils::is_array(v->m_type) &&
                            ASRUtils::is_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(v->m_symbolic_value)) &&
                            (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*v->m_symbolic_value) ||
                            (v->m_value && ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*v->m_value))) ) {
                            ASR::array_physical_typeType target_ptype = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(v->m_type);
                            if( target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
                                target_var = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target_var);
                                builder->CreateStore(init_value, target_var);
                            } else if( target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                                llvm::Value* arg_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                                llvm::APInt(32, ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(v->m_value)->n_args));
                                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(v->m_value)), module.get());
                                llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                                size_t dt_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                                arg_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, dt_size)), arg_size);
                                builder->CreateMemCpy(llvm_utils->create_gep(target_var, 0),
                                    llvm::MaybeAlign(), init_value, llvm::MaybeAlign(), arg_size);
                            }
                        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayReshape_t>(*v->m_symbolic_value)) {
                            builder->CreateStore(LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, init_value), target_var);
                        } else if (is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*v->m_type) && !is_array_type) {
                            ASR::Character_t *t = down_cast<ASR::Character_t>(v->m_type);
                            llvm::Value *arg_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                                        llvm::APInt(32, t->m_len+1));
                            llvm::Value *s_malloc = LLVM::lfortran_malloc(context, *module, *builder, arg_size);
                            string_init(context, *module, *builder, arg_size, s_malloc);
                            builder->CreateStore(s_malloc, target_var);
                            tmp = lfortran_str_copy(target_var, init_value);
                            if (v->m_intent == intent_local) {
                                strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, CreateLoad(target_var));
                            }
                        } else {
                            builder->CreateStore(init_value, target_var);
                        }
                    } else {
                        if (is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*v->m_type) && !is_array_type && !is_list) {
                            ASR::Character_t *t = down_cast<ASR::Character_t>(v->m_type);
                            target_var = ptr;
                            int strlen = t->m_len;
                            if (strlen >= 0 || strlen == -3) {
                                llvm::Value *arg_size;
                                if (strlen == -3) {
                                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(t->m_len_expr)
                                    this->visit_expr(*t->m_len_expr);
                                    arg_size = builder->CreateAdd(builder->CreateSExtOrTrunc(tmp,
                                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)),
                                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1)) );
                                } else {
                                    // Compile time length
                                    arg_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                                        llvm::APInt(32, strlen+1));
                                }
                                llvm::Value *init_value = LLVM::lfortran_malloc(context, *module, *builder, arg_size);
                                string_init(context, *module, *builder, arg_size, init_value);
                                builder->CreateStore(init_value, target_var);
                                if (v->m_intent == intent_local) {
                                    strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, CreateLoad(target_var));
                                }
                            } else if (strlen == -2) {
                                // Allocatable string. Initialize to `nullptr` (unallocated)
                                llvm::Value *init_value = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(type);
                                builder->CreateStore(init_value, target_var);
                            } else {
                                throw CodeGenError("Unsupported len value in ASR " + std::to_string(strlen));
                            }
                        } else if (is_list) {
                            ASR::List_t* asr_list = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(v->m_type);
                            std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(asr_list->m_type);
                            list_api->list_init(type_code, ptr, *module);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    bool is_function_variable(const ASR::Variable_t &v) {
        if (v.m_type_declaration) {
            return ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*v.m_type_declaration);
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    bool is_function_variable(const ASR::symbol_t *v) {
        if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*v) ) {
            return false;
        }
        return is_function_variable(*ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(v));
    }

    // F is the function that we are generating and we go over all arguments
    // (F.args()) and handle three cases:
    //     * Variable (`integer :: x`)
    //     * Function (callback) Variable (`procedure(fn) :: x`)
    //     * Function (`fn`)
    void declare_args(const ASR::Function_t &x, llvm::Function &F) {
        size_t i = 0;
        for (llvm::Argument &llvm_arg : F.args()) {
            ASR::symbol_t *s = symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(x.m_args[i])->m_v);
            ASR::symbol_t* arg_sym = s;
            if (is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*s)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(s);
                if (is_function_variable(*v)) {
                    // * Function (callback) Variable (`procedure(fn) :: x`)
                    s = v->m_type_declaration;
                } else {
                    // * Variable (`integer :: x`)
                    ASR::Variable_t *arg = EXPR2VAR(x.m_args[i]);
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(is_arg_dummy(arg->m_intent));
                    uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)arg);
                    std::string arg_s = arg->m_name;
                    llvm_arg.setName(arg_s);
                    llvm_symtab[h] = &llvm_arg;
                }
            }
            if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*s)) {
                // * Function (`fn`)
                // Deal with case where procedure passed in as argument
                ASR::Function_t *arg = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(s);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)arg_sym);
                std::string arg_s = ASRUtils::symbol_name(arg_sym);
                llvm_arg.setName(arg_s);
                llvm_symtab_fn_arg[h] = &llvm_arg;
                if( is_function_variable(arg_sym) ) {
                    llvm_symtab[h] = &llvm_arg;
                }
                if (llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn.end()) {
                    llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_utils->get_function_type(*arg, module.get());
                    llvm::Function* fn = llvm::Function::Create(fntype, llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, arg->m_name, module.get());
                    llvm_symtab_fn[h] = fn;
                }
            }
            i++;
        }
    }

    template <typename T>
    void declare_local_vars(const T &x) {
        declare_vars(x);
    }

    void visit_Function(const ASR::Function_t &x) {
        loop_head.clear();
        loop_head_names.clear();
        loop_or_block_end.clear();
        loop_or_block_end_names.clear();
        heap_arrays.clear();
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
        SymbolTable* current_scope_copy = current_scope;
        current_scope = x.m_symtab;
        bool is_dict_present_copy_lp = dict_api_lp->is_dict_present();
        bool is_dict_present_copy_sc = dict_api_sc->is_dict_present();
        dict_api_lp->set_is_dict_present(false);
        dict_api_sc->set_is_dict_present(false);
        bool is_set_present_copy_lp = set_api_lp->is_set_present();
        bool is_set_present_copy_sc = set_api_sc->is_set_present();
        set_api_lp->set_is_set_present(false);
        set_api_sc->set_is_set_present(false);
        llvm_goto_targets.clear();
        instantiate_function(x);
        if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface) {
            // Interface does not have an implementation and it is already
            // declared, so there is nothing to do here
            return;
        }
        visit_procedures(x);
        generate_function(x);
        parent_function = nullptr;
        dict_api_lp->set_is_dict_present(is_dict_present_copy_lp);
        dict_api_sc->set_is_dict_present(is_dict_present_copy_sc);
        set_api_lp->set_is_set_present(is_set_present_copy_lp);
        set_api_sc->set_is_set_present(is_set_present_copy_sc);

        // Finalize the debug info.
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) DBuilder->finalize();
        current_scope = current_scope_copy;
        loop_head.clear();
        loop_head_names.clear();
        loop_or_block_end.clear();
        loop_or_block_end_names.clear();
        heap_arrays.clear();
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
    }

    void instantiate_function(const ASR::Function_t &x){
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
        llvm::Function *F = nullptr;
        llvm::DISubprogram *SP;
        std::string sym_name = x.m_name;
        if (sym_name == "main") {
            sym_name = "_xx_lcompilers_changed_main_xx";
        }
        if (llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn.end()) {
            /*
            throw CodeGenError("Function code already generated for '"
                + std::string(x.m_name) + "'");
            */
            F = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
        } else {
            llvm::FunctionType* function_type = llvm_utils->get_function_type(x, module.get());
            if( ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface ) {
                ASR::FunctionType_t* asr_function_type = ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x);
                for( size_t i = 0; i < asr_function_type->n_arg_types; i++ ) {
                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*asr_function_type->m_arg_types[i]) ) {
                        return ;
                    }
                }
            }
            std::string fn_name;
            if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
                if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_bindc_name) {
                    fn_name = ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_bindc_name;
                } else {
                    fn_name = sym_name;
                }
            } else if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface &&
                ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi != ASR::abiType::Intrinsic) {
                fn_name = sym_name;
            } else {
                fn_name = mangle_prefix + sym_name;
            }
            if (llvm_symtab_fn_names.find(fn_name) == llvm_symtab_fn_names.end()) {
                llvm_symtab_fn_names[fn_name] = h;
                F = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, fn_name, module.get());

                // Add Debugging information to the LLVM function F
                if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
                    debug_emit_function(x, SP);
                    F->setSubprogram(SP);
                }
            } else {
                uint32_t old_h = llvm_symtab_fn_names[fn_name];
                F = llvm_symtab_fn[old_h];
                if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
                    SP = (llvm::DISubprogram*) llvm_symtab_fn_discope[old_h];
                }
            }
            llvm_symtab_fn[h] = F;
            if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) llvm_symtab_fn_discope[h] = SP;

            // Instantiate (pre-declare) all nested interfaces
            for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
                if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second)) {
                    ASR::Function_t *v = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                            item.second);
                    // check if item.second is present in x.m_args
                    bool interface_as_arg = false;
                    for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_args; i++) {
                        if (is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_args[i])) {
                            ASR::Var_t *arg = down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(x.m_args[i]);
                            if ( arg->m_v == item.second ) {
                                interface_as_arg = true;
                                llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_utils->get_function_type(*v, module.get());
                                llvm::Function* fn = llvm::Function::Create(fntype, llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, v->m_name, module.get());
                                uint32_t hash = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)v);
                                llvm_symtab_fn[hash] = fn;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (!interface_as_arg) {
                        instantiate_function(*v);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    inline void define_function_entry(const ASR::Function_t& x) {
        uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)&x);
        parent_function = &x;
        llvm::Function* F = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_current_scope = llvm_symtab_fn_discope[h];
        proc_return = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "return");
        llvm::BasicBlock *BB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
                ".entry", F);
        builder->SetInsertPoint(BB);
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_emit_loc(x);
        declare_args(x, *F);
        declare_local_vars(x);
    }


    inline void define_function_exit(const ASR::Function_t& x) {
        if (x.m_return_var) {
            start_new_block(proc_return);
            ASR::Variable_t *asr_retval = EXPR2VAR(x.m_return_var);
            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)asr_retval);
            llvm::Value *ret_val = llvm_symtab[h];
            llvm::Value *ret_val2 = CreateLoad(ret_val);
            // Handle Complex type return value for BindC:
            if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
                ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = asr_retval->m_type;
                llvm::Value *tmp = ret_val;
                if (is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*arg_type)) {
                    int c_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg_type);
                    if (c_kind == 4) {
                        if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                            // tmp is {float, float}*
                            // type_fx2p is i64*
                            llvm::Type* type_fx2p = llvm::Type::getInt64PtrTy(context);
                            // Convert {float,float}* to i64* using bitcast
                            tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, type_fx2p);
                            // Then convert i64* -> i64
                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                        } else if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::macOS_ARM) {
                            // Pass by value
                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                        } else {
                            // tmp is {float, float}*
                            // type_fx2p is <2 x float>*
                            llvm::Type* type_fx2p = FIXED_VECTOR_TYPE::get(llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context), 2)->getPointerTo();
                            // Convert {float,float}* to <2 x float>* using bitcast
                            tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, type_fx2p);
                            // Then convert <2 x float>* -> <2 x float>
                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                        }
                    } else {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(c_kind == 8)
                        if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                            // 128 bit aggregate type is passed by reference
                        } else {
                            // Pass by value
                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                        }
                    }
                ret_val2 = tmp;
                }
            }
            for( auto& value: heap_arrays ) {
                LLVM::lfortran_free(context, *module, *builder, value);
            }
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
            builder->CreateRet(ret_val2);
        } else {
            start_new_block(proc_return);
            for( auto& value: heap_arrays ) {
                LLVM::lfortran_free(context, *module, *builder, value);
            }
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
            builder->CreateRetVoid();
        }
    }

    void generate_function(const ASR::Function_t &x) {
        bool interactive = (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Interactive);
        if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Implementation ) {

            if (interactive) return;

            if (compiler_options.generate_object_code
                    && (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Intrinsic)
                    && !compiler_options.rtlib) {
                // Skip intrinsic functions in generate_object_code mode
                // They must be later linked
                return;
            }

            if (!prototype_only) {
                define_function_entry(x);

                for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_body; i++) {
                    this->visit_stmt(*x.m_body[i]);
                }

                define_function_exit(x);
            }
        } else if( ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Intrinsic &&
                   ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(x)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface ) {
            std::string m_name = x.m_name;
            if( m_name == "lbound" || m_name == "ubound" ) {
                define_function_entry(x);

                // Defines the size intrinsic's body at LLVM level.
                ASR::Variable_t *arg = EXPR2VAR(x.m_args[0]);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)arg);
                llvm::Value* llvm_arg1 = llvm_symtab[h];

                arg = EXPR2VAR(x.m_args[1]);
                h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)arg);
                llvm::Value* llvm_arg2 = llvm_symtab[h];

                ASR::Variable_t *ret = EXPR2VAR(x.m_return_var);
                h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)ret);
                llvm::Value* llvm_ret_ptr = llvm_symtab[h];

                llvm::Value* dim_des_val = CreateLoad(llvm_arg1);
                llvm::Value* dim_val = CreateLoad(llvm_arg2);
                llvm::Value* const_1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                dim_val = builder->CreateSub(dim_val, const_1);
                llvm::Value* dim_struct = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor(dim_des_val, dim_val);
                llvm::Value* res = nullptr;
                if( m_name == "lbound" ) {
                    res = arr_descr->get_lower_bound(dim_struct);
                } else if( m_name == "ubound" ) {
                    res = arr_descr->get_upper_bound(dim_struct);
                }
                builder->CreateStore(res, llvm_ret_ptr);

                define_function_exit(x);
            }
        }
    }


    template<typename T>
    void visit_procedures(const T &x) {
        for (auto &item : x.m_symtab->get_scope()) {
            if (is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*item.second)) {
                ASR::Function_t *s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(item.second);
                visit_Function(*s);
            }
        }
    }

    bool is_nested_pointer(llvm::Value* val) {
        // TODO: Remove this in future
        // Related issue, https://github.com/lcompilers/lpython/pull/707#issuecomment-1169773106.
        return val->getType()->isPointerTy() &&
               val->getType()->getContainedType(0)->isPointerTy();
    }

    void visit_CLoc(const ASR::CLoc_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( is_nested_pointer(tmp) ) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
        ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        if( ASRUtils::is_array(arg_type) ) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp,
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo());
    }


    llvm::Value* GetPointerCPtrUtil(llvm::Value* llvm_tmp, ASR::ttype_t* asr_type) {
        // If the input is a simple variable and not a pointer
        // then this check will fail and load will not happen
        // (which is what we want for simple variables).
        // For pointers, the actual LLVM variable will be a
        // double pointer, so we need to load one time and then
        // use it later on.
        if( is_nested_pointer(llvm_tmp) &&
            !ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*asr_type)) {
            llvm_tmp = CreateLoad(llvm_tmp);
        }

        if( ASRUtils::is_array(asr_type) &&
            !ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*asr_type) ) {
            ASR::array_physical_typeType physical_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_type);
            switch( physical_type ) {
                case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                    llvm_tmp = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(llvm_tmp));
                    break;
                }
                case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                    llvm_tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_tmp, 0);
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                }
            }
        }

        // // TODO: refactor this into a function, it is being used a few times
        // llvm::Type *target_type = llvm_tmp->getType();
        // // Create alloca to get a pointer, but do it
        // // at the beginning of the function to avoid
        // // using alloca inside a loop, which would
        // // run out of stack
        // llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
        // llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
        // builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
        // llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
        //     target_type, nullptr, "call_arg_value_ptr");
        // builder->CreateStore(llvm_tmp, target);
        // llvm_tmp = target;
        return llvm_tmp;
    }

    void visit_GetPointer(const ASR::GetPointer_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        tmp = GetPointerCPtrUtil(tmp, arg_type);
    }

    void visit_PointerToCPtr(const ASR::PointerToCPtr_t& x) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::GetPointer_t>(*x.m_arg) ) {
            ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(
                                         ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
            tmp = GetPointerCPtrUtil(tmp, arg_type);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp,
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo());
    }


    void visit_CPtrToPointer(const ASR::CPtrToPointer_t& x) {
        ASR::expr_t *cptr = x.m_cptr, *fptr = x.m_ptr, *shape = x.m_shape;
        int reduce_loads = 0;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*cptr) ) {
            ASR::Variable_t* cptr_var = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(cptr);
            reduce_loads = cptr_var->m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_in;
        }
        if( ASRUtils::is_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(fptr)) ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 1 - reduce_loads;
            this->visit_expr(*cptr);
            llvm::Value* llvm_cptr = tmp;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*fptr);
            llvm::Value* llvm_fptr = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Value* llvm_shape = nullptr;
            ASR::ttype_t* asr_shape_type = nullptr;
            if( shape ) {
                asr_shape_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(shape));
                this->visit_expr(*shape);
                llvm_shape = tmp;
            }
            ASR::ttype_t* fptr_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(fptr);
            llvm::Type* llvm_fptr_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                ASRUtils::get_contained_type(fptr_type), module.get());
            llvm::Value* fptr_array = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_fptr_type);
            builder->CreateStore(llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 0)),
                arr_descr->get_offset(fptr_array, false));
            ASR::dimension_t* fptr_dims;
            int fptr_rank = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(
                                ASRUtils::expr_type(fptr),
                                fptr_dims);
            llvm::Value* llvm_rank = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, fptr_rank));
            llvm::Value* dim_des = builder->CreateAlloca(arr_descr->get_dimension_descriptor_type(), llvm_rank);
            builder->CreateStore(dim_des, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(fptr_array, false));
            arr_descr->set_rank(fptr_array, llvm_rank);
            builder->CreateStore(fptr_array, llvm_fptr);
            llvm_fptr = fptr_array;
            ASR::ttype_t* fptr_data_type = ASRUtils::duplicate_type_without_dims(al, ASRUtils::get_contained_type(fptr_type), fptr_type->base.loc);
            llvm::Type* llvm_fptr_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(fptr_data_type, module.get());
            llvm::Value* fptr_data = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(llvm_fptr);
            llvm::Value* fptr_des = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(llvm_fptr);
            llvm::Value* shape_data = llvm_shape;
            if( llvm_shape && (ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_shape_type) ==
                ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) ) {
                shape_data = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(llvm_shape));
            }
            llvm_cptr = builder->CreateBitCast(llvm_cptr, llvm_fptr_data_type->getPointerTo());
            builder->CreateStore(llvm_cptr, fptr_data);
            llvm::Value* prod = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
            ASR::ArrayConstant_t* lower_bounds = nullptr;
            if( x.m_lower_bounds ) {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*x.m_lower_bounds));
                lower_bounds = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(x.m_lower_bounds);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(fptr_rank == (int) lower_bounds->n_args);
            }
            for( int i = 0; i < fptr_rank; i++ ) {
                llvm::Value* curr_dim = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, i));
                llvm::Value* desi = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor(fptr_des, curr_dim);
                llvm::Value* desi_stride = arr_descr->get_stride(desi, false);
                llvm::Value* desi_lb = arr_descr->get_lower_bound(desi, false);
                llvm::Value* desi_size = arr_descr->get_dimension_size(fptr_des, curr_dim, false);
                builder->CreateStore(prod, desi_stride);
                llvm::Value* i32_one = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                llvm::Value* new_lb = i32_one;
                if( lower_bounds ) {
                    int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                    ptr_loads = 2;
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(lower_bounds->m_args[i], true);
                    ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                    new_lb = tmp;
                }
                llvm::Value* new_ub = nullptr;
                if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_shape_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ||
                    ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_shape_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray ) {
                    new_ub = shape_data ? CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_ptr_gep(shape_data, i)) : i32_one;
                } else if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_shape_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                    new_ub = shape_data ? CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(shape_data, i)) : i32_one;
                }
                builder->CreateStore(new_lb, desi_lb);
                llvm::Value* new_size = builder->CreateAdd(builder->CreateSub(new_ub, new_lb), i32_one);
                builder->CreateStore(new_size, desi_size);
                prod = builder->CreateMul(prod, new_size);
            }
        } else {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 1 - reduce_loads;
            this->visit_expr(*cptr);
            llvm::Value* llvm_cptr = tmp;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*fptr);
            llvm::Value* llvm_fptr = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Type* llvm_fptr_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(fptr)), module.get());
            llvm_cptr = builder->CreateBitCast(llvm_cptr, llvm_fptr_type->getPointerTo());
            builder->CreateStore(llvm_cptr, llvm_fptr);
        }
    }

    void visit_PointerAssociated(const ASR::PointerAssociated_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
        llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
        builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
        llvm::AllocaInst *res = builder0.CreateAlloca(
            llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), nullptr, "is_associated");
        ASR::ttype_t* p_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_ptr);
        llvm::Value *ptr, *nptr;
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1;
        visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_ptr, true);
        ptr = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_ptr)) &&
            x.m_tgt && ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_tgt)) ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_tgt, true);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(
                builder->CreatePtrToInt(ptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false)),
                builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false)));
            return ;
        }
        llvm_utils->create_if_else(builder->CreateICmpEQ(
            builder->CreatePtrToInt(ptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context), llvm::APInt(64, 0))),
        [&]() {
            builder->CreateStore(
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), llvm::APInt(1, 0)),
                res);
        },
        [&]() {
            if (x.m_tgt) {
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_tgt, true);
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                // ASR::Variable_t *t = EXPR2VAR(x.m_tgt);
                // uint32_t t_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)t);
                // nptr = llvm_symtab[t_h];
                nptr = tmp;
                if( ASRUtils::is_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_tgt)) ) {
                    ASR::array_physical_typeType tgt_ptype = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_tgt));
                    if( tgt_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                        nptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(nptr, 0);
                    }
                    if( tgt_ptype != ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
                        ptr = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(ptr));
                    }
                }
                nptr = builder->CreatePtrToInt(nptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
                ptr = builder->CreatePtrToInt(ptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
                builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateICmpEQ(ptr, nptr), res);
            } else {
                llvm::Type* value_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(p_type, module.get());
                nptr = llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(static_cast<llvm::PointerType*>(value_type));
                nptr = builder->CreatePtrToInt(nptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
                ptr = builder->CreatePtrToInt(ptr, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
                builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateICmpNE(ptr, nptr), res);
            }
        });
        tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, res);
    }

    void handle_array_section_association_to_pointer(const ASR::Associate_t& x) {
        ASR::ArraySection_t* array_section = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArraySection_t>(x.m_value);
        ASR::ttype_t* value_array_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(array_section->m_v);

