mx: add ceil and RNE rounding modes to the cast from fp32 to e8m0

Summary:

Why we want this: in the newly released cuBLAS 12.8 documentation, the
RNE rounding mode is used for the cast to e8m0. We want to properly
emulate this cast.

This is a copy-pasta of #516 with the
modifications being keeping FLOOR the default more, and removing e3m0, credit
to NicoleMayer for the original code. I don't have a way to check bitwise
equivalency with the most recent cuBLAS version yet, but will come back
and add tests when I do.

Test Plan:

```
pytest test/prototype/mx_formats/ -s -x
```

Reviewers:

Subscribers:

Tasks:

Tags:

ghstack-source-id: 49330726a68936ddece56d37e15129d3cc546b4e
ghstack-comment-id: 2613597310
Pull Request resolved: #1620

Author: vkuzo

torchao/prototype/mx_formats/mx_tensor.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
   * Zeros: N/A
 """
 
+from enum import Enum, auto
 from typing import Dict, Union
 
 import torch
@@ -53,11 +54,38 @@
     unpack_uint4,
 )
 
+# TODO(later): read from somewhere else?
+SBITS, EBITS_F32, MBITS_F32 = 1, 8, 23
+EBITS_F4_E2M1, MBITS_F4_E2M1 = 2, 1
+EBITS_F6_E2M3, MBITS_F6_E2M3 = 2, 3
+EBITS_F6_E3M2, MBITS_F6_E3M2 = 3, 2
+EBITS_F8_E4M3, MBITS_F8_E4M3 = 4, 3
+EBITS_F8_E5M2, MBITS_F8_E5M2 = 5, 2
+
+
+class ScaleCalculationMode(Enum):
+    """
+    Enum representing the different methods for calculating MX block scaling.
+    There are three methods available:
+    FLOOR: This method is recommended by the OCP MX Spec 1.0 and uses X = 2^floor(log2(max_abs(v))-max_exp).
+           It result in overflow issues for large values and bad for gradient quantization.
+    CEIL: This method avoids overflow issues, but small values may shift to 0 due to a large scaling factor.
+           It uses X = 2^ceil(log2(max_abs(v))-max_exp).
+    EVEN: This method is a trade-off between Option 1 and Option 2. It uses X = 2^(floor(log2(rounding(max_abs(v)))-max_exp)).
+           It provides better accuracy for MX4 training compared to FLOOR and CEIL.
+    By default, we use the EVEN method for better accuracy.
+    """
+
+    FLOOR = auto()
+    CEIL = auto()
+    EVEN = auto()
+
 
 def to_mx(
     data_hp: torch.Tensor,
     elem_dtype: Union[torch.dtype, str],
     block_size: int,
+    scaling_mode: ScaleCalculationMode = ScaleCalculationMode.FLOOR,
 ):
     """
     Takes a high precision tensor and converts to MX scale and raw data, in
@@ -88,25 +116,45 @@ def to_mx(
     # where the values are zero.
     eps = F32_MIN_NORMAL * (max_abs == 0).type(max_abs.dtype)
 
-    # Find largest power of 2 less than or equal to max_abs.
-    largest_p2_lt_max_abs = torch.floor(torch.log2(max_abs + eps))
-
     # Set X to be the largest power-of-two less than or equal to
     # max_abs(v), divided by the largest power of two representable
-    # in the element data type
+    # in the element data type, and get the mbits at the same time
     if elem_dtype == torch.float8_e4m3fn:
         target_max_pow2 = F8E4M3_MAX_POW2
+        mbits = MBITS_F8_E4M3
     elif elem_dtype == torch.float8_e5m2:
         target_max_pow2 = F8E5M2_MAX_POW2
+        mbits = MBITS_F8_E5M2
     elif elem_dtype == DTYPE_FP6_E2M3:
         target_max_pow2 = F6_E2M3_MAX_POW2
+        mbits = MBITS_F6_E2M3
     elif elem_dtype == DTYPE_FP6_E3M2:
         target_max_pow2 = F6_E3M2_MAX_POW2
+        mbits = MBITS_F6_E3M2
     elif elem_dtype == DTYPE_FP4:
         target_max_pow2 = F4_E2M1_MAX_POW2
+        mbits = MBITS_F4_E2M1
     else:
-        raise AssertionError("unsupported")
-    scale_e8m0_unbiased = largest_p2_lt_max_abs - target_max_pow2
+        raise AssertionError("unsupported element dtype")
+
+    # rounding before calculating the largest power of 2
+    # X = 2^(floor(log2(rounding(max_abs(v)))-max_exp))
+    if scaling_mode == ScaleCalculationMode.EVEN:
+        nan_mask = torch.isnan(max_abs)
+        max_abs = max_abs.to(torch.float32).view(torch.int32)
+        val_to_add = 1 << (MBITS_F32 - mbits - 1)
+        mask = ((1 << (EBITS_F32 + SBITS)) - 1) << MBITS_F32
+        max_abs = (max_abs + val_to_add) & mask
+        max_abs = max_abs.view(torch.float32)
+        max_abs[nan_mask] = torch.tensor(float("nan"), device=max_abs.device)
+
+    # Calculate the scale for different modes
+    if scaling_mode in (ScaleCalculationMode.FLOOR, ScaleCalculationMode.EVEN):
+        scale_e8m0_unbiased = torch.floor(torch.log2(max_abs + eps)) - target_max_pow2
+    elif scaling_mode == ScaleCalculationMode.CEIL:
+        scale_e8m0_unbiased = torch.ceil(torch.log2(max_abs + eps)) - target_max_pow2
+    else:
+        raise AssertionError("unsupported scaling calculation mode")
 
     # Clamp to exponents that can be represented in e8m0
     scale_e8m0_unbiased = torch.clamp(