PFA_TSP_ga.ipynb

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  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "name": "PFA_TSP_ga.ipynb",
      "provenance": [],
      "collapsed_sections": [],
      "toc_visible": true,
      "authorship_tag": "ABX9TyPFj9Wzj5ysbcfnvRRXjaeQ"
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rxu0P6cZigx9",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## **PFA - algorithmes génétiques - tsp**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "---\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "V5iHaOgxyGJj",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# La préparation de données"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3iQNP0ayyLgz",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "#intialisation des donnees\n",
        "\n",
        "# les villes à visiter (en ne peux pas passer 50 pour utiliser l api gratuitement )\n",
        "#countries3 = [\"Casablanca\",\"Beni-Mellal\",\"Meknes\",\"Marrakesh\",\n",
        "#                \"Larache\",\"Fes\",\"Mohammedia\",\"Midelt\",\"El Hoceima\",\n",
        "#               \"Tangier\",\"Rabat\",\"Agadir\",\"Essaouira\",\"Tetouan\",\"Sidi Slimane\",\"Chefchaouen\",\"Kenitra\",\"Ifran\",\"Nador\",\"Taroudant\",\"Settat\",\"Guelmim\",\"Khouribga\"]\n",
        "# villes = [\"Casablanca\",\"Beni-Mellal\",\"Meknes\",\"Marrakesh\",\"Larache\",\"Fes\",\"Mohammedia\",\"Midelt\",\"El Hoceima\",\"Tangier\",\"Rabat\",\"Agadir\",\"Essaouira\",\"Tetouan\",\"Sidi Slimane\",\"Chefchaouen\",\"Kenitra\",\"Ifran\",\"Nador\",\"Taroudant\",\"Settat\",\"Guelmim\",\"Khouribga\",\n",
        "#           \"Dakhla\",\"Laayoune\",\"Al Mahbes\",\"Saidia\",\"Zagora\",\"Merzouga\",\"Ouarzazate\",\"Awsard\",\"Moulay Idriss Zerhoun\",\"Tarfaya\",\"Lagouira\",\"Oujda\"]\n",
        "#countries2 = [\"Casablanca\",\"Beni-Mellal\",\"Meknes\",\"Marrakesh\",\n",
        " #               \"Larache\",\"Fes\",\"Mohammedia\",\"Midelt\",\"El Hoceima\",\n",
        "  #             \"Tangier\",\"Rabat\",\"Agadir\",\"Essaouira\",\"Tetouan\",\"Sidi Slimane\",\"Chefchaouen\",\"Kenitra\",\"Ifran\",\"Nador\",\"Taroudant\",\"Settat\",\"Guelmim\",\"Khouribga\",\"Saidia\",\"Zagora\",\"Merzouga\",\"Ouarzazate\",\"Oujda\",\"Moulay Idriss Zerhoun\"]\n",
        "#len(villes)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fm9uDhxVyCLR",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "villes = [\"Casablanca\",\"Beni-Mellal\",\"Meknes\",\"Marrakesh\",\"Larache\",\"Fes\",\"Mohammedia\",\"Midelt\",\"El Hoceima\",\"Tangier\",\"Rabat\",\"Agadir\",\"Essaouira\",\"Tetouan\",\"Sidi Slimane\",\"Chefchaouen\",\"Kenitra\",\"Ifran\",\"Nador\",\"Taroudant\",\"Settat\",\"Guelmim\",\"Khouribga\",\n",
        "          \"Dakhla\",\"Laayoune\",\"Al Mahbes\",\"Saidia\",\"Zagora\",\"Merzouga\",\"Ouarzazate\",\"Awsard\",\"Moulay Idriss Zerhoun\",\"Tarfaya\",\"Lagouira\",\"Oujda\"]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GOmMsJiFllwG",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 34
        },
        "outputId": "b7560323-f2f2-4895-87d5-e7d60a303136"
      },
      "source": [
        "print(f\"nombre de villes : {len(villes)}\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "nombre de villes : 35\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qHaWuhwD1Ba3",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "installation de la bebliotheque google maps"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dXuFFijW0zfK",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 275
        },
        "outputId": "cca63935-f733-4701-fc4b-ceda7ff70226"
      },
      "source": [
        "pip install googlemaps"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Collecting googlemaps\n",
            "  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/87/5cbe65cd19defe67472db7afd84963a77fbbbe4a764320a67d4a64282b61/googlemaps-4.4.1.tar.gz\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: requests<3.0,>=2.20.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from googlemaps) (2.23.0)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: urllib3!=1.25.0,!=1.25.1,<1.26,>=1.21.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests<3.0,>=2.20.0->googlemaps) (1.24.3)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests<3.0,>=2.20.0->googlemaps) (2020.6.20)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: chardet<4,>=3.0.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests<3.0,>=2.20.0->googlemaps) (3.0.4)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: idna<3,>=2.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests<3.0,>=2.20.0->googlemaps) (2.10)\n",
            "Building wheels for collected packages: googlemaps\n",
            "  Building wheel for googlemaps (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n",
            "  Created wheel for googlemaps: filename=googlemaps-4.4.1-cp36-none-any.whl size=37819 sha256=1b44a0222326d17e4ec02b47462d6cc7bd94fb9eac8261f9765ac65d0bb93b36\n",
            "  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/5c/ec/b9/9d0c26b80d7dcf16496c82e8108c93186c6d4df097a41bba4f\n",
            "Successfully built googlemaps\n",
            "Installing collected packages: googlemaps\n",
            "Successfully installed googlemaps-4.4.1\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "bGj6Ve0rgFcg",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        ""
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2ifhW5pYzNUi",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "#import \n",
        "import googlemaps\n",