        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1 - !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*value_array_type);
        visit_expr_wrapper(array_section->m_v);
        llvm::Value* value_desc = tmp;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*array_section->m_v) &&
            ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(value_array_type) !=
                ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
            value_desc = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, value_desc);
        }
        ptr_loads = 0;
        visit_expr(*x.m_target);
        llvm::Value* target_desc = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
        llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
        builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
        ASR::ttype_t* target_desc_type = ASRUtils::duplicate_type_with_empty_dims(al,
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(value_array_type)),
             ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray, true);
        llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(target_desc_type, module.get());
        llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
            target_type, nullptr, "array_section_descriptor");
        int value_rank = array_section->n_args, target_rank = 0;
        Vec<llvm::Value*> lbs; lbs.reserve(al, value_rank);
        Vec<llvm::Value*> ubs; ubs.reserve(al, value_rank);
        Vec<llvm::Value*> ds; ds.reserve(al, value_rank);
        Vec<llvm::Value*> non_sliced_indices; non_sliced_indices.reserve(al, value_rank);
        for( int i = 0; i < value_rank; i++ ) {
            lbs.p[i] = nullptr; ubs.p[i] = nullptr; ds.p[i] = nullptr;
            non_sliced_indices.p[i] = nullptr;
            if( array_section->m_args[i].m_step != nullptr ) {
                visit_expr_wrapper(array_section->m_args[i].m_left, true);
                lbs.p[i] = tmp;
                visit_expr_wrapper(array_section->m_args[i].m_right, true);
                ubs.p[i] = tmp;
                visit_expr_wrapper(array_section->m_args[i].m_step, true);
                ds.p[i] = tmp;
                target_rank++;
            } else {
                visit_expr_wrapper(array_section->m_args[i].m_right, true);
                non_sliced_indices.p[i] = tmp;
            }
        }
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(target_rank > 0);
        llvm::Value* target_dim_des_ptr = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(target, false);
        llvm::Value* target_dim_des_val = builder0.CreateAlloca(arr_descr->get_dimension_descriptor_type(false),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(4), llvm::APInt(32, target_rank)));
        builder->CreateStore(target_dim_des_val, target_dim_des_ptr);
        ASR::ttype_t* array_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(array_section->m_v);
        if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(array_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray ||
            ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(array_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
            if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(array_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                value_desc = llvm_utils->create_gep(value_desc, 0);
            }
            ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
            // Fill in m_dims:
            [[maybe_unused]] int array_value_rank = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(array_type, m_dims);
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(array_value_rank == value_rank);
            Vec<llvm::Value*> llvm_diminfo;
            llvm_diminfo.reserve(al, value_rank * 2);
            for( int i = 0; i < value_rank; i++ ) {
                visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_start, true);
                llvm_diminfo.push_back(al, tmp);
                visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                llvm_diminfo.push_back(al, tmp);
            }
            arr_descr->fill_descriptor_for_array_section_data_only(value_desc, target,
                lbs.p, ubs.p, ds.p, non_sliced_indices.p,
                llvm_diminfo.p, value_rank, target_rank);
        } else {
            arr_descr->fill_descriptor_for_array_section(value_desc, target,
                lbs.p, ubs.p, ds.p, non_sliced_indices.p,
                array_section->n_args, target_rank);
        }
        builder->CreateStore(target, target_desc);
    }

    void visit_Associate(const ASR::Associate_t& x) {
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ArraySection_t>(*x.m_value) ) {
            handle_array_section_association_to_pointer(x);
        } else {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            llvm::Value* llvm_target = tmp;
            visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            llvm::Value* llvm_value = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
            ASR::ttype_t* target_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_target);
            ASR::ttype_t* value_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value);
            int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(target_type, m_dims);
            ASR::ttype_t *type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(target_type);
            type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(type);
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*type)) {
                int dims = n_dims;
                if (dims == 0) {
                    builder->CreateStore(CreateLoad(llvm_value),
                        llvm_target);
                    return;
                }
            }
            bool is_target_class = ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(
                *ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type));
            bool is_value_class = ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(
                *ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(value_type)));
            if( is_target_class && !is_value_class ) {
                llvm::Value* vtab_address_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_target, 0);
                llvm_target = llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_target, 1);
                ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(value_type));
                ASR::symbol_t* struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type);
                if (type2vtab.find(struct_sym) == type2vtab.end() ||
                    type2vtab[struct_sym].find(current_scope) == type2vtab[struct_sym].end()) {
                    create_vtab_for_struct_type(struct_sym, current_scope);
                }
                llvm::Value* vtab_obj = type2vtab[struct_sym][current_scope];
                llvm::Value* struct_type_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(vtab_obj, 0));
                builder->CreateStore(struct_type_hash, vtab_address_ptr);

                ASR::Class_t* class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type));
                ASR::StructType_t* struct_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                    ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(class_t->m_class_type));
                llvm_value = builder->CreateBitCast(llvm_value, llvm_utils->getStructType(struct_type_t, module.get(), true));
                builder->CreateStore(llvm_value, llvm_target);
            } else if( is_target_class && is_value_class ) {
                [[maybe_unused]] ASR::Class_t* target_class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type));
                [[maybe_unused]] ASR::Class_t* value_class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(value_type)));
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(target_class_t->m_class_type == value_class_t->m_class_type);
                llvm::Value* value_vtabid = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_value, 0));
                llvm::Value* value_class = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_value, 1));
                builder->CreateStore(value_vtabid, llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_target, 0));
                builder->CreateStore(value_class, llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_target, 1));
            } else {
                bool is_value_data_only_array = (ASRUtils::is_array(value_type) && (
                      ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(value_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray ||
                      ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(value_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray));
                if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*value_type) ) {
                    llvm_value = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvm_value);
                }
                if( is_value_data_only_array ) {
                    ASR::ttype_t* target_type_ = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type);
                    switch( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(target_type_) ) {
                        case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                            if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(value_type) == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                                llvm_value = llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_value, 0);
                            }
                            llvm::Type* llvm_target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(target_type_, module.get());
                            llvm::Value* llvm_target_ = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_target_type);
                            ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                            size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(value_type, m_dims);
                            ASR::ttype_t* data_type = ASRUtils::duplicate_type_without_dims(
                                                        al, target_type_, target_type_->base.loc);
                            llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(data_type, module.get());
                            fill_array_details(llvm_target_, llvm_data_type, m_dims, n_dims, false, false);
                            builder->CreateStore(llvm_value, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(llvm_target_));
                            llvm_value = llvm_target_;
                            break;
                        }
                        case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                            llvm_value = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, llvm_value);
                            break;
                        }
                        case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray: {
                            break;
                        }
                        default: {
                            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                        }
                    }
                }
                builder->CreateStore(llvm_value, llvm_target);
            }
        }
    }

    void handle_StringSection_Assignment(ASR::expr_t *target, ASR::expr_t *value) {
        // Handles the case when LHS of assignment is string.
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_str_slice_assign";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    character_type, {
                        character_type, character_type, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        ASR::StringSection_t *ss = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StringSection_t>(target);
        llvm::Value *lp, *rp;
        llvm::Value *str, *idx1, *idx2, *step, *str_val;
        int ptr_load_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(ss->m_arg, true);
        str = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_load_copy;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(value, true);
        str_val = tmp;
        if (!ss->m_start && !ss->m_end) {
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*ss->m_arg)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(ss->m_arg);
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*asr_target->m_type)) {
                    tmp = lfortran_str_copy(str, str_val);
                    return;
                }
            }
            builder->CreateStore(str_val, str);
            return;
        }
        if (ss->m_start) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(ss->m_start, true);
            idx1 = tmp;
            lp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 1));
        } else {
            lp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 0));
            idx1 = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
        }
        if (ss->m_end) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(ss->m_end, true);
            idx2 = tmp;
            rp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 1));
        } else {
            rp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 0));
            idx2 = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
        }
        if (ss->m_step) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(ss->m_step, true);
            step = tmp;
        } else {
            step = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(32, 0));
        }
        bool flag = str->getType()->getContainedType(0)->isPointerTy();
        llvm::Value *str2 = str;
        if (flag) {
            str2 = CreateLoad(str2);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {str2, str_val, idx1, idx2, step, lp, rp});
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*ss->m_arg)) {
            ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(ss->m_arg);
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*asr_target->m_type)) {
                tmp = lfortran_str_copy(str, tmp);
                return;
            }
        }
        if (!flag) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, str);
        strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, tmp);
    }

    void visit_OverloadedStringConcat(const ASR::OverloadedStringConcat_t &x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_overloaded != nullptr)
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_overloaded);
    }

    void visit_Assignment(const ASR::Assignment_t &x) {
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_emit_loc(x);
        if( x.m_overloaded ) {
            this->visit_stmt(*x.m_overloaded);
            return ;
        }

        ASR::ttype_t* asr_target_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_target);
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_value_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value);
        bool is_target_list = ASR::is_a<ASR::List_t>(*asr_target_type);
        bool is_value_list = ASR::is_a<ASR::List_t>(*asr_value_type);
        bool is_target_tuple = ASR::is_a<ASR::Tuple_t>(*asr_target_type);
        bool is_value_tuple = ASR::is_a<ASR::Tuple_t>(*asr_value_type);
        bool is_target_dict = ASR::is_a<ASR::Dict_t>(*asr_target_type);
        bool is_value_dict = ASR::is_a<ASR::Dict_t>(*asr_value_type);
        bool is_target_set = ASR::is_a<ASR::Set_t>(*asr_target_type);
        bool is_value_set = ASR::is_a<ASR::Set_t>(*asr_value_type);
        bool is_target_struct = ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*asr_target_type);
        bool is_value_struct = ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*asr_value_type);
        bool is_value_list_to_array = (ASR::is_a<ASR::Cast_t>(*x.m_value) &&
            ASR::down_cast<ASR::Cast_t>(x.m_value)->m_kind == ASR::cast_kindType::ListToArray);
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::StringSection_t>(*x.m_target)) {
            handle_StringSection_Assignment(x.m_target, x.m_value);
            if (tmp == strings_to_be_deallocated.back()) {
                strings_to_be_deallocated.erase(strings_to_be_deallocated.back());
            }
            return;
        }
        if( is_target_list && is_value_list ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            llvm::Value* target_list = tmp;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            llvm::Value* value_list = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            ASR::List_t* value_asr_list = ASR::down_cast<ASR::List_t>(
                                            ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value));
            std::string value_type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(value_asr_list->m_type);
            list_api->list_deepcopy(value_list, target_list,
                                    value_asr_list, module.get(),
                                    name2memidx);
            return ;
        } else if( is_target_tuple && is_value_tuple ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(*x.m_target) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(*x.m_value) ) {
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
                llvm::Value* value_tuple = tmp;
                ASR::TupleConstant_t* const_tuple = ASR::down_cast<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(x.m_target);
                for( size_t i = 0; i < const_tuple->n_elements; i++ ) {
                    ptr_loads = 0;
                    visit_expr(*const_tuple->m_elements[i]);
                    llvm::Value* target_ptr = tmp;
                    llvm::Value* item = tuple_api->read_item(value_tuple, i, false);
                    builder->CreateStore(item, target_ptr);
                }
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(*x.m_target) &&
                       ASR::is_a<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(*x.m_value) ) {
                ASR::TupleConstant_t* asr_value_tuple = ASR::down_cast<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(x.m_value);
                Vec<llvm::Value*> src_deepcopies;
                src_deepcopies.reserve(al, asr_value_tuple->n_elements);
                for( size_t i = 0; i < asr_value_tuple->n_elements; i++ ) {
                    ASR::ttype_t* asr_tuple_i_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(asr_value_tuple->m_elements[i]);
                    llvm::Type* llvm_tuple_i_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(asr_tuple_i_type, module.get());
                    llvm::Value* llvm_tuple_i = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_tuple_i_type, nullptr);
                    ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_tuple_i_type);
                    visit_expr(*asr_value_tuple->m_elements[i]);
                    llvm_utils->deepcopy(tmp, llvm_tuple_i, asr_tuple_i_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
                    src_deepcopies.push_back(al, llvm_tuple_i);
                }
                ASR::TupleConstant_t* asr_target_tuple = ASR::down_cast<ASR::TupleConstant_t>(x.m_target);
                for( size_t i = 0; i < asr_target_tuple->n_elements; i++ ) {
                    ptr_loads = 0;
                    visit_expr(*asr_target_tuple->m_elements[i]);
                    LLVM::CreateStore(*builder,
                        LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, src_deepcopies[i]),
                        tmp
                    );
                }
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            } else {
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
                llvm::Value* value_tuple = tmp;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
                llvm::Value* target_tuple = tmp;
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                ASR::Tuple_t* value_tuple_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Tuple_t>(asr_value_type);
                std::string type_code = ASRUtils::get_type_code(value_tuple_type->m_type,
                                                                value_tuple_type->n_type);
                tuple_api->tuple_deepcopy(value_tuple, target_tuple,
                                          value_tuple_type, module.get(),
                                          name2memidx);
            }
            return ;
        } else if( is_target_dict && is_value_dict ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            llvm::Value* value_dict = tmp;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            llvm::Value* target_dict = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            ASR::Dict_t* value_dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(asr_value_type);
            llvm_utils->set_dict_api(value_dict_type);
            llvm_utils->dict_api->dict_deepcopy(value_dict, target_dict,
                                    value_dict_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
            return ;
        } else if( is_target_set && is_value_set ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            llvm::Value* value_set = tmp;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            llvm::Value* target_set = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            ASR::Set_t* value_set_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Set_t>(asr_value_type);
            llvm_utils->set_set_api(value_set_type);
            llvm_utils->set_api->set_deepcopy(value_set, target_set,
                                    value_set_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
            return ;
        } else if( is_target_struct && is_value_struct ) {
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_value);
            llvm::Value* value_struct = tmp;
            bool is_assignment_target_copy = is_assignment_target;
            is_assignment_target = true;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            is_assignment_target = is_assignment_target_copy;
            llvm::Value* target_struct = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm_utils->deepcopy(value_struct, target_struct,
                asr_target_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
            return ;
        }

        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Pointer_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_target)) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::GetPointer_t>(*x.m_value) ) {
            ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(x.m_target);
            ASR::GetPointer_t* get_ptr = ASR::down_cast<ASR::GetPointer_t>(x.m_value);
            uint32_t target_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)asr_target);
            int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(get_ptr->m_arg));
            visit_expr_wrapper(get_ptr->m_arg, true);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            if( ASRUtils::is_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(get_ptr->m_arg)) &&
                ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(get_ptr->m_arg)) !=
                ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) {
                visit_ArrayPhysicalCastUtil(
                    tmp, get_ptr->m_arg, ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(get_ptr->m_type)),
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(get_ptr->m_arg),
                    ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(get_ptr->m_arg)),
                    ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray);
            }
            builder->CreateStore(tmp, llvm_symtab[target_h]);
            return ;
        }
        llvm::Value *target, *value;
        uint32_t h;
        bool lhs_is_string_arrayref = false;
        if( x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::ArrayItem ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::StringItem ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::ArraySection ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::StructInstanceMember ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::ListItem ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::DictItem ||
            x.m_target->type == ASR::exprType::UnionInstanceMember ) {
            is_assignment_target = true;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
            is_assignment_target = false;
            target = tmp;
            if (is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*x.m_target)) {
                ASR::ArrayItem_t *asr_target0 = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(x.m_target);
                if (is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*asr_target0->m_v)) {
                    ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(asr_target0->m_v);
                    int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(asr_target->m_type);
                    if ( is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(asr_target->m_type)) ) {
                        if (n_dims == 0) {
                            target = CreateLoad(target);
                            lhs_is_string_arrayref = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else if (is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_target)) {
                if( ASRUtils::is_allocatable(x.m_target) &&
                    !ASRUtils::is_character(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_target)) ) {
                    target = CreateLoad(target);
                }
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StringItem_t>(*x.m_target) ) {
                ASR::StringItem_t *asr_target0 = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StringItem_t>(x.m_target);
                if (is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*asr_target0->m_arg)) {
                    ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(asr_target0->m_arg);
                    if ( ASRUtils::is_character(*asr_target->m_type) ) {
                        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(asr_target->m_type);
                        if (n_dims == 0) {
                            lhs_is_string_arrayref = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else if (is_a<ASR::ArraySection_t>(*x.m_target)) {
                ASR::ArraySection_t *asr_target0 = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArraySection_t>(x.m_target);
                if (is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*asr_target0->m_v)) {
                    ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(asr_target0->m_v);
                    if ( is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(asr_target->m_type)) ) {
                        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(asr_target->m_type);
                        if (n_dims == 0) {
                            target = CreateLoad(target);
                            lhs_is_string_arrayref = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ListItem_t>(*x.m_target) ) {
                ASR::ListItem_t* asr_target0 = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ListItem_t>(x.m_target);
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*asr_target0->m_a);
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                llvm::Value* list = tmp;
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(asr_target0->m_pos, true);
                llvm::Value* pos = tmp;

                target = list_api->read_item(list, pos, compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking,
                                             *module, true);
            }
        } else {
            ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(x.m_target);
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)asr_target);
            target = llvm_symtab[h];
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Pointer_t>(*asr_target->m_type) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(
                    *ASRUtils::get_contained_type(asr_target->m_type))) {
                target = CreateLoad(target);
            }
            ASR::ttype_t *cont_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(asr_target_type);
            if ( ASRUtils::is_array(cont_type) ) {
                if( is_value_list_to_array ) {
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
                    llvm::Value* list_data = tmp;
                    int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                    ptr_loads = 0;
                    this->visit_expr(*ASR::down_cast<ASR::Cast_t>(x.m_value)->m_arg);
                    llvm::Value* plist = tmp;
                    ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                    llvm::Value* array_data = nullptr;
                    if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_target_type) ==
                        ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
                        array_data = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder,
                            arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target)));
                    } else if( ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(asr_target_type) ==
                               ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                        array_data = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                    } else {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                    }
                    llvm::Value* size = list_api->len(plist);
                    llvm::Type* el_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::extract_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value)), module.get());
                    llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                    uint64_t size_ = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(el_type);
                    size = builder->CreateMul(size, llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, size_)));
                    builder->CreateMemCpy(array_data, llvm::MaybeAlign(),
                                          list_data, llvm::MaybeAlign(), size);
                    return ;
                }
                if( asr_target->m_type->type == ASR::ttypeType::Character) {
                    target = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target));
                }
            }
        }
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::UnionTypeConstructor_t>(*x.m_value) ) {
            return ;
        }
        ASR::ttype_t* target_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_target);
        ASR::ttype_t* value_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value);
        ASR::expr_t *m_value = x.m_value;
        if (ASRUtils::is_simd_array(x.m_target) && ASR::is_a<ASR::ArraySection_t>(*m_value)) {
            m_value = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArraySection_t>(m_value)->m_v;
        }
        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - (ASRUtils::is_character(*value_type) ||
            ASRUtils::is_array(value_type));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_value, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_value) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Union_t>(*value_type) ) {
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
        }
        value = tmp;
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*target_type)) {
            if (value->getType()->isPointerTy()) {
                value = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, value);
            }
        }
        if ( ASRUtils::is_character(*(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_value))) ) {
            int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(expr_type(x.m_value));
            if (n_dims == 0) {
                if (lhs_is_string_arrayref && value->getType()->isPointerTy()) {
                    value = CreateLoad(value);
                }
                if ( (ASR::is_a<ASR::FunctionCall_t>(*x.m_value) ||
                     ASR::is_a<ASR::StringConcat_t>(*x.m_value) ||
                     (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_target)
                         && ASRUtils::is_character(*target_type))) &&
                    !ASR::is_a<ASR::DictItem_t>(*x.m_target) ) {
                    if( ASRUtils::is_allocatable(x.m_target) ) {
                        tmp = lfortran_str_copy(target, value, true);
                    } else {
                        builder->CreateStore(value, target);
                        strings_to_be_deallocated.erase(strings_to_be_deallocated.back());
                    }
                    return;
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_target)) {
                    ASR::Variable_t *asr_target = EXPR2VAR(x.m_target);
                    tmp = lfortran_str_copy(target, value,
                        ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*asr_target->m_type));
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        if( ASRUtils::is_array(target_type) &&
            ASRUtils::is_array(value_type) &&
            ASRUtils::check_equal_type(target_type, value_type) ) {
            bool data_only_copy = false;
            ASR::array_physical_typeType target_ptype = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(target_type);
            ASR::array_physical_typeType value_ptype = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(value_type);
            bool is_target_data_only_array = (target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray);
            bool is_value_data_only_array = (value_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray);
            bool is_target_fixed_sized_array = (target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray);
            bool is_value_fixed_sized_array = (value_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray);
            bool is_target_simd_array = (target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray);
            bool is_target_descriptor_based_array = (target_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray);
            bool is_value_descriptor_based_array = (value_ptype == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray);
            if( is_value_fixed_sized_array && is_target_fixed_sized_array ) {
                value = llvm_utils->create_gep(value, 0);
                target = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                ASR::dimension_t* asr_dims = nullptr;
                size_t asr_n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(target_type, asr_dims);
                int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(asr_dims, asr_n_dims);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type))), module.get());
                llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                uint64_t data_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size));
                llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size,
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, data_size)));
                builder->CreateMemCpy(target, llvm::MaybeAlign(), value, llvm::MaybeAlign(), llvm_size);
            } else if( is_value_descriptor_based_array && is_target_fixed_sized_array ) {
                value = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(value));
                target = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                ASR::dimension_t* asr_dims = nullptr;
                size_t asr_n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(target_type, asr_dims);
                int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(asr_dims, asr_n_dims);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type))), module.get());
                llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                uint64_t data_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size));
                llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size,
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, data_size)));
                builder->CreateMemCpy(target, llvm::MaybeAlign(), value, llvm::MaybeAlign(), llvm_size);
            } else if( is_target_descriptor_based_array && is_value_fixed_sized_array ) {
                if( ASRUtils::is_allocatable(target_type) ) {
                    target = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
                }
                llvm::Value* llvm_size = arr_descr->get_array_size(target, nullptr, 4);
                target = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target));
                value = llvm_utils->create_gep(value, 0);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(value_type))), module.get());
                llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                uint64_t data_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size,
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, data_size)));
                builder->CreateMemCpy(target, llvm::MaybeAlign(), value, llvm::MaybeAlign(), llvm_size);
            } else if( is_target_data_only_array || is_value_data_only_array ) {
                if( is_value_fixed_sized_array ) {
                    value = llvm_utils->create_gep(value, 0);
                    is_value_data_only_array = true;
                }
                if( is_target_fixed_sized_array ) {
                    target = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                    is_target_data_only_array = true;
                }
                llvm::Value *target_data = nullptr, *value_data = nullptr, *llvm_size = nullptr;
                llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                if( is_target_data_only_array ) {
                    target_data = target;
                    ASR::dimension_t* target_dims = nullptr;
                    int target_ndims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(target_type, target_dims);
                    data_only_copy = true;
                    for( int i = 0; i < target_ndims; i++ ) {
                        if( target_dims[i].m_length == nullptr ) {
                            data_only_copy = false;
                            break;
                        }
                        this->visit_expr_wrapper(target_dims[i].m_length, true);
                        llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size, tmp);
                    }
                } else {
                    target_data = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target));
                }
                if( is_value_data_only_array ) {
                    value_data = value;
                    ASR::dimension_t* value_dims = nullptr;
                    int value_ndims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(value_type, value_dims);
                    if( !data_only_copy ) {
                        llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                        data_only_copy = true;
                        for( int i = 0; i < value_ndims; i++ ) {
                            if( value_dims[i].m_length == nullptr ) {
                                data_only_copy = false;
                                break;
                            }
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(value_dims[i].m_length, true);
                            llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size, tmp);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    value_data = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(value));
                }
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(data_only_copy);
                llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(target_type))), module.get());
                arr_descr->copy_array_data_only(value_data, target_data, module.get(),
                                                llvm_data_type, llvm_size);
            } else if ( is_target_simd_array ) {
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArraySection_t>(*x.m_value)) {
                    int idx = 1;
                    ASR::ArraySection_t *arr = down_cast<ASR::ArraySection_t>(x.m_value);
                    (void) ASRUtils::extract_value(arr->m_args->m_left, idx);
                    value = llvm_utils->create_gep(value, idx-1);
                    target = llvm_utils->create_gep(target, 0);
                    ASR::dimension_t* asr_dims = nullptr;
                    size_t asr_n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(target_type, asr_dims);
                    int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(asr_dims, asr_n_dims);
                    llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(target_type))), module.get());
                    llvm::DataLayout data_layout(module.get());
                    uint64_t data_size = data_layout.getTypeAllocSize(llvm_data_type);
                    llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size));
                    llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(llvm_size,
                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, data_size)));
                    builder->CreateMemCpy(target, llvm::MaybeAlign(), value, llvm::MaybeAlign(), llvm_size);
                } else {
                    builder->CreateStore(value, target);
                }
            } else {
                bool create_dim_des_array = false;
                if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*target_type) ) {
                    target = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
                    create_dim_des_array = true;
                }
                arr_descr->copy_array(value, target, module.get(),
                                      target_type, create_dim_des_array, false);
            }
        } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::DictItem_t>(*x.m_target) ) {
            ASR::DictItem_t* dict_item_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::DictItem_t>(x.m_target);
            ASR::Dict_t* dict_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Dict_t>(
                                    ASRUtils::expr_type(dict_item_t->m_a));
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr(*dict_item_t->m_a);
            llvm::Value* pdict = tmp;

            ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(dict_type->m_key_type);
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(dict_item_t->m_key, true);
            llvm::Value *key = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

            llvm_utils->set_dict_api(dict_type);
            // Note - The value is fully loaded to an LLVM value (not at all a pointer)
            // as opposed to DictInsert where LLVM values are loaded depending upon
            // the ASR type of value. Might give issues here.
            llvm_utils->dict_api->write_item(pdict, key, value, module.get(),
                                dict_type->m_key_type,
                                dict_type->m_value_type, name2memidx);
        } else {
            builder->CreateStore(value, target);
        }
    }

    void PointerToData_to_Descriptor(ASR::ttype_t* m_type, ASR::ttype_t* m_type_for_dimensions) {
        llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
        llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
        builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
        llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(m_type)), module.get());
        llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
            target_type, nullptr, "array_descriptor");
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target));
        ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(m_type_for_dimensions, m_dims);
        llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(m_type)), module.get());
        fill_array_details(target, llvm_data_type, m_dims, n_dims, false, false);
        if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*m_type) ) {
            llvm::AllocaInst* target_ptr = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                target_type->getPointerTo(), nullptr, "array_descriptor_ptr");
            builder->CreateStore(target, target_ptr);
            target = target_ptr;
        }
        tmp = target;
    }

    void visit_ArrayPhysicalCastUtil(llvm::Value* arg, ASR::expr_t* m_arg,
        ASR::ttype_t* m_type, ASR::ttype_t* m_type_for_dimensions,
        ASR::array_physical_typeType m_old, ASR::array_physical_typeType m_new) {

        if( m_old == m_new &&
            m_old != ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
            return ;
        }

        if( m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*m_arg) ) {
                arg = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arg);
            }
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(arg));
            tmp = llvm_utils->create_ptr_gep(tmp, arr_descr->get_offset(arg));
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray) {
            if( ((ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg))) ||
                ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) == nullptr ) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstructor_t>(*m_arg) ) {
                tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
            }
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::UnboundedPointerToDataArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray) {
            if( ((ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg))) ||
                ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) == nullptr) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstructor_t>(*m_arg) ) {
                tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
            }
        } else if (
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray) {
            // pass
        } else if (
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(arg);
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray) {
            if( ((ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg))) ||
                ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) == nullptr) &&
                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstructor_t>(*m_arg) ) {
                tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
            }
            PointerToData_to_Descriptor(m_type, m_type_for_dimensions);
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray) {
            PointerToData_to_Descriptor(m_type, m_type_for_dimensions);
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) {
            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
            llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(m_type, module.get())->getPointerTo();
            tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, target_type);
        } else if(
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) {
            // TODO: For allocatables, first check if its allocated (generate code for it)
            // and then if its allocated only then proceed with reseting array details.
            llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
            llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
            builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
            llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(m_type)), module.get());
            llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                target_type, nullptr, "array_descriptor");
            builder->CreateStore(llvm_utils->create_ptr_gep(
                LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp)),
                arr_descr->get_offset(tmp)), arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(target));
            int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(m_type_for_dimensions);
            arr_descr->reset_array_details(target, tmp, n_dims);
            tmp = target;
        } else if (
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer) {
        //
            if (ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(m_type)) {
                if( ((ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) &&
                    !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg))) ||
                    ASRUtils::expr_value(m_arg) == nullptr) &&
                    !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstructor_t>(*m_arg) ) {
                    tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, 0);
                }
            } else {
                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
            }
        } else if (
            m_new == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer &&
            m_old == ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray) {
            if (ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(m_type)) {
                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
                llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(m_type, module.get())->getPointerTo();
                tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, target_type); // [1 x i8*]*
                // we need [1 x i8*]
                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
            }
        } else {
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
        }
    }

    void visit_ArrayPhysicalCast(const ASR::ArrayPhysicalCast_t& x) {
        if( x.m_old != ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray ) {
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.m_new != x.m_old);
        }
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, false);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        visit_ArrayPhysicalCastUtil(tmp, x.m_arg, x.m_type, x.m_type, x.m_old, x.m_new);
    }

    void visit_AssociateBlockCall(const ASR::AssociateBlockCall_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::AssociateBlock_t>(*x.m_m));
        ASR::AssociateBlock_t* associate_block = ASR::down_cast<ASR::AssociateBlock_t>(x.m_m);
        declare_vars(*associate_block);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < associate_block->n_body; i++) {
            this->visit_stmt(*(associate_block->m_body[i]));
        }
    }

    void visit_BlockCall(const ASR::BlockCall_t& x) {
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> heap_arrays_copy;
        heap_arrays_copy = heap_arrays;
        heap_arrays.clear();
        if( x.m_label != -1 ) {
            if( llvm_goto_targets.find(x.m_label) == llvm_goto_targets.end() ) {
                llvm::BasicBlock *new_target = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "goto_target");
                llvm_goto_targets[x.m_label] = new_target;
            }
            start_new_block(llvm_goto_targets[x.m_label]);
        }
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Block_t>(*x.m_m));
        ASR::Block_t* block = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Block_t>(x.m_m);
        std::string block_name;
        if (block->m_name) {
            block_name = std::string(block->m_name);
        } else {
            block_name = "block";
        }
        std::string blockstart_name = block_name + ".start";
        std::string blockend_name = block_name + ".end";
        llvm::BasicBlock *blockstart = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, blockstart_name);
        start_new_block(blockstart);
        llvm::BasicBlock *blockend = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, blockend_name);
        llvm::Function *fn = blockstart->getParent();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 16
        fn->insert(fn->end(), blockend);
#else
        fn->getBasicBlockList().push_back(blockend);
#endif
        builder->SetInsertPoint(blockstart);
        declare_vars(*block);
        loop_or_block_end.push_back(blockend);
        loop_or_block_end_names.push_back(blockend_name);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < block->n_body; i++) {
            this->visit_stmt(*(block->m_body[i]));
        }
        loop_or_block_end.pop_back();
        loop_or_block_end_names.pop_back();
        llvm::BasicBlock *last_bb = builder->GetInsertBlock();
        llvm::Instruction *block_terminator = last_bb->getTerminator();
        for( auto& value: heap_arrays ) {
            LLVM::lfortran_free(context, *module, *builder, value);
        }
        heap_arrays = heap_arrays_copy;
        if (block_terminator == nullptr) {
            // The previous block is not terminated --- terminate it by jumping
            // to blockend
            builder->CreateBr(blockend);
        }
        builder->SetInsertPoint(blockend);
    }

    inline void visit_expr_wrapper(ASR::expr_t* x, bool load_ref=false) {
        // Check if *x is nullptr.
        if( x == nullptr ) {
            throw CodeGenError("Internal error: x is nullptr");
        }

        this->visit_expr(*x);
        if( x->type == ASR::exprType::ArrayItem ||
            x->type == ASR::exprType::ArraySection ||
            x->type == ASR::exprType::StructInstanceMember ) {
            if( load_ref &&
                !ASRUtils::is_value_constant(ASRUtils::expr_value(x)) ) {
                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
            }
        }
    }

    void fill_type_stmt(const ASR::SelectType_t& x,
        std::vector<ASR::type_stmt_t*>& type_stmt_order,
        ASR::type_stmtType type_stmt_type) {
        for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_body; i++ ) {
            if( x.m_body[i]->type == type_stmt_type ) {
                type_stmt_order.push_back(x.m_body[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_SelectType(const ASR::SelectType_t& x) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_selector));
        // Process TypeStmtName first, then ClassStmt
        std::vector<ASR::type_stmt_t*> select_type_stmts;
        fill_type_stmt(x, select_type_stmts, ASR::type_stmtType::TypeStmtName);
        fill_type_stmt(x, select_type_stmts, ASR::type_stmtType::TypeStmtType);
        fill_type_stmt(x, select_type_stmts, ASR::type_stmtType::ClassStmt);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_body == select_type_stmts.size());
        ASR::Var_t* selector_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(x.m_selector);
        uint64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        visit_Var(*selector_var);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* llvm_selector = tmp;
        llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
        for( size_t i = 0; i < select_type_stmts.size(); i++ ) {
            llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

            llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
            llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

            llvm::Value* cond = nullptr;
            ASR::stmt_t** type_block = nullptr;
            size_t n_type_block = 0;
            switch( select_type_stmts[i]->type ) {
                case ASR::type_stmtType::TypeStmtName: {
                    llvm::Value* vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_selector, 0));
                    ASR::ttype_t* selector_var_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_selector);
                    if( ASRUtils::is_array(selector_var_type) ) {
                        vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(vptr_int_hash, 0));
                    }
                    ASR::TypeStmtName_t* type_stmt_name = ASR::down_cast<ASR::TypeStmtName_t>(select_type_stmts[i]);
                    ASR::symbol_t* type_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(type_stmt_name->m_sym);
                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*type_sym) ) {
                        current_select_type_block_type = llvm_utils->getStructType(
                            ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(type_sym), module.get(), true);
                        current_select_type_block_der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(type_sym)->m_name;
                    } else {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                    }
                    if (type2vtab.find(type_sym) == type2vtab.end() &&
                        type2vtab[type_sym].find(current_scope) == type2vtab[type_sym].end()) {
                        create_vtab_for_struct_type(type_sym, current_scope);
                    }
                    llvm::Value* type_sym_vtab = type2vtab[type_sym][current_scope];
                    cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(
                            vptr_int_hash,
                            CreateLoad( llvm_utils->create_gep(type_sym_vtab, 0) ) );
                    type_block = type_stmt_name->m_body;
                    n_type_block = type_stmt_name->n_body;
                    break ;
                }
                case ASR::type_stmtType::ClassStmt: {
                    llvm::Value* vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_selector, 0));
                    ASR::ClassStmt_t* class_stmt = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassStmt_t>(select_type_stmts[i]);
                    ASR::symbol_t* class_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(class_stmt->m_sym);
                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*class_sym) ) {
                        current_select_type_block_type = llvm_utils->getStructType(
                            ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(class_sym), module.get(), true);
                        current_select_type_block_der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(class_sym)->m_name;
                    } else {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                    }

                    std::vector<llvm::Value*>& class_sym_vtabs = class2vtab[class_sym][current_scope];
                    std::vector<llvm::Value*> conds;
                    conds.reserve(class_sym_vtabs.size());
                    for( size_t i = 0; i < class_sym_vtabs.size(); i++ ) {
                        conds.push_back(builder->CreateICmpEQ(
                            vptr_int_hash,
                            CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(class_sym_vtabs[i], 0)) ));
                    }
                    cond = builder->CreateOr(conds);
                    type_block = class_stmt->m_body;
                    n_type_block = class_stmt->n_body;
                    break ;
                }
                case ASR::type_stmtType::TypeStmtType: {
                    ASR::ttype_t* selector_var_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_selector);
                    ASR::TypeStmtType_t* type_stmt_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::TypeStmtType_t>(select_type_stmts[i]);
                    ASR::ttype_t* type_stmt_type = type_stmt_type_t->m_type;
                    current_select_type_block_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(type_stmt_type, module.get())->getPointerTo();
                    llvm::Value* intrinsic_type_id = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(8),
                        llvm::APInt(64, -((int) type_stmt_type->type) -
                            ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(type_stmt_type), true));
                    llvm::Value* _type_id = nullptr;
                    if( ASRUtils::is_array(selector_var_type) ) {
                        llvm::Value* data_ptr = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(llvm_selector));
                        _type_id = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(data_ptr, 0));
                    } else {
                        _type_id = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_selector, 0));
                    }
                    cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(_type_id, intrinsic_type_id);
                    type_block = type_stmt_type_t->m_body;
                    n_type_block = type_stmt_type_t->n_body;
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw CodeGenError("ASR::type_stmtType, " +
                                       std::to_string(x.m_body[i]->type) +
                                       " is not yet supported.");
                }
            }
            builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
            builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
            {
                if( n_type_block == 1 && ASR::is_a<ASR::BlockCall_t>(*type_block[0]) ) {
                    ASR::BlockCall_t* block_call = ASR::down_cast<ASR::BlockCall_t>(type_block[0]);
                    ASR::Block_t* block_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Block_t>(block_call->m_m);
                    declare_vars(*block_t, false);
                    for( size_t j = 0; j < block_t->n_body; j++ ) {
                        this->visit_stmt(*block_t->m_body[j]);
                    }
                }
            }
            builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

            start_new_block(elseBB);
            current_select_type_block_type = nullptr;
            current_select_type_block_der_type.clear();
        }
        if( x.n_default > 0 ) {
            for( size_t i = 0; i < x.n_default; i++ ) {
                this->visit_stmt(*x.m_default[i]);
            }
        }
        start_new_block(mergeBB);
    }

    void visit_IntegerCompare(const ASR::IntegerCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        load_non_array_non_character_pointers(x.m_left, ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left), left);
        load_non_array_non_character_pointers(x.m_right, ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_right), right);
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_UnsignedIntegerCompare(const ASR::UnsignedIntegerCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpUGT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpUGE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpULT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpULE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_CPtrCompare(const ASR::CPtrCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        left = builder->CreatePtrToInt(left, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        right = builder->CreatePtrToInt(right, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_RealCompare(const ASR::RealCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpOEQ(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpOGT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpOGE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpOLT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpOLE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpONE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_ComplexCompare(const ASR::ComplexCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        llvm::Value* real_left = complex_re(left, left->getType());
        llvm::Value* real_right = complex_re(right, right->getType());
        llvm::Value* img_left = complex_im(left, left->getType());
        llvm::Value* img_right = complex_im(right, right->getType());
        llvm::Value *real_res, *img_res;
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                real_res = builder->CreateFCmpOEQ(real_left, real_right);
                img_res = builder->CreateFCmpOEQ(img_left, img_right);
                tmp = builder->CreateAnd(real_res, img_res);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                real_res = builder->CreateFCmpONE(real_left, real_right);
                img_res = builder->CreateFCmpONE(img_left, img_right);
                tmp = builder->CreateOr(real_res, img_res);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_StringCompare(const ASR::StringCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 1;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        bool is_single_char = (ASR::is_a<ASR::StringItem_t>(*x.m_left) &&
                               ASR::is_a<ASR::StringItem_t>(*x.m_right));
        if( is_single_char ) {
            left = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, left);
            right = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, right);
        }
        std::string fn;
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_eq";
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_noteq";
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGT(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_gt";
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpSGE(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_gte";
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLT(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_lt";
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                if( is_single_char ) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateICmpSLE(left, right);
                    return ;
                }
                fn = "_lpython_str_compare_lte";
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
        tmp = lfortran_str_cmp(left, right, fn);
    }

    void visit_LogicalCompare(const ASR::LogicalCompare_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right = tmp;
        // i1 -> i32
        left = builder->CreateZExt(left, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
        right = builder->CreateZExt(right, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Eq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::NotEq) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Gt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpUGT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::GtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpUGE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::Lt) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpULT(left, right);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cmpopType::LtE) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpULE(left, right);
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Comparison operator not implemented",
                        x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_OverloadedCompare(const ASR::OverloadedCompare_t &x) {
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_overloaded);
    }

    void visit_If(const ASR::If_t &x) {
        llvm::Value **strings_to_be_deallocated_copy = strings_to_be_deallocated.p;
        size_t n = strings_to_be_deallocated.n;
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_test, true);
        llvm_utils->create_if_else(tmp, [&]() {
            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_body; i++) {
                this->visit_stmt(*x.m_body[i]);
            }
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
        }, [&]() {
            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_orelse; i++) {
                this->visit_stmt(*x.m_orelse[i]);
            }
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
        });
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, n);
        strings_to_be_deallocated.n = n;
        strings_to_be_deallocated.p = strings_to_be_deallocated_copy;
    }

    void visit_IfExp(const ASR::IfExp_t &x) {
        // IfExp(expr test, expr body, expr orelse, ttype type, expr? value)
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_test, true);
        llvm::Value *cond = tmp;
        llvm::Type* _type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get());
        llvm::Value* ifexp_res = CreateAlloca(_type, nullptr, "");
        llvm_utils->create_if_else(cond, [&]() {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_body, true);
            builder->CreateStore(tmp, ifexp_res);
        }, [&]() {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_orelse, true);
            builder->CreateStore(tmp, ifexp_res);
        });
        tmp = CreateLoad(ifexp_res);
    }

    // TODO: Implement visit_DooLoop
    //void visit_DoLoop(const ASR::DoLoop_t &x) {
    //}

    void visit_WhileLoop(const ASR::WhileLoop_t &x) {
        llvm::Value **strings_to_be_deallocated_copy = strings_to_be_deallocated.p;
        size_t n = strings_to_be_deallocated.n;
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, 1);
        create_loop(x.m_name, [=]() {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_test, true);
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
            return tmp;
        }, [&]() {
            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_body; i++) {
                this->visit_stmt(*x.m_body[i]);
            }
            call_lcompilers_free_strings();
        });
        strings_to_be_deallocated.reserve(al, n);
        strings_to_be_deallocated.n = n;
        strings_to_be_deallocated.p = strings_to_be_deallocated_copy;
    }

    bool case_insensitive_string_compare(const std::string& str1, const std::string& str2) {
        if (str1.size() != str2.size()) {
            return false;
        }
        for (std::string::const_iterator c1 = str1.begin(), c2 = str2.begin(); c1 != str1.end(); ++c1, ++c2) {
            if (tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(*c1)) != tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(*c2))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    void visit_Exit(const ASR::Exit_t &x) {
        if (x.m_stmt_name) {
            std::string stmt_name = std::string(x.m_stmt_name) + ".end";
            int nested_block_depth = loop_or_block_end_names.size();
            int i = nested_block_depth - 1;
            for (; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (case_insensitive_string_compare(loop_or_block_end_names[i], stmt_name)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (i >= 0) {
                builder->CreateBr(loop_or_block_end[i]);
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("Could not find block or loop named " + std::string(x.m_stmt_name) + " in parent scope to exit from.",
                x.base.base.loc);
            }
        } else {
            builder->CreateBr(loop_or_block_end.back());
        }
        llvm::BasicBlock *bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "unreachable_after_exit");
        start_new_block(bb);
    }

    void visit_Cycle(const ASR::Cycle_t &x) {
        if (x.m_stmt_name) {
            std::string stmt_name = std::string(x.m_stmt_name) + ".head";
            int nested_block_depth = loop_head_names.size();
            int i = nested_block_depth - 1;
            for (; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (case_insensitive_string_compare(loop_head_names[i], stmt_name)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (i >= 0) {
                builder->CreateBr(loop_head[i]);
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("Could not find loop named " + std::string(x.m_stmt_name) + " in parent scope to cycle to.",
                x.base.base.loc);
            }
        } else {
            builder->CreateBr(loop_head.back());
        }
        llvm::BasicBlock *bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "unreachable_after_cycle");
        start_new_block(bb);
    }

    void visit_Return(const ASR::Return_t & /* x */) {
        builder->CreateBr(proc_return);
        llvm::BasicBlock *bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "unreachable_after_return");
        start_new_block(bb);
    }

    void visit_GoTo(const ASR::GoTo_t &x) {
        if (llvm_goto_targets.find(x.m_target_id) == llvm_goto_targets.end()) {
            // If the target does not exist yet, create it
            llvm::BasicBlock *new_target = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "goto_target");
            llvm_goto_targets[x.m_target_id] = new_target;
        }
        llvm::BasicBlock *target = llvm_goto_targets[x.m_target_id];
        builder->CreateBr(target);
        llvm::BasicBlock *bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "unreachable_after_goto");
        start_new_block(bb);
    }

    void visit_GoToTarget(const ASR::GoToTarget_t &x) {
        if (llvm_goto_targets.find(x.m_id) == llvm_goto_targets.end()) {
            // If the target does not exist yet, create it
            llvm::BasicBlock *new_target = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "goto_target");
            llvm_goto_targets[x.m_id] = new_target;
        }
        llvm::BasicBlock *target = llvm_goto_targets[x.m_id];
        start_new_block(target);
    }

    void visit_LogicalBinOp(const ASR::LogicalBinOp_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        llvm::Value *zero, *cond;
        if (ASRUtils::is_integer(*x.m_type)) {
            int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Integer_t>(x.m_type)->m_kind;
            int init_value_bits = 8*a_kind;
            zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                            llvm::APInt(init_value_bits, 0));
            cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left_val, zero);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_real(*x.m_type)) {
            int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(x.m_type)->m_kind;
            int init_value_bits = 8*a_kind;
            if (init_value_bits == 32) {
                zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context,
                                    llvm::APFloat((float)0));
            } else {
                zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context,
                                    llvm::APFloat((double)0));
            }
            cond = builder->CreateFCmpUEQ(left_val, zero);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_character(*x.m_type)) {
            zero = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type);
            cond = lfortran_str_cmp(left_val, zero, "_lpython_str_compare_eq");
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_logical(*x.m_type)) {
            zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                            llvm::APInt(1, 0));
            cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(left_val, zero);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("Only Integer, Real, Strings and Logical types are supported "
            "in logical binary operation.", x.base.base.loc);
        }
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case ASR::logicalbinopType::And: {
                tmp = builder->CreateSelect(cond, left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::logicalbinopType::Or: {
                tmp = builder->CreateSelect(cond, right_val, left_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::logicalbinopType::Xor: {
                tmp = builder->CreateXor(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::logicalbinopType::NEqv: {
                tmp = builder->CreateXor(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::logicalbinopType::Eqv: {
                tmp = builder->CreateXor(left_val, right_val);
                tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
            };
        }
    }

    void visit_StringRepeat(const ASR::StringRepeat_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        tmp = lfortran_strrepeat(left_val, right_val);
    }

    void visit_StringConcat(const ASR::StringConcat_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }

