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do.ttl
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@prefix : <http://promsns.org/def/do#> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix dec: <http://example.com/ns/dec#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
dec:Question_for_confirming a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Question for confirming"@en ;
rdfs:comment """A question containing a whole proposition, that is an utterance that could be true or false. It is answerd by confirming or denying that proposition ('yes/no question')
Examples: Are you a vegetarian? Is Norway a member of UE?"""@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Question ;
owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
owl:intersectionOf [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_question_for_confirming ;
owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ] ;
rdf:rest [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:indicates_boolean_value ;
owl:someValuesFrom xsd:boolean ] ;
owl:onProperty dec:has_answer ] ;
rdf:rest () ] ] ] .
dec:Question_for_indicating_solution a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Question for indicating solution"@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_consequence_of ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Problem ],
dec:Question_for_indicating .
dec:has_consequence a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has consequence"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Situation ;
rdfs:range dec:Situation ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_consequence_of .
dec:has_context a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has context"@en ;
rdfs:range dec:Context ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:occurs_in ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_context_of .
dec:has_criterion a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has criterion"@en ;
rdfs:range <http://promsns.org/def/ro#Normative_value> .
dec:has_result a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has result"@en ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_result_of .
dec:has_solution a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has solution"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Problem ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_solution_for .
dec:includes a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "includes"@en ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:is_occurence_of ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_included_in .
dec:initiates a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "initiates"@en ;
rdfs:range dec:Process ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_initiated_by .
dec:is_adressed_to a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is adressed to"@en .
dec:supposedly_same_as a owl:ObjectProperty,
owl:SymmetricProperty ;
rdfs:label "supposedly same as"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Renamed from 'is supposed to be identical with'."@en,
"Using to indicate supposedly same individuals (like in the context of a question where someone suppose some individual has certain properties or when introducing some unverified statements)."@en .
<http://example.com/ns/dec> a owl:Ontology ;
rdfs:label "Decision ontology"^^xsd:string ;
dcterms:created "2011"^^xsd:gYear ;
dcterms:creator "Piotr Nowara"^^xsd:string ;
dcterms:modified "2017-04-01"^^xsd:date ;
rdfs:comment """2017-02-13 Piotr Nowara
----------------------------------
Improved #Option definitions (equivalent axiom and annotation).
2017-02-11 Piotr Nowara
----------------------------------
1) #has_criterion object property added (it was only present in the example file, probably ommited/removed earlier by mistake)
2) Equivalent axiom for #Option
3) Some minor annotations corrections."""^^xsd:string,"""1. Decision-making is initiated by some underlying problem that can be represented in form of a question.
2. Decision-making is a process that can result in some decision and decision is a situation of indicating one of the considered options. Decision Ontology provides means for precise distinguishing and distinct treatment of these two aspects.
3. Option is a considered situation of choosing some specific solution.
4. Options can have associated criteria that is requirements, recommendation (or other normative entities) that should be applied to them."""@en,"""2017-04-01 Nicholas Car (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-7730)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Changed namesapce IRI to http://example.com/ns/dec# to indicate it doesn't resolve. Changed imported Requirements ontology similarly (http://example.com/ns/req#)."""@en,"""This is the Decision ontology. Let the authors know if you would like to participate in developing, testing or supporting this project.
If you need help in using the Decision Ontology or the imported Requirement Ontology please send an email to: piotrnowara(at)gmail.com"""@en ;
rdfs:seeAlso "An example: https://github.com/nicholascar/decision-o/blob/master/examples/bacterial-throat-infection.md"@en,
"Decision Ontology website: http://github.com/nicholascar/decision-o"@en,
"Requirement Ontology website: http://promsns.org/def/ro"@en ;
owl:imports <http://example.com/ns/req> ;
owl:versionIRI <http://example.com/ns/dec> ;
owl:versionInfo "v1.0"^^xsd:string .
dec:Context a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Context"@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Situation .
dec:Decision a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Decision"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Recognizing something as the right/appropriate/best possible solution to a question/problem. It can be a consequence of an objective evaluation of clearly defined criteria but also an intuition, emotion or other subjective factor."@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Situation ;
owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
owl:intersectionOf [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:indicates ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Option ] ;
rdf:rest [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_result_of ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Decision_making ] ;
rdf:rest () ] ] ] .
dec:involves_choosing a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "involves choosing"@en ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:is_occurence_of .
dec:is_consideration_of a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is consideration of"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Process ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_considered_during .
dec:is_considered_during a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is considered during"@en ;
rdfs:range dec:Process .
dec:is_context_of a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:is_occurence_of .
dec:is_included_in a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is included in"@en ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:occurs_in .
dec:is_indicated_by a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is indicated by"@en .
dec:is_question_for_confirming a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is question for confirming"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Question ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:is_question_for .
dec:is_question_for_indicating a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is question for indicating"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Question ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf dec:is_question_for .
dec:is_solution_for a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is solution for"@en ;
rdfs:range dec:Problem .