        "#utilisation de l API \"Distance Matrix\" qui vas nous aider a calculer les distances entre les villes\n",
        "gm_api = googlemaps.Client(key=\"\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8NTKBvZs1DvG",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "from itertools import combinations"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "I3ujv9Oh07x1",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "distance_villes = {}\n",
        "duree_villes ={}\n",
        "# calculer la distance et la duree entre chaque villes en mode \"driving\" avec le service distance_matrix de google maps\n",
        "for (ville1, ville2) in combinations(villes, 2):\n",
        "  route = gm_api.distance_matrix(origins=[ville1],\n",
        "                                 destinations=[ville2],\n",
        "                                 mode=\"driving\",\n",
        "                                 language=\"English\",\n",
        "                                 units=\"metric\")\n",
        "  #retourn une valeur (distance entre 2 villes) en metres\n",
        "  distance = route['rows'][0]['elements'][0]['distance']['value']\n",
        "  #retourn une valeur (duree entre 2 villes) en seconds\n",
        "  duree = route['rows'][0]['elements'][0]['duration']['value']\n",
        "\n",
        "  #stocker ses valeur dans un set\n",
        "  distance_villes[frozenset([ville1,ville2])] = distance\n",
        "  duree_villes[frozenset([ville1,ville2])] = duree\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-XhbuGRbLg5t",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "output route: c'est un dictionaire\n",
        "{'destination_addresses': ['Khouribga, Morocco'],\n",
        " 'origin_addresses': ['Guelmim 81000, Morocco'],\n",
        " 'rows': [{'elements': [{'distance': {'text': '690 km', 'value': 690142},\n",
        "     'duration': {'text': '7 hours 48 mins', 'value': 28101},\n",
        "     'status': 'OK'}]}],\n",
        " 'status': 'OK'}"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "h9L7cR3vaoTA",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "# stocker notre sets dans un seul fichier tsv\n",
        "with open(\"mes_villes_dist_dur2.tsv\", \"w\") as mes_villes:\n",
        "  mes_villes.write(\"\\t\".join([\"ville1\",\"ville2\",\"distance_m\",\"duree_s\"]))\n",
        "  for (ville1, ville2) in distance_villes.keys():\n",
        "    #stockage sou forme ville1\\ville2\\dist_m\\dur_s\n",
        "    #transformer la distance et la duree a une chaine de character\n",
        "    mes_villes.write(\"\\n\" +\n",
        "                       \"\\t\".join([ville1,\n",
        "                                  ville2,\n",
        "                                  str(distance_villes[frozenset([ville1, ville2])]),\n",
        "                                  str(duree_villes[frozenset([ville1, ville2])])]))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "_E5ESVSmiCEr",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# lire les données"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BLlWwLpjRUFs",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "\n",
        "distance_villes = {}\n",
        "duree_villes ={}\n",
        "#list ==> set \n",
        "villes = set()\n",
        "#tsv file ==> dataframe avec pandas\n",
        "villes_data = pd.read_csv(\"mes_villes_dist_dur2.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n",
        "\n",
        "for i, row in villes_data.iterrows():\n",
        "  distance_villes[frozenset([row.ville1, row.ville2])] = row.distance_m\n",
        "  duree_villes[frozenset([row.ville1, row.ville2])] = row.duree_s\n",
        "  villes.update([row.ville1, row.ville2])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cQltvHTdXWEJ",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 419
        },
        "outputId": "5914e7ce-0dd3-4a2d-e89a-8f6f315eb277"
      },
      "source": [
        "villes_data"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>ville1</th>\n",
              "      <th>ville2</th>\n",
              "      <th>distance_m</th>\n",
              "      <th>duree_s</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>Beni-Mellal</td>\n",
              "      <td>Casablanca</td>\n",
              "      <td>222593</td>\n",
              "      <td>8836</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>Meknes</td>\n",
              "      <td>Casablanca</td>\n",
              "      <td>238107</td>\n",
              "      <td>9349</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>Marrakesh</td>\n",
              "      <td>Casablanca</td>\n",
              "      <td>241636</td>\n",
              "      <td>9441</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>Casablanca</td>\n",
              "      <td>Larache</td>\n",
              "      <td>258596</td>\n",
              "      <td>9469</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>Fes</td>\n",
              "      <td>Casablanca</td>\n",
              "      <td>293990</td>\n",
              "      <td>10972</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>590</th>\n",
              "      <td>Moulay Idriss Zerhoun</td>\n",
              "      <td>Lagouira</td>\n",
              "      <td>2239983</td>\n",
              "      <td>95317</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>591</th>\n",
              "      <td>Moulay Idriss Zerhoun</td>\n",
              "      <td>Oujda</td>\n",
              "      <td>412972</td>\n",
              "      <td>15890</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>592</th>\n",
              "      <td>Lagouira</td>\n",
