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EcoArchives_Jennings-and-Cogan.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<eml:eml
xmlns:eml="eml://ecoinformatics.org/eml-2.2.0"
xmlns:stmml="http://www.xml-cml.org/schema/stmml-1.1"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="eml://ecoinformatics.org/eml-2.2.0 /Users/datateam/Desktop/eml.xsd"
packageId="urn:uuid:0000ffff-9999-44aa-8888-888881111eee" system="https://knb.ecoinformatics.org">
<dataset>
<title>Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope variation in northeast Atlantic fishes and squids.</title>
<creator>
<individualName>
<givenName>Simon</givenName>
<surName>Jennings</surName>
</individualName>
<organizationName>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT United Kingdom</organizationName>
<electronicMailAddress>[email protected]</electronicMailAddress>
</creator>
<creator>
<individualName>
<givenName>Stephanie M.</givenName>
<surName>Cogan</surName>
</individualName>
<organizationName>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT United Kingdom</organizationName>
</creator>
<pubDate>2015-09-01</pubDate>
<abstract>
<markdown>
Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope data are frequently used to describe the origins and transformations of organic matter. Nitrogen stable isotopes ($\delta^{15}$N) in tissue are used to estimate species’ trophic levels, the extent of omnivory, food chain length, and community-wide relationships between body size and trophic level; the latter leading to estimates of predator–prey mass ratios for parameterization, calibration, and validation of food web models. Carbon stable isotopes ($\delta^{13}$C) are used to identify pathways linking producers and consumers and for studies of migration and movement. Collectively, $\delta^{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C, often with other stable isotopes such as $\delta^{34}S$, may be used to define the contribution of different producers and pathways to consumer production, to assess the trophic impacts of invasive species and habitat modification, and to predict past habitat use, movements, and migrations. Stable isotope data often complement dietary data (e.g., from stomach contents) in food web studies, because stable isotope composition is indicative of assimilated diet over months to years, depending on species, size, environment, and tissue type. There are relatively few large-scale compilations of $\delta^{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C data for marine species from offshore habitats, but such data facilitate comparative analysis and research into food web structure and function. The data provided comprise 5535 records for individuals of 62 species of fish and squid weighing 0.3 g to 17920 g and sampled from the northeast Atlantic shelf seas (Celtic Sea, North Sea, Irish Sea, Channel) from 2002 to 2010. For every sampled individual the record lists: species name, date of sampling, position of sampling, body mass, percentage nitrogen in muscle tissue, percentage carbon in muscle tissue, and $\delta^{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C natural abundance in muscle tissue. Awareness of, and access to, these data should catalyze and facilitate new research with stable isotopes, to improve understanding of marine biology, food web ecology, and human impacts on the environment.
</markdown>
</abstract>
<keywordSet>
<keyword>body size</keyword>
<keyword>cephalopod</keyword>
<keyword>consumer</keyword>
<keyword>elasmobranch</keyword>
<keyword>food chain</keyword>
<keyword>food web</keyword>
<keyword>marine</keyword>
<keyword>producer</keyword>
<keyword>teleost</keyword>
<keyword>trophic position</keyword>
<keyword>stable isotopes</keyword>
<keywordThesaurus>None</keywordThesaurus>
</keywordSet>
<licensed>
<licenseName>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</licenseName>
<url>https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html</url>
<identifier>CC-BY-4.0</identifier>
</licensed>
<coverage>
<geographicCoverage>
<geographicDescription>Northern North Sea</geographicDescription>
<boundingCoordinates>
<westBoundingCoordinate>-1</westBoundingCoordinate>
<eastBoundingCoordinate>4</eastBoundingCoordinate>
<northBoundingCoordinate>61.5</northBoundingCoordinate>
<southBoundingCoordinate>57.5</southBoundingCoordinate>
</boundingCoordinates>
</geographicCoverage>
<temporalCoverage>
<rangeOfDates>
<beginDate>
<calendarDate>2002</calendarDate>
</beginDate>
<endDate>
<calendarDate>2006</calendarDate>
</endDate>
</rangeOfDates>
</temporalCoverage>
</coverage>
<purpose>
<markdown>
The objective of the project is to improve knowledge of marine food webs; to support development of models of human and environmental impacts. The dataset includes 5535 records of $\delta{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C natural abundance for individual marine fishes and squids from the Celtic Sea, Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea in the northeast Atlantic. Data were collected from 2002 to 2010. Individuals from each species in each region were sampled to span the range of body sizes present. For species with juvenile stages living offshore the sampling included juveniles. For species with juvenile stages using estuaries and coastal habitats it did not. The range of species and body sizes included in the dataset and the associated $\delta{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C estimates for muscle tissue are summarized in Figs. 1 and 2.
