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NLP-Taxonomy.owl
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#"
xml:base="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:oboInOwl="http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#"
xmlns:nlp-taxonomy="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl">
<owl:versionIRI rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl/1.0.0"/>
<dcterms:creator rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Tim Schopf</dcterms:creator>
<dcterms:description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">A taxonomy of fields of study in Natural Language Processing (NLP).
This is the machine readable version of the NLP taxonomy developed in the paper "Exploring the Landscape of Natural Language Processing Research (Schopf et al., RANLP 2023)", which is available at https://aclanthology.org/2023.ranlp-1.111.</dcterms:description>
<dcterms:title rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">NLP Taxonomy</dcterms:title>
</owl:Ontology>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Annotation properties
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"/>
<!-- http://purl.org/dc/terms/description -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"/>
<!-- http://purl.org/dc/terms/title -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"/>
<!-- http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasSynonym -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasSynonym"/>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Object Properties
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#subFieldOf -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#subFieldOf">
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#superFieldOf"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">The direct descendant of a Field of Study concept.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#superFieldOf -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#superFieldOf">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">The direct ancestor of a Field of Study concept.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Data properties
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#level -->
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#level">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">The hierarchy level of the Field of Study concept</rdfs:comment>
</owl:DatatypeProperty>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Classes
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#subFieldOf"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#superFieldOf"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Field of Study</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Individuals
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Argument_Mining -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Argument_Mining">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Argument Mining is a subfield of Reasoning that concerned with automatically identifying and analyzing the structure of inference and reasoning expressed as arguments presented in a natural language text, such as a debate, an opinion article, or a legal case.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Argumentation Mining</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Argument Mining</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Aspect-based_Sentiment_Analysis -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Aspect-based_Sentiment_Analysis">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that is concerned with automatically identifying and analyzing the sentiment of a natural language text with respect to various aspects or facets, rather than considering the text as a whole.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">ABSA</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Aspect-based Sentiment Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Captioning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Captioning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Captioning is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of textual descriptions or captions for visual data, such as images and videos. This involves understanding the content of the visual data and generating a coherent and informative description that accurately reflects the visual information.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Captioning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Chunking -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Chunking">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Chunking is a subfield of Syntactic Text Processing that deals with the automatic identification and grouping of coherent sequences of words or other linguistic units that form grammatically meaningful units or phrases in a sentence.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Light Parsing</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Shallow Parsing</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Text Chunking</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Chunking</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Code-Switching -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Code-Switching">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Code Switching is a subfield of Multilinguality that deals with switching between two or more languages or language varieties in a single conversation or text.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Code-Switching</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Code_Generation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Code_Generation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Code Generation is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of executable code, such as a computer program, from multimodal inputs such as incomplete code, programs in another programming language, natural language descriptions, or execution examples.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Code Synthesis</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NL2Code</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Program Synthesis</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Text to Code</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Text-to-Code</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Text2Code</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Code Generation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Cognitive_Modeling -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Cognitive_Modeling">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistics_&_Cognitive_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Cognitive Modeling is a subfield of Linguistics & Cognitive Natural Language Processing that is concerned with modeling and simulating human cognitive processes in various forms, especially in a computational or mathematical form. This includes analyzing the cognitive processes and mechanisms underlying natural language use and developing models and simulations that can capture and predict human behavior and performance on language-related tasks.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Cognitive Modeling</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Commonsense_Reasoning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Commonsense_Reasoning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Commonsense Reasoning is a subfield of Reasoning that is concerned with the development of algorithms and models for reasoning about everyday situations and concepts that are not explicitly stated in the text but require "common sense" or world knowledge and are commonly understood by humans. This world knowledge includes judgments about the nature of physical objects, taxonomic properties, or peoples' intentions.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Commonsense Knowledge Reasoning</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Commonsense Reasoning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Coreference_Resolution -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Coreference_Resolution">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Coreference Resolution is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining that deals with identifying all expressions that refer to the same entity in a text. In other words, it is the task of determining which pronouns, nouns, or phrases in a text refer to the same person, place, thing, or concept.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Coreference Resolution</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Cross-Lingual_Transfer -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Cross-Lingual_Transfer">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Cross-Lingual Transfer is a subfield of Multilinguality that deals with developing techniques and models for transferring knowledge learned from one language to solve tasks in another, commonly more low-resource, language.