        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_left));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;

        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_right));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        tmp = lfortran_strop(left_val, right_val, "_lfortran_strcat");
    }

    void visit_StringLen(const ASR::StringLen_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::AllocaInst *parg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, parg);
        ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        tmp = builder->CreateSExtOrTrunc(
            lfortran_str_len(parg, ASRUtils::is_array(arg_type)),
            llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
    }

    void visit_StringOrd(const ASR::StringOrd_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        llvm::AllocaInst *parg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, parg);
        tmp = lfortran_str_ord(parg);
    }

    void visit_StringChr(const ASR::StringChr_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        tmp = lfortran_str_chr(tmp);
    }

    void visit_StringItem(const ASR::StringItem_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_idx, true);
        llvm::Value *idx = tmp;
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *str = tmp;
        if( is_assignment_target ) {
            idx = builder->CreateSub(builder->CreateSExtOrTrunc(idx, llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)),
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1)));
            std::vector<llvm::Value*> idx_vec = {idx};
            tmp = CreateGEP(str, idx_vec);
        } else {
            tmp = lfortran_str_item(str, idx);
            strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, tmp);
        }
    }

    void visit_StringSection(const ASR::StringSection_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value *str = tmp;
        llvm::Value *left, *right, *step;
        llvm::Value *left_present, *right_present;
        if (x.m_start) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_start, true);
            left = tmp;
            left_present = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 1));
        } else {
            left = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
            left_present = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 0));
        }
        if (x.m_end) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_end, true);
            right = tmp;
            right_present = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 1));
        } else {
            right = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
            right_present = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(1, 0));
        }
        if (x.m_step) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_step, true);
            step = tmp;
        } else {
            step = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(32, 1));
        }
        tmp = lfortran_str_slice(str, left, right, step, left_present, right_present);
    }

    void visit_RealCopySign(const ASR::RealCopySign_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_target);
        llvm::Value* target = tmp;

        this->visit_expr(*x.m_source);
        llvm::Value* source = tmp;

        llvm::Type *type;
        int a_kind;
        a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x.m_type))->m_kind;
        type = llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind);
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*(x.m_target))) {
            target = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
        }
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*(x.m_source))) {
            source = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, source);
        }
        llvm::Value *ftarget = builder->CreateSIToFP(target,
                type);
        llvm::Value *fsource = builder->CreateSIToFP(source,
                type);
        std::string func_name = a_kind == 4 ? "llvm.copysign.f32" : "llvm.copysign.f64";
        llvm::Function *fn_copysign = module->getFunction(func_name);
        if (!fn_copysign) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    type, { type, type}, false);
            fn_copysign = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name,
                    module.get());
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn_copysign, {ftarget, fsource});
    }

    template <typename T>
    void handle_SU_IntegerBinOp(const T &x, bool signed_int) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASRUtils::is_integer(*x.m_type) ||
            ASRUtils::is_unsigned_integer(*x.m_type))
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case ASR::binopType::Add: {
                tmp = builder->CreateAdd(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Sub: {
                tmp = builder->CreateSub(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Mul: {
                tmp = builder->CreateMul(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Div: {
                if (signed_int) {
                    tmp = builder->CreateSDiv(left_val, right_val);
                } else {
                    tmp = builder->CreateUDiv(left_val, right_val);
                }
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Pow: {
                llvm::Type *type;
                int a_kind;
                a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Integer_t>(ASRUtils::extract_type(x.m_type))->m_kind;
                if( a_kind <= 4 ) {
                    type = llvm_utils->getFPType(4);
                } else {
                    type = llvm_utils->getFPType(8);
                }
                llvm::Value *fleft = builder->CreateSIToFP(left_val,
                        type);
                llvm::Value *fright = builder->CreateSIToFP(right_val,
                        type);
                std::string func_name = a_kind <= 4 ? "llvm.pow.f32" : "llvm.pow.f64";
                llvm::Function *fn_pow = module->getFunction(func_name);
                if (!fn_pow) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            type, { type, type}, false);
                    fn_pow = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name,
                            module.get());
                }
                tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn_pow, {fleft, fright});
                type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
                tmp = builder->CreateFPToSI(tmp, type);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::BitOr: {
                tmp = builder->CreateOr(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::binopType::BitAnd: {
                tmp = builder->CreateAnd(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::binopType::BitXor: {
                tmp = builder->CreateXor(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::binopType::BitLShift: {
                tmp = builder->CreateShl(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::binopType::BitRShift: {
                tmp = builder->CreateAShr(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_IntegerBinOp(const ASR::IntegerBinOp_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerBinOp(x, true);
    }

    void visit_UnsignedIntegerBinOp(const ASR::UnsignedIntegerBinOp_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerBinOp(x, false);
    }

    void visit_RealBinOp(const ASR::RealBinOp_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        lookup_enum_value_for_nonints = true;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        lookup_enum_value_for_nonints = false;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASRUtils::is_real(*x.m_type))
        if (ASRUtils::is_simd_array(x.m_right) && is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_right)) {
            right_val = CreateLoad(right_val);
        }
        if (ASRUtils::is_simd_array(x.m_left) && is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_left)) {
            left_val = CreateLoad(left_val);
        }
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case ASR::binopType::Add: {
                tmp = builder->CreateFAdd(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Sub: {
                tmp = builder->CreateFSub(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Mul: {
                tmp = builder->CreateFMul(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Div: {
                tmp = builder->CreateFDiv(left_val, right_val);
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Pow: {
                llvm::Type *type;
                int a_kind;
                a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(ASRUtils::extract_type(x.m_type))->m_kind;
                type = llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind);
                std::string func_name = a_kind == 4 ? "llvm.pow.f32" : "llvm.pow.f64";
                llvm::Function *fn_pow = module->getFunction(func_name);
                if (!fn_pow) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            type, { type, type }, false);
                    fn_pow = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, func_name,
                            module.get());
                }
                tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn_pow, {left_val, right_val});
                break;
            };
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("Binary operator '" + ASRUtils::binop_to_str_python(x.m_op) + "' not supported",
                    x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_ComplexBinOp(const ASR::ComplexBinOp_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_left, true);
        llvm::Value *left_val = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_right, true);
        llvm::Value *right_val = tmp;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(ASRUtils::is_complex(*x.m_type));
        llvm::Type *type;
        int a_kind;
        a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Complex_t>(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x.m_type))->m_kind;
        type = llvm_utils->getComplexType(a_kind);
        if( left_val->getType()->isPointerTy() ) {
            left_val = CreateLoad(left_val);
        }
        if( right_val->getType()->isPointerTy() ) {
            right_val = CreateLoad(right_val);
        }
        std::string fn_name;
        switch (x.m_op) {
            case ASR::binopType::Add: {
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_add_32";
                } else {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_add_64";
                }
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Sub: {
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_sub_32";
                } else {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_sub_64";
                }
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Mul: {
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_mul_32";
                } else {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_mul_64";
                }
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Div: {
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_div_32";
                } else {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_div_64";
                }
                break;
            };
            case ASR::binopType::Pow: {
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_pow_32";
                } else {
                    fn_name = "_lfortran_complex_pow_64";
                }
                break;
            };
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("Binary operator '" + ASRUtils::binop_to_str_python(x.m_op) + "' not supported",
                    x.base.base.loc);
            }
        }
        tmp = lfortran_complex_bin_op(left_val, right_val, fn_name, type);
    }

    void visit_OverloadedBinOp(const ASR::OverloadedBinOp_t &x) {
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_overloaded);
    }

    void visit_OverloadedUnaryMinus(const ASR::OverloadedUnaryMinus_t &x) {
        this->visit_expr(*x.m_overloaded);
    }

    void visit_IntegerBitNot(const ASR::IntegerBitNot_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
    }

    void visit_UnsignedIntegerBitNot(const ASR::UnsignedIntegerBitNot_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
    }

    template <typename T>
    void handle_SU_IntegerUnaryMinus(const T& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
            llvm::APInt(ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg)) * 8, 0));
        tmp = builder->CreateSub(zero, tmp);
    }

    void visit_IntegerUnaryMinus(const ASR::IntegerUnaryMinus_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerUnaryMinus(x);
    }

    void visit_UnsignedIntegerUnaryMinus(const ASR::UnsignedIntegerUnaryMinus_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerUnaryMinus(x);
    }

    void visit_RealUnaryMinus(const ASR::RealUnaryMinus_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        tmp = builder->CreateFNeg(tmp);
    }

    void visit_ComplexUnaryMinus(const ASR::ComplexUnaryMinus_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        llvm::Type *type = tmp->getType();
        llvm::Value *re = complex_re(tmp, type);
        llvm::Value *im = complex_im(tmp, type);
        re = builder->CreateFNeg(re);
        im = builder->CreateFNeg(im);
        tmp = complex_from_floats(re, im, type);
    }

    template <typename T>
    void handle_SU_IntegerConstant(const T &x) {
        int64_t val = x.m_n;
        int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
        switch( a_kind ) {
            case 1: {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(8, val, true));
                break ;
            }
            case 2: {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(16, val, true));
                break ;
            }
            case 4 : {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, static_cast<int32_t>(val), true));
                break;
            }
            case 8 : {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(64, val, true));
                break;
            }
            default : {
                throw CodeGenError("Constant integers of " + std::to_string(a_kind)
                                    + " bytes aren't supported yet.");
            }

        }
    }

    void visit_IntegerConstant(const ASR::IntegerConstant_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerConstant(x);
    }

    void visit_UnsignedIntegerConstant(const ASR::UnsignedIntegerConstant_t &x) {
        handle_SU_IntegerConstant(x);
    }

    void visit_RealConstant(const ASR::RealConstant_t &x) {
        double val = x.m_r;
        int a_kind = ((ASR::Real_t*)(&(x.m_type->base)))->m_kind;
        switch( a_kind ) {

            case 4 : {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)val));
                break;
            }
            case 8 : {
                tmp = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(val));
                break;
            }
            default : {
                break;
            }

        }

    }

    template <typename T>
    void visit_ArrayConstructorUtil(const T& x) {
        llvm::Type* el_type = nullptr;
        ASR::ttype_t* x_m_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(x.m_type);
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*x_m_type)) {
            el_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(ASR::down_cast<ASR::Integer_t>(x_m_type)->m_kind);
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Real_t>(*x_m_type)) {
            switch (ASR::down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(x_m_type)->m_kind) {
                case (4) :
                    el_type = llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context); break;
                case (8) :
                    el_type = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context); break;
                default :
                    throw CodeGenError("ConstArray real kind not supported yet");
            }
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Logical_t>(*x_m_type)) {
            el_type = llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context);
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*x_m_type)) {
            el_type = character_type;
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*x_m_type)) {
            int complex_kind = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Complex_t>(x_m_type)->m_kind;
            if( complex_kind == 4 ) {
                el_type = llvm_utils->complex_type_4;
            } else if( complex_kind == 8 ) {
                el_type = llvm_utils->complex_type_8;
            } else {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("ConstArray type not supported yet");
        }
        // Create <n x float> type, where `n` is the length of the `x` constant array
        llvm::Type* type_fxn = FIXED_VECTOR_TYPE::get(el_type, x.n_args);
        // Create a pointer <n x float>* to a stack allocated <n x float>
        llvm::AllocaInst *p_fxn = builder->CreateAlloca(type_fxn, nullptr);
        // Assign the array elements to `p_fxn`.
        for (size_t i=0; i < x.n_args; i++) {
            llvm::Value *llvm_el = llvm_utils->create_gep(p_fxn, i);
            ASR::expr_t *el = x.m_args[i];
            int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 2;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(el, true);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            builder->CreateStore(tmp, llvm_el);
        }
        // Return the vector as float* type:
        tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(p_fxn, 0);
    }

    void visit_ArrayConstructor(const ASR::ArrayConstructor_t &x) {
        visit_ArrayConstructorUtil(x);
    }

    void visit_ArrayConstant(const ASR::ArrayConstant_t &x) {
        visit_ArrayConstructorUtil(x);
    }

    void visit_Assert(const ASR::Assert_t &x) {
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_emit_loc(x);
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_test, true);
        llvm_utils->create_if_else(tmp, []() {}, [=]() {
            if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(infile);
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(
                    1, compiler_options.use_colors));
                call_print_stacktrace_addresses(context, *module, *builder,
                    {fmt_ptr, fmt_ptr1});
            }
            if (x.m_msg) {
                std::vector<std::string> fmt;
                std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
                fmt.push_back("%s");
                args.push_back(builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("AssertionError: "));
                compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, x.m_msg, x.base.base.loc);
                fmt.push_back("%s");
                args.push_back(builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("\n"));
                std::string fmt_str;
                for (size_t i=0; i<fmt.size(); i++) {
                    fmt_str += fmt[i];
                }
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(fmt_str);
                std::vector<llvm::Value *> print_error_args;
                print_error_args.push_back(fmt_ptr);
                print_error_args.insert(print_error_args.end(), args.begin(), args.end());
                print_error(context, *module, *builder, print_error_args);
            } else {
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("AssertionError\n");
                print_error(context, *module, *builder, {fmt_ptr});
            }
            int exit_code_int = 1;
            llvm::Value *exit_code = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                    llvm::APInt(32, exit_code_int));
            exit(context, *module, *builder, exit_code);
        });
    }

    void visit_ComplexConstructor(const ASR::ComplexConstructor_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_re, true);
        llvm::Value *re_val = tmp;

        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_im, true);
        llvm::Value *im_val = tmp;

        int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);

        llvm::Value *re2, *im2;
        llvm::Type *type;
        switch( a_kind ) {
            case 4: {
                re2 = builder->CreateFPTrunc(re_val, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                im2 = builder->CreateFPTrunc(im_val, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                type = complex_type_4;
                break;
            }
            case 8: {
                re2 = builder->CreateFPExt(re_val, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                im2 = builder->CreateFPExt(im_val, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                type = complex_type_8;
                break;
            }
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("kind type is not supported");
            }
        }
        tmp = complex_from_floats(re2, im2, type);
    }

    void visit_ComplexConstant(const ASR::ComplexConstant_t &x) {
        double re = x.m_re;
        double im = x.m_im;
        int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
        llvm::Value *re2, *im2;
        llvm::Type *type;
        switch( a_kind ) {
            case 4: {
                re2 = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)re));
                im2 = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)im));
                type = complex_type_4;
                break;
            }
            case 8: {
                re2 = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(re));
                im2 = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(im));
                type = complex_type_8;
                break;
            }
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("kind type is not supported");
            }
        }
        tmp = complex_from_floats(re2, im2, type);
    }

    void visit_LogicalConstant(const ASR::LogicalConstant_t &x) {
        int val;
        if (x.m_value == true) {
            val = 1;
        } else {
            val = 0;
        }
        tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(1, val));
    }

    void visit_LogicalNot(const ASR::LogicalNot_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        llvm::Value *arg = tmp;
        tmp = builder->CreateNot(arg);
    }

    void visit_StringConstant(const ASR::StringConstant_t &x) {
        tmp = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(x.m_s);
    }

    inline void fetch_ptr(ASR::Variable_t* x) {
        uint32_t x_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab.find(x_h) != llvm_symtab.end());
        llvm::Value* x_v = llvm_symtab[x_h];
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        tmp = x_v;
        while( ptr_loads_copy-- ) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
    }

    inline void fetch_val(ASR::Variable_t* x) {
        uint32_t x_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x);
        llvm::Value* x_v;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab.find(x_h) != llvm_symtab.end());
        x_v = llvm_symtab[x_h];
        if (x->m_value_attr) {
            // Already a value, such as value argument to bind(c)
            tmp = x_v;
            return;
        }
        if( ASRUtils::is_array(x->m_type) ) {
            tmp = x_v;
        } else {
            tmp = x_v;
            // Load only once since its a value
            if( ptr_loads > 0 ) {
                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
            }
        }
    }

    inline void fetch_var(ASR::Variable_t* x) {
        // Only do for constant variables
        if (x->m_value && x->m_storage == ASR::storage_typeType::Parameter) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x->m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        ASR::ttype_t *t2_ = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(x->m_type);
        switch( t2_->type ) {
            case ASR::ttypeType::Pointer:
            case ASR::ttypeType::Allocatable: {
                ASR::ttype_t *t2 = ASRUtils::extract_type(x->m_type);
                switch (t2->type) {
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Integer:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::UnsignedInteger:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Real:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Complex:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Struct:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Character:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Logical:
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Class: {
                        if( t2->type == ASR::ttypeType::Struct ) {
                            ASR::Struct_t* d = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(t2);
                            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(d->m_derived_type);
                        } else if( t2->type == ASR::ttypeType::Class ) {
                            ASR::Class_t* d = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(t2);
                            current_der_type_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(d->m_class_type);
                        }
                        fetch_ptr(x);
                        break;
                    }
                    default:
                        break;
                }
                break;
            }
            case ASR::ttypeType::Struct: {
                ASR::Struct_t* der = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(t2_);
                ASR::StructType_t* der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                    ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(der->m_derived_type));
                current_der_type_name = std::string(der_type->m_name);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x);
                if( llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end() ) {
                    tmp = llvm_symtab[h];
                }
                break;
            }
            case ASR::ttypeType::Union: {
                ASR::Union_t* der = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Union_t>(t2_);
                ASR::UnionType_t* der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::UnionType_t>(
                    ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(der->m_union_type));
                current_der_type_name = std::string(der_type->m_name);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x);
                if( llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end() ) {
                    tmp = llvm_symtab[h];
                }
                break;
            }
            case ASR::ttypeType::Class: {
                ASR::Class_t* der = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(t2_);
                ASR::symbol_t* der_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(der->m_class_type);
                if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassType_t>(*der_sym) ) {
                    ASR::ClassType_t* der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassType_t>(der_sym);
                    current_der_type_name = std::string(der_type->m_name);
                } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructType_t>(*der_sym) ) {
                    ASR::StructType_t* der_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(der_sym);
                    current_der_type_name = std::string(der_type->m_name);
                }
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x);
                if( llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end() ) {
                    tmp = llvm_symtab[h];
                }
                break;
            }
            default: {
                fetch_val(x);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_Var(const ASR::Var_t &x) {
        ASR::symbol_t* x_m_v = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_v);
        switch( x_m_v->type ) {
            case ASR::symbolType::Variable: {
                ASR::Variable_t *v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(x_m_v);
                fetch_var(v);
                return ;
            }
            case ASR::symbolType::Function: {
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)x_m_v);
                if( llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn.end() ) {
                    tmp = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                }
                return;
            }
            default: {
                throw CodeGenError("Only function and variables supported so far");
            }
        }
    }

    inline ASR::ttype_t* extract_ttype_t_from_expr(ASR::expr_t* expr) {
        return ASRUtils::expr_type(expr);
    }

    void extract_kinds(const ASR::Cast_t& x,
                       int& arg_kind, int& dest_kind)
    {
        dest_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
        ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(curr_type != nullptr)
        arg_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
    }

    template <typename T>
    void handle_arr_for_complex_im_re(const T& t) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(t.m_arg));
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(t.m_arg, false);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* des_complex_arr = tmp;
        tmp = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(des_complex_arr));
        int kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(t.m_type);
        llvm::Type* pointer_cast_type = nullptr;
        if (kind == 4) {
            pointer_cast_type = llvm::Type::getFloatPtrTy(context);
        } else {
            pointer_cast_type = llvm::Type::getDoublePtrTy(context);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, pointer_cast_type);
        PointerToData_to_Descriptor(t.m_type, t.m_type);
        llvm::Value* des_real_arr = tmp;
        llvm::Value* arr_data = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(des_complex_arr));
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(arr_data, pointer_cast_type);
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(des_real_arr));
        if (std::is_same<T, ASR::ComplexIm_t>::value) {
            llvm::Value* incremented_offset = builder->CreateAdd(
                arr_descr->get_offset(des_real_arr, true),
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1)));
            builder->CreateStore(incremented_offset, arr_descr->get_offset(des_real_arr, false));
        }
        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(t.m_type);
        llvm::Value* dim_des_real_arr = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(des_real_arr, true);
        for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
            llvm::Value* dim_idx = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, i));
            llvm::Value* dim_des_real_arr_idx = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor(dim_des_real_arr, dim_idx);
            llvm::Value* doubled_stride = builder->CreateMul(
                arr_descr->get_stride(dim_des_real_arr_idx, true),
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 2)));
            builder->CreateStore(doubled_stride, arr_descr->get_stride(dim_des_real_arr_idx, false));
        }
        tmp = des_real_arr;
    }

    void visit_ComplexRe(const ASR::ComplexRe_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        if (ASRUtils::is_array(x.m_type)) {
            handle_arr_for_complex_im_re(x);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
        int arg_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
        int dest_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
        llvm::Value *re;
        if (arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 4) {
            // complex(4) -> real(4)
            re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
            tmp = re;
        } else if (arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 8) {
            // complex(4) -> real(8)
            re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
            tmp = builder->CreateFPExt(re, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
        } else if (arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 4) {
            // complex(8) -> real(4)
            re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
            tmp = builder->CreateFPTrunc(re, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
        } else if (arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 8) {
            // complex(8) -> real(8)
            re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
            tmp = re;
        } else {
            std::string msg = "Conversion from " + std::to_string(arg_kind) +
                              " to " + std::to_string(dest_kind) + " not implemented yet.";
            throw CodeGenError(msg);
        }
    }

    void visit_ComplexIm(const ASR::ComplexIm_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        if (ASRUtils::is_array(x.m_type)) {
            handle_arr_for_complex_im_re(x);
            return;
        }
        ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
        int arg_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
        llvm::Function *fn = nullptr;
        llvm::Type *ret_type = nullptr, *complex_type = nullptr;
        llvm::AllocaInst *arg = nullptr;
        std::string runtime_func_name = "";
        if (arg_kind == 4) {
            runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_complex_aimag_32";
            ret_type = llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context);
            complex_type = complex_type_4;
            arg = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type_4,
                nullptr);
        } else {
             runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_complex_aimag_64";
            ret_type = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
            complex_type = complex_type_8;
            arg = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type_8,
                nullptr);
        }
        fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        complex_type->getPointerTo(),
                        ret_type->getPointerTo(),
                    }, true);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        builder->CreateStore(tmp, arg);
        llvm::AllocaInst *result = builder->CreateAlloca(ret_type, nullptr);
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args = {arg, result};
        builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        tmp = CreateLoad(result);
    }

    void visit_BitCast(const ASR::BitCast_t& x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }

        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_source, true);
        llvm::Value* source = tmp;
        llvm::Type* source_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_source), module.get());
        llvm::Value* source_ptr = CreateAlloca(source_type, nullptr, "bitcast_source");
        builder->CreateStore(source, source_ptr);
        llvm::Type* target_llvm_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get())->getPointerTo();
        tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, builder->CreateBitCast(source_ptr, target_llvm_type));
    }

    void visit_Cast(const ASR::Cast_t &x) {
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return;
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_arg, true);
        switch (x.m_kind) {
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToReal) : {
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                tmp = builder->CreateSIToFP(tmp, llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind, false));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::UnsignedIntegerToReal) : {
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                tmp = builder->CreateSIToFP(tmp, llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind, false));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::LogicalToReal) : {
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                tmp = builder->CreateUIToFP(tmp, llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind, false));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToInteger) : {
                llvm::Type *target_type;
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                target_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
                tmp = builder->CreateFPToSI(tmp, target_type);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToUnsignedInteger) : {
                llvm::Type *target_type;
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                target_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
                tmp = builder->CreateFPToSI(tmp, target_type);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToComplex) : {
                llvm::Type *target_type;
                llvm::Value *zero;
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                switch(a_kind)
                {
                    case 4:
                        target_type = complex_type_4;
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPTrunc(tmp, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                        zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)0.0));
                        break;
                    case 8:
                        target_type = complex_type_8;
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPExt(tmp, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                        zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(0.0));
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw CodeGenError("Only 32 and 64 bits real kinds are supported.");
                }
                tmp = complex_from_floats(tmp, zero, target_type);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToComplex) : {
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                llvm::Type *target_type;
                llvm::Type *complex_type;
                llvm::Value *zero;
                switch(a_kind)
                {
                    case 4:
                        target_type = llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context);
                        complex_type = complex_type_4;
                        zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)0.0));
                        break;
                    case 8:
                        target_type = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
                        complex_type = complex_type_8;
                        zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(0.0));
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw CodeGenError("Only 32 and 64 bits real kinds are supported.");
                }
                tmp = builder->CreateSIToFP(tmp, target_type);
                tmp = complex_from_floats(tmp, zero, complex_type);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToLogical) :
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::UnsignedIntegerToLogical) : {
                ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(curr_type != nullptr)
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
                switch (a_kind) {
                    case 1:
                        tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(tmp, builder->getInt8(0));
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(tmp, builder->getInt16(0));
                        break;
                    case 4:
                        tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(tmp, builder->getInt32(0));
                        break;
                    case 8:
                        tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(tmp, builder->getInt64(0));
                        break;
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToLogical) : {
                llvm::Value *zero;
                ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(curr_type != nullptr)
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)0.0));
                } else {
                    zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(0.0));
                }
                tmp = builder->CreateFCmpUNE(tmp, zero);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::CharacterToLogical) : {
                llvm::AllocaInst *parg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
                builder->CreateStore(tmp, parg);
                tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(lfortran_str_len(parg), builder->getInt32(0));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::CharacterToInteger) : {
                llvm::AllocaInst *parg = builder->CreateAlloca(character_type, nullptr);
                builder->CreateStore(tmp, parg);
                tmp = lfortran_str_to_int(parg);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::ComplexToLogical) : {
                // !(c.real == 0.0 && c.imag == 0.0)
                llvm::Value *zero;
                ASR::ttype_t* curr_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(curr_type != nullptr)
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(curr_type);
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat((float)0.0));
                } else {
                    zero = llvm::ConstantFP::get(context, llvm::APFloat(0.0));
                }
                llvm::Value *c_real = complex_re(tmp, tmp->getType());
                llvm::Value *real_check = builder->CreateFCmpUEQ(c_real, zero);
                llvm::Value *c_imag = complex_im(tmp, tmp->getType());
                llvm::Value *imag_check = builder->CreateFCmpUEQ(c_imag, zero);
                tmp = builder->CreateAnd(real_check, imag_check);
                tmp = builder->CreateNot(tmp);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::LogicalToInteger) : {
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
                tmp = builder->CreateZExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToReal) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if( arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 8 ) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPExt(tmp, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                    } else if( arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 4 ) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPTrunc(tmp, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                    } else {
                        std::string msg = "Conversion from " + std::to_string(arg_kind) +
                                          " to " + std::to_string(dest_kind) + " not implemented yet.";
                        throw CodeGenError(msg);
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToInteger) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if (dest_kind > arg_kind) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateSExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    } else {
                        tmp = builder->CreateTrunc(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::UnsignedIntegerToUnsignedInteger) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if (dest_kind > arg_kind) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateZExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    } else {
                        tmp = builder->CreateTrunc(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToUnsignedInteger) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(arg_kind != -1 && dest_kind != -1)
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if (dest_kind > arg_kind) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateSExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    } else {
                        tmp = builder->CreateTrunc(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::UnsignedIntegerToInteger) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(arg_kind != -1 && dest_kind != -1)
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if (dest_kind > arg_kind) {
                        tmp = builder->CreateZExt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    } else {
                        tmp = builder->CreateTrunc(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind));
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::CPtrToUnsignedInteger) : {
                tmp = builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::UnsignedIntegerToCPtr) : {
                tmp = builder->CreateIntToPtr(tmp, llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo());
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::ComplexToComplex) : {
                llvm::Type *target_type;
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                llvm::Value *re, *im;
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0 &&
                    arg_kind != dest_kind )
                {
                    if( arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 8 ) {
                        target_type = complex_type_8;
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
                        re = builder->CreateFPExt(re, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                        im = complex_im(tmp, complex_type_4);
                        im = builder->CreateFPExt(im, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                    } else if( arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 4 ) {
                        target_type = complex_type_4;
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
                        re = builder->CreateFPTrunc(re, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                        im = complex_im(tmp, complex_type_8);
                        im = builder->CreateFPTrunc(im, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                    } else {
                        std::string msg = "Conversion from " + std::to_string(arg_kind) +
                                          " to " + std::to_string(dest_kind) + " not implemented yet.";
                        throw CodeGenError(msg);
                    }
                } else {
                    throw CodeGenError("Negative kinds are not supported.");
                }
                tmp = complex_from_floats(re, im, target_type);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::ComplexToReal) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                llvm::Value *re;
                if( arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0)
                {
                    if( arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 4 ) {
                        // complex(4) -> real(4)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
                        tmp = re;
                    } else if( arg_kind == 4 && dest_kind == 8 ) {
                        // complex(4) -> real(8)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPExt(re, llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                    } else if( arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 4 ) {
                        // complex(8) -> real(4)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
                        tmp = builder->CreateFPTrunc(re, llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context));
                    } else if( arg_kind == 8 && dest_kind == 8 ) {
                        // complex(8) -> real(8)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
                        tmp = re;
                    } else {
                        std::string msg = "Conversion from " + std::to_string(arg_kind) +
                                          " to " + std::to_string(dest_kind) + " not implemented yet.";
                        throw CodeGenError(msg);
                    }
                } else {
                    throw CodeGenError("Negative kinds are not supported.");
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::ComplexToInteger) : {
                int arg_kind = -1, dest_kind = -1;
                extract_kinds(x, arg_kind, dest_kind);
                llvm::Value *re;
                if (arg_kind > 0 && dest_kind > 0)
                {
                    if (arg_kind == 4) {
                        // complex(4) -> real(8)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_4);
                        tmp = re;
                    } else if (arg_kind == 8) {
                        // complex(8) -> real(8)
                        re = complex_re(tmp, complex_type_8);
                        tmp = re;
                    } else {
                        std::string msg = "Unsupported Complex type kind: " + std::to_string(arg_kind);
                        throw CodeGenError(msg);
                    }
                    llvm::Type *target_type;
                    target_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(dest_kind);
                    tmp = builder->CreateFPToSI(tmp, target_type);
                } else {
                    throw CodeGenError("Negative kinds are not supported.");
                }
                break;
             }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::RealToCharacter) : {
                llvm::Value *arg = tmp;
                ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(arg_type != nullptr)
                int arg_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg_type);
                tmp = lfortran_type_to_str(arg, llvm_utils->getFPType(arg_kind), "float", arg_kind);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::IntegerToCharacter) : {
                llvm::Value *arg = tmp;
                ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = extract_ttype_t_from_expr(x.m_arg);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(arg_type != nullptr)
                int arg_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg_type);
                tmp = lfortran_type_to_str(arg, llvm_utils->getIntType(arg_kind), "int", arg_kind);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::LogicalToCharacter) : {
                llvm::Value *cmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(tmp, builder->getInt1(0));
                llvm::Value *zero_str = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("False");
                llvm::Value *one_str = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("True");
                tmp = builder->CreateSelect(cmp, zero_str, one_str);
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::cast_kindType::ListToArray) : {
                if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::List_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg)) ) {
                    throw CodeGenError("The argument of ListToArray cast should "
                        "be a list/std::vector, found, " + ASRUtils::type_to_str(
                            ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_arg)));
                }
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_arg);
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, list_api->get_pointer_to_list_data(tmp));
                break;
            }
            default : throw CodeGenError("Cast kind not implemented");
        }
    }

    llvm::Function* get_read_function(ASR::ttype_t *type) {
        type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(type));
        llvm::Function *fn = nullptr;
        switch (type->type) {
            case (ASR::ttypeType::Integer): {
                std::string runtime_func_name;
                llvm::Type *type_arg;
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(type);
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_int32";
                    type_arg = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context);
                } else if (a_kind == 8) {
                    runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_int64";
                    type_arg = llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context);
                } else {
                    throw CodeGenError("Read Integer function not implemented "
                        "for integer kind: " + std::to_string(a_kind));
                }
                fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                                type_arg->getPointerTo(),
                                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                            }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::ttypeType::Character): {
                std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_char";
                fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                                character_type->getPointerTo(),
                                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                            }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::ttypeType::Real): {
                std::string runtime_func_name;
                llvm::Type *type_arg;
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(type);
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_float";
                    type_arg = llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context);
                } else {
                    runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_double";
                    type_arg = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
                }
                fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                                type_arg->getPointerTo(),
                                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                            }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
                }
                break;
            }
            case (ASR::ttypeType::Array): {
                type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(type);
                int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(type);
                std::string runtime_func_name;
                llvm::Type *type_arg;
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*type)) {
                    if (a_kind == 1) {
                        runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_array_int8";
                        type_arg = llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context);
                    } else if (a_kind == 4) {
                        runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_array_int32";
                        type_arg = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context);
                    } else {
                        throw CodeGenError("Integer arrays of kind 1 or 4 only supported for now. Found kind: "
                                            + std::to_string(a_kind));
                    }
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Real_t>(*type)) {
                    if (a_kind == 4) {
                        runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_array_float";
                        type_arg = llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context);
                    } else if (a_kind == 8) {
                        runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_array_double";
                        type_arg = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
                    } else {
                        throw CodeGenError("Real arrays of kind 4 or 8 only supported for now. Found kind: "
                                            + std::to_string(a_kind));
                    }
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*type)) {
                    if (ASR::down_cast<ASR::Character_t>(type)->m_len != 1) {
                        throw CodeGenError("Only `character(len=1)` array "
                            "is supported for now");
                    }
                    runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_read_array_char";
                    type_arg = character_type;
                } else {
                    throw CodeGenError("Type not supported.");
                }
                fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                               type_arg->getPointerTo(),
                               llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                                llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                            }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
                }
                break;
            }
            default: {
                std::string s_type = ASRUtils::type_to_str(type);
                throw CodeGenError("Read function not implemented for: " + s_type);
            }
        }
        return fn;
    }

    void visit_FileRead(const ASR::FileRead_t &x) {
        if( x.m_overloaded ) {
            this->visit_stmt(*x.m_overloaded);
            return ;
        }

        llvm::Value *unit_val, *iostat, *read_size;
        bool is_string = false;
        if (x.m_unit == nullptr) {
            // Read from stdin
            unit_val = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, -1));
        } else {
            is_string = ASRUtils::is_character(*expr_type(x.m_unit));
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
            unit_val = tmp;
        }

        if (x.m_iostat) {
            int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_iostat, false);
            ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
            iostat = tmp;
        } else {
            iostat = builder->CreateAlloca(
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), nullptr);
        }

        if (x.m_size) {
            int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_size, false);
            ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
            read_size = tmp;
        } else {
            read_size = builder->CreateAlloca(
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), nullptr);
        }

        if (x.m_fmt) {
            std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
            args.push_back(unit_val);
            args.push_back(iostat);
            args.push_back(read_size);
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_fmt, true);
            args.push_back(tmp);
            args.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, x.n_values)));
            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_values; i++) {
                int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_values[i]);
                ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
                args.push_back(tmp);
            }
            std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_formatted_read";
            llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
            if (!fn) {
                llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                        llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)->getPointerTo(),
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)->getPointerTo(),
                            character_type,
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                        }, true);
                fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
            }
            builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        } else {
            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_values; i++) {
                int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = 0;
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_values[i]);
                ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
                ASR::ttype_t* type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_values[i]);
                llvm::Function *fn;
                if (is_string) {
                    // TODO: Support multiple arguments and fmt
                    std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_string_read";
                    llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
                    if (!fn) {
                        llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                                llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                                    character_type, character_type,
                                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)->getPointerTo()
                                }, false);
                        fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                                llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
                    }
                    llvm::Value *fmt = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("%d");
                    builder->CreateCall(fn, {unit_val, fmt, tmp});
                    return;
                } else {
                    fn = get_read_function(type);
                }
                if (ASRUtils::is_array(type)) {
                    if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*type)
                        || ASR::is_a<ASR::Pointer_t>(*type)) {
                        tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                    }
                    tmp = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp);
                    if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Allocatable_t>(*type)
                        || ASR::is_a<ASR::Pointer_t>(*type)) {
                        tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                    }
                    llvm::Value *arr = tmp;
                    ASR::ttype_t *type32 = ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Integer_t(al, x.base.base.loc, 4));
                    ASR::ArraySize_t* array_size = ASR::down_cast2<ASR::ArraySize_t>(ASR::make_ArraySize_t(al, x.base.base.loc,
                        x.m_values[i], nullptr, type32, nullptr));
                    visit_ArraySize(*array_size);
                    builder->CreateCall(fn, {arr, tmp, unit_val});
                } else {
                    builder->CreateCall(fn, {tmp, unit_val});
                }
            }

            // In Fortran, read(u, *) is used to read the entire line. The
            // next read(u, *) function is intended to read the next entire
            // line. Let's take an example: `read(u, *) n`, where n is an
            // integer. The first occurance of the integer value will be
            // read, and anything after that will be skipped.
            // Here, we can use `_lfortran_empty_read` function to move to the
            // pointer to the next line.
            std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_empty_read";
            llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
            if (!fn) {
                llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                        llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)->getPointerTo()
                        }, false);
                fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name,
                            *module);
            }
            builder->CreateCall(fn, {unit_val, iostat});
        }
    }

    void visit_FileOpen(const ASR::FileOpen_t &x) {
        llvm::Value *unit_val = nullptr, *f_name = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *status = nullptr, *form = nullptr;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_newunit, true);
        unit_val = tmp;
        int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
        if (x.m_filename) {
            ptr_loads = 1;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_filename);
            f_name = tmp;
        } else {
            f_name = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type);
        }
        if (x.m_status) {
            ptr_loads = 1;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_status);
            status = tmp;
        } else {
            status = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type);
        }
        if (x.m_form) {
            ptr_loads = 1;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_form);
            form = tmp;
        } else {
            form = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type);
        }
        ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_open";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        character_type, character_type, character_type
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {unit_val, f_name, status, form});
    }

    void visit_FileInquire(const ASR::FileInquire_t &x) {
        llvm::Value *exist_val = nullptr, *f_name = nullptr, *unit = nullptr, *opened_val = nullptr;

        if (x.m_file) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_file, true);
            f_name = tmp;
        } else {
            f_name = llvm::Constant::getNullValue(character_type);
        }
        if (x.m_exist) {
            int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_exist, true);
            exist_val = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        } else {
            exist_val = builder->CreateAlloca(
                            llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), nullptr);
        }

        if (x.m_unit) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
            unit = tmp;
        } else {
            unit = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, -1));
        }
        if (x.m_opened) {
            int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_opened, true);
            opened_val = tmp;
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        } else {
            opened_val = builder->CreateAlloca(
                            llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context), nullptr);
        }

        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_inquire";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        character_type,
                        llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context)->getPointerTo(),
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                        llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context)->getPointerTo(),
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {f_name, exist_val, unit, opened_val});
    }

    void visit_Flush(const ASR::Flush_t& x) {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_flush";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        llvm::Value *unit_val = nullptr;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
        unit_val = tmp;
        builder->CreateCall(fn, {unit_val});
    }

    void visit_FileRewind(const ASR::FileRewind_t &x) {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_rewind";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
        builder->CreateCall(fn, {tmp});
    }

    void visit_FileBackspace(const ASR::FileBackspace_t &x) {
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_backspace";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
        builder->CreateCall(fn, {tmp});
    }

    void visit_FileClose(const ASR::FileClose_t &x) {
        llvm::Value *unit_val = nullptr;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit, true);
        unit_val = tmp;
        std::string runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_close";
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), {
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                    }, false);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {unit_val});
    }

    void visit_Print(const ASR::Print_t &x) {
        handle_print(x);
    }

    void visit_FileWrite(const ASR::FileWrite_t &x) {
        if( x.m_overloaded ) {
            this->visit_stmt(*x.m_overloaded);
            return ;
        }

        if (x.m_unit == nullptr) {
            handle_print(x);
            return;
        }
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
        std::vector<llvm::Type *> args_type;
        std::vector<std::string> fmt;
        llvm::Value *sep = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *end = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *unit = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *iostat = nullptr;
        std::string runtime_func_name;
        bool is_string = ASRUtils::is_character(*expr_type(x.m_unit));

        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        if ( is_string ) {
            ptr_loads = 0;
            runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_string_write";
            args_type.push_back(character_type->getPointerTo());
        } else if ( ASRUtils::is_integer(*expr_type(x.m_unit)) ) {
            ptr_loads = 1;
            runtime_func_name = "_lfortran_file_write";
            args_type.push_back(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context));
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("Unsupported type for `unit` in write(..)");
        }
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_unit);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        unit = tmp;

        if (x.m_iostat) {
            int ptr_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 0;
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_iostat, false);
            ptr_loads = ptr_copy;
            iostat = tmp;
        } else {
            iostat = builder->CreateAlloca(
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), nullptr);
        }

        if (x.m_separator) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_separator, true);
            sep = tmp;
        } else {
            sep = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(" ");
        }
        if (x.m_end) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_end, true);
            end = tmp;
        } else {
            end = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("\n");
        }
        size_t n_values = x.n_values; ASR::expr_t **m_values = x.m_values;
        for (size_t i=0; i<n_values; i++) {
            if (i != 0 && !is_string) {
                fmt.push_back("%s");
                args.push_back(sep);
            }
            compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, m_values[i],
                x.base.base.loc);
        }
        if (!is_string) {
            fmt.push_back("%s");
            args.push_back(end);
        }
        std::string fmt_str;
        for (size_t i=0; i<fmt.size(); i++) {
            fmt_str += fmt[i];
        }
        llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(fmt_str);

        std::vector<llvm::Value *> printf_args;
        printf_args.push_back(unit);
        printf_args.push_back(iostat);
        printf_args.push_back(fmt_ptr);
        printf_args.insert(printf_args.end(), args.begin(), args.end());
        llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction(runtime_func_name);
        if (!fn) {
            args_type.push_back(llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(context));
            args_type.push_back(llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(context));
            llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                    llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context), args_type, true);
            fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                    llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, runtime_func_name, *module);
        }
        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, printf_args);
    }

    // It appends the format specifier and arg based on the type of expression
    void compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(std::vector<std::string> &fmt,
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> &args, ASR::expr_t *v, const Location &loc) {
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        int reduce_loads = 0;
        ptr_loads = 2;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*v) ) {
            ASR::Variable_t* var = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(v);
            reduce_loads = var->m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_in;
            if( LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*var->m_type) ) {
                ptr_loads = 1;
            }
        }

        ptr_loads = ptr_loads - reduce_loads;
        lookup_enum_value_for_nonints = true;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(v, true);
        lookup_enum_value_for_nonints = false;
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;

