asyncrt_utils.h

/***
 * Copyright (C) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
 * Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE.txt file in the project root for full license information.
 *
 * =+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
 *
 * Various common utilities.
 *
 * For the latest on this and related APIs, please see: https://github.com/Microsoft/cpprestsdk
 *
 * =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
 ****/

#pragma once

#include "cpprest/details/basic_types.h"
#include "pplx/pplxtasks.h"
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <random>
#include <string>
#include <system_error>
#include <vector>

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/time.h>
#if !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(HAVE_XLOCALE_H) // CodePlex 269
/* Systems using glibc: xlocale.h has been removed from glibc 2.26
   The above include of locale.h is sufficient
   Further details: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=commit;h=f0be25b6336db7492e47d2e8e72eb8af53b5506d */
#include <xlocale.h>
#endif
#endif

/// Various utilities for string conversions and date and time manipulation.
namespace utility
{
// Left over from VS2010 support, remains to avoid breaking.
typedef std::chrono::seconds seconds;

/// Functions for converting to/from std::chrono::seconds to xml string.
namespace timespan
{
/// <summary>
/// Converts a timespan/interval in seconds to xml duration string as specified by
/// http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#duration
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl seconds_to_xml_duration(utility::seconds numSecs);

/// <summary>
/// Converts an xml duration to timespan/interval in seconds
/// http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#duration
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::seconds __cdecl xml_duration_to_seconds(const utility::string_t& timespanString);
} // namespace timespan

/// Functions for Unicode string conversions.
namespace conversions
{
/// <summary>
/// Converts a UTF-16 string to a UTF-8 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="w">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A single byte character UTF-8 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP std::string __cdecl utf16_to_utf8(const utf16string& w);

/// <summary>
/// Converts a UTF-8 string to a UTF-16
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP utf16string __cdecl utf8_to_utf16(const std::string& s);

/// <summary>
/// Converts a ASCII (us-ascii) string to a UTF-16 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character us-ascii string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP utf16string __cdecl usascii_to_utf16(const std::string& s);

/// <summary>
/// Converts a Latin1 (iso-8859-1) string to a UTF-16 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP utf16string __cdecl latin1_to_utf16(const std::string& s);

/// <summary>
/// Converts a Latin1 (iso-8859-1) string to a UTF-8 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A single byte character UTF-8 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP utf8string __cdecl latin1_to_utf8(const std::string& s);

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a platform dependent Unicode string type.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A platform dependent string type.</returns>
#ifdef _UTF16_STRINGS
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_string_t(std::string&& s);
#else
inline utility::string_t&& to_string_t(std::string&& s) { return std::move(s); }
#endif

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a platform dependent Unicode string type.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A platform dependent string type.</returns>
#ifdef _UTF16_STRINGS
inline utility::string_t&& to_string_t(utf16string&& s) { return std::move(s); }
#else
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_string_t(utf16string&& s);
#endif
/// <summary>
/// Converts to a platform dependent Unicode string type.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A platform dependent string type.</returns>
#ifdef _UTF16_STRINGS
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_string_t(const std::string& s);
#else
inline const utility::string_t& to_string_t(const std::string& s) { return s; }
#endif

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a platform dependent Unicode string type.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A platform dependent string type.</returns>
#ifdef _UTF16_STRINGS
inline const utility::string_t& to_string_t(const utf16string& s) { return s; }
#else
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_string_t(const utf16string& s);
#endif

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-16 from string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP utf16string __cdecl to_utf16string(const std::string& value);

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-16 from string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
inline const utf16string& to_utf16string(const utf16string& value) { return value; }
/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-16 from string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A two byte character UTF-16 string.</returns>
inline utf16string&& to_utf16string(utf16string&& value) { return std::move(value); }

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-8 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A single byte character UTF-8 string.</returns>
inline std::string&& to_utf8string(std::string&& value) { return std::move(value); }

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-8 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A single byte character UTF-8 string.</param>
/// <returns>A single byte character UTF-8 string.</returns>
inline const std::string& to_utf8string(const std::string& value) { return value; }

/// <summary>
/// Converts to a UTF-8 string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">A two byte character UTF-16 string.</param>
/// <returns>A single byte character UTF-8 string.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP std::string __cdecl to_utf8string(const utf16string& value);