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Cross-Lingual Transfer</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Data-to-Text_Generation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Data-to-Text_Generation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Data to Text Generation is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of natural language text from structured or semi-structured data, such as tables, graphs or databases. The goal is to automatically create human-like and coherent textual summaries that convey the information contained in the structured data.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Data-to-Text</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Data2Text</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Structured Data-to-Text</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Data-to-Text Generation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Dialogue_Response_Generation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Dialogue_Response_Generation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Dialogue Response Generation is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of natural language responses in a conversational setting, such as chatbots and virtual assistants. It requires understanding the natural language input and generating a coherent and appropriate response that follows the flow of the conversation, takes context into account, and adheres to social and cultural norms.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Dialog Response Generation</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Dialogue Generation</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Response Generation</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Dialogue Response Generation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Document_Retrieval -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Document_Retrieval">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Document Retrieval is a subfield of Information Retrieval that deals with finding and retrieving relevant documents from a large corpus of textual data in response to a user query. It involves developing algorithms and models that can analyze the query and the corpus and rank the documents based on their relevance and similarity to the query.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Document Retrieval</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Emotion_Analysis -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Emotion_Analysis">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Emotion Analysis is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that deals with the automatic detection and analysis of emotions in natural language texts, such as joy, anger, fear, and sadness.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Emotion Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Emotion Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Emotion Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Emotion Recognition</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Emotion Analysis</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Ethical_NLP -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Ethical_NLP">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Responsible_&_Trustworthy_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Ethical NLP is a subfield of Responsible NLP that deals with the ethical and social implications of developing and using natural language processing technologies. It involves developing algorithms and models that can handle issues such as fairness, bias, privacy, and transparency, and designing systems that promote ethical and responsible use of the technology.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NLP for Social Good</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Ethical NLP</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Event_Extraction -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Event_Extraction">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Event Extraction is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining that deals with identifying, extracting, and classifying events, such as accidents, elections, and natural disasters, from natural language text.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Event Extraction</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Indexing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Indexing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Indexing is a subfield of Information Retrieval that deals with creating and maintaining indexes of textual data. The index provides a way to quickly locate and retrieve relevant documents or passages that contain a particular term or keyword.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Indexing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Document_Retrieval"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Indexing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Passage_Retrieval"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Search"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Classification"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Information Retrieval is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that focuses on the automatic retrieval of relevant information from large collections of unstructured textual data. It involves developing techniques and algorithms to search, retrieve, and present information in response to user queries. Information Retrieval is concerned with understanding the meaning of the user's query and matching it with relevant information in the collection, taking into account factors such as word meaning, word similarity, and relevance.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">IR</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Information Retrieval</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Intent_Recognition -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Intent_Recognition">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Intent Recognition is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that deals with the automatic identification and classification of the intentions or goals associated with natural language texts or utterances.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Intent Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Intent Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Intent Identification</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Intent Recognition</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Graph_Reasoning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Graph_Reasoning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Knowledge Graph Reasoning is a subfield of Reasoning that deals with inferring new knowledge from existing entities, relationships, and concepts in knowledge graphs.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">KG Reasoning</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Knowledge Graph Reasoning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Representation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Representation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Knowledge Representation is a subfield of Semantic Text Processing that deals with the representation, organization, and management of knowledge and information in a form that can be processed and used by computers in conjunction with natural language texts. It involves developing formal languages and frameworks, such as ontologies, semantic networks, and knowledge graphs, that can capture and represent the semantics, structure, and relations of concepts and entities in a domain-specific or general knowledge base.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Knowledge Representation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Language_Models -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Language_Models">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Language Models are a subfield of Semantic Text Processing that deal with the probabilistic modeling and generation of natural language, based on a learned probability function of sequences of words. Language models generate probabilities by training on corpora of natural language texts and can be fine-tuned for a variety of different downstream tasks.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">LM</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">LMs</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Language Models</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistic_Theories -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistic_Theories">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistics_&_Cognitive_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Linguistic Theories is a subfield of Linguistics & Cognitive Natural Language Processing that explores the nature of language and attempts to answer fundamental questions about what language is or what is the common basis of all languages. Additionally, the goal is also to provide a general theoretical framework that describes, explains, and predicts how language is used and processed.