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| 1 | +--- |
| 2 | +title: 'Linguistics Notes' |
| 3 | +date: 2024-11-15T00:29:31+08:00 |
| 4 | +slug: '' |
| 5 | +tags: [] |
| 6 | +draft: true |
| 7 | +--- |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | +## hierarchy of linguistics |
| 10 | + |
| 11 | +```txt |
| 12 | +sentences ___ syntax |
| 13 | +phrases ^^^ |
| 14 | +words ___ morphology |
| 15 | +morphemes ^^^ |
| 16 | +phonemes, phones ___ phonology |
| 17 | +features ^^^ |
| 18 | +pronunciation --- phonetics |
| 19 | +``` |
| 20 | + |
| 21 | +## basic properties of language |
| 22 | + |
| 23 | +1. communicativity(most basic): there must be a way to **produce** and **perceive** utterances. |
| 24 | + - 3 modalities of human lang: auditory-vocal, visual-gestural, vusual-written |
| 25 | + |
| 26 | +2. semanticity: all forms have their meanings by some linking (subfield: semiotics) |
| 27 | + - (form, meaning) = sign |
| 28 | + - 3 kinds of sign: icon via physical feature, index via a sort of result, symbol via community convertion. |
| 29 | + |
| 30 | +> is the sign always arbitrary? |
| 31 | +
|
| 32 | +(*Onomatopoeia* is when the word sounds like its meaning) have kinda iconic, so signs are not always arbirary. |
| 33 | + |
| 34 | + |
| 35 | +3. cultural transmission: no genetic influences on what lang you can learn, the lang you learn is solely determined by the people you interact with. |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | +4. displacemant(most rare): we can use lang to talk about thing that are not in the current scenario. |
| 38 | + |
| 39 | +5. productivity(human lang unique): linguistic units can be recombined to express novel meanings. |
| 40 | + |
| 41 | +so, language is a learned system of signs that enables us to communicate an unlimited number of meanings about anything. |
| 42 | + |
| 43 | + |
| 44 | +## descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar |
| 45 | + |
| 46 | +descriptive grammar: what this lang is like |
| 47 | + |
| 48 | +prescriptive grammar: what this lang should be like |
| 49 | + |
| 50 | +mental grammar: you unconsciously know the rules of your lang. |
| 51 | +An utterance that follows the rules you unconsciously know is so called **grammatical**, otherwise it's **ungrammatical**. |
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