</markdown>
</purpose>
<acknowledgements>
We thank the U.K. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs for their longstanding support of this research; the many scientists who assisted with at sea sampling, especially Richard Ayers, Mary Brown, Jim Ellis, Freya Goodsir, Sophie McCully and Brian Harley; Peter Davison, Roger Hillier and Jon Santillo for processing samples and Iso-Analytical for conducting the stable isotope analyses. We thank two anonymous referees for their thorough reviews of this data paper.
</acknowledgements>
<contact>
<individualName>
<givenName>Simon</givenName>
<surName>Jennings</surName>
</individualName>
<organizationName>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT United Kingdom</organizationName>
<electronicMailAddress>[email protected]</electronicMailAddress>
</contact>
<methods>
<methodStep>
<description>
<section>
<title>Data acquisition</title>
<markdown>
In the northern North Sea fishes were caught at 21 stations in an area from 57.5° N - 61.5° N and 1° W - 4° E The stations were fished every year from 2002 to 2006 with a Grande Ouverture Verticale (GOV) bottom fished otter trawl net fitted with a 20-mm cod-end liner and towed for approximately 30 minutes at approximately 4 knots. The area was sampled in August and/ or September during the North Sea English Bottom Trawl Survey (2002: 25 Aug to 4 Sept; 2003: 22 Aug to 2 Sept; 2004: 22 Aug to 30 Aug; 2005: 16 Sept to 22 Sept; 2006: 25 Aug to 8 Sept). In the data set, all fishing positions are assigned to the latitude and longitude at the center of the sampled area and to the midpoint date of the sampling period in each year.
For each of 15 fish species shown to have the highest rank biomass in North Sea English Bottom Trawl Survey data from the sampling area in 2000 and 2001, the sampling aim for each of the years 2002 to 2006 was to collect up to 4 individuals from each of 10–13 length classes spanning the range of total body lengths caught in 2000 and 2001. Length class intervals ranged from 1 cm for the smallest species to 7 cm for the largest. The total weight of each individual assigned to a length class was recorded to the nearest 0.1 g wet mass (after “blotting” to remove surface water), or to 1g for larger fishes (typically >1 kg). One to five cm3 of white muscle tissue was dissected from the dorsal musculature of each individual and immediately frozen to < –20°C and stored frozen until the next step of processing (freeze drying), a procedure that has no effect on the nitrogen stable isotope composition of fish tissue [@Sweeting_et_al_2004].
In areas other than the northern North Sea (south and central North Sea, Channel, Irish Sea, and Celtic Sea) fishes and squids were caught with GOV otter trawl or 4-m beam trawl in 2010. The GOV and 4 m beam trawls were towed for approximately 30 minutes at a speed of approximately 4 knots. For these data, all positions were assigned to the latitude and longitude where the net was shot.
The sampling aim for 2010 was to catch up to six individuals from each of 7 to 12 length classes spanning body length ranges of fishes and squid recorded in previous surveys in each sea area (south and central North Sea, Channel (stratified by 4 sub-areas), Irish Sea (3 sub-areas) and Celtic Sea (2 subareas)). Classes ranged from 2 cm for the smallest species to 10 cm for the largest. The total weight of each individual assigned to a length class was recorded to the nearest 0.1 g wet blotted weight for smaller fishes, or to 1g for most fishes >1 kg. Up to two cm$^3$ of white muscle tissue was dissected from the dorsal musculature of each individual fish, or from the mantle for each individual squid, and immediately frozen and then stored at –20°C until it could be freeze-dried.