        ASR::ttype_t *t = ASRUtils::expr_type(v);
        if (t->type == ASR::ttypeType::CPtr ||
            (t->type == ASR::ttypeType::Pointer &&
            (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*v) || ASR::is_a<ASR::GetPointer_t>(*v)))
            ) {
            fmt.push_back("%lld");
            llvm::Value* d = builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
            args.push_back(d);
            return ;
        }

        load_non_array_non_character_pointers(v, ASRUtils::expr_type(v), tmp);
        t = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(t));
        int a_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(t);

        if (ASRUtils::is_integer(*t)) {
            switch( a_kind ) {
                case 1 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%hhi");
                    break;
                }
                case 2 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%hi");
                    break;
                }
                case 4 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%d");
                    break;
                }
                case 8 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%lld");
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw CodeGenError(R"""(Printing support is available only
                                        for 8, 16, 32, and 64 bit integer kinds.)""",
                                        loc);
                }
            }
            args.push_back(tmp);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_unsigned_integer(*t)) {
            switch( a_kind ) {
                case 1 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%hhu");
                    break;
                }
                case 2 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%hu");
                    break;
                }
                case 4 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%u");
                    break;
                }
                case 8 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%llu");
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw CodeGenError(R"""(Printing support is available only
                                        for 8, 16, 32, and 64 bit unsigned integer kinds.)""",
                                        loc);
                }
            }
            args.push_back(tmp);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_real(*t)) {
            llvm::Value *d;
            switch( a_kind ) {
                case 4 : {
                    // Cast float to double as a workaround for the fact that
                    // vprintf() seems to cast to double even for %f, which
                    // causes it to print 0.000000.
                    fmt.push_back("%13.8e");
                    d = builder->CreateFPExt(tmp,
                    llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                    break;
                }
                case 8 : {
                    fmt.push_back("%23.17e");
                    d = builder->CreateFPExt(tmp,
                    llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context));
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw CodeGenError(R"""(Printing support is available only
                                        for 32, and 64 bit real kinds.)""",
                                        loc);
                }
            }
            args.push_back(d);
        } else if (t->type == ASR::ttypeType::Character) {
            fmt.push_back("%s");
            args.push_back(tmp);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_logical(*t)) {
            llvm::Value *cmp = builder->CreateICmpEQ(tmp, builder->getInt1(0));
            llvm::Value *zero_str = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("False");
            llvm::Value *one_str = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("True");
            llvm::Value *str = builder->CreateSelect(cmp, zero_str, one_str);
            fmt.push_back("%s");
            args.push_back(str);
        } else if (ASRUtils::is_complex(*t)) {
            llvm::Type *type, *complex_type;
            switch( a_kind ) {
                case 4 : {
                    // Cast float to double as a workaround for the fact that
                    // vprintf() seems to cast to double even for %f, which
                    // causes it to print 0.000000.
                    fmt.push_back("(%f,%f)");
                    type = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
                    complex_type = complex_type_4;
                    break;
                }
                case 8 : {
                    fmt.push_back("(%lf,%lf)");
                    type = llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(context);
                    complex_type = complex_type_8;
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw CodeGenError(R"""(Printing support is available only
                                        for 32, and 64 bit complex kinds.)""",
                                        loc);
                }
            }
            llvm::Value *d;
            d = builder->CreateFPExt(complex_re(tmp, complex_type), type);
            args.push_back(d);
            d = builder->CreateFPExt(complex_im(tmp, complex_type), type);
            args.push_back(d);
        } else if (t->type == ASR::ttypeType::CPtr) {
            fmt.push_back("%lld");
            llvm::Value* d = builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm_utils->getIntType(8, false));
            args.push_back(d);
        } else if (t->type == ASR::ttypeType::Enum) {
            // TODO: Use recursion to generalise for any underlying type in enum
            fmt.push_back("%d");
            args.push_back(tmp);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("Printing support is not available for `" +
                ASRUtils::type_to_str(t) + "` type.", loc);
        }
    }

    template <typename T>
    void handle_print(const T &x) {
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
        args.push_back(nullptr); // reserve space for fmt_str
        std::vector<std::string> fmt;
        llvm::Value *sep = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *sep_no_space = nullptr;
        llvm::Value *end = nullptr;
        bool global_sep_space = false;
        if (x.m_separator) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_separator, true);
            sep = tmp;
        } else {
            global_sep_space = true;
            sep = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(" ");
        }
        if (x.m_end) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_end, true);
            end = tmp;
        } else {
            end = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("\n");
        }
        for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_values; i++) {
            if (i != 0) {
                fmt.push_back("%s");
                if (global_sep_space) {
                    args.push_back(sep);
                } else {
                    sep_no_space = sep_no_space != nullptr ? sep_no_space : builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr("");
                    args.push_back(sep_no_space);
                }
            }
            compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, x.m_values[i], x.base.base.loc);
        }
        fmt.push_back("%s");
        args.push_back(end);
        std::string fmt_str;
        for (size_t i=0; i<fmt.size(); i++) {
            fmt_str += fmt[i];
        }
        llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(fmt_str);
        args[0] = fmt_ptr;
        printf(context, *module, *builder, args);
    }

    void construct_stop(llvm::Value* exit_code, std::string stop_msg, ASR::expr_t* stop_code, Location loc) {
        std::string fmt_str;
        std::vector<std::string> fmt;
        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
        args.push_back(nullptr); // reserve space for fmt_str
        ASR::ttype_t *str_type_len_msg = ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Character_t(
                    al, loc, 1, stop_msg.size(), nullptr));
        ASR::expr_t* STOP_MSG = ASRUtils::EXPR(ASR::make_StringConstant_t(al, loc,
            s2c(al, stop_msg), str_type_len_msg));
        ASR::ttype_t *str_type_len_1 = ASRUtils::TYPE(ASR::make_Character_t(
                al, loc, 1, 1, nullptr));
        ASR::expr_t* NEWLINE = ASRUtils::EXPR(ASR::make_StringConstant_t(al, loc,
            s2c(al, "\n"), str_type_len_1));
        compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, STOP_MSG, loc);
        if (stop_code) {
            ASR::expr_t* SPACE = ASRUtils::EXPR(ASR::make_StringConstant_t(al, loc,
                s2c(al, " "), str_type_len_1));
            compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, SPACE, loc);
            compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, stop_code, loc);
        }
        compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, NEWLINE, loc);

        for (auto ch:fmt) {
            fmt_str += ch;
        }

        llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(fmt_str);
        args[0] = fmt_ptr;
        print_error(context, *module, *builder, args);

        if (stop_code && is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(stop_code))) {
            this->visit_expr(*stop_code);
            exit_code = tmp;
        }
        exit(context, *module, *builder, exit_code);
    }

    void visit_Stop(const ASR::Stop_t &x) {
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
            debug_emit_loc(x);
            if (x.m_code && is_a<ASR::Integer_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_code))) {
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(infile);
                llvm::Value *fmt_ptr1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(
                    1, compiler_options.use_colors));
                this->visit_expr(*x.m_code);
                llvm::Value *test = builder->CreateICmpNE(tmp, builder->getInt32(0));
                llvm_utils->create_if_else(test, [=]() {
                    call_print_stacktrace_addresses(context, *module, *builder,
                        {fmt_ptr, fmt_ptr1});
                }, [](){});
            }
        }

        int exit_code_int = 0;
        llvm::Value *exit_code = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(32, exit_code_int));
        construct_stop(exit_code, "STOP", x.m_code, x.base.base.loc);
    }

    void visit_ErrorStop(const ASR::ErrorStop_t &x) {
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
            debug_emit_loc(x);
            llvm::Value *fmt_ptr = builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(infile);
            llvm::Value *fmt_ptr1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(
                1, compiler_options.use_colors));
            call_print_stacktrace_addresses(context, *module, *builder,
                {fmt_ptr, fmt_ptr1});
        }

        int exit_code_int = 1;
        llvm::Value *exit_code = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context,
                llvm::APInt(32, exit_code_int));
        construct_stop(exit_code, "ERROR STOP", x.m_code, x.base.base.loc);
    }

    template <typename T>
    inline void set_func_subrout_params(T* func_subrout, ASR::abiType& x_abi,
                                        std::uint32_t& m_h, ASR::Variable_t*& orig_arg,
                                        std::string& orig_arg_name, ASR::intentType& arg_intent,
                                        size_t arg_idx) {
        m_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)func_subrout);
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*func_subrout->m_args[arg_idx]) ) {
            ASR::Var_t* arg_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(func_subrout->m_args[arg_idx]);
            ASR::symbol_t* arg_sym = symbol_get_past_external(arg_var->m_v);
            if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*arg_sym) ) {
                orig_arg = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(arg_sym);
                orig_arg_name = orig_arg->m_name;
                arg_intent = orig_arg->m_intent;
            }
        }
        x_abi = ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(func_subrout)->m_abi;
    }


    template <typename T>
    std::vector<llvm::Value*> convert_call_args(const T &x, bool is_method) {
        std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
        for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_args; i++) {
            ASR::symbol_t* func_subrout = symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name);
            ASR::abiType x_abi = (ASR::abiType) 0;
            ASR::intentType orig_arg_intent = ASR::intentType::Unspecified;
            std::uint32_t m_h;
            ASR::Variable_t *orig_arg = nullptr;
            std::string orig_arg_name = "";
            if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Function ) {
                ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(func_subrout);
                set_func_subrout_params(func, x_abi, m_h, orig_arg, orig_arg_name, orig_arg_intent, i + is_method);
            } else if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::ClassProcedure ) {
                ASR::ClassProcedure_t* clss_proc = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(func_subrout);
                if( clss_proc->m_proc->type == ASR::symbolType::Function ) {
                    ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(clss_proc->m_proc);
                    set_func_subrout_params(func, x_abi, m_h, orig_arg, orig_arg_name, orig_arg_intent, i + is_method);
                }
            } else if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Variable ) {
                ASR::Variable_t* v = down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(func_subrout);
                ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(v->m_type_declaration);
                set_func_subrout_params(func, x_abi, m_h, orig_arg, orig_arg_name, orig_arg_intent, i + is_method);
            } else {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false)
            }

            if( x.m_args[i].m_value == nullptr ) {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(orig_arg != nullptr);
                llvm::Type* llvm_orig_arg_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(orig_arg->m_type, module.get());
                llvm::Value* llvm_arg = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_orig_arg_type);
                args.push_back(llvm_arg);
                continue ;
            }
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value)) {
                ASR::symbol_t* var_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(x.m_args[i].m_value)->m_v);
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*var_sym)) {
                    ASR::Variable_t *arg = EXPR2VAR(x.m_args[i].m_value);
                    uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)arg);
                    if (llvm_symtab.find(h) != llvm_symtab.end()) {
                        tmp = llvm_symtab[h];
                        if( !ASRUtils::is_array(arg->m_type) ) {

                            if (x_abi == ASR::abiType::Source && ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*arg->m_type)) {
                                if ( orig_arg_intent != ASRUtils::intent_out &&
                                        arg->m_intent == intent_local ) {
                                    // Local variable of type
                                    // CPtr is a void**, so we
                                    // have to load it
                                    tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                }
                            } else if ( x_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC ) {
                                if (orig_arg->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC && orig_arg->m_value_attr) {
                                    ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = arg->m_type;
                                    if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*arg_type)) {
                                        int c_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg_type);
                                        if (c_kind == 4) {
                                            if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                                                // tmp is {float, float}*
                                                // type_fx2p is i64*
                                                llvm::Type* type_fx2p = llvm::Type::getInt64PtrTy(context);
                                                // Convert {float,float}* to i64* using bitcast
                                                tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, type_fx2p);
                                                // Then convert i64* -> i64
                                                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                            } else if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::macOS_ARM) {
                                                // tmp is {float, float}*
                                                // type_fx2p is [2 x float]*
                                                llvm::Type* type_fx2p = llvm::ArrayType::get(llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context), 2)->getPointerTo();
                                                // Convert {float,float}* to [2 x float]* using bitcast
                                                tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, type_fx2p);
                                                // Then convert [2 x float]* -> [2 x float]
                                                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                            } else {
                                                // tmp is {float, float}*
                                                // type_fx2p is <2 x float>*
                                                llvm::Type* type_fx2p = FIXED_VECTOR_TYPE::get(llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context), 2)->getPointerTo();
                                                // Convert {float,float}* to <2 x float>* using bitcast
                                                tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, type_fx2p);
                                                // Then convert <2 x float>* -> <2 x float>
                                                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                            }
                                        } else {
                                            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(c_kind == 8)
                                            if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                                                // 128 bit aggregate type is passed by reference
                                            } else {
                                                // Pass by value
                                                tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                            }
                                        }
                                    } else if (is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*arg_type)) {
                                        if ( arg->m_intent == intent_local ||
                                                arg->m_intent == ASRUtils::intent_out) {
                                            // Local variable or Dummy out argument
                                            // of type CPtr is a void**, so we
                                            // have to load it
                                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                        }
                                    } else {
                                        if (!arg->m_value_attr) {
                                            // Dereference the pointer argument (unless it is a CPtr)
                                            // to pass by value
                                            // E.g.:
                                            // i32* -> i32
                                            // {double,double}* -> {double,double}
                                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                                if (!orig_arg->m_value_attr && arg->m_value_attr) {
                                    llvm::Type *target_type = tmp->getType();
                                    // Create alloca to get a pointer, but do it
                                    // at the beginning of the function to avoid
                                    // using alloca inside a loop, which would
                                    // run out of stack
                                    llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                                    llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                                    builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                                    llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                                        target_type, nullptr, "call_arg_value_ptr");
                                    builder->CreateStore(tmp, target);
                                    tmp = target;
                                }
                            } else {
                                if( orig_arg &&
                                    !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*orig_arg->m_type) &&
                                    LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*arg->m_type) &&
                                    ASRUtils::check_equal_type(
                                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(orig_arg->m_type)),
                                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(arg->m_type))) &&
                                    !ASRUtils::is_character(*arg->m_type) ) {
                                    // TODO: Remove call to ASRUtils::check_equal_type
                                    // pass(rhs) is not respected in integration_tests/class_08.f90
                                    tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            if( orig_arg &&
                                !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*orig_arg->m_type) &&
                                LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*arg->m_type) ) {
                                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        if ( arg->m_type_declaration && ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(
                                *ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(arg->m_type_declaration)) ) {
                            ASR::Function_t* fn = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                                symbol_get_past_external(arg->m_type_declaration));
                            uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)fn);
                            if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(fn)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Implementation) {
                                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn.end());
                                tmp = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                            } else {
                                // Must be an argument/chained procedure pass
                                tmp = llvm_symtab_fn_arg[h];
                            }
                        } else {
                            if (arg->m_value == nullptr) {
                                throw CodeGenError(std::string(arg->m_name) + " isn't defined in any scope.");
                            }
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(arg->m_value, true);
                            if( x_abi != ASR::abiType::BindC &&
                                !ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*arg->m_value) ) {
                                llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                                llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                                builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                                llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                                    llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(arg->m_type, module.get()),
                                    nullptr, "call_arg_value");
                                builder->CreateStore(tmp, target);
                                tmp = target;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*var_sym)) {
                    ASR::Function_t* fn = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(var_sym);
                    uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)fn);
                    if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(fn)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Implementation) {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn.end());
                        tmp = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                    } else if (llvm_symtab_fn_arg.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn_arg.end() &&
                                ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*var_sym) &&
                                ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(fn)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface ) {
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn.end());
                        tmp = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(tmp != nullptr)
                    } else {
                        // Must be an argument/chained procedure pass
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(llvm_symtab_fn_arg.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn_arg.end());
                        tmp = llvm_symtab_fn_arg[h];
                        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(tmp != nullptr)
                    }
                }
            } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayPhysicalCast_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value)) {
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[i].m_value);
            } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::FunctionType_t>(
                *ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_args[i].m_value)))) ) {
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[i].m_value, true);
            } else {
                ASR::ttype_t* arg_type = expr_type(x.m_args[i].m_value);
                int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                ptr_loads = !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(arg_type);
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[i].m_value);

                if( x_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC ) {
                    if( (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) &&
                         orig_arg_intent ==  ASR::intentType::In) ||
                        ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) ||
                        (ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*arg_type) &&
                         ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value)) ) {
                        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) &&
                            ASRUtils::is_array(arg_type) ) {
                            ASR::dimension_t* arg_m_dims = nullptr;
                            size_t n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(arg_type, arg_m_dims);
                            if( !(ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(arg_m_dims, n_dims) &&
                                  ASRUtils::expr_abi(x.m_args[i].m_value) == ASR::abiType::BindC) ) {
                                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(tmp));
                            } else {
                                tmp = llvm_utils->create_gep(tmp, llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, 0)));
                            }
                        } else {
                            tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);
                        }
                    }
                }
                llvm::Value *value = tmp;
                ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                // TODO: we are getting a warning of uninitialized variable,
                // there might be a bug below.
                llvm::Type *target_type = nullptr;
                bool character_bindc = false;
                ASR::ttype_t* arg_type_ = ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type);
                switch (arg_type_->type) {
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Integer) : {
                        int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Integer_t>(arg_type_)->m_kind;
                        target_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::UnsignedInteger) : {
                        int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::UnsignedInteger_t>(arg_type_)->m_kind;
                        target_type = llvm_utils->getIntType(a_kind);
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Real) : {
                        int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Real_t>(arg_type_)->m_kind;
                        target_type = llvm_utils->getFPType(a_kind);
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Complex) : {
                        int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Complex_t>(arg_type_)->m_kind;
                        target_type = llvm_utils->getComplexType(a_kind);
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Character) : {
                        ASR::Variable_t *orig_arg = nullptr;
                        if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Function ) {
                            ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(func_subrout);
                            orig_arg = ASRUtils::EXPR2VAR(func->m_args[i]);
                        } else {
                            throw CodeGenError("ICE: expected func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Function.");
                        }
                        if (orig_arg->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
                            character_bindc = true;
                        }

                        target_type = character_type;
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Logical) :
                        target_type = llvm::Type::getInt1Ty(context);
                        break;
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Enum) :
                        target_type = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context);
                        break;
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Struct) :
                        break;
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::CPtr) :
                        target_type = llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo();
                        break;
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Allocatable:
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Pointer) : {
                        ASR::ttype_t* type_ = ASRUtils::get_contained_type(arg_type);
                        target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(type_, module.get());
                        if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::Character_t>(*type_) ) {
                            target_type = target_type->getPointerTo();
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::List) : {
                        target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(arg_type_, module.get());
                        break ;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::Tuple) : {
                        target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(arg_type_, module.get());
                        break ;
                    }
                    case (ASR::ttypeType::FunctionType): {
                        target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(arg_type_, module.get());
                        break;
                    }
                    default :
                        throw CodeGenError("Type " + ASRUtils::type_to_str(arg_type) + " not implemented yet.");
                }
                if( ASR::is_a<ASR::EnumValue_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) ) {
                    target_type = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context);
                }
                switch(arg_type->type) {
                    case ASR::ttypeType::Struct: {
                        tmp = value;
                        break;
                    }
                    default: {
                        if (!character_bindc) {
                            bool use_value = false;
                            ASR::Variable_t *orig_arg = nullptr;
                            if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Function ) {
                                ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(func_subrout);
                                orig_arg = EXPR2VAR(func->m_args[i]);
                            } else if( func_subrout->type == ASR::symbolType::Variable ) {
                                ASR::Variable_t *v = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(func_subrout);
                                ASR::Function_t* func = down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(v->m_type_declaration);
                                orig_arg = EXPR2VAR(func->m_args[i]);
                            } else {
                                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false)
                            }
                            if (orig_arg->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC
                                && orig_arg->m_value_attr) {
                                use_value = true;
                            }
                            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value)) {
                                use_value = true;
                            }
                            if (!use_value) {
                                // Create alloca to get a pointer, but do it
                                // at the beginning of the function to avoid
                                // using alloca inside a loop, which would
                                // run out of stack
                                if( (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) ||
                                    (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) &&
                                    (ASRUtils::is_array(arg_type) ||
                                        ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_args[i].m_value)))))
                                        && value->getType()->isPointerTy()) {
                                    value = CreateLoad(value);
                                }
                                if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::CPtr_t>(*arg_type) &&
                                    !(orig_arg && !LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*orig_arg->m_type) &&
                                      LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*arg_type) &&
                                      !ASRUtils::is_character(*orig_arg->m_type)) && !ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_args[i].m_value) ) {
                                    llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                                    llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                                    builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                                    llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                                        target_type, nullptr, "call_arg_value");
                                    if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Tuple_t>(*arg_type) ||
                                        ASR::is_a<ASR::List_t>(*arg_type) ) {
                                        llvm_utils->deepcopy(value, target, arg_type, module.get(), name2memidx);
                                    } else {
                                        builder->CreateStore(value, target);
                                    }
                                    tmp = target;
                                } else {
                                    tmp = value;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // To avoid segmentation faults when original argument
            // is not a ASR::Variable_t like callbacks.
            if( orig_arg && !ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(
                *ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                            ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_args[i].m_value))))) ) {
                tmp = convert_to_polymorphic_arg(tmp,
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(orig_arg->m_type)),
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_args[i].m_value))) );
            }

            args.push_back(tmp);
        }
        return args;
    }

    void generate_flip_sign(ASR::call_arg_t* m_args) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[0].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* signal = tmp;
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(m_args[1].m_value->type == ASR::exprType::Var);
        ASR::Var_t* asr_var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Var_t>(m_args[1].m_value);
        ASR::Variable_t* asr_variable = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(asr_var->m_v);
        uint32_t x_h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)asr_variable);
        llvm::Value* variable = llvm_symtab[x_h];
        // variable = xor(shiftl(int(Nd), 63), variable)
        ASR::ttype_t* signal_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(m_args[0].m_value);
        int signal_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(signal_type);
        llvm::Value* num_shifts = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, signal_kind * 8 - 1));
        llvm::Value* shifted_signal = builder->CreateShl(signal, num_shifts);
        llvm::Value* int_var = builder->CreateBitCast(CreateLoad(variable), shifted_signal->getType());
        tmp = builder->CreateXor(shifted_signal, int_var);
        llvm::Type* variable_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(asr_variable->m_type, module.get());
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, variable_type);
    }

    void generate_fma(ASR::call_arg_t* m_args) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[0].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* a = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[1].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* b = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[2].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* c = tmp;
        tmp = builder->CreateIntrinsic(llvm::Intrinsic::fma,
                {a->getType()},
                {b, c, a});
    }

