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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<link rel="canonical" href="http://knexjs.org" />
<link rel="icon" href="docs/images/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="docs/assets/style.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="docs/assets/highlight.min.css" />
<title>Knex.js - A SQL Query Builder for Javascript</title>
<!--
._____. ______
| | / /
| | / /
| | _____ ._____ ._____. ,_____________. ______ / /
| | / / | \ | | / \ \ \ / /
| | / / | \ | | / \ \ \ / /
| | / / | \ | | / ,______. \ \ \ / /
| | / / | \ | | / / \ \ \ \/ /
| |/ \ | \ | | | | ____\ | \ /
| |\ \ | \| | | | / | \ \
| | \ \ | |\ | | | /__________| / \
| | \ \ | | \ | \ \ / /\ \
| | \ \ | | \ | \ \__________/\ / / \ \
| | \ \ | | \ | \ \ / / \ \
|_____| \_____\ |_____| \______| \_______________/ /_____/ \_____\
-->
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar" class="interface">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Knex.js <span class="version">(0.10.0)</span>
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>» <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex">GitHub Repository</a></li>
<li>» <a href="#support">Support</a></li>
<li>» <a href="#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li>» <a href="#changelog">Change Log</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Upgrading">
Upgrading
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Upgrading-from0.9">0.9.x -> 0.10</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Installation">
Installation
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Installation-node">Node.js</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Installation-browser">Browser</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Installation-client">Config Options:</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Installation-client">client</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Installation-debug">debug</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Installation-pooling">pooling</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Installation-acquireConnectionTimeout">acquireConnectionTimeout</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Installation-migrations">migrations</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Builder">
Query Builder
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Builder-main"><b>constructor</b></a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-timeout">timeout</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-select">select</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-as">as</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-column">column</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-from">from</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-withSchema">withSchema</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Builder-wheres">Where Methods:</a></b></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-where">where</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-where">whereNot</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereIn">whereIn</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereNotIn">whereNotIn</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereNull">whereNull</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereNotNull">whereNotNull</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereExists">whereExists</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereNotExists">whereNotExists</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereBetween">whereBetween</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereNotBetween">whereNotBetween</a></li>
<li> - <a href="#Builder-whereRaw">whereRaw</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Builder-join">Join Methods:</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-innerJoin">innerJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-leftJoin">leftJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-leftOuterJoin">leftOuterJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-rightJoin">rightJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-rightOuterJoin">rightOuterJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-outerJoin">outerJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-fullOuterJoin">fullOuterJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-crossJoin">crossJoin</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-joinRaw">joinRaw</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-distinct">distinct</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-groupByRaw">groupByRaw</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-orderBy">orderBy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-orderByRaw">orderByRaw</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-having">having</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-offset">offset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-limit">limit</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-union">union</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-unionAll">unionAll</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-insert">insert</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-returning">returning</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-update">update</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-del">del / delete</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-transacting">transacting</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-forUpdate">forUpdate</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Builder-forShare">forShare</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-count">count</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-min">min</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-max">max</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-sum">sum</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-avg">avg</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-increment">increment</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-decrement">decrement</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-truncate">truncate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-pluck">pluck</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-first">first</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-clone">clone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-modify">modify</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-columnInfo">columnInfo</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-debug">debug</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-connection">connection</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Builder-options">options</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Transactions">
Transactions
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Transactions"><b>overview</b></a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Schema">
Schema Builder
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Schema-withSchema">withSchema</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-createTable">createTable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-createTableIfNotExists">createTableIfNotExists</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-renameTable">renameTable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropTable">dropTable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-hasColumn">hasColumn</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-hasTable">hasTable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropTableIfExists">dropTableIfExists</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-table">table</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-raw">raw</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Schema-Building">Schema Building:</a></b></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropColumn">dropColumn</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropColumns">dropColumns</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-renameColumn">renameColumn</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-increments">increments</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-integer">integer</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-bigInteger">bigInteger</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-text">text</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-string">string</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-float">float</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-decimal">decimal</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-boolean">boolean</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-date">date</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dateTime">dateTime</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-time">time</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-timestamp">timestamp</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-timestamps">timestamps</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-binary">binary</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-enum">enum / enu</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-json">json</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-jsonb">jsonb</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-uuid">uuid</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-comment">comment</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-engine">engine</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-charset">charset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-collate">collate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-specificType">specificType</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-index">index</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropIndex">dropIndex</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-foreign">Foreign</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Schema-dropForeign">dropForeign</a></li>
<li><a href="#Chainable"><b>Chainable:</b></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-index">index</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-primary">primary</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-unique">unique</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-references">references</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-inTable">inTable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-onDelete">onDelete</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-onUpdate">onUpdate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-defaultTo">defaultTo</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-unsigned">unsigned</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-notNullable">notNullable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-nullable">nullable</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-