In the laboratory, frozen fish and squid tissue was freeze dried to constant mass and ground with pestle and mortar to fine homogeneous powder. All equipment was cleaned after processing each individual sample and the powdered material was transferred to a new glass vial. The nitrogen and carbon stable isotopic composition of the powdered samples was determined using a Europa Scientific 20-20 IRMS with a Europa Scientific Roboprep-CN preparation module by Iso-Analytical Ltd (Crewe, UK). Two reference samples were analysed after every four to six samples of fish tissue. The reference materials used during analysis of all samples were Iso-Analytical Standards IA-R014 (powdered bovine liver), IA-R005 (beet sugar) and IA-R045 and IA-R046 (ammonium sulphate) (see B. Quality assurance/ quality control procedures). Twenty percent of fish and squid samples were processed in duplicate for quality control. The $^{15}$N and $^{13}$C composition of tissue samples was expressed in conventional delta notation ($\delta^{15}$N and $\delta^{13}$C), relative to the abundance of $^{15}$N in atmospheric N$_2$ and $^{13}$C in Pee Dee Belemnite. Experimental precision, measured as the standard deviation in $\delta^{15}$N or $\delta^{13}$C for replicates of reference material, was < 0.1‰ for both isotopes in all batches of samples. Within batches of samples, the standard deviation of the distribution of differences in $\delta^{15}$N or $\delta^{13}$C between the two samples in each duplicated pair tended to be slightly higher than the standard deviation of $\delta^{15}$N or $\delta^{13}$C for replicates of reference material (< 0.25‰ for either isotope in any batch), but the 95th percentile of the overall distribution of absolute differences in $\delta^{15}$N or $\delta^{13}$C between the two samples in each duplicated pair (i.e., for all 1107 samples processed in duplicate) was 0.17‰ for $\delta^{15}$N and 0.21 for $\delta^{13}$C.
$^{13}$C analysis was conducted without lipid extraction. Previous work has shown that $\delta^{13}$C data for fish can be corrected for differences lipid content using C:N ratio data [@Fry_et_al_2003] and that the results are consistent with those obtained for fish tissue following chemical lipid extraction [@Sweeting_et_al_2006]. The $\delta^{13}$C data included in the published data set are not corrected for differences in lipid content, but the percentage C and N data that are included can be used to make the correction if required. @Logan_et_al_2008 provide further information on methods of lipid correction and their performance.
</markdown>
</section>
</description>
</methodStep>
<methodStep>
<description>
<section>
<title>Quality assurance/quality control procedures</title>
<markdown>
All documentation, tracking of samples and entry of data was independently reviewed by at least one other scientist and all projects supporting the collection and processing of samples followed the Joint Code of Practice for Research (JCoPR) of the U.K. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the U.K. Research Councils. Independent review involved line by line checking of the reference code used to track the sample from capture through processing and isotope analysis against (1) the record of species identity, size and capture location from the cruise, (2) the record of labelling and processing and (3) the record that included the results of the stable isotope data. The standards used by Iso-Analytical are calibrated against and traceable to inter-laboratory comparison standards distributed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). IA-R042 (which comprises a mixture of IA-R005 and IA-R045) is calibrated against and traceable to IAEA-CH-6 and IAEA-N-1. IA-R005 is calibrated against and traceable to IAEA-CH-6. IA-R045 and IA-R046 are calibrated against and traceable to IAEA-N-1.
</markdown>
</section>
</description>
</methodStep>
<methodStep>
<description>
<section>
<title>Archiving</title>
<markdown>
The data file and the results of individual analyses with associated Quality Assurance and Quality Control data are stored on the network at the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom.
