add semantic search news article (#507)

* add semantic search news article

* update semantic search news

* update semantic search news article

* update article - with a couple questions

* update semantic search news article

* update article - add conclusion

* update article, basically done

* update article, check in w Mor re time question

* update article, with question for Mór

* update article, question for Mór

* update article - passing to Mor for review

* final commit

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Co-authored-by: Arunesh Singh <[email protected]>

Author: robertdhayanturner

docs/articles/semantic_search_news.md

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+# Semantic search in business news - a notebook article
+
+Semantic search is revolutionizing how we discover and consume news articles, offering a more intuitive and efficient method for finding relevant content and curating personalized news feeds. By embedding the nuances and underlying concepts of text documents in vectors, we can retrieve articles that align closely with the user's interests, preferences, and browsing history.
+
+Still, implementing effective semantic search for news articles presents **challenges**, including:
+
+- **Response optimization**: you need to figure out how to weight data attributes in your semantic search algorithms
+- **Scalability and performance**: you need efficient indexing and retrieval mechanisms to handle the vast volume of news articles
+
+Superlinked is designed to handle these challenges, empowering you to **scale efficiently** and - using Superlinked Spaces - **prioritize semantic relevance and/or recency so you can recommend highly relevant news articles to your users *without having to re-embed your dataset*.** 
+
+To illustrate, we'll take you step by step through building a **semantic-search-powered business news recommendation app**, using the following parts of Superlinked's library:
+
+- **[Recency space](https://github.com/superlinked/superlinked/blob/main/notebook/feature/recency_embedding.ipynb)** - to encode the recency of a data point
+- **[TextSimilarity space](https://github.com/superlinked/superlinked/blob/main/notebook/feature/text_embedding.ipynb)** - to encode the semantic meaning of text data
+- **[Query time weights](https://github.com/superlinked/superlinked/blob/main/notebook/feature/query_time_weights.ipynb)** - to prioritize different attributes in your queries, without having to re-embed the whole dataset
+
+Using these spaces to embed our articles' headlines, text, and publication dates, we'll be able to skew our results towards older or more recent news as desired, and also search using specific search terms or a specific news article.
+
+Ready to begin? Let's get started!
+
+Let's take a quick look at our dataset, then use Superlinked to embed the articles smartly and handle our queries.
+
+## Our dataset and embeddings
+
+Our dataset of [news articles](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/rmisra/news-category-dataset) is filtered for news in the 'BUSINESS' category.
+
+We'll embed:
+
+- headlines
+- article text (short descriptions)
+- publication (release) dates
+
+## Setup
+
+First, we **install Superlinked**.
+
+```python
+%pip install superlinked==12.19.1
+```
+
+Now we **import all our dependencies**...
+
+```python
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+
+import os
+import sys
+import altair as alt
+import pandas as pd
+
+from superlinked.evaluation.charts.recency_plotter import RecencyPlotter
+from superlinked.framework.common.dag.context import CONTEXT_COMMON, CONTEXT_COMMON_NOW
+from superlinked.framework.common.dag.period_time import PeriodTime
+from superlinked.framework.common.schema.schema import Schema
+from superlinked.framework.common.schema.schema_object import String, Timestamp
+from superlinked.framework.common.schema.id_schema_object import IdField
+from superlinked.framework.common.parser.dataframe_parser import DataFrameParser
+from superlinked.framework.common.util.interactive_util import get_altair_renderer
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.executor.in_memory.in_memory_executor import (
+    InMemoryExecutor,
+    InMemoryApp,
+)
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.index.index import Index
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.query.param import Param
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.query.query import Query
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.query.result import Result
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.source.in_memory_source import InMemorySource
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.space.text_similarity_space import TextSimilaritySpace
+from superlinked.framework.dsl.space.recency_space import RecencySpace
+
+alt.renderers.enable(get_altair_renderer())
+alt.data_transformers.disable_max_rows()
+pd.set_option("display.max_colwidth", 190)
+```
+
+...and **declare our constants**.
+
+```python
+YEAR_IN_DAYS = 365
+TOP_N = 10
+DATASET_URL = "https://storage.googleapis.com/superlinked-notebook-news-dataset/business_news.json"
