Arbitrary self types v2: deshadowing probe

This is the first part of a series of commits which impact the
"deshadowing detection" in the arbitrary self types v2 RFC.

This commit should not have any functional changes, but may impact
performance. Subsequent commits add back the performance, and add error
checking to this new code such that it has a functional effect.

Rust prioritizes method candidates in this order:
1. By value;
2. By reference;
3. By mutable reference;
4. By const ptr.
5. By reborrowed pin.

Previously, if a suitable candidate was found in one of these earlier
categories, Rust wouldn't even move onto probing the other categories.

As part of the arbitrary self types work, we're going to need to change
that - even if we choose a method from one of the earlier categories, we
will sometimes need to probe later categories to search for methods that
we may be shadowing.

This commit adds those extra searches for shadowing, but it does not yet
produce an error when such shadowing problems are found. That will come
in a subsequent commit, by filling out the 'check_for_shadowing'
method.

This commit contains a naive approach to detecting these shadowing
problems, which shows what we've functionally looking to do. However,
it's too slow. The performance of this approach was explored in this
PR:
#127812 (comment)
Subsequent commits will improve the speed of the search.

Author: adetaylor

compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/method/probe.rs

@@ -1161,6 +1161,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ProbeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         &self,
         pick_diag_hints: &mut PickDiagHints<'b, 'tcx>,
     ) -> Option<PickResult<'tcx>> {
+        let track_unstable_candidates = pick_diag_hints.unstable_candidates.is_some();
         self.steps
             .iter()
             // At this point we're considering the types to which the receiver can be converted,
@@ -1184,22 +1185,123 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ProbeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                     .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                         span_bug!(self.span, "{:?} was applicable but now isn't?", step.self_ty)
                     });
-                self.pick_by_value_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints).or_else(|| {
-                    self.pick_autorefd_method(step, self_ty, hir::Mutability::Not, pick_diag_hints)
-                        .or_else(|| {
-                            self.pick_autorefd_method(
+
+                let by_value_pick = self.pick_by_value_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints);
+
+                // Check for shadowing of a by-reference method by a by-value method (see comments on check_for_shadowing)
+                if let Some(by_value_pick) = by_value_pick {
+                    if let Ok(by_value_pick) = by_value_pick.as_ref() {
+                        if by_value_pick.kind == PickKind::InherentImplPick {
+                            if let Err(e) = self.check_for_shadowed_autorefd_method(
+                                by_value_pick,
+                                step,
+                                self_ty,
+                                hir::Mutability::Not,
+                                track_unstable_candidates,
+                            ) {
+                                return Some(Err(e));
+                            }
+                            if let Err(e) = self.check_for_shadowed_autorefd_method(
+                                by_value_pick,
                                 step,
                                 self_ty,
                                 hir::Mutability::Mut,
-                                pick_diag_hints,
-                            )
-                        })
-                        .or_else(|| self.pick_const_ptr_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints))
-                        .or_else(|| self.pick_reborrow_pin_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints))
-                })
+                                track_unstable_candidates,
+                            ) {
+                                return Some(Err(e));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return Some(by_value_pick);
+                }
+
+                let autoref_pick =
+                    self.pick_autorefd_method(step, self_ty, hir::Mutability::Not, pick_diag_hints);
+                // Check for shadowing of a by-mut-ref method by a by-reference method (see comments on check_for_shadowing)
+                if let Some(autoref_pick) = autoref_pick {
+                    if let Ok(autoref_pick) = autoref_pick.as_ref() {
+                        // Check we're not shadowing others
+                        if autoref_pick.kind == PickKind::InherentImplPick {
+                            if let Err(e) = self.check_for_shadowed_autorefd_method(
+                                autoref_pick,
+                                step,
+                                self_ty,
+                                hir::Mutability::Mut,
+                                track_unstable_candidates,
+                            ) {
+                                return Some(Err(e));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return Some(autoref_pick);
+                }
+
+                // Note that no shadowing errors are produced from here on,
+                // as we consider const ptr methods.
+                // We allow new methods that take *mut T to shadow
+                // methods which took *const T, so there is no entry in
+                // this list for the results of `pick_const_ptr_method`.
+                // The reason is that the standard pointer cast method
+                // (on a mutable pointer) always already shadows the
+                // cast method (on a const pointer). So, if we added
+                // `pick_const_ptr_method` to this method, the anti-
+                // shadowing algorithm would always complain about
+                // the conflict between *const::cast and *mut::cast.
+                // In practice therefore this does constrain us:
+                // we cannot add new
+                //   self: *mut Self
+                // methods to types such as NonNull or anything else
+                // which implements Receiver, because this might in future
+                // shadow existing methods taking
+                //   self: *const NonNull<Self>
+                // in the pointee. In practice, methods taking raw pointers
+                // are rare, and it seems that it should be easily possible
+                // to avoid such compatibility breaks.
+                self.pick_autorefd_method(step, self_ty, hir::Mutability::Mut, pick_diag_hints)
+                    .or_else(|| self.pick_const_ptr_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints))
+                    .or_else(|| self.pick_reborrow_pin_method(step, self_ty, pick_diag_hints))
             })
     }
 
+    /// Check for cases where arbitrary self types allows shadowing
+    /// of methods that might be a compatibility break. Specifically,
+    /// we have something like:
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    /// struct A;
+    /// impl A {
+    ///   fn foo(self: &NonNull<A>) {}
+    ///      // note this is by reference
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    /// then we've come along and added this method to `NonNull`:
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    ///   fn foo(self)  // note this is by value
+    /// ```
+    /// Report an error in this case.
+    fn check_for_shadowed_autorefd_method(
+        &self,
+        _possible_shadower: &Pick<'tcx>,
+        step: &CandidateStep<'tcx>,
+        self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        mutbl: hir::Mutability,
+        track_unstable_candidates: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), MethodError<'tcx>> {
+        // We don't want to remember any of the diagnostic hints from this
+        // shadow search, but we do need to provide Some/None for the
+        // unstable_candidates in order to reflect the behavior of the
+        // main search.
+        let mut pick_diag_hints = PickDiagHints {
+            unstable_candidates: if track_unstable_candidates { Some(Vec::new()) } else { None },
+            unsatisfied_predicates: &mut Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let _potentially_shadowed_pick =
+            self.pick_autorefd_method(step, self_ty, mutbl, &mut pick_diag_hints);
+
+        // At the moment, this function does no checks. A future
+        // commit will fill out the body here.
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// For each type `T` in the step list, this attempts to find a method where
     /// the (transformed) self type is exactly `T`. We do however do one
     /// transformation on the adjustment: if we are passing a region pointer in,