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Linguistic Theories</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Low-Resource_NLP -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Low-Resource_NLP">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Responsible_&_Trustworthy_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Low-Resource NLP is a subfield of Responsible NLP which is concerned with the development of algorithms and models that work in resource-constrained environments, such as data scarcity and low-resource languages.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Low-Resource NLP</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Reading_Comprehension -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Reading_Comprehension">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Machine Reading Comprehension is a subfield of Reasoning that deals with the task of automatically reading and understanding a piece of text and answering questions about it, as a human would. It involves developing algorithms and models that can handle the complexity and ambiguity of natural language, and reason about the implicit and explicit information in the text to infer the correct answer.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">MRC</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Machine Comprehension</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Reading Comprehension</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Machine Reading Comprehension</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Translation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Translation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Machine Translation is a subfield of Multilinguality and Text Generation that deals with developing algorithms and models for automatically translating text or speech from one language to another. It involves analyzing the input text or speech, generating a representation of its meaning in the source language, and then producing a new text or speech in the target language that conveys the same meaning.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">MT</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Machine Translation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Morphology -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Morphology">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Morphology is a subfield of Syntactic Text Processing that deals with studying the structure and formation of word as well as their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Morphological Analysis</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Morphology</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Code-Switching"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Cross-Lingual_Transfer"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Translation"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Typology"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Multilinguality is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that refers to the ability of machines to understand, process, and generate natural language text in multiple languages. Multilinguality is concerned with addressing the challenges that arise due to the linguistic and structural variations that exist across different languages. This includes variations in word order, syntax, grammar, or vocabulary.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Multilinguality</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multimodality -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multimodality">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Programming_Languages_In_NLP"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Structured_Data_In_NLP"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Visual_Data_In_NLP"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Speech_&_Audio_In_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Multimodality is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that refers to the capability of a system or method to process input of different types or “modalities”, such as natural language text, speech, audio, images, video, and programming languages in NLP applications. It involves developing algorithms and models that can process and analyze information from multiple modalities, and integrate them to form a unified representation of the input.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Cross-Modality</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Multi-Modality</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Multimodality</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Named_Entity_Recognition -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Named_Entity_Recognition">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Relation_Extraction"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Named Entity Recognition is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining that deals with identifying, extracting and classifying named entities, such as people, organizations, and locations, in unstructured natural language texts.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Chunking</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Extraction</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Type Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Type Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Type Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Entity Typing</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NER</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Named Entity Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Named Entity Recognition</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Interfaces -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Interfaces">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Question_Answering"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Dialogue_Systems_&_Conversational_Agents"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Natural Language Interfaces is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that deals with the development of interfaces that enable humans to interact with computers using natural language. It involves developing algorithms and models that can understand and interpret human language and generate appropriate responses.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Natural Language Interfaces</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multilinguality"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multimodality"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Interfaces"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistics_&_Cognitive_NLP"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Responsible_&_Trustworthy_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">0</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Natural language processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. The goal is a computer capable of 'understanding' the contents of documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them. The technology can then accurately extract information and insights contained in the documents as well as categorize and organize the documents themselves.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NLP</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NLProc</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Natural Language Processing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Numerical_Reasoning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Numerical_Reasoning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Numerical Reasoning is a subfield of Reasoning that is concerned with understanding and processing numerical data. It involves performing arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, sorting, and counting.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Mathematical Reasoning</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Numeracy</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Numerical Reasoning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Open_Information_Extraction -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Open_Information_Extraction">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Open Information Extraction is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining that deals with the extraction of structured factual information from natural language text, usually in the form of triples or n-ary propositions, without relying on predefined schemas or templates.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">OIE</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Open Information Extraction</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Opinion_Mining -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Opinion_Mining">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Opinion Mining is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that deals with the automatic extraction and analysis of opinions, attitudes, and positions regarding a particular topic expressed in natural language texts.