+# as the dataset contains articles from 2022 and before, we can set our application's "NOW" to this date
+END_OF_2022_TS = int(datetime(2022, 12, 31, 23, 59).timestamp())
+EXECUTOR_DATA = {CONTEXT_COMMON: {CONTEXT_COMMON_NOW: END_OF_2022_TS}}
+```
+
+## Prepare & explore dataset
+
+Let's read our data...
+
+```python
+NROWS = int(os.getenv("NOTEBOOK_TEST_ROW_LIMIT", str(sys.maxsize)))
+business_news = pd.read_json(DATASET_URL, convert_dates=True).head(NROWS)
+```
+
+...then turn the current index into a column ("id"), and convert the date column timestamp into UTC.
+
+```python
+# we are going to need an id column
+business_news = business_news.reset_index().rename(columns={"index": "id"})
+# convert the date timestamp into utc timezone
+business_news["date"] = [
+    int(date.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp()) for date in business_news.date
+]
+```
+
+Let's take a sneak peak.
+
+```python
+num_rows = business_news.shape[0]
+print(f"Our dataset contains {num_rows} articles.")
+business_news.head()
+```
+
+Our dataset has 5992 articles. Here are the first 5.
+
+![sneak peak into data](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/sneak_peek.png)
+
+### Understand release date distribution
+
+So that we can set some recency time periods, we'll take a closer look at how our articles distribute over time.
+
+```python
+# some quick transformations and an altair histogram
+years_to_plot: pd.DataFrame = pd.DataFrame(
+    {
+        "year_of_publication": [
+            int(datetime.fromtimestamp(ts).year) for ts in business_news["date"]
+        ]
+    }
+)
+alt.Chart(years_to_plot).mark_bar().encode(
+    alt.X("year_of_publication:N", bin=True, title="Year of publication"),
+    y=alt.Y("count()", title="Count of articles"),
+).properties(width=400, height=400)
+```
+
+![count of articles by year of publication](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/count_article-by-year_publication.png)
+
+Because our oldest article was published in 2012 and we want to be able to query all our dataset articles, we should set our longer time period  inclusively to around 11 years.
+
+The vast majority of our articles are distributed from 2012 through 2017, so it makes sense to differentiate that period by creating another more recent 4-year period (2018-2022) when the article count is much lower.
+
+We can make sure our retrieval appropriately represents the small differences between articles in our publication-dense period (2012-2017) articles by giving them additional weight. This way, differences in our publication-scarce period (2018-2022), which will be larger than in the dense period, aren't overrepresented.
+
+Now let's set up Superlinked so we can efficiently optimize our retrieval.
+
+## Set up Superlinked
+
+First, we'll define a schema for our news articles.
+
+```python
+# set up schema to accommodate our inputs
+class NewsSchema(Schema):
+    description: String
+    headline: String
+    release_timestamp: Timestamp
+    id: IdField
+```
+
+```python
+news = NewsSchema()
+```
+
+Next, to embed the characteristics of our text, we use a sentence-transformers model to create a `description_space` for news article descriptions and a `headline_space` for our headlines, and, finally, we encode each article's release date using a `recency_space`.
+
+```python
+# textual characteristics are embedded using a sentence-transformers model
+description_space = TextSimilaritySpace(
+    text=news.description, model="sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2"
+)
+headline_space = TextSimilaritySpace(
+    text=news.headline, model="sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2"
+)
+# release date is encoded using our recency embedding algorithm
+recency_space = RecencySpace(
+    timestamp=news.release_timestamp,
+    period_time_list=[
+        PeriodTime(timedelta(days=4 * YEAR_IN_DAYS), weight=1),
+        PeriodTime(timedelta(days=11 * YEAR_IN_DAYS), weight=2),
+    ],
+    negative_filter=0.0,
+)
+```
+
+To query our data, we'll need to create an index of our spaces...
+
+```python
+news_index = Index(spaces=[description_space, headline_space, recency_space])
+```
+
+...and set up a **simple query** and a **news query**.
+
+**Simple query** lets us use a search term to retrieve from both the headline and the description. Simple query also gives us the option to weight certain inputs' importance.
+
+```python
+simple_query = (
+    Query(
+        news_index,
+        weights={
+            description_space: Param("description_weight"),
+            headline_space: Param("headline_weight"),
+            recency_space: Param("recency_weight"),
+        },
+    )
+    .find(news)
+    .similar(description_space.text, Param("query_text"))
+    .similar(headline_space.text, Param("query_text"))
+    .limit(Param("limit"))
+)
+```
+
+**News query** will search our database using the vector for a specific news article. News query, like simple query, can be weighted.
+
+```python
+news_query = (
+    Query(
+        news_index,
+        weights={
+            description_space: Param("description_weight"),
+            headline_space: Param("headline_weight"),