/// <summary>
/// Encode the given byte array into a base64 string
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_base64(const std::vector<unsigned char>& data);

/// <summary>
/// Encode the given 8-byte integer into a base64 string
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t __cdecl to_base64(uint64_t data);

/// <summary>
/// Decode the given base64 string to a byte array
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP std::vector<unsigned char> __cdecl from_base64(const utility::string_t& str);

template<typename Source>
CASABLANCA_DEPRECATED("All locale-sensitive APIs will be removed in a future update. Use stringstreams directly if "
                      "locale support is required.")
utility::string_t print_string(const Source& val, const std::locale& loc = std::locale())
{
    utility::ostringstream_t oss;
    oss.imbue(loc);
    oss << val;
    if (oss.bad())
    {
        throw std::bad_cast();
    }
    return oss.str();
}

CASABLANCA_DEPRECATED("All locale-sensitive APIs will be removed in a future update. Use stringstreams directly if "
                      "locale support is required.")
inline utility::string_t print_string(const utility::string_t& val) { return val; }

namespace details
{
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
template<class T>
inline std::string to_string(const T t)
{
    std::ostringstream os;
    os.imbue(std::locale::classic());
    os << t;
    return os.str();
}
#endif

template<class T>
inline utility::string_t to_string_t(const T t)
{
#ifdef _UTF16_STRINGS
    using std::to_wstring;
    return to_wstring(t);
#else
#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
    using std::to_string;
#endif
    return to_string(t);
#endif
}

template<typename Source>
utility::string_t print_string(const Source& val)
{
    utility::ostringstream_t oss;
    oss.imbue(std::locale::classic());
    oss << val;
    if (oss.bad())
    {
        throw std::bad_cast();
    }
    return oss.str();
}

inline const utility::string_t& print_string(const utility::string_t& val) { return val; }

template<typename Source>
utf8string print_utf8string(const Source& val)
{
    return conversions::to_utf8string(print_string(val));
}
inline const utf8string& print_utf8string(const utf8string& val) { return val; }

template<typename Target>
Target scan_string(const utility::string_t& str)
{
    Target t;
    utility::istringstream_t iss(str);
    iss.imbue(std::locale::classic());
    iss >> t;
    if (iss.bad())
    {
        throw std::bad_cast();
    }
    return t;
}

inline const utility::string_t& scan_string(const utility::string_t& str) { return str; }
} // namespace details

template<typename Target>
CASABLANCA_DEPRECATED("All locale-sensitive APIs will be removed in a future update. Use stringstreams directly if "
                      "locale support is required.")
Target scan_string(const utility::string_t& str, const std::locale& loc = std::locale())
{
    Target t;
    utility::istringstream_t iss(str);
    iss.imbue(loc);
    iss >> t;
    if (iss.bad())
    {
        throw std::bad_cast();
    }
    return t;
}

CASABLANCA_DEPRECATED("All locale-sensitive APIs will be removed in a future update. Use stringstreams directly if "
                      "locale support is required.")
inline utility::string_t scan_string(const utility::string_t& str) { return str; }
} // namespace conversions

namespace details
{
/// <summary>
/// Cross platform RAII container for setting thread local locale.
/// </summary>
class scoped_c_thread_locale
{
public:
    _ASYNCRTIMP scoped_c_thread_locale();
    _ASYNCRTIMP ~scoped_c_thread_locale();

#if !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) // CodePlex 269
#ifdef _WIN32
    typedef _locale_t xplat_locale;
#else
    typedef locale_t xplat_locale;
#endif

    static _ASYNCRTIMP xplat_locale __cdecl c_locale();
#endif
private:
#ifdef _WIN32
    std::string m_prevLocale;
    int m_prevThreadSetting;
#elif !(defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__))
    locale_t m_prevLocale;
#endif
    scoped_c_thread_locale(const scoped_c_thread_locale&);
    scoped_c_thread_locale& operator=(const scoped_c_thread_locale&);
};