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Opinion Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Opinion Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Opinion Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Opinion Prediction</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Opinion Mining</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Paraphrasing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Paraphrasing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Paraphrasing is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of natural language text that expresses the same semantic meaning as a given input text, but using different words or syntactic structures. The goal of paraphrasing is to retain the original meaning while avoiding plagiarism, simplifying complex sentences, or adapting the language to a different audience.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Paraphrase Generation</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Paraphrasing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Passage_Retrieval -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Passage_Retrieval">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Passage Retrieval is a subfield of Information Retrieval that deals with retrieving relevant passages or snippets of text from a larger document or corpus in response to a user query. It involves developing algorithms and models that can identify and extract the most relevant and informative passages, and rank them based on their relevance and similarity to the query.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Passage Retrieval</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonetics -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonetics">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Phonetics is a subfield of Syntactic Text Processing that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Phonetics</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonology -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonology">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Phonology is a subfield of Syntactic Text Processing that studies the sound of languages or dialects and the patterns and rules that govern the use and combination of sounds to form meaningful units. It involves the analysis of phonemes, prosody, and intonation of speech, and the development of models and theories that can explain and predict the behavior and variability of sounds in different contexts.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Phonology</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Polarity_Analysis -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Polarity_Analysis">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Polarity Analysis is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that deals with automatically detecting and classifying the polarity or valence of a given natural language text, such as positive, negative, or neutral.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Sentiment Polarity Analysis</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Polarity Analysis</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Programming_Languages_In_NLP -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Programming_Languages_In_NLP">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multimodality"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Programming Languages in NLP is a subfield of Multimodality that deals with the processing of programming languages and code in conjunction with natural language texts.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Programming Languages in NLP</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Psycholinguistics -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Psycholinguistics">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Linguistics_&_Cognitive_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Psycholinguistics is a subfield of Linguistics & Cognitive NLP that studies the psychological and neural processes which enable humans to understand and use language.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Psycholinguistics</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Question_Answering -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Question_Answering">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Interfaces"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Question Answering is a subfield of Natural Language Interfaces that deals with the development of computer systems that can answer questions posed by humans in natural language. It involves the development of algorithms and models that can understand and interpret the meaning and intent of a question, retrieve relevant information from a knowledge base or document corpus, and generate a concise and accurate answer.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Language Based QA</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">NLQA</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">QA</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question Answering</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Question_Generation -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Question_Generation">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Question Generation is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of valid and fluent natural language questions based on given passages and target answers.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Question Generation</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Reasoning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Argument_Mining"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Commonsense_Reasoning"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Graph_Reasoning"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Machine_Reading_Comprehension"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Numerical_Reasoning"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Textual_Inference"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Fact_&_Claim_Verification"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Reasoning is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that enables machines to draw logical conclusions and derive new knowledge from natural language texts based on the information available to them, using techniques such as deduction and induction.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Reasoning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Relation_Extraction -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Relation_Extraction">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Relation Extraction is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining that deals with identifying and extracting semantic relationships between entities mentioned in text. It involves identifying the relevant entities and the type of relationship that exists between them.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">RE</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Relation Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Relation Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Relation Recognition</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Relation Extraction</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Representation_Learning -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Representation_Learning">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Representation Learning is a subfield of Semantic Text Processing that deals with the automatic learning and extraction of useful and compact representations of textual data, such as words, sentences, and documents, that can capture their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic properties. It involves the development of algorithms and models that can transform natural language text into low-dimensional, dense, and informative vectors or embeddings that can be used in downstream tasks.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Representation Learning</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Robustness_In_NLP -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Robustness_In_NLP">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Responsible_&_Trustworthy_NLP"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Robustness in NLP is a subfield of Responsible NLP that deals with developing algorithms and models that are insensitive to biases, resistant to data perturbations, and reliable for out-of-distribution predictions. Robust models can operate reliably and accurately even in the presence of biased, noisy or adversarial input, such as misspellings, grammatical errors, or intentional attacks.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Robustness in NLP</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Parsing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Parsing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Semantic Parsing is a subfield of Semantic Text Processing that deals with the problem of mapping the meaning of natural language expressions into formal representations, such as logical forms, knowledge graphs, or database queries. It involves developing algorithms and models that can parse and understand the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of a sentence and generate a structured representation of its meaning.