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| 1 | +# Confounding Variables |
| 2 | + |
| 3 | +!!!info |
| 4 | + _"Confounding, sometimes referred to as confounding bias, is mostly described as a ‘mixing’ or |
| 5 | + ‘blurring’ of effects. It occurs when an investigator tries to determine the effect of an |
| 6 | + exposure on the occurrence of a disease (or other outcome), but then actually measures the effect |
| 7 | + of another factor, a confounding variable."_ |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | + Jager, K. J., Zoccali, C., MacLeod, A., & Dekker, F. W. (2008). Confounding: What it is and how to deal with it. Kidney International, 73(3), 256-260. [https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002650](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002650) |
| 10 | + |
| 11 | +### Define confounding variables in your experiment |
| 12 | + |
| 13 | +In order to work with confounding variables, first you must define them. |
| 14 | +Confounding variables are experiment-specific. Currently, it is not possible to reuse the same |
| 15 | +variable in other experiments metadata in Data Manager. |
| 16 | + |
| 17 | +Confounding variables are defined in your experiment, so navigate to your experiment first. |
| 18 | +There you can find the controls to add new confounding variables. |
| 19 | + |
| 20 | +### Assign levels of a confounding variable to your sample |
| 21 | + |
| 22 | +To get the full potential and account for effects of confounding variables in your experiment, you |
| 23 | +can now annotate the samples with your observation of the variables' manifestation. |
| 24 | +In contrast to experimental variables, not all samples need to have a level in one confounding variable. |
| 25 | + |
| 26 | +After [defining the confounding variables in your experiment](#define-confounding-variables-in-your-experiment), |
| 27 | +the confounding variables are added in the sample registration and sample editing process. |
| 28 | +In the sample registration and sample editing processes, you have the possibility to annotate |
| 29 | +samples with levels for the confounding variables. |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | +### Rename a confounding variable |
| 32 | + |
| 33 | +To remove a confounding variable, navigate to your experiment, locate the confounding variables editing and rename your confounding variable. |
| 34 | +After renaming a variable, the levels are preserved and only the name of the confounding variable are changed. |
| 35 | + |
| 36 | +### Delete a confounding variable |
| 37 | + |
| 38 | +To remove a confounding variable navigate to your experiment, locate the confounding variables editing and remove the variables you want to delete. |
| 39 | + |
| 40 | +!!!warning |
| 41 | + Removing a confounding variable will delete all annotated levels of that variable on all samples in your experiment. |
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