              "      <td>Tarfaya</td>\n",
              "      <td>989021</td>\n",
              "      <td>42449</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>593</th>\n",
              "      <td>Oujda</td>\n",
              "      <td>Tarfaya</td>\n",
              "      <td>1596257</td>\n",
              "      <td>63756</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>594</th>\n",
              "      <td>Oujda</td>\n",
              "      <td>Lagouira</td>\n",
              "      <td>2589261</td>\n",
              "      <td>106914</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>595 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "                    ville1      ville2  distance_m  duree_s\n",
              "0              Beni-Mellal  Casablanca      222593     8836\n",
              "1                   Meknes  Casablanca      238107     9349\n",
              "2                Marrakesh  Casablanca      241636     9441\n",
              "3               Casablanca     Larache      258596     9469\n",
              "4                      Fes  Casablanca      293990    10972\n",
              "..                     ...         ...         ...      ...\n",
              "590  Moulay Idriss Zerhoun    Lagouira     2239983    95317\n",
              "591  Moulay Idriss Zerhoun       Oujda      412972    15890\n",
              "592               Lagouira     Tarfaya      989021    42449\n",
              "593                  Oujda     Tarfaya     1596257    63756\n",
              "594                  Oujda    Lagouira     2589261   106914\n",
              "\n",
              "[595 rows x 4 columns]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 2
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YMza54d2iLXG",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# algorithmes génétiques"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mTuU_jc_kQjq",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## **`algorithmes génétiques`** \n",
        "Il y a trois opérateurs d'évolution dans les algorithmes génétiques :\n",
        "\n",
        "* La sélection : Choix des individus les mieux adaptés.\n",
        "* Le croisement : Mélange par la reproduction des particularités des individus choisis.\n",
        "* La mutation : Altération aléatoire des particularités d'un individu."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8K-BP26JXZrN",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "import random\n",
        "\n",
        "## \n",
        "def compute_fitness(solution):\n",
        "  \"\"\" cette function return la distance totale du chemin courant entre les villes\"\"\"\n",
        "  solution_fitness = 0.0\n",
        "  for i in range(len(solution)):\n",
        "    ville1 = solution[i - 1]\n",
        "    ville2 = solution[i]\n",
        "    solution_fitness += distance_villes[frozenset([ville1, ville2])]\n",
        "  return solution_fitness\n",
        "\n",
        "#### choix aleatoire\n",
        "def chemin_aleatoire():\n",
        "  \"\"\" creer un chemin aleatoire par l'ensembles des villes donnees \"\"\"\n",
        "  new_chemin = list(villes)\n",
        "  # melanger notre list\n",
        "  random.shuffle(new_chemin)\n",
        "  return tuple(new_chemin)\n",
        "#### mutation 1 : echange\n",
        "def mutation_agent(agent_genome, max_mutaions=3):\n",
        "  \"\"\" faire l echange au max de 3 villes dans notre set \"\"\"\n",
        "  agent_genome = list(agent_genome)\n",
        "  num_mutation = random.randint(1,max_mutaions)\n",
        "  for mut in range(num_mutation):\n",
        "    index_echange1 = random.randint(0,len(agent_genome)-1)\n",
        "\n",
        "    index_echange2 = index_echange1\n",
        "    # pour eviter de choisir le meme index\n",
        "    while index_echange1 == index_echange2:\n",
        "      index_echange2 = random.randint(0,len(agent_genome)-1)\n",
        "    # faire l'echange\n",
        "    agent_genome[index_echange1], agent_genome[index_echange2] = agent_genome[index_echange2], agent_genome[index_echange1]\n",
        "  \n",
        "  return tuple(agent_genome)\n",
        "\n",
        "#### mutation 2 : melange \n",
        "def melange_mutation(agent_genome):\n",
        "  \"\"\"\n",
        "   couper une sous list de taille aléatoire et la déplacer à un autre index aléatoire\n",
        "  \"\"\"\n",
        "  agent_genome = list(agent_genome)\n",
        "\n",
        "  debut = random.randint(0, len(agent_genome)-1)\n",
        "  fin = debut + random.randint(2,10)\n",
        "\n",
        "  sous_genome = agent_genome[debut:fin]\n",
        "  agent_genome = agent_genome[:debut] + agent_genome[fin:]\n",
        "\n",
        "  index_insertion = random.randint(0, len(agent_genome)-1)\n",
        "  #index_insertion = random.randint(0,len(agent_genome)-1)\n",
        "  agent_genome = agent_genome[:index_insertion] + sous_genome + agent_genome[index_insertion:]\n",
        "  return tuple(agent_genome)\n",
        "\n",
        "##### generer une population de differents chemin\n",
        "\n",
        "def generate_random_population(population_size):\n",
        "  random_population = []\n",
        "  for agent in range(population_size):\n",
        "    random_population.append(chemin_aleatoire())\n",
        "  return random_population\n",
        "\n",
        "##### pour visualiser les resultats\n",
        "\n",
        "progress_visualisation_y = []\n",
        "progress_visualisation_x = []\n",
        "\n",
        "#####\n",
        "\n",