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Semantic Parsing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Search -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Search">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Retrieval"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Semantic Search is a subfield of Semantic Text Processing and Information Retrieval that deals with the retrieval and ranking of information and documents based on their meaning and relevance to a user's query, rather than just matching keywords or phrases. It involves developing algorithms and models that can understand and analyze the semantic and pragmatic aspects of a query and a document, such as context, ambiguity, and intent, and generate a ranked list of relevant and diverse results.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Semantic Search</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Similarity -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Similarity">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Semantic Similarity is a subfield of Semantic Text Processing that deals with the quantification and comparison of the semantic similarity or relatedness between two or more pieces of text, such as words, sentences, phrases, or documents. It includes metrics that estimate the distance or semantic relatedness of texts based on their meanings.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Distributional Similarity</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">STS</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Semantic Relatedness</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Semantic Textual Similarity</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Semantic Similarity</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Text_Processing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Knowledge_Representation"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Language_Models"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Representation_Learning"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Parsing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Search"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Semantic_Similarity"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Complexity"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Word_Sense_Disambiguation"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Discourse_&_Pragmatics"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Semantic Text Processing is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that attempts to derive meaning from natural language and helps machines interpret textual data semantically. It involves developing algorithms and models that can understand and represent the semantics of words and sentences, and the relationships between them.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Semantic Text Processing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Aspect-based_Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Emotion_Analysis"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Intent_Recognition"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Opinion_Mining"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Polarity_Analysis"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Stylistic_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">1</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Sentiment Analysis is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that deals with the identification, extraction and quantification of affective states and subjective information from textual data.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Sentiment Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Sentiment Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Sentiment Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Subjectivity Analysis</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Subjectivity Classification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Subjectivity Detection</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Subjectivity Identification</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Sentiment Analysis</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Speech_Recognition -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Speech_Recognition">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Computer Speech Recognition</dcterms:description>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">STT</dcterms:description>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Speech Recognition is a subfield of Text Generation that deals with the automatic recognition, translation and transcription of spoken language into text. It involves analyzing and processing audio input from speech signals and converting them into written text.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">ASR</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Automatic Speech Recognition</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Computer Speech Recognition</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Speech-to-Text</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Speech Recognition</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Structured_Data_In_NLP -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Structured_Data_In_NLP">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Multimodality"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Structured Data in NLP is a subfield of Multimodality that deals with the processing of structured data such as tables or graphs in conjunction with textual data. It involves the development of algorithms and models that can extract, represent, and use structured data in natural language form.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Structured Data in NLP</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Stylistic_Analysis -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Stylistic_Analysis">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Sentiment_Analysis"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Stylistic Analysis is a subfield of Sentiment Analysis that deals with automatically analyzing the stylistic features and patterns in a given text, such as tone, mood, and writing style to extract the meaning or message contained in texts.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Stylistic Analysis</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Summarization -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Summarization">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Generation"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Information_Extraction_&_Text_Mining"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Text Summarization is a subfield of Information Extraction & Text Mining and Text Generation that deals with the automatic generation of a concise and coherent summary of a longer text. It involves developing algorithms and models that can identify the most important information in a text and generate a summary that captures the essence of the original text.</dcterms:description>
<oboInOwl:hasSynonym xml:lang="en">Summarisation</oboInOwl:hasSynonym>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Summarization</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Parsing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Parsing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing"/>
<level rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">2</level>
<dcterms:description xml:lang="en">Syntactic Parsing is a subfield of Syntactic Text Processing that deals with automatically analyzing the syntactic structure of a sentence or text, and representing it in a formal or graphical form, such as a parse tree or dependency graph. It involves developing algorithms and models that can identify and classify the syntactic constituents, such as noun phrases and verb phrases, and their relationships in a sentence, and generate a structured representation of the sentence.</dcterms:description>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Syntactic Parsing</rdfs:label>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Text_Processing">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#FieldOfStudy"/>
<subFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Natural_Language_Processing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Chunking"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Morphology"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonetics"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Phonology"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Syntactic_Parsing"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Tagging"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Error_Correction"/>
<superFieldOf rdf:resource="http://nlpkg.sebis.cit.tum.de/nlp-taxonomy.owl#Text_Normalization"/>