<http://promsns.org/def/ro#has_criterion> a owl:ObjectProperty .
dec:Answer a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Answer"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Indication of something requested in a question."@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Class ;
owl:unionOf [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:indicates ;
owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ] ;
rdf:rest [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:indicates_boolean_value ;
owl:someValuesFrom xsd:boolean ] ;
rdf:rest () ] ] ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_answer_for ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Question ],
dec:Situation .
dec:Decision_making a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Decision making"@en ;
rdfs:comment """2011-10-13
A complex process that starts with a question and may result in indication of a solution for the underlying problem. It is important to note that a decision-making is something substantially different than decision, which is an output of the process of deciding. Usually it can be represented by the following pattern:
1. Decision-making starts with a question which is an utterance of some problem
2. The decider gathers and analyzes some information
3. The decider evaluates possible options (under some criteria).
4. One of the options may get recognized as the right/appropriate/best possible solution for the initial question/problem or the decider may choose to restrain from choice. What justifies this act could be an objective evaluation of clearly defined criteria but also an intuition, emotion or other subjective factor.
In most cases stages 2-3 consist of many (concurrent or sequential) actions, events, processes related to information gathering, processing, verifying etc. In some cases a decision-making can be viewed as a complex process involving many sub-decisions preceding the recognition of the initial problem solution. In our current work we have focused on the basic elements of the above pattern (the question, gathering information, considering options, choosing solution). It should be considered to what extent this ontology should support the modeling of correlated issues such as: information verification and retrieval etc."""@en ;
rdfs:seeAlso dec:Decision ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_consideration_of ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Option ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_initiated_by ;
owl:someValuesFrom dec:Question_for_indicating ],
dec:Process .
dec:Option a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Option"@en,
"Opcja"@pl ;
rdfs:comment """Option is a situation in which some entity appears as a possible choice in a decision-making process.
Option has always related criteria which correspond to requirements, recommendations,obligations etc. Those criteria might be implied from some documents, agreements, formal regulations etc. but also from subjective preferences or feelings. For example choosing a car may have a criterion related to subjective color or brand preferneces.
TODO: A set of entities for representing the criteria "source" may be a valuable addition to Decision-O, but it will require modeling a new set of concepts related to subjective phenomena like attitudes, preferences, emotions, intutions etc."""@en ;
rdfs:seeAlso dec:Decision_making ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Situation ;
owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
owl:intersectionOf [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:involves_choosing ;
owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ] ;
rdf:rest [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty <http://promsns.org/def/ro#has_criterion> ;
owl:someValuesFrom <http://promsns.org/def/ro#Normative_value> ] ;
rdf:rest () ] ] ] .
dec:Question_for_indicating a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Question for indicating"@en ;
rdfs:comment """A question demanding indication of some concept, thing or its property in order to be anwsered.
Examples: What's your date of birth? What is the name of the Director of the W3C?"""@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Question ;
owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
owl:intersectionOf [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:is_question_for_indicating ;
owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ] ;
rdf:rest [ a rdf:List ;
rdf:first [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dec:indicates ;
owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ] ;
owl:onProperty dec:has_answer ] ;
rdf:rest () ] ] ] .
dec:has_answer a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "has answer"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Question ;
rdfs:range dec:Answer ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_answer_for .
dec:indicates_boolean_value a owl:DatatypeProperty .
dec:is_answer_for a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is answer for"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Answer ;
rdfs:range dec:Question .
dec:is_consequence_of a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is consequence of"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Situation ;
rdfs:range dec:Situation .
dec:is_initiated_by a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is initiated by"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Process .
dec:is_question_for a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "is question for"@en ;
rdfs:domain dec:Question .
dec:is_result_of a owl:ObjectProperty .
dec:occurs_in a owl:ObjectProperty .
<http://promsns.org/def/ro#Normative_value> a owl:Class .
dec:Problem a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Problem"@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Situation .
dec:indicates a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:label "indicates"@en,
"wskazuje"@pl ;
owl:inverseOf dec:is_indicated_by .
dec:is_occurence_of a owl:ObjectProperty .
dec:Process a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Process"@en .
dec:Question a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Question"@en ;
rdfs:comment "A situation in which a person indicates a will for acquiring knowledge about something."@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf dec:Situation .
dec:Situation a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "Situation"@en .