        "def genetique_algo(generations = 5000, population_size= 100):\n",
        "  \"\"\" fonction main de l algorithme genetique \"\"\"\n",
        "  population_subset_size = int(population_size/10)\n",
        "  generation_sub = int(generations/10)\n",
        "  # creer une population\n",
        "  population = generate_random_population(population_size)\n",
        "\n",
        "  \n",
        "\n",
        "  for generation in range(generations):\n",
        "    # calculer la distance entre les villes de tout la population\n",
        "    population_fitness = {}\n",
        "\n",
        "    for agent_genome in population:\n",
        "      if agent_genome in population_fitness:\n",
        "        continue\n",
        "      population_fitness[agent_genome] = compute_fitness(agent_genome)\n",
        "    \n",
        "    # prendre 10% de la population qui a le chemin le optimale et produire une offspring chacun d'eux\n",
        "    new_population = []\n",
        "    for rank, agent_genome in enumerate(sorted(population_fitness, key=population_fitness.get)[:population_subset_size]):\n",
        "      if (generation % generation_sub == 0 or generation == generations -1 ) and rank == 0:\n",
        "        print(f\"Generation: {generation}, optimal chemin: {population_fitness[agent_genome]} m | unique genomes: {len(population_fitness)}\")\n",
        "\n",
        "        progress_visualisation_y.append(population_fitness[agent_genome])\n",
        "        progress_visualisation_x.append(generation)\n",
        "\n",
        "        print(agent_genome)\n",
        "        print(\"--------------------------------------------------\")\n",
        "      #### faire les mutation pour la 10% de la population\n",
        "      # creer une copie pour chaque chemin selectee\n",
        "      new_population.append(agent_genome)\n",
        "      # mutation 1 : creer 2 offspring par la mutation d'echange\n",
        "      for i in range(2):\n",
        "        new_population.append(mutation_agent(agent_genome, 3))\n",
        "      \n",
        "      # mutation 2 : creer 7 offspring par la mutaion de melange\n",
        "      for i in range(7):\n",
        "        new_population.append(melange_mutation(agent_genome))\n",
        "      \n",
        "      # remplacer population ==> new population de offspring\n",
        "    for i in range(len(population))[::-1]:\n",
        "      del population[i]\n",
        "    population = new_population\n",
        "  print(\"================ the optimal road ================\")\n",
        "  print(agent_genome)\n",
        "  print(\"==================================================\")\n",
        "  return list(agent_genome)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "C85zDl9kmR87",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "en change le nombre de **generations** et **la taille de population** pour avoir des resultat plus optimiser "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "kQFHEHssh8Cn",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 1000
        },
        "outputId": "0a9ac063-c79f-46bc-f017-8ce3861a708c"
      },
      "source": [
        "progress_visualisation_y = []\n",
        "progress_visualisation_x = []\n",
        "genetique_algo(generations=1000, population_size=100)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Generation: 0, optimal chemin: 21946985.0 m | unique genomes: 100\n",
            "('Ifran', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Mohammedia', 'Marrakesh', 'Tetouan', 'Settat', 'Lagouira', 'Dakhla', 'Guelmim', 'Essaouira', 'Ouarzazate', 'Zagora', 'El Hoceima', 'Larache', 'Fes', 'Chefchaouen', 'Khouribga', 'Taroudant', 'Laayoune', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Midelt', 'Rabat', 'Awsard', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Kenitra', 'Saidia', 'Casablanca', 'Oujda', 'Merzouga', 'Nador', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Tarfaya', 'Tangier', 'Meknes')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 100, optimal chemin: 8310481.0 m | unique genomes: 95\n",
            "('Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Marrakesh', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Laayoune', 'Awsard', 'Lagouira', 'Dakhla', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Mohammedia', 'Casablanca', 'Settat', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Tangier', 'Larache', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Chefchaouen', 'Tetouan', 'El Hoceima', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Nador', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 200, optimal chemin: 7992725.0 m | unique genomes: 99\n",
            "('Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Marrakesh', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Laayoune', 'Awsard', 'Lagouira', 'Dakhla', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Settat', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Mohammedia', 'Casablanca', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Chefchaouen', 'Tetouan', 'El Hoceima', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Nador', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 300, optimal chemin: 7739559.0 m | unique genomes: 97\n",
            "('Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Mohammedia', 'Casablanca', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Chefchaouen', 'Tetouan', 'El Hoceima', 'Oujda', 'Saidia', 'Nador', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Laayoune', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 400, optimal chemin: 7680423.0 m | unique genomes: 98\n",