    void generate_sign_from_value(ASR::call_arg_t* m_args) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[0].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* arg0 = tmp;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_args[1].m_value, true);
        llvm::Value* arg1 = tmp;
        llvm::Type* common_llvm_type = arg0->getType();
        ASR::ttype_t *arg1_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(m_args[1].m_value);
        uint64_t kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg1_type);
        llvm::Value* num_shifts = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(kind * 8, kind * 8 - 1));
        llvm::Value* shifted_one = builder->CreateShl(llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(kind * 8, 1)), num_shifts);
        arg1 = builder->CreateBitCast(arg1, shifted_one->getType());
        arg0 = builder->CreateBitCast(arg0, shifted_one->getType());
        tmp = builder->CreateXor(arg0, builder->CreateAnd(shifted_one, arg1));
        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(tmp, common_llvm_type);
    }

    template <typename T>
    bool generate_optimization_instructions(const T* routine, ASR::call_arg_t* m_args) {
        std::string routine_name = std::string(routine->m_name);
        if( routine_name.find("flipsign") != std::string::npos ) {
            generate_flip_sign(m_args);
            return true;
        } else if( routine_name.find("fma") != std::string::npos ) {
            generate_fma(m_args);
            return true;
        } else if( routine_name.find("signfromvalue") != std::string::npos ) {
            generate_sign_from_value(m_args);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    int get_class_hash(ASR::symbol_t* class_sym) {
        if( type2vtabid.find(class_sym) == type2vtabid.end() ) {
            type2vtabid[class_sym] = type2vtabid.size();
        }
        return type2vtabid[class_sym];
    }

    llvm::Value* convert_to_polymorphic_arg(llvm::Value* dt,
        ASR::ttype_t* s_m_args0_type, ASR::ttype_t* arg_type) {
        if( !ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(s_m_args0_type)) ) {
            return dt;
        }

        if( ASRUtils::is_abstract_class_type(s_m_args0_type) ) {
            if( ASRUtils::is_array(s_m_args0_type) ) {
                llvm::Type* array_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(s_m_args0_type, module.get());
                llvm::Value* abstract_array = builder->CreateAlloca(array_type);
                llvm::Type* array_data_type = llvm_utils->get_el_type(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(s_m_args0_type), module.get());
                llvm::Value* array_data = builder->CreateAlloca(array_data_type);
                builder->CreateStore(array_data,
                    arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(abstract_array));
                arr_descr->fill_array_details(dt, abstract_array, s_m_args0_type, true);
                llvm::Value* polymorphic_data = CreateLoad(
                    arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(abstract_array));
                llvm::Value* polymorphic_data_addr = llvm_utils->create_gep(polymorphic_data, 1);
                llvm::Value* dt_data = CreateLoad(arr_descr->get_pointer_to_data(dt));
                builder->CreateStore(
                    builder->CreateBitCast(dt_data, llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo()),
                    polymorphic_data_addr);
                llvm::Value* type_id_addr = llvm_utils->create_gep(polymorphic_data, 0);
                builder->CreateStore(
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(8),
                        llvm::APInt(64, -((int) ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type)->type) -
                            ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(arg_type), true)),
                    type_id_addr);
                return abstract_array;
            } else {
                llvm::Type* _type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(s_m_args0_type, module.get());
                llvm::Value* abstract_ = builder->CreateAlloca(_type);
                llvm::Value* polymorphic_addr = llvm_utils->create_gep(abstract_, 1);
                builder->CreateStore(
                    builder->CreateBitCast(dt, llvm::Type::getVoidTy(context)->getPointerTo()),
                    polymorphic_addr);
                llvm::Value* type_id_addr = llvm_utils->create_gep(abstract_, 0);
                ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(arg_type);
                ASR::symbol_t* struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type);
                llvm::Value* hash = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(8),
                    llvm::APInt(64, get_class_hash(struct_sym)));
                builder->CreateStore(hash, type_id_addr);
                return abstract_;
            }
        } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type)) ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type));
            ASR::symbol_t* struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type);
            if( type2vtab.find(struct_sym) == type2vtab.end() &&
                type2vtab[struct_sym].find(current_scope) == type2vtab[struct_sym].end() ) {
                create_vtab_for_struct_type(struct_sym, current_scope);
            }
            llvm::Value* dt_polymorphic = builder->CreateAlloca(
                llvm_utils->getClassType(s_m_args0_type, true));
            llvm::Value* hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 0);
            llvm::Value* hash = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm_utils->getIntType(8), llvm::APInt(64, get_class_hash(struct_sym)));
            builder->CreateStore(hash, hash_ptr);
            llvm::Value* class_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 1);
            builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(dt, llvm_utils->getStructType(s_m_args0_type, module.get(), true)), class_ptr);
            return dt_polymorphic;
        }
        return dt;
    }

    void visit_SubroutineCall(const ASR::SubroutineCall_t &x) {
        if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) debug_emit_loc(x);
        if( ASRUtils::is_intrinsic_optimization(x.m_name) ) {
            ASR::Function_t* routine = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                        ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name));
            if( generate_optimization_instructions(routine, x.m_args) ) {
                return ;
            }
        }

        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
        if( x.m_dt && ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_dt) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name)) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::FunctionType_t>(*ASRUtils::symbol_type(x.m_name)) ) {
            uint64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 1;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_dt);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Value* callee = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);

            args = convert_call_args(x, false);
            llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_utils->get_function_type(
                ASR::down_cast<ASR::FunctionType_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt)),
                module.get());
            tmp = builder->CreateCall(fntype, callee, args);
            return ;
        }

        const ASR::symbol_t *proc_sym = symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name);
        std::string proc_sym_name = "";
        bool is_deferred = false;
        bool is_nopass = false;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(*proc_sym) ) {
            ASR::ClassProcedure_t* class_proc =
                ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(proc_sym);
            is_deferred = class_proc->m_is_deferred;
            proc_sym_name = class_proc->m_name;
            is_nopass = class_proc->m_is_nopass;
        }
        if( is_deferred ) {
            visit_RuntimePolymorphicSubroutineCall(x, proc_sym_name);
            return ;
        }
        ASR::Function_t *s;
        char* self_argument = nullptr;
        llvm::Value* pass_arg = nullptr;
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(proc_sym);
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            ASR::ClassProcedure_t *clss_proc = ASR::down_cast<
                ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(proc_sym);
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(clss_proc->m_proc);
            self_argument = clss_proc->m_self_argument;
            proc_sym = clss_proc->m_proc;
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            ASR::symbol_t *type_decl = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(proc_sym)->m_type_declaration;
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(type_decl);
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(type_decl);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("SubroutineCall: Symbol type not supported");
        }
        if( s == nullptr ) {
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name));
        }
        bool is_method = false;
        if (x.m_dt && (!is_nopass)) {
            is_method = true;
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_dt)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *caller = EXPR2VAR(x.m_dt);
                std::uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)caller);
                // declared variable in the current scope
                llvm::Value* dt = llvm_symtab[h];
                // Function class type
                ASR::ttype_t* s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                                                ASRUtils::expr_type(s->m_args[0]));
                // derived type declared type
                ASR::ttype_t* dt_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(caller->m_type);
                dt = convert_to_polymorphic_arg(dt, s_m_args0_type, dt_type);
                args.push_back(dt);
            } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_dt)) {
                ASR::StructInstanceMember_t *struct_mem
                    = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(x.m_dt);

                // Declared struct variable
                ASR::Variable_t *caller = EXPR2VAR(struct_mem->m_v);
                std::uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)caller);
                llvm::Value* dt = llvm_symtab[h];

                // Get struct symbol
                ASR::ttype_t *arg_type = struct_mem->m_type;
                ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type)));
                ASR::symbol_t* struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    struct_t->m_derived_type);
                llvm::Value* dt_polymorphic;

                // Function's class type
                ASR::ttype_t* s_m_args0_type;
                if (self_argument != nullptr) {
                    ASR::symbol_t *class_sym = s->m_symtab->resolve_symbol(self_argument);
                    ASR::Variable_t *var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(class_sym);
                    s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(var->m_type));
                } else {
                    s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(ASRUtils::expr_type(s->m_args[0])));
                }
                // Convert to polymorphic argument
                dt_polymorphic = builder->CreateAlloca(
                    llvm_utils->getClassType(s_m_args0_type, true));
                llvm::Value* hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 0);
                llvm::Value* hash = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm_utils->getIntType(8), llvm::APInt(64, get_class_hash(struct_sym)));
                builder->CreateStore(hash, hash_ptr);
                struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(caller->m_type)->m_class_type);

                int dt_idx = name2memidx[ASRUtils::symbol_name(struct_sym)]
                    [ASRUtils::symbol_name(ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_mem->m_m))];
                llvm::Value* dt_1 = llvm_utils->create_gep(
                    CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(dt, 1)), dt_idx);
                llvm::Value* class_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 1);
                if (is_nested_pointer(dt_1)) {
                    dt_1 = CreateLoad(dt_1);
                }
                builder->CreateStore(dt_1, class_ptr);
                if (self_argument == nullptr) {
                    args.push_back(dt_polymorphic);
                } else {
                    pass_arg = dt_polymorphic;
                }
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("SubroutineCall: Struct symbol type not supported");
            }
        }

        std::string sub_name = s->m_name;
        uint32_t h;
        ASR::FunctionType_t* s_func_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::FunctionType_t>(s->m_function_signature);
        if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::LFortranModule) {
            throw CodeGenError("Subroutine LCompilers interfaces not implemented yet");
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Interactive) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Source) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Intrinsic) {
            if (sub_name == "get_command_argument") {
                llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction("_lpython_get_argv");
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                        character_type, {
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context)
                        }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "_lpython_get_argv", *module);
                }
                args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(args.size() > 0);
                tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {CreateLoad(args[0])});
                if (args.size() > 1)
                    builder->CreateStore(tmp, args[1]);
                return;
            } else if (sub_name == "get_environment_variable") {
                llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction("_lfortran_get_env_variable");
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                        character_type, {
                            character_type
                        }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "_lfortran_get_env_variable", *module);
                }
                args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(args.size() > 0);
                tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {CreateLoad(args[0])});
                if (args.size() > 1)
                    builder->CreateStore(tmp, args[1]);
                return;
            } else if (sub_name == "execute_command_line") {
                llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction("_lfortran_exec_command");
                if (!fn) {
                    llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {
                            character_type
                        }, false);
                    fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "_lfortran_exec_command", *module);
                }
                args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(args.size() > 0);
                tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {CreateLoad(args[0])});
                return;
            }
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("ABI type not implemented yet in SubroutineCall.");
        }

        if (llvm_symtab_fn_arg.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn_arg.end()) {
            // Check if this is a callback function
            llvm::Value* fn = llvm_symtab_fn_arg[h];
            llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_symtab_fn[h]->getFunctionType();
            std::string m_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(x.m_name);
            args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
            tmp = builder->CreateCall(fntype, fn, args);
        } else if (llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn.end()) {
            throw CodeGenError("Subroutine code not generated for '"
                + std::string(s->m_name) + "'");
        } else {
            llvm::Function *fn = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
            std::string m_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(x.m_name);
            std::vector<llvm::Value *> args2 = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
            args.insert(args.end(), args2.begin(), args2.end());
            // check if type of each arg is same as type of each arg in subrout_called
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name))) {
                ASR::Function_t* subrout_called = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name));
                for (size_t i = 0; i < subrout_called->n_args; i++) {
                    ASR::expr_t* expected_arg = subrout_called->m_args[i];
                    ASR::expr_t* passed_arg = x.m_args[i].m_value;
                    ASR::ttype_t* expected_arg_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(expected_arg);
                    ASR::ttype_t* passed_arg_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(passed_arg);
                    if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayItem_t>(*passed_arg)) {
                        if (!ASRUtils::types_equal(expected_arg_type, passed_arg_type, true)) {
                            throw CodeGenError("Type mismatch in subroutine call, expected `" + ASRUtils::type_to_str_python(expected_arg_type)
                                    + "`, passed `" + ASRUtils::type_to_str_python(passed_arg_type) + "`", x.m_args[i].m_value->base.loc);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (pass_arg) {
                args.push_back(pass_arg);
            }
            builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        }
    }

    void handle_bitwise_args(const ASR::FunctionCall_t& x, llvm::Value*& arg1,
                             llvm::Value*& arg2) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(x.n_args == 2);
        tmp = nullptr;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_value, true);
        arg1 = tmp;
        tmp = nullptr;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[1].m_value, true);
        arg2 = tmp;
    }

    void handle_bitwise_xor(const ASR::FunctionCall_t& x) {
        llvm::Value *arg1 = nullptr, *arg2 = nullptr;
        handle_bitwise_args(x, arg1, arg2);
        tmp = builder->CreateXor(arg1, arg2);
    }

    void handle_bitwise_and(const ASR::FunctionCall_t& x) {
        llvm::Value *arg1 = nullptr, *arg2 = nullptr;
        handle_bitwise_args(x, arg1, arg2);
        tmp = builder->CreateAnd(arg1, arg2);
    }

    void handle_bitwise_or(const ASR::FunctionCall_t& x) {
        llvm::Value *arg1 = nullptr, *arg2 = nullptr;
        handle_bitwise_args(x, arg1, arg2);
        tmp = builder->CreateOr(arg1, arg2);
    }

    void handle_allocated(ASR::expr_t* arg) {
        ASR::ttype_t* asr_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(arg);
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*asr_type);
        visit_expr_wrapper(arg, true);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_n_dims_from_ttype(asr_type);
        if( n_dims > 0 ) {
            llvm::Type* llvm_data_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(asr_type))),
            module.get(), ASRUtils::expr_abi(arg));
            tmp = arr_descr->get_is_allocated_flag(tmp, llvm_data_type);
        } else {
            tmp = builder->CreateICmpNE(
                builder->CreatePtrToInt(tmp, llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context)),
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context), llvm::APInt(64, 0)) );
        }
    }

    llvm::Value* CreatePointerToStructReturnValue(llvm::FunctionType* fnty,
                                                  llvm::Value* return_value,
                                                  ASR::ttype_t* asr_return_type) {
        if( !LLVM::is_llvm_struct(asr_return_type) ) {
            return return_value;
        }

        // Call to LLVM APIs not needed to fetch the return type of the function.
        // We can use asr_return_type as well but anyways for compactness I did it here.
        llvm::Value* pointer_to_struct = builder->CreateAlloca(fnty->getReturnType(), nullptr);
        LLVM::CreateStore(*builder, return_value, pointer_to_struct);
        return pointer_to_struct;
    }

    llvm::Value* CreateCallUtil(llvm::FunctionType* fnty, llvm::Function* fn,
                                std::vector<llvm::Value*>& args,
                                ASR::ttype_t* asr_return_type) {
        llvm::Value* return_value = builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
        return CreatePointerToStructReturnValue(fnty, return_value,
                                                asr_return_type);
    }

    llvm::Value* CreateCallUtil(llvm::Function* fn, std::vector<llvm::Value*>& args,
                                ASR::ttype_t* asr_return_type) {
        return CreateCallUtil(fn->getFunctionType(), fn, args, asr_return_type);
    }

    void visit_RuntimePolymorphicSubroutineCall(const ASR::SubroutineCall_t& x, std::string proc_sym_name) {
        std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, ASR::symbol_t*>> vtabs;
        ASR::StructType_t* dt_sym_type = nullptr;
        ASR::ttype_t* dt_ttype_t = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt)));
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*dt_ttype_t) ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(dt_ttype_t);
            dt_sym_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type));
        } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*dt_ttype_t) ) {
            ASR::Class_t* class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(dt_ttype_t);
            dt_sym_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(class_t->m_class_type));
        }
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(dt_sym_type != nullptr);
        for( auto& item: type2vtab ) {
            ASR::StructType_t* a_dt = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(item.first);
            if( !a_dt->m_is_abstract &&
                (a_dt == dt_sym_type ||
                ASRUtils::is_parent(a_dt, dt_sym_type) ||
                ASRUtils::is_parent(dt_sym_type, a_dt)) ) {
                for( auto& item2: item.second ) {
                    if( item2.first == current_scope ) {
                        vtabs.push_back(std::make_pair(item2.second, item.first));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        uint64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_dt);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* llvm_dt = tmp;
        llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
        for( size_t i = 0; i < vtabs.size(); i++ ) {
            llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

            llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
            llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

            llvm::Value* vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_dt, 0));
            llvm::Value* dt_data = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_dt, 1));
            ASR::ttype_t* selector_var_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt);
            if( ASRUtils::is_array(selector_var_type) ) {
                vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(vptr_int_hash, 0));
            }
            ASR::symbol_t* type_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(vtabs[i].second);
            llvm::Value* type_sym_vtab = vtabs[i].first;
            llvm::Value* cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(
                                    vptr_int_hash,
                                    CreateLoad(
                                        llvm_utils->create_gep(type_sym_vtab, 0) ) );

            builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
            builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
            {
                std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
                ASR::StructType_t* struct_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(type_sym);
                llvm::Type* target_dt_type = llvm_utils->getStructType(struct_type_t, module.get(), true);
                llvm::Type* target_class_dt_type = llvm_utils->getClassType(struct_type_t);
                llvm::Value* target_dt = builder->CreateAlloca(target_class_dt_type);
                llvm::Value* target_dt_hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(target_dt, 0);
                builder->CreateStore(vptr_int_hash, target_dt_hash_ptr);
                llvm::Value* target_dt_data_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(target_dt, 1);
                builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(dt_data, target_dt_type),
                                     target_dt_data_ptr);
                args.push_back(target_dt);
                ASR::symbol_t* s_class_proc = struct_type_t->m_symtab->resolve_symbol(proc_sym_name);
                ASR::symbol_t* s_proc = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(s_class_proc)->m_proc);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*) s_proc);
                llvm::Function* fn = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                std::vector<llvm::Value *> args2 = convert_call_args(x, true);
                args.insert(args.end(), args2.begin(), args2.end());
                builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
            }
            builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

            start_new_block(elseBB);
            current_select_type_block_type = nullptr;
            current_select_type_block_der_type.clear();
        }
        start_new_block(mergeBB);
    }

    void visit_RuntimePolymorphicFunctionCall(const ASR::FunctionCall_t& x, std::string proc_sym_name) {
        std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, ASR::symbol_t*>> vtabs;
        ASR::StructType_t* dt_sym_type = nullptr;
        ASR::ttype_t* dt_ttype_t = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                                        ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt)));
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*dt_ttype_t) ) {
            ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(dt_ttype_t);
            dt_sym_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_t->m_derived_type));
        } else if( ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*dt_ttype_t) ) {
            ASR::Class_t* class_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(dt_ttype_t);
            dt_sym_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(
                ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(class_t->m_class_type));
        }
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(dt_sym_type != nullptr);
        for( auto& item: type2vtab ) {
            ASR::StructType_t* a_dt = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(item.first);
            if( !a_dt->m_is_abstract &&
                (a_dt == dt_sym_type ||
                ASRUtils::is_parent(a_dt, dt_sym_type) ||
                ASRUtils::is_parent(dt_sym_type, a_dt)) ) {
                for( auto& item2: item.second ) {
                    if( item2.first == current_scope ) {
                        vtabs.push_back(std::make_pair(item2.second, item.first));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        uint64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 0;
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_dt);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        llvm::Value* llvm_dt = tmp;
        tmp = builder->CreateAlloca(llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(x.m_type, module.get()));
        llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
        for( size_t i = 0; i < vtabs.size(); i++ ) {
            llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

            llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
            llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

            llvm::Value* vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_dt, 0));
            llvm::Value* dt_data = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(llvm_dt, 1));
            ASR::ttype_t* selector_var_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt);
            if( ASRUtils::is_array(selector_var_type) ) {
                vptr_int_hash = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(vptr_int_hash, 0));
            }
            ASR::symbol_t* type_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(vtabs[i].second);
            llvm::Value* type_sym_vtab = vtabs[i].first;
            llvm::Value* cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(
                                    vptr_int_hash,
                                    CreateLoad(
                                        llvm_utils->create_gep(type_sym_vtab, 0) ) );

            builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
            builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
            {
                std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
                ASR::StructType_t* struct_type_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructType_t>(type_sym);
                llvm::Type* target_dt_type = llvm_utils->getStructType(struct_type_t, module.get(), true);
                llvm::Type* target_class_dt_type = llvm_utils->getClassType(struct_type_t);
                llvm::Value* target_dt = builder->CreateAlloca(target_class_dt_type);
                llvm::Value* target_dt_hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(target_dt, 0);
                builder->CreateStore(vptr_int_hash, target_dt_hash_ptr);
                llvm::Value* target_dt_data_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(target_dt, 1);
                builder->CreateStore(builder->CreateBitCast(dt_data, target_dt_type),
                                     target_dt_data_ptr);
                args.push_back(target_dt);
                ASR::symbol_t* s_class_proc = struct_type_t->m_symtab->resolve_symbol(proc_sym_name);
                ASR::symbol_t* s_proc = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(s_class_proc)->m_proc);
                uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*) s_proc);
                llvm::Function* fn = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
                ASR::Function_t* s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(s_proc);
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(s != nullptr);
                std::vector<llvm::Value *> args2 = convert_call_args(x, true);
                args.insert(args.end(), args2.begin(), args2.end());
                ASR::ttype_t *return_var_type0 = EXPR2VAR(s->m_return_var)->m_type;
                builder->CreateStore(CreateCallUtil(fn, args, return_var_type0), tmp);
            }
            builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

            start_new_block(elseBB);
            current_select_type_block_type = nullptr;
            current_select_type_block_der_type.clear();
        }
        start_new_block(mergeBB);
        tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
    }

    void visit_FunctionCall(const ASR::FunctionCall_t &x) {
        if ( compiler_options.emit_debug_info ) debug_emit_loc(x);
        if( ASRUtils::is_intrinsic_optimization(x.m_name) ) {
            ASR::Function_t* routine = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(
                        ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name));
            if( generate_optimization_instructions(routine, x.m_args) ) {
                return ;
            }
        }
        if (x.m_value) {
            this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_value, true);
            return ;
        }

        std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
        if( x.m_dt && ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_dt) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name)) &&
            ASR::is_a<ASR::FunctionType_t>(*ASRUtils::symbol_type(x.m_name)) ) {
            uint64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
            ptr_loads = 1;
            this->visit_expr(*x.m_dt);
            ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
            llvm::Value* callee = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, tmp);

            args = convert_call_args(x, false);
            llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_utils->get_function_type(
                ASR::down_cast<ASR::FunctionType_t>(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_dt)),
                module.get());
            tmp = builder->CreateCall(fntype, callee, args);
            return ;
        }

        const ASR::symbol_t *proc_sym = symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name);
        std::string proc_sym_name = "";
        bool is_deferred = false;
        bool is_nopass = false;
        if( ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(*proc_sym) ) {
            ASR::ClassProcedure_t* class_proc =
                ASR::down_cast<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(proc_sym);
            is_deferred = class_proc->m_is_deferred;
            proc_sym_name = class_proc->m_name;
            is_nopass = class_proc->m_is_nopass;
        }
        if( is_deferred ) {
            visit_RuntimePolymorphicFunctionCall(x, proc_sym_name);
            return ;
        }