/// <summary>
/// Our own implementation of alpha numeric instead of std::isalnum to avoid
/// taking global lock for performance reasons.
/// </summary>
inline bool __cdecl is_alnum(const unsigned char uch) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT
{ // test if uch is an alnum character
    // special casing char to avoid branches
    // clang-format off
    static CPPREST_CONSTEXPR bool is_alnum_table[UCHAR_MAX + 1] = {
        /*        X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 XA XB XC XD XE XF */
        /* 0X */   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        /* 1X */   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        /* 2X */   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        /* 3X */   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0-9 */
        /* 4X */   0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* A-Z */
        /* 5X */   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        /* 6X */   0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* a-z */
        /* 7X */   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
        /* non-ASCII values initialized to 0 */
    };
    // clang-format on
    return (is_alnum_table[uch]);
}

/// <summary>
/// Our own implementation of alpha numeric instead of std::isalnum to avoid
/// taking global lock for performance reasons.
/// </summary>
inline bool __cdecl is_alnum(const char ch) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT { return (is_alnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))); }

/// <summary>
/// Our own implementation of alpha numeric instead of std::isalnum to avoid
/// taking global lock for performance reasons.
/// </summary>
template<class Elem>
inline bool __cdecl is_alnum(Elem ch) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT
{
    // assumes 'x' == L'x' for the ASCII range
    typedef typename std::make_unsigned<Elem>::type UElem;
    const auto uch = static_cast<UElem>(ch);
    return (uch <= static_cast<UElem>('z') && is_alnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(uch)));
}

/// <summary>
/// Our own implementation of whitespace test instead of std::isspace to avoid
/// taking global lock for performance reasons.
/// The following characters are considered whitespace:
/// 0x09 == Horizontal Tab
/// 0x0A == Line Feed
/// 0x0B == Vertical Tab
/// 0x0C == Form Feed
/// 0x0D == Carriage Return
/// 0x20 == Space
/// </summary>
template<class Elem>
inline bool __cdecl is_space(Elem ch) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT
{
    // assumes 'x' == L'x' for the ASCII range
    typedef typename std::make_unsigned<Elem>::type UElem;
    const auto uch = static_cast<UElem>(ch);
    return uch == 0x20u || (uch >= 0x09u && uch <= 0x0Du);
}

/// <summary>
/// Simplistic implementation of make_unique. A better implementation would be based on variadic templates
/// and therefore not be compatible with Dev10.
/// </summary>
template<typename _Type>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique()
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type());
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type(std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1)));
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1, typename _Arg2>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1, _Arg2&& arg2)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type(std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1), std::forward<_Arg2>(arg2)));
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1, typename _Arg2, typename _Arg3>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1, _Arg2&& arg2, _Arg3&& arg3)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(
        new _Type(std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1), std::forward<_Arg2>(arg2), std::forward<_Arg3>(arg3)));
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1, typename _Arg2, typename _Arg3, typename _Arg4>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1, _Arg2&& arg2, _Arg3&& arg3, _Arg4&& arg4)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type(
        std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1), std::forward<_Arg2>(arg2), std::forward<_Arg3>(arg3), std::forward<_Arg4>(arg4)));
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1, typename _Arg2, typename _Arg3, typename _Arg4, typename _Arg5>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1, _Arg2&& arg2, _Arg3&& arg3, _Arg4&& arg4, _Arg5&& arg5)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type(std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1),
                                            std::forward<_Arg2>(arg2),
                                            std::forward<_Arg3>(arg3),
                                            std::forward<_Arg4>(arg4),
                                            std::forward<_Arg5>(arg5)));
}

template<typename _Type, typename _Arg1, typename _Arg2, typename _Arg3, typename _Arg4, typename _Arg5, typename _Arg6>
std::unique_ptr<_Type> make_unique(_Arg1&& arg1, _Arg2&& arg2, _Arg3&& arg3, _Arg4&& arg4, _Arg5&& arg5, _Arg6&& arg6)
{
    return std::unique_ptr<_Type>(new _Type(std::forward<_Arg1>(arg1),
                                            std::forward<_Arg2>(arg2),
                                            std::forward<_Arg3>(arg3),
                                            std::forward<_Arg4>(arg4),
                                            std::forward<_Arg5>(arg5),
                                            std::forward<_Arg6>(arg6)));
}