            "('Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Dakhla', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Chefchaouen', 'Tetouan', 'El Hoceima', 'Oujda', 'Saidia', 'Nador', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 500, optimal chemin: 7564636.0 m | unique genomes: 99\n",
            "('Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla', 'Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Chefchaouen', 'Tetouan', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 600, optimal chemin: 7518347.0 m | unique genomes: 93\n",
            "('Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Dakhla', 'Awsard', 'Lagouira', 'Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 700, optimal chemin: 7518331.0 m | unique genomes: 97\n",
            "('Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 800, optimal chemin: 7518331.0 m | unique genomes: 98\n",
            "('Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 900, optimal chemin: 7518331.0 m | unique genomes: 98\n",
            "('Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "Generation: 999, optimal chemin: 7518331.0 m | unique genomes: 98\n",
            "('Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen', 'El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla')\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------\n",
            "================ the optimal road ================\n",
            "('El Hoceima', 'Nador', 'Saidia', 'Oujda', 'Fes', 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun', 'Meknes', 'Ifran', 'Midelt', 'Merzouga', 'Zagora', 'Ouarzazate', 'Taroudant', 'Guelmim', 'Tarfaya', 'Lagouira', 'Awsard', 'Dakhla', 'Laayoune', 'Al Mahbes', 'Agadir', 'Essaouira', 'Marrakesh', 'Beni-Mellal', 'Khouribga', 'Settat', 'Casablanca', 'Mohammedia', 'Rabat', 'Kenitra', 'Sidi Slimane', 'Larache', 'Tangier', 'Tetouan', 'Chefchaouen')\n",
            "==================================================\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        },
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['El Hoceima',\n",
              " 'Nador',\n",
              " 'Saidia',\n",
              " 'Oujda',\n",
              " 'Fes',\n",
              " 'Moulay Idriss Zerhoun',\n",
              " 'Meknes',\n",
              " 'Ifran',\n",
              " 'Midelt',\n",
              " 'Merzouga',\n",
              " 'Zagora',\n",
              " 'Ouarzazate',\n",
              " 'Taroudant',\n",
              " 'Guelmim',\n",
              " 'Tarfaya',\n",
              " 'Lagouira',\n",
              " 'Awsard',\n",
              " 'Dakhla',\n",
              " 'Laayoune',\n",
              " 'Al Mahbes',\n",
              " 'Agadir',\n",
              " 'Essaouira',\n",
              " 'Marrakesh',\n",
              " 'Beni-Mellal',\n",
              " 'Khouribga',\n",
              " 'Settat',\n",
              " 'Casablanca',\n",
              " 'Mohammedia',\n",
              " 'Rabat',\n",
              " 'Kenitra',\n",
              " 'Sidi Slimane',\n",
              " 'Larache',\n",
              " 'Tangier',\n",
              " 'Tetouan',\n",
              " 'Chefchaouen']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {
            "tags": []
          },
          "execution_count": 4
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "j0qmJ-Jcnem0",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Visualisation du progree de l'algorithme génétique"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pMuuOJDWAnCc",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "from google.colab import drive\n",
        "drive.mount('/content/drive')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cSFGy7ucaIp0",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "# m ==> km\n",
        "progress_visualisation_y = [i / 1000  for i in progress_visualisation_y]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zOZ95ZW0nDFT",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 557
        },
        "outputId": "82d6cf2f-4e03-4c8f-998c-d2b288b386a0"
      },
      "source": [
        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
        "plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')\n",
        "plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10,6)\n",
        "%config InlineBackend.figure_formats = ['svg']\n",
        "plt.plot(progress_visualisation_x,progress_visualisation_y,'go--', linewidth=2, markersize=12, label=\"L'avanecement de l'algorithme\")\n",
        "plt.xlabel(\"les générations\")\n",
        "plt.ylabel(\"distance de chemin optimal\\n (km)\")\n",
        "_ = plt.legend(loc='best')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<Figure size 720x432 with 1 Axes>"
            ],
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      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gERbhXT-jufB",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# help"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Ff3Wlpp2Vvb6",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
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      "source": [
        "help(plt.plot)"
      ],
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      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Help on function plot in module matplotlib.pyplot:\n",
            "\n",
            "plot(*args, scalex=True, scaley=True, data=None, **kwargs)\n",
            "    Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Call signatures::\n",
            "    \n",
            "        plot([x], y, [fmt], *, data=None, **kwargs)\n",
