apacheGH-41317: [C++] Fix crash on invalid Parquet file (apache#41366)

### Rationale for this change

Fixes the crash detailed in apache#41317 in TableBatchReader::ReadNext() on a corrupted Parquet file

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add a validation that all read columns have the same size

### Are these changes tested?

I've tested on the reproducer I provided in apache#41317 that it now triggers a clean error:
```
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 3, in <module>
    [_ for _ in parquet_file.iter_batches()]
  File "test.py", line 3, in <listcomp>
    [_ for _ in parquet_file.iter_batches()]
  File "pyarrow/_parquet.pyx", line 1587, in iter_batches
  File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: columns do not have the same size
```
I'm not sure if/how unit tests for corrupted datasets should be added

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

**This PR contains a "Critical Fix".**

* GitHub Issue: apache#41317

Authored-by: Even Rouault <even.rouault@spatialys.com>
Signed-off-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>

Author: rouault

cpp/src/arrow/table.cc

@@ -619,6 +619,7 @@ TableBatchReader::TableBatchReader(const Table& table)
   for (int i = 0; i < table.num_columns(); ++i) {
     column_data_[i] = table.column(i).get();
   }
+  DCHECK(table_.Validate().ok());
 }
 
 TableBatchReader::TableBatchReader(std::shared_ptr<Table> table)
@@ -632,6 +633,7 @@ TableBatchReader::TableBatchReader(std::shared_ptr<Table> table)
   for (int i = 0; i < owned_table_->num_columns(); ++i) {
     column_data_[i] = owned_table_->column(i).get();
   }
+  DCHECK(table_.Validate().ok());
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<Schema> TableBatchReader::schema() const { return table_.schema(); }

cpp/src/arrow/table.h

@@ -241,6 +241,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT Table {
 ///
 /// The conversion is zero-copy: each record batch is a view over a slice
 /// of the table's columns.
+///
+/// The table is expected to be valid prior to using it with the batch reader.
 class ARROW_EXPORT TableBatchReader : public RecordBatchReader {
  public:
   /// \brief Construct a TableBatchReader for the given table

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/reader.cc

@@ -1043,6 +1043,16 @@ Status FileReaderImpl::GetRecordBatchReader(const std::vector<int>& row_groups,
           }
         }
 
+        // Check all columns has same row-size
+        if (!columns.empty()) {
+          int64_t row_size = columns[0]->length();
+          for (size_t i = 1; i < columns.size(); ++i) {
+            if (columns[i]->length() != row_size) {
+              return ::arrow::Status::Invalid("columns do not have the same size");
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
         auto table = ::arrow::Table::Make(batch_schema, std::move(columns));
         auto table_reader = std::make_shared<::arrow::TableBatchReader>(*table);