        ASR::Function_t *s = nullptr;
        std::string self_argument = "";
        if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Function_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(proc_sym);
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            ASR::ClassProcedure_t *clss_proc = ASR::down_cast<
                ASR::ClassProcedure_t>(proc_sym);
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(clss_proc->m_proc);
            if (clss_proc->m_self_argument)
            self_argument = std::string(clss_proc->m_self_argument);
            proc_sym = clss_proc->m_proc;
        } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Variable_t>(*proc_sym)) {
            ASR::symbol_t *type_decl = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(proc_sym)->m_type_declaration;
            LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(type_decl);
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(type_decl);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("FunctionCall: Symbol type not supported");
        }
        if( s == nullptr ) {
            s = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Function_t>(symbol_get_past_external(x.m_name));
        }
        bool is_method = false;
        llvm::Value* pass_arg = nullptr;
        if (x.m_dt && (!is_nopass)) {
            is_method = true;
            if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Var_t>(*x.m_dt)) {
                ASR::Variable_t *caller = EXPR2VAR(x.m_dt);
                std::uint32_t h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)caller);
                // declared variable in the current scope
                llvm::Value* dt = llvm_symtab[h];
                // Function class type
                ASR::ttype_t* s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                                                ASRUtils::expr_type(s->m_args[0]));
                // derived type declared type
                ASR::ttype_t* dt_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(caller->m_type);
                dt = convert_to_polymorphic_arg(dt, s_m_args0_type, dt_type);
                args.push_back(dt);
            } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(*x.m_dt)) {
                ASR::StructInstanceMember_t *struct_mem
                    = ASR::down_cast<ASR::StructInstanceMember_t>(x.m_dt);

                // Declared struct variable
                this->visit_expr_wrapper(struct_mem->m_v);
                ASR::ttype_t* caller_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(struct_mem->m_v));
                llvm::Value* dt = tmp;

                // Get struct symbol
                ASR::ttype_t *arg_type = struct_mem->m_type;
                arg_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(arg_type));
                ASR::symbol_t* struct_sym = nullptr;
                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*arg_type)) {
                    ASR::Struct_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(arg_type);
                    struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    struct_t->m_derived_type);
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*arg_type)) {
                    ASR::Class_t* struct_t = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(arg_type);
                    struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    struct_t->m_class_type);
                } else {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                }

                // Function's class type
                ASR::ttype_t *s_m_args0_type;
                if (self_argument.length() > 0) {
                    ASR::symbol_t *class_sym = s->m_symtab->resolve_symbol(self_argument);
                    ASR::Variable_t *var = ASR::down_cast<ASR::Variable_t>(class_sym);
                    s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(var->m_type));
                } else {
                    s_m_args0_type = ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(
                        ASRUtils::expr_type(s->m_args[0])));
                }
                // Convert to polymorphic argument
                llvm::Value* dt_polymorphic = builder->CreateAlloca(
                        llvm_utils->getClassType(s_m_args0_type, true));
                llvm::Value* hash_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 0);
                llvm::Value* hash = llvm::ConstantInt::get(
                    llvm_utils->getIntType(8), llvm::APInt(64, get_class_hash(struct_sym)));
                builder->CreateStore(hash, hash_ptr);

                if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Struct_t>(*caller_type)) {
                    struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::Struct_t>(caller_type)->m_derived_type);
                } else if (ASR::is_a<ASR::Class_t>(*caller_type)) {
                     struct_sym = ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(
                    ASR::down_cast<ASR::Class_t>(caller_type)->m_class_type);
                } else {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                }

                int dt_idx = name2memidx[ASRUtils::symbol_name(struct_sym)]
                    [ASRUtils::symbol_name(ASRUtils::symbol_get_past_external(struct_mem->m_m))];
                llvm::Value* dt_1 = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt, dt_idx);
                dt_1 = CreateLoad(llvm_utils->create_gep(CreateLoad(dt_1), 1));
                llvm::Value* class_ptr = llvm_utils->create_gep(dt_polymorphic, 1);
                builder->CreateStore(dt_1, class_ptr);
                if (self_argument.length() == 0) {
                    args.push_back(dt_polymorphic);
                } else {
                    pass_arg = dt_polymorphic;
                }
            } else {
                throw CodeGenError("FunctionCall: Struct symbol type not supported");
            }
        }
        if( ASRUtils::is_intrinsic_function2(s) ) {
            std::string symbol_name = ASRUtils::symbol_name(x.m_name);
            if( startswith(symbol_name, "_bitwise_xor") ) {
                handle_bitwise_xor(x);
                return ;
            }
            if( startswith(symbol_name, "_bitwise_and") ) {
                handle_bitwise_and(x);
                return ;
            }
            if( startswith(symbol_name, "_bitwise_or") ) {
                handle_bitwise_or(x);
                return ;
            }
        }

        bool intrinsic_function = ASRUtils::is_intrinsic_function2(s);
        uint32_t h;
        ASR::FunctionType_t* s_func_type = ASR::down_cast<ASR::FunctionType_t>(s->m_function_signature);
        if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Source && !intrinsic_function) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::LFortranModule) {
            throw CodeGenError("Function LCompilers interfaces not implemented yet");
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Interactive) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
            h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
        } else if (s_func_type->m_abi == ASR::abiType::Intrinsic || intrinsic_function) {
            std::string func_name = s->m_name;
            if( fname2arg_type.find(func_name) != fname2arg_type.end() ) {
                h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
            } else {
                if (func_name == "len") {
                    args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(args.size() == 3)
                    tmp = lfortran_str_len(args[0]);
                    return;
                } else if (func_name == "command_argument_count") {
                    llvm::Function *fn = module->getFunction("_lpython_get_argc");
                    if(!fn) {
                        llvm::FunctionType *function_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
                            llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), {}, false);
                        fn = llvm::Function::Create(function_type,
                            llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, "_lpython_get_argc", *module);
                    }
                    tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, {});
                    return;
                } else if (func_name == "achar") {
                    // TODO: make achar just StringChr
                    this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_args[0].m_value, true);
                    tmp = lfortran_str_chr(tmp);
                    return;
                }
                if( ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(s)->m_deftype == ASR::deftypeType::Interface ) {
                    throw CodeGenError("Intrinsic '" + func_name + "' not implemented yet and compile time value is not available.");
                } else {
                    h = get_hash((ASR::asr_t*)proc_sym);
                }
            }
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("ABI type not implemented yet.");
        }
        if (llvm_symtab_fn_arg.find(h) != llvm_symtab_fn_arg.end()) {
            // Check if this is a callback function
            llvm::Value* fn = llvm_symtab_fn_arg[h];
            if (llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn.end()) {
                throw CodeGenError("The callback function not found in llvm_symtab_fn");
            }
            llvm::FunctionType* fntype = llvm_symtab_fn[h]->getFunctionType();
            std::string m_name = std::string(((ASR::Function_t*)(&(x.m_name->base)))->m_name);
            args = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
            tmp = builder->CreateCall(fntype, fn, args);
        } else if (llvm_symtab_fn.find(h) == llvm_symtab_fn.end()) {
            throw CodeGenError("Function code not generated for '"
                + std::string(s->m_name) + "'");
        } else {
            llvm::Function *fn = llvm_symtab_fn[h];
            std::string m_name = std::string(((ASR::Function_t*)(&(x.m_name->base)))->m_name);
            std::vector<llvm::Value *> args2 = convert_call_args(x, is_method);
            args.insert(args.end(), args2.begin(), args2.end());
            if (pass_arg) {
                args.push_back(pass_arg);
            }
            ASR::ttype_t *return_var_type0 = EXPR2VAR(s->m_return_var)->m_type;
            if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(s)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
                if (is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*return_var_type0)) {
                    int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Complex_t>(return_var_type0)->m_kind;
                    if (a_kind == 8) {
                        if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                            tmp = builder->CreateAlloca(complex_type_8, nullptr);
                            args.insert(args.begin(), tmp);
                            builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
                            // Convert {double,double}* to {double,double}
                            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                        } else {
                            tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
                        }
                    } else {
                        tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
                    }
                } else {
                    tmp = builder->CreateCall(fn, args);
                }
            } else {
                tmp = CreateCallUtil(fn, args, return_var_type0);
            }
        }
        if (ASRUtils::get_FunctionType(s)->m_abi == ASR::abiType::BindC) {
            ASR::ttype_t *return_var_type0 = EXPR2VAR(s->m_return_var)->m_type;
            if (is_a<ASR::Complex_t>(*return_var_type0)) {
                int a_kind = down_cast<ASR::Complex_t>(return_var_type0)->m_kind;
                if (a_kind == 4) {
                    if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::Windows) {
                        // tmp is i64, have to convert to {float, float}

                        // i64
                        llvm::Type* type_fx2 = llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(context);
                        // Convert i64 to i64*
                        llvm::AllocaInst *p_fx2 = builder->CreateAlloca(type_fx2, nullptr);
                        builder->CreateStore(tmp, p_fx2);
                        // Convert i64* to {float,float}* using bitcast
                        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(p_fx2, complex_type_4->getPointerTo());
                        // Convert {float,float}* to {float,float}
                        tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                    } else if (compiler_options.platform == Platform::macOS_ARM) {
                        // pass
                    } else {
                        // tmp is <2 x float>, have to convert to {float, float}

                        // <2 x float>
                        llvm::Type* type_fx2 = FIXED_VECTOR_TYPE::get(llvm::Type::getFloatTy(context), 2);
                        // Convert <2 x float> to <2 x float>*
                        llvm::AllocaInst *p_fx2 = builder->CreateAlloca(type_fx2, nullptr);
                        builder->CreateStore(tmp, p_fx2);
                        // Convert <2 x float>* to {float,float}* using bitcast
                        tmp = builder->CreateBitCast(p_fx2, complex_type_4->getPointerTo());
                        // Convert {float,float}* to {float,float}
                        tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (ASRUtils::is_character(*x.m_type)) {
            strings_to_be_deallocated.push_back(al, tmp);
        }
    }

    void visit_ArraySizeUtil(ASR::expr_t* m_v, ASR::ttype_t* m_type,
        ASR::expr_t* m_dim=nullptr, ASR::expr_t* m_value=nullptr) {
        if( m_value ) {
            visit_expr_wrapper(m_value, true);
            return ;
        }

        int output_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(m_type);
        int dim_kind = 4;
        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - // Sync: instead of 2 - , should this be ptr_loads_copy -
                    LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(m_v));
        visit_expr_wrapper(m_v);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        bool is_pointer_array = tmp->getType()->getContainedType(0)->isPointerTy();
        if (is_pointer_array) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
        llvm::Value* llvm_arg = tmp;

        llvm::Value* llvm_dim = nullptr;
        if( m_dim ) {
            visit_expr_wrapper(m_dim, true);
            dim_kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(ASRUtils::expr_type(m_dim));
            llvm_dim = tmp;
        }

        ASR::ttype_t* x_mv_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(m_v);
        ASR::array_physical_typeType physical_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(x_mv_type);
        if (physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer) {
            if (ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(x_mv_type)) {
                physical_type = ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray;
            } else {
                physical_type = ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray;
            }
        }
        switch( physical_type ) {
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                tmp = arr_descr->get_array_size(llvm_arg, llvm_dim, output_kind, dim_kind);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray:
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray: {
                    llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(m_type)), module.get());


                    ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                    int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_mv_type, m_dims);
                    if( llvm_dim ) {
                        llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                    llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                    builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                    llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                        target_type, nullptr, "array_size");
                    llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
                    for( int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                        llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

                        llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
                        llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

                        llvm::Value* cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(llvm_dim,
                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, i + 1)));
                        builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
                        builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
                        {
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                            builder->CreateStore(tmp, target);
                        }
                        builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

                        start_new_block(elseBB);
                    }
                    start_new_block(mergeBB);
                    tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
                } else {
                    int kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(m_type);
                    if( physical_type == ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray ) {
                        int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(m_dims, n_dims);
                        tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(target_type, llvm::APInt(8 * kind, size));
                    } else {
                        llvm::Value* llvm_size = llvm::ConstantInt::get(target_type, llvm::APInt(8 * kind, 1));
                        int ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
                        ptr_loads = 2;
                        for( int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                            visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                            llvm_size = builder->CreateMul(tmp, llvm_size);
                        }
                        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
                        tmp = llvm_size;
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            default: {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_ArraySize(const ASR::ArraySize_t& x) {
        visit_ArraySizeUtil(x.m_v, x.m_type, x.m_dim, x.m_value);
    }

    void visit_ArrayBound(const ASR::ArrayBound_t& x) {
        ASR::expr_t* array_value = ASRUtils::expr_value(x.m_v);
        if( array_value && ASR::is_a<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(*array_value) ) {
            ASR::ArrayConstant_t* array_const = ASR::down_cast<ASR::ArrayConstant_t>(array_value);
            int kind = ASRUtils::extract_kind_from_ttype_t(x.m_type);
            size_t bound_value = 0;
            if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                bound_value = 1;
            } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                bound_value = array_const->n_args;
            } else {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
            tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(kind * 8, bound_value));
            return ;
        }

        int64_t ptr_loads_copy = ptr_loads;
        ptr_loads = 2 - // Sync: instead of 2 - , should this be ptr_loads_copy -
                    (LLVM::is_llvm_pointer(*ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v)));
        visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_v);
        ptr_loads = ptr_loads_copy;
        bool is_pointer_array = tmp->getType()->getContainedType(0)->isPointerTy();
        if (is_pointer_array) {
            tmp = CreateLoad(tmp);
        }
        llvm::Value* llvm_arg1 = tmp;
        visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_dim, true);
        llvm::Value* dim_val = tmp;

        ASR::ttype_t* x_mv_type = ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v);
        ASR::array_physical_typeType physical_type = ASRUtils::extract_physical_type(x_mv_type);
        switch( physical_type ) {
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::DescriptorArray: {
                llvm::Value* dim_des_val = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(llvm_arg1);
                llvm::Value* const_1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                dim_val = builder->CreateSub(dim_val, const_1);
                llvm::Value* dim_struct = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor(dim_des_val, dim_val);
                llvm::Value* res = nullptr;
                if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                    res = arr_descr->get_lower_bound(dim_struct);
                } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                    res = arr_descr->get_upper_bound(dim_struct);
                }
                tmp = res;
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::FixedSizeArray:
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::PointerToDataArray: {
                llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                    ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x.m_type)), module.get());
                llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                    target_type, nullptr, "array_bound");
                llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_mv_type, m_dims);
                for( int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                    llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

                    llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
                    llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

                    llvm::Value* cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(dim_val,
                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, i + 1)));
                    builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
                    builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
                    {
                        if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_start, true);
                            tmp = builder->CreateSExtOrTrunc(tmp, target_type);
                            builder->CreateStore(tmp, target);
                        } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                            llvm::Value *lbound = nullptr, *length = nullptr;
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_start, true);
                            lbound = tmp;
                            this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                            length = tmp;
                            builder->CreateStore(
                                builder->CreateSub(builder->CreateAdd(length, lbound),
                                      llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1))),
                                target);
                        }
                    }
                    builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

                    start_new_block(elseBB);
                }
                start_new_block(mergeBB);
                tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::SIMDArray: {
                if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                    tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                    int64_t size = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(ASRUtils::expr_type(x.m_v));
                    tmp = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, size));
                }
                break;
            }
            case ASR::array_physical_typeType::CharacterArraySinglePointer: {
                ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_mv_type, m_dims);
                if (ASRUtils::is_dimension_empty(m_dims, n_dims)) {
                    // treat it as DescriptorArray
                    llvm::Value* dim_des_val = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor_array(llvm_arg1);
                    llvm::Value* const_1 = llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1));
                    dim_val = builder->CreateSub(dim_val, const_1);
                    llvm::Value* dim_struct = arr_descr->get_pointer_to_dimension_descriptor(dim_des_val, dim_val);
                    llvm::Value* res = nullptr;
                    if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                        res = arr_descr->get_lower_bound(dim_struct);
                    } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                        res = arr_descr->get_upper_bound(dim_struct);
                    }
                    tmp = res;
                    break;
                } else if (ASRUtils::is_fixed_size_array(x_mv_type)) {
                    llvm::BasicBlock &entry_block = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent()->getEntryBlock();
                    llvm::IRBuilder<> builder0(context);
                    builder0.SetInsertPoint(&entry_block, entry_block.getFirstInsertionPt());
                    llvm::Type* target_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
                        ASRUtils::type_get_past_allocatable(
                            ASRUtils::type_get_past_pointer(x.m_type)), module.get());
                    llvm::AllocaInst *target = builder0.CreateAlloca(
                        target_type, nullptr, "array_bound");
                    llvm::BasicBlock *mergeBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "ifcont");
                    ASR::dimension_t* m_dims = nullptr;
                    int n_dims = ASRUtils::extract_dimensions_from_ttype(x_mv_type, m_dims);
                    for( int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++ ) {
                        llvm::Function *fn = builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();

                        llvm::BasicBlock *thenBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "then", fn);
                        llvm::BasicBlock *elseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "else");

                        llvm::Value* cond = builder->CreateICmpEQ(dim_val,
                            llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), llvm::APInt(32, i + 1)));
                        builder->CreateCondBr(cond, thenBB, elseBB);
                        builder->SetInsertPoint(thenBB);
                        {
                            if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::LBound ) {
                                this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_start, true);
                                builder->CreateStore(tmp, target);
                            } else if( x.m_bound == ASR::arrayboundType::UBound ) {
                                llvm::Value *lbound = nullptr, *length = nullptr;
                                this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_start, true);
                                lbound = tmp;
                                this->visit_expr_wrapper(m_dims[i].m_length, true);
                                length = tmp;
                                builder->CreateStore(
                                    builder->CreateSub(builder->CreateAdd(length, lbound),
                                        llvm::ConstantInt::get(context, llvm::APInt(32, 1))),
                                    target);
                            }
                        }
                        builder->CreateBr(mergeBB);

                        start_new_block(elseBB);
                    }
                    start_new_block(mergeBB);
                    tmp = LLVM::CreateLoad(*builder, target);
                    break;
                } else {
                    LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
                    break;
                }
            }
            default: {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        }
    }

    void visit_StringFormat(const ASR::StringFormat_t& x) {
        // TODO: Handle some things at compile time if possible:
        //ASR::expr_t* fmt_value = ASRUtils::expr_value(x.m_fmt);
        // if (fmt_value) ...
        if (x.m_kind == ASR::string_format_kindType::FormatFortran) {
            std::vector<llvm::Value *> args;
            visit_expr(*x.m_fmt);
            args.push_back(tmp);

            for (size_t i=0; i<x.n_args; i++) {
                std::vector<std::string> fmt;
                //  Use the function to compute the args, but ignore the format
                compute_fmt_specifier_and_arg(fmt, args, x.m_args[i], x.base.base.loc);
            }
            llvm::Value *args_cnt = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context),
                args.size() - 1);
            args.insert(args.begin(), args_cnt);
            tmp = string_format_fortran(context, *module, *builder, args);
        } else {
            throw CodeGenError("Only FormatFortran string formatting implemented so far.");
        }
    }

    void visit_ArrayBroadcast(const ASR::ArrayBroadcast_t &x) {
        this->visit_expr_wrapper(x.m_array, true);
        llvm::Value *value = tmp;
        llvm::Type* ele_type = llvm_utils->get_type_from_ttype_t_util(
            ASRUtils::type_get_past_array(x.m_type), module.get());
        size_t n_eles = ASRUtils::get_fixed_size_of_array(x.m_type);
        llvm::Type* vec_type = FIXED_VECTOR_TYPE::get(ele_type, n_eles);
        llvm::AllocaInst *vec = builder->CreateAlloca(vec_type, nullptr);
        for (size_t i=0; i < n_eles; i++) {
            builder->CreateStore(value, llvm_utils->create_gep(vec, i));
        }
        tmp = CreateLoad(vec);
    }

};



Result<std::unique_ptr<LLVMModule>> asr_to_llvm(ASR::TranslationUnit_t &asr,
        diag::Diagnostics &diagnostics,
        llvm::LLVMContext &context, Allocator &al,
        LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
        CompilerOptions &co, const std::string &run_fn,
        const std::string &infile)
{
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 15
    context.setOpaquePointers(false);
#endif
    ASRToLLVMVisitor v(al, context, infile, co, diagnostics);

    std::vector<int64_t> skip_optimization_func_instantiation;
    skip_optimization_func_instantiation.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(
                    ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::FlipSign));
    skip_optimization_func_instantiation.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(
                    ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::FMA));
    skip_optimization_func_instantiation.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(
                    ASRUtils::IntrinsicElementalFunctions::SignFromValue));

    co.po.run_fun = run_fn;
    co.po.always_run = false;
    co.po.skip_optimization_func_instantiation = skip_optimization_func_instantiation;
    pass_manager.rtlib = co.rtlib;
    pass_manager.apply_passes(al, &asr, co.po, diagnostics);

    // Uncomment for debugging the ASR after the transformation
    // std::cout << LCompilers::pickle(asr, true, false, false) << std::endl;

    try {
        v.visit_asr((ASR::asr_t&)asr);
    } catch (const CodeGenError &e) {
        Error error;
        diagnostics.diagnostics.push_back(e.d);
        return error;
    } catch (const CodeGenAbort &) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        Error error;
        return error;
    }
    std::string msg;
    llvm::raw_string_ostream err(msg);
    if (llvm::verifyModule(*v.module, &err)) {
        std::string buf;
        llvm::raw_string_ostream os(buf);
        v.module->print(os, nullptr);
        std::cout << os.str();
        msg = "asr_to_llvm: module failed verification. Error:\n" + err.str();
        std::cout << msg << std::endl;
        diagnostics.diagnostics.push_back(diag::Diagnostic(msg,
            diag::Level::Error, diag::Stage::CodeGen));
        Error error;
        return error;
    };
    return std::make_unique<LLVMModule>(std::move(v.module));
}

} // namespace LCompilers