            "        plot([x], y, [fmt], [x2], y2, [fmt2], ..., **kwargs)\n",
            "    \n",
            "    The coordinates of the points or line nodes are given by *x*, *y*.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    The optional parameter *fmt* is a convenient way for defining basic\n",
            "    formatting like color, marker and linestyle. It's a shortcut string\n",
            "    notation described in the *Notes* section below.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    >>> plot(x, y)        # plot x and y using default line style and color\n",
            "    >>> plot(x, y, 'bo')  # plot x and y using blue circle markers\n",
            "    >>> plot(y)           # plot y using x as index array 0..N-1\n",
            "    >>> plot(y, 'r+')     # ditto, but with red plusses\n",
            "    \n",
            "    You can use `.Line2D` properties as keyword arguments for more\n",
            "    control on the appearance. Line properties and *fmt* can be mixed.\n",
            "    The following two calls yield identical results:\n",
            "    \n",
            "    >>> plot(x, y, 'go--', linewidth=2, markersize=12)\n",
            "    >>> plot(x, y, color='green', marker='o', linestyle='dashed',\n",
            "    ...      linewidth=2, markersize=12)\n",
            "    \n",
            "    When conflicting with *fmt*, keyword arguments take precedence.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    \n",
            "    **Plotting labelled data**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    There's a convenient way for plotting objects with labelled data (i.e.\n",
            "    data that can be accessed by index ``obj['y']``). Instead of giving\n",
            "    the data in *x* and *y*, you can provide the object in the *data*\n",
            "    parameter and just give the labels for *x* and *y*::\n",
            "    \n",
            "    >>> plot('xlabel', 'ylabel', data=obj)\n",
            "    \n",
            "    All indexable objects are supported. This could e.g. be a `dict`, a\n",
            "    `pandas.DataFame` or a structured numpy array.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    \n",
            "    **Plotting multiple sets of data**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    There are various ways to plot multiple sets of data.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    - The most straight forward way is just to call `plot` multiple times.\n",
            "      Example:\n",
            "    \n",
            "      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'bo')\n",
            "      >>> plot(x2, y2, 'go')\n",
            "    \n",
            "    - Alternatively, if your data is already a 2d array, you can pass it\n",
            "      directly to *x*, *y*. A separate data set will be drawn for every\n",
            "      column.\n",
            "    \n",
            "      Example: an array ``a`` where the first column represents the *x*\n",
            "      values and the other columns are the *y* columns::\n",
            "    \n",
            "      >>> plot(a[0], a[1:])\n",
            "    \n",
            "    - The third way is to specify multiple sets of *[x]*, *y*, *[fmt]*\n",
            "      groups::\n",
            "    \n",
            "      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'g^', x2, y2, 'g-')\n",
            "    \n",
            "      In this case, any additional keyword argument applies to all\n",
            "      datasets. Also this syntax cannot be combined with the *data*\n",
            "      parameter.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    By default, each line is assigned a different style specified by a\n",
            "    'style cycle'. The *fmt* and line property parameters are only\n",
            "    necessary if you want explicit deviations from these defaults.\n",
            "    Alternatively, you can also change the style cycle using\n",
            "    :rc:`axes.prop_cycle`.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    \n",
            "    Parameters\n",
            "    ----------\n",
            "    x, y : array-like or scalar\n",
            "        The horizontal / vertical coordinates of the data points.\n",
            "        *x* values are optional and default to `range(len(y))`.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        Commonly, these parameters are 1D arrays.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        They can also be scalars, or two-dimensional (in that case, the\n",
            "        columns represent separate data sets).\n",
            "    \n",
            "        These arguments cannot be passed as keywords.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    fmt : str, optional\n",
            "        A format string, e.g. 'ro' for red circles. See the *Notes*\n",
            "        section for a full description of the format strings.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        Format strings are just an abbreviation for quickly setting\n",
            "        basic line properties. All of these and more can also be\n",
            "        controlled by keyword arguments.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        This argument cannot be passed as keyword.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    data : indexable object, optional\n",
            "        An object with labelled data. If given, provide the label names to\n",
