feat: Native shortcode to get Quarto CLI version

Fixes #11379

Author: mcanouil

src/resources/extensions/quarto/version/_extension.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+title: Version
+author: Posit, PBC
+organization: quarto
+contributes:
+  shortcodes:
+    - version.lua

src/resources/extensions/quarto/version/version.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+return {
+  ['version'] = function(args, kwargs, meta)
+    return table.concat(quarto.version, '.')
+  end
+}