/// <summary>
/// Cross platform utility function for performing case-insensitive string equality comparison.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="left">First string to compare.</param>
/// <param name="right">Second strong to compare.</param>
/// <returns>true if the strings are equivalent, false otherwise</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP bool __cdecl str_iequal(const std::string& left, const std::string& right) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

/// <summary>
/// Cross platform utility function for performing case-insensitive string equality comparison.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="left">First string to compare.</param>
/// <param name="right">Second strong to compare.</param>
/// <returns>true if the strings are equivalent, false otherwise</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP bool __cdecl str_iequal(const std::wstring& left, const std::wstring& right) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

/// <summary>
/// Cross platform utility function for performing case-insensitive string less-than comparison.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="left">First string to compare.</param>
/// <param name="right">Second strong to compare.</param>
/// <returns>true if a lowercase view of left is lexicographically less than a lowercase view of right; otherwise,
/// false.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP bool __cdecl str_iless(const std::string& left, const std::string& right) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

/// <summary>
/// Cross platform utility function for performing case-insensitive string less-than comparison.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="left">First string to compare.</param>
/// <param name="right">Second strong to compare.</param>
/// <returns>true if a lowercase view of left is lexicographically less than a lowercase view of right; otherwise,
/// false.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP bool __cdecl str_iless(const std::wstring& left, const std::wstring& right) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

/// <summary>
/// Convert a string to lowercase in place.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="target">The string to convert to lowercase.</param>
_ASYNCRTIMP void __cdecl inplace_tolower(std::string& target) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

/// <summary>
/// Convert a string to lowercase in place.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="target">The string to convert to lowercase.</param>
_ASYNCRTIMP void __cdecl inplace_tolower(std::wstring& target) CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

#ifdef _WIN32

/// <summary>
/// Category error type for Windows OS errors.
/// </summary>
class windows_category_impl : public std::error_category
{
public:
    virtual const char* name() const CPPREST_NOEXCEPT { return "windows"; }

    virtual std::string message(int errorCode) const CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;

    virtual std::error_condition default_error_condition(int errorCode) const CPPREST_NOEXCEPT;
};

/// <summary>
/// Gets the one global instance of the windows error category.
/// </summary>
/// </returns>An error category instance.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP const std::error_category& __cdecl windows_category();

#else

/// <summary>
/// Gets the one global instance of the linux error category.
/// </summary>
/// </returns>An error category instance.</returns>
_ASYNCRTIMP const std::error_category& __cdecl linux_category();

#endif

/// <summary>
/// Gets the one global instance of the current platform's error category.
/// </summary>
_ASYNCRTIMP const std::error_category& __cdecl platform_category();

/// <summary>
/// Creates an instance of std::system_error from a OS error code.
/// </summary>
inline std::system_error __cdecl create_system_error(unsigned long errorCode)
{
    std::error_code code((int)errorCode, platform_category());
    return std::system_error(code, code.message());
}

/// <summary>
/// Creates a std::error_code from a OS error code.
/// </summary>
inline std::error_code __cdecl create_error_code(unsigned long errorCode)
{
    return std::error_code((int)errorCode, platform_category());
}

/// <summary>
/// Creates the corresponding error message from a OS error code.
/// </summary>
inline utility::string_t __cdecl create_error_message(unsigned long errorCode)
{
    return utility::conversions::to_string_t(create_error_code(errorCode).message());
}

} // namespace details

class datetime
{
public:
    typedef uint64_t interval_type;

    /// <summary>
    /// Defines the supported date and time string formats.
    /// </summary>
    enum date_format
    {
        RFC_1123,
        ISO_8601
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the current UTC time.
    /// </summary>
    static _ASYNCRTIMP datetime __cdecl utc_now();

    /// <summary>
    /// An invalid UTC timestamp value.
    /// </summary>
    enum : interval_type
    {
        utc_timestamp_invalid = static_cast<interval_type>(-1)
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns seconds since Unix/POSIX time epoch at 01-01-1970 00:00:00.
    /// If time is before epoch, utc_timestamp_invalid is returned.
    /// </summary>
    static interval_type utc_timestamp()
    {
        const auto seconds = utc_now().to_interval() / _secondTicks;
        if (seconds >= 11644473600LL)
        {
            return seconds - 11644473600LL;
        }
        else
        {
            return utc_timestamp_invalid;
        }
    }

    datetime() : m_interval(0) { }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates <c>datetime</c> from a string representing time in UTC in RFC 1123 or ISO 8601 format.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>Returns a <c>datetime</c> of zero if not successful.</returns>
    static _ASYNCRTIMP datetime __cdecl from_string(const utility::string_t& timestring, date_format format = RFC_1123);