            "        plot in *x* and *y*.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        .. note::\n",
            "            Technically there's a slight ambiguity in calls where the\n",
            "            second label is a valid *fmt*. `plot('n', 'o', data=obj)`\n",
            "            could be `plt(x, y)` or `plt(y, fmt)`. In such cases,\n",
            "            the former interpretation is chosen, but a warning is issued.\n",
            "            You may suppress the warning by adding an empty format string\n",
            "            `plot('n', 'o', '', data=obj)`.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Other Parameters\n",
            "    ----------------\n",
            "    scalex, scaley : bool, optional, default: True\n",
            "        These parameters determined if the view limits are adapted to\n",
            "        the data limits. The values are passed on to `autoscale_view`.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    **kwargs : `.Line2D` properties, optional\n",
            "        *kwargs* are used to specify properties like a line label (for\n",
            "        auto legends), linewidth, antialiasing, marker face color.\n",
            "        Example::\n",
            "    \n",
            "        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], 'go-', label='line 1', linewidth=2)\n",
            "        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], 'rs', label='line 2')\n",
            "    \n",
            "        If you make multiple lines with one plot command, the kwargs\n",
            "        apply to all those lines.\n",
            "    \n",
            "        Here is a list of available `.Line2D` properties:\n",
            "    \n",
            "        Properties:\n",
            "        agg_filter: a filter function, which takes a (m, n, 3) float array and a dpi value, and returns a (m, n, 3) array\n",
            "        alpha: float or None\n",
            "        animated: bool\n",
            "        antialiased or aa: bool\n",
            "        clip_box: `.Bbox`\n",
            "        clip_on: bool\n",
            "        clip_path: Patch or (Path, Transform) or None\n",
            "        color or c: color\n",
            "        contains: callable\n",
            "        dash_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}\n",
            "        dash_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}\n",
            "        dashes: sequence of floats (on/off ink in points) or (None, None)\n",
            "        data: (2, N) array or two 1D arrays\n",
            "        drawstyle or ds: {'default', 'steps', 'steps-pre', 'steps-mid', 'steps-post'}, default: 'default'\n",
            "        figure: `.Figure`\n",
            "        fillstyle: {'full', 'left', 'right', 'bottom', 'top', 'none'}\n",
            "        gid: str\n",
            "        in_layout: bool\n",
            "        label: object\n",
            "        linestyle or ls: {'-', '--', '-.', ':', '', (offset, on-off-seq), ...}\n",
            "        linewidth or lw: float\n",
            "        marker: marker style\n",
            "        markeredgecolor or mec: color\n",
            "        markeredgewidth or mew: float\n",
            "        markerfacecolor or mfc: color\n",
            "        markerfacecoloralt or mfcalt: color\n",
            "        markersize or ms: float\n",
            "        markevery: None or int or (int, int) or slice or List[int] or float or (float, float)\n",
            "        path_effects: `.AbstractPathEffect`\n",
            "        picker: float or callable[[Artist, Event], Tuple[bool, dict]]\n",
            "        pickradius: float\n",
            "        rasterized: bool or None\n",
            "        sketch_params: (scale: float, length: float, randomness: float)\n",
            "        snap: bool or None\n",
            "        solid_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}\n",
            "        solid_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}\n",
            "        transform: `matplotlib.transforms.Transform`\n",
            "        url: str\n",
            "        visible: bool\n",
            "        xdata: 1D array\n",
            "        ydata: 1D array\n",
            "        zorder: float\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Returns\n",
            "    -------\n",
            "    lines\n",
            "        A list of `.Line2D` objects representing the plotted data.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    See Also\n",
            "    --------\n",
            "    scatter : XY scatter plot with markers of varying size and/or color (\n",
            "        sometimes also called bubble chart).\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Notes\n",
            "    -----\n",
            "    **Format Strings**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    A format string consists of a part for color, marker and line::\n",
            "    \n",
            "        fmt = '[marker][line][color]'\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Each of them is optional. If not provided, the value from the style\n",
            "    cycle is used. Exception: If ``line`` is given, but no ``marker``,\n",
            "    the data will be a line without markers.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Other combinations such as ``[color][marker][line]`` are also\n",