</markdown>
</section>
</description>
</methodStep>
</methods>
<project>
<title>Marine food webs</title>
<personnel>
<individualName>
<givenName>Simon</givenName>
<surName>Jennings</surName>
</individualName>
<organizationName>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK</organizationName>
<role>Originator</role>
</personnel>
<award>
<funderName>U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</funderName>
<funderIdentifier>https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000277</funderIdentifier>
<awardNumber>MF0731</awardNumber>
<title>Development and testing of ecological indicators and models to monitor and predict the ecosystem effects of fishing</title>
</award>
<award>
<funderName>U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</funderName>
<funderIdentifier>https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000277</funderIdentifier>
<awardNumber>MF1001</awardNumber>
<title>Ecosystem approach to fisheries</title>
</award>
<award>
<funderName>U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</funderName>
<funderIdentifier>https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000277</funderIdentifier>
<awardNumber>MF1225</awardNumber>
<title>Developing the evidence base to support the integration of fisheries and environmental management</title>
</award>
</project>
<dataTable>
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</physical>
<attributeList>
<attribute>
<attributeName>record</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Record number</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<nominal>
<nonNumericDomain>
<textDomain>
<definition>Record number</definition>
</textDomain>
</nonNumericDomain>
</nominal>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>species</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Latin binomial species name (see Table 2 for list of species and taxonomic classification)</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<nominal>
<nonNumericDomain>
<textDomain>
<definition>Latin binomial species name</definition>
</textDomain>
</nonNumericDomain>
</nominal>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>year</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Year of sampling</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<dateTime>
<formatString>YYYY</formatString>
</dateTime>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>DOY</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Day of year of sampling (from 1 January = DOY 1) in year of sampling</attributeDefinition>
<<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>nominalDay</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>whole</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>latitude</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Latitude at sampling position (N)</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>longitude</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Longitude at sampling position (E, positive values; W, negative values)</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>sea</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Sea area that includes sampling position</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<nominal>
<nonNumericDomain>
<textDomain>
<definition>Sea area that includes sampling position</definition>
</textDomain>
</nonNumericDomain>
</nominal>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>mass</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Total wet mass of sampled individual</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>g</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>Nperc</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Percentage nitrogen by mass in dried muscle tissue</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>Cperc</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Percentage carbon by mass in dried muscle tissue</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>d15N</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Nitrogen stable isotope content of muscle tissue as $\delta^{15}$N</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
<attribute>
<attributeName>d13C</attributeName>
<attributeDefinition>Carbon stable isotope content of muscle tissue as $\delta^{13}$C</attributeDefinition>
<measurementScale>
<ratio>
<unit>
<standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
</unit>
<numericDomain>
<numberType>real</numberType>
</numericDomain>
</ratio>
</measurementScale>
</attribute>
</attributeList>
</dataTable>
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<entityName>Fig1.png</entityName>
<entityDescription>Summary of the ranges of species and body sizes for which δ15N data are available. Data presented are for all sampling years and areas combined. Vertical blue bars indicate mean δ15N by species. Points are ‘jittered’ (i.e., offset) to increase visibility.</entityDescription>
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<entityDescription>Summary of the ranges of species and body sizes for which δ13C data are available. Data presented are for all sampling years and areas combined. Vertical blue bars indicate mean δ13N by species. Points are ‘jittered’ to increase visibility.</entityDescription>
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<referencePublication>
<bibtex>
@article{Jennings_et_al_2008a,
author = {S Jennings and C Barnes and NVC Polunin},
title = {Application of nitrogen stable isotope analysis in size-based marine food web and macroecological research},
journal = {Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry},
volume = {22},
year = {2006},
pages = {1673--1680},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3497}
doi = {10.1002/rcm.3497}
}
@article{Jennings_et_al_2007,
author = {S Jennings and JAA D'Oliveira and KJ Warr},
title = {Measurement of body size and abundance in tests of macroecological and food web theory},
journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
volume = {76},
year = {2007},
pages = {72--82},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01180.x}
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01180.x}
}
@article{Jennings_et_al_2008b,
author = {S Jennings and TD Maxwell and M Schratzberger and SP Milligan},
title = {Body-size dependent temporal variations in nitrogen stable isotope ratios in food webs},
journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
volume = {370},
year = {2008},
pages = {199--206},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/24872671}
}
@article{Jennings_et_al_2008c,
author = {S Jennings and R Van Hal and JG Hiddink and TAD Maxwell},
title = {Fishing effects on energy use by North Sea fishes},
journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
volume = {60},
year = {2008},
pages = {74--88},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2008.02.007}
doi = {10.1016/j.seares.2008.02.007}
}
</bibtex>
</referencePublication>
<literatureCited>
<bibtex>
@article{Fry_et_al_2003,
author = {B Fry and DM Baltz and MC Benfield and JW Fleeger and A Gaceand HL Haas and ZJ Qui{\~n}ones-Rivera},
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@article{Sweeting_et_al_2006,
author = {CJ Sweeting and NVC Polunin and S Jennings},
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</bibtex>
</literatureCited>
</dataset>
</eml:eml>