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates <c>datetime</c> from a string representing time in UTC in RFC 1123 or ISO 8601 format.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>Returns <c>datetime::maximum()</c> if not successful.</returns>
    static _ASYNCRTIMP datetime __cdecl from_string_maximum_error(const utility::string_t& timestring,
                                                                  date_format format = RFC_1123);

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns a string representation of the <c>datetime</c>.
    /// </summary>
    _ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t to_string(date_format format = RFC_1123) const;

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the integral time value.
    /// </summary>
    interval_type to_interval() const { return m_interval; }

    static datetime from_interval(interval_type interval) { return datetime(interval); }

    datetime operator-(interval_type value) const { return datetime(m_interval - value); }

    datetime operator+(interval_type value) const { return datetime(m_interval + value); }

    bool operator==(datetime dt) const { return m_interval == dt.m_interval; }

    bool operator!=(const datetime& dt) const { return !(*this == dt); }

    bool operator>(const datetime& dt) const { return this->m_interval > dt.m_interval; }

    bool operator<(const datetime& dt) const { return this->m_interval < dt.m_interval; }

    bool operator>=(const datetime& dt) const { return this->m_interval >= dt.m_interval; }

    bool operator<=(const datetime& dt) const { return this->m_interval <= dt.m_interval; }

    static interval_type from_milliseconds(unsigned int milliseconds) { return milliseconds * _msTicks; }

    static interval_type from_seconds(unsigned int seconds) { return seconds * _secondTicks; }

    static interval_type from_minutes(unsigned int minutes) { return minutes * _minuteTicks; }

    static interval_type from_hours(unsigned int hours) { return hours * _hourTicks; }

    static interval_type from_days(unsigned int days) { return days * _dayTicks; }

    bool is_initialized() const { return m_interval != 0; }

    static datetime maximum() { return datetime(static_cast<interval_type>(-1)); }

private:
    friend int operator-(datetime t1, datetime t2);

    static const interval_type _msTicks = static_cast<interval_type>(10000);
    static const interval_type _secondTicks = 1000 * _msTicks;
    static const interval_type _minuteTicks = 60 * _secondTicks;
    static const interval_type _hourTicks = 60 * 60 * _secondTicks;
    static const interval_type _dayTicks = 24 * 60 * 60 * _secondTicks;

    // Private constructor. Use static methods to create an instance.
    datetime(interval_type interval) : m_interval(interval) { }

    // Storing as hundreds of nanoseconds 10e-7, i.e. 1 here equals 100ns.
    interval_type m_interval;
};

inline int operator-(datetime t1, datetime t2)
{
    auto diff = (t1.m_interval - t2.m_interval);

    // Round it down to seconds
    diff /= 10 * 1000 * 1000;

    return static_cast<int>(diff);
}

/// <summary>
/// Nonce string generator class.
/// </summary>
class nonce_generator
{
public:
    /// <summary>
    /// Define default nonce length.
    /// </summary>
    enum
    {
        default_length = 32
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// Nonce generator constructor.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="length">Length of the generated nonce string.</param>
    nonce_generator(int length = default_length)
        : m_random(static_cast<unsigned int>(utility::datetime::utc_timestamp())), m_length(length)
    {
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Generate a nonce string containing random alphanumeric characters (A-Za-z0-9).
    /// Length of the generated string is set by length().
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>The generated nonce string.</returns>
    _ASYNCRTIMP utility::string_t generate();

    /// <summary>
    /// Get length of generated nonce string.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>Nonce string length.</returns>
    int length() const { return m_length; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Set length of the generated nonce string.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="length">Length of nonce string.</param>
    void set_length(int length) { m_length = length; }

private:
    std::mt19937 m_random;
    int m_length;
};

} // namespace utility