            "    supported, but note that their parsing may be ambiguous.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    **Markers**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    character        description\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    ``'.'``          point marker\n",
            "    ``','``          pixel marker\n",
            "    ``'o'``          circle marker\n",
            "    ``'v'``          triangle_down marker\n",
            "    ``'^'``          triangle_up marker\n",
            "    ``'<'``          triangle_left marker\n",
            "    ``'>'``          triangle_right marker\n",
            "    ``'1'``          tri_down marker\n",
            "    ``'2'``          tri_up marker\n",
            "    ``'3'``          tri_left marker\n",
            "    ``'4'``          tri_right marker\n",
            "    ``'s'``          square marker\n",
            "    ``'p'``          pentagon marker\n",
            "    ``'*'``          star marker\n",
            "    ``'h'``          hexagon1 marker\n",
            "    ``'H'``          hexagon2 marker\n",
            "    ``'+'``          plus marker\n",
            "    ``'x'``          x marker\n",
            "    ``'D'``          diamond marker\n",
            "    ``'d'``          thin_diamond marker\n",
            "    ``'|'``          vline marker\n",
            "    ``'_'``          hline marker\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    \n",
            "    **Line Styles**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    character        description\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    ``'-'``          solid line style\n",
            "    ``'--'``         dashed line style\n",
            "    ``'-.'``         dash-dot line style\n",
            "    ``':'``          dotted line style\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    \n",
            "    Example format strings::\n",
            "    \n",
            "        'b'    # blue markers with default shape\n",
            "        'or'   # red circles\n",
            "        '-g'   # green solid line\n",
            "        '--'   # dashed line with default color\n",
            "        '^k:'  # black triangle_up markers connected by a dotted line\n",
            "    \n",
            "    **Colors**\n",
            "    \n",
            "    The supported color abbreviations are the single letter codes\n",
            "    \n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    character        color\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    ``'b'``          blue\n",
            "    ``'g'``          green\n",
            "    ``'r'``          red\n",
            "    ``'c'``          cyan\n",
            "    ``'m'``          magenta\n",
            "    ``'y'``          yellow\n",
            "    ``'k'``          black\n",
            "    ``'w'``          white\n",
            "    =============    ===============================\n",
            "    \n",
            "    and the ``'CN'`` colors that index into the default property cycle.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    If the color is the only part of the format string, you can\n",
            "    additionally use any  `matplotlib.colors` spec, e.g. full names\n",
            "    (``'green'``) or hex strings (``'#008000'``).\n",
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Cy1_XLRxPwPu",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 153
        },
        "outputId": "132b1d3f-66ea-4da2-f83f-6919d35a9648"
      },
      "source": [
        "help(sorted)\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Help on built-in function sorted in module builtins:\n",
            "\n",
            "sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)\n",
            "    Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.\n",
            "    \n",
            "    A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the\n",
            "    reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.\n",
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "axQpqpPkPzqF",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 493
        },
        "outputId": "b08b7180-cbc4-45ce-aae4-54839af7f0e0"
      },
      "source": [
        "help(enumerate)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Help on class enumerate in module builtins:\n",
            "\n",
            "class enumerate(object)\n",
            " |  enumerate(iterable[, start]) -> iterator for index, value of iterable\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  Return an enumerate object.  iterable must be another object that supports\n",
            " |  iteration.  The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from\n",
            " |  start, which defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.\n",
            " |  enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:\n",
            " |      (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  Methods defined here:\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
            " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
            " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
            " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  __next__(self, /)\n",
            " |      Implement next(self).\n",
            " |  \n",
            " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
            " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
            "\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gqpSr9wxU4NW",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}