Rollup merge of #119385 - fmease:assoc-const-eq-fixes-2, r=oli-obk,cjgillot

Fix type resolution of associated const equality bounds (take 2)

Instead of trying to re-resolve the type of assoc const bindings inside the `type_of` query impl in an incomplete manner, transfer the already (correctly) resolved type from `add_predicates_for_ast_type_binding` to `type_of`/`anon_type_of` through query feeding.

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Together with #118668 (merged) and #121258, this supersedes #118360.
Fixes #118040.

r? ``@ghost``

Author: workingjubilee