+            recency_space: Param("recency_weight"),
+        },
+    )
+    .find(news)
+    .with_vector(news, Param("news_id"))
+    .limit(Param("limit"))
+)
+```
+
+Next we parse our dataframe,...
+
+```python
+dataframe_parser = DataFrameParser(
+    schema=news,
+    mapping={news.release_timestamp: "date", news.description: "short_description"},
+)
+```
+
+...create an InMemorySource object to accept the data (which is stored in an InMemoryVectorDatabase), and set up our executor (with our article dataset and index) so that it takes account of context data. The executor creates vectors based on the index's grouping of Spaces.
+
+```python
+source: InMemorySource = InMemorySource(news, parser=dataframe_parser)
+executor: InMemoryExecutor = InMemoryExecutor(
+    sources=[source], indices=[news_index], context_data=EXECUTOR_DATA
+)
+app: InMemoryApp = executor.run()
+```
+
+It's time to **input our business news data**.
+
+```python
+source.put([business_news])
+
+```
+
+### Understanding recency
+
+With our business news finished inputting, let's plot our recency scores.
+
+```python
+recency_plotter = RecencyPlotter(recency_space, context_data=EXECUTOR_DATA)
+recency_plotter.plot_recency_curve()
+```
+
+![recency scores for our time periods](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/recency_scores.png)
+
+## Queries
+
+To see our query results when we run them, we'll set up a helper to present them in a notebook.
+
+```python
+def present_result(
+    result_to_present: Result,
+    cols_to_keep: list[str] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    if cols_to_keep is None:
+        cols_to_keep = [
+            "description",
+            "headline",
+            "release_date",
+            "id",
+            "similarity_score",
+        ]
+    # parse result to dataframe
+    df: pd.DataFrame = result_to_present.to_pandas()
+    # transform timestamp back to release year
+    df["release_date"] = [
+        datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=timezone.utc).date()
+        for timestamp in df["release_timestamp"]
+    ]
+    return df[cols_to_keep]
+```
+
+Now, say we wanted to read articles about Microsoft acquiring LinkedIn - one of the biggest acquisitions of the last decade. We input our query text as follows, weighting headline and description at 1. Recency weight doesn't matter yet so we'll set it to 0.
+
+```python
+result = app.query(
+    simple_query,
+    query_text="Microsoft acquires LinkedIn",
+    description_weight=1,
+    headline_weight=1,
+    recency_weight=0,
+    limit=TOP_N,
+)
+
+present_result(result)
+```
+
+Let's take a look at our results.
+
+![microsoft acquires linkedin](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/microsoft_acquires_linkedin.png)
+
+The first result is about the deal. Other results are related to some aspect of the query. Let's try upweighting recency to see we can surface other, more recent, big acquisitions.
+
+```python
+result = app.query(
+    simple_query,
+    query_text="Microsoft acquires LinkedIn",
+    description_weight=1,
+    headline_weight=1,
+    recency_weight=1,
+    limit=TOP_N,
+)
+
+present_result(result)
+```
+
+![microsoft linkedin recency upweighted](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/microsoft_linkedin_recency_upweighted.png)
+
+With recency upweighted, our second result is an article about the much more recent Elon Musk Twitter offer.
+
+Now let's take this article and perform a search with its `news_id`, resetting recency to 0.
+
+```python
+result = app.query(
+    news_query,
+    description_weight=1,
+    headline_weight=1,
+    recency_weight=0,
+    news_id="849",
+    limit=TOP_N,
+)
+
+present_result(result)
+```
+
+![musk acquires twitter](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/musk_twitter.png)
+
+Because our dataset is significantly biased towards older articles, and recency is set to 0, our query retrieves articles highly relevant to the content of our search article - focused on either Elon Musk or Twitter.
+
+To get more recent articles into the mix, we can start biasing toward recency, navigating the tradeoff between recency and text similarity.
+
+```python
+result = app.query(
+    news_query,
+    description_weight=1,
+    headline_weight=1,
+    recency_weight=1,
+    news_id="849",
+    limit=TOP_N,
+)
+
+present_result(result)
+```
+
+![musk twitter recency](../assets/use_cases/semantic_search_news/musk_twitter_recency.png)
+
+## In sum
+
+Whatever your semantic search use case, Superlinked Spaces enables you up to optimize your vector retrieval with a high degree of control, without incurring the time and resource costs of re-embedding your dataset. By embedding smartly (attribute by attribute) with our Recency and TextSimilarity spaces, you can prioritize or deprioritize different attributes as needed at query time.
+
+Now it's your turn! Try your own simple_query and news_query in the [notebook](https://github.com/superlinked/superlinked/blob/main/notebook/semantic_search_news.ipynb). Alter the `description_weight`, `headline_weight`, and `recency_weight` on your own `query_text` and `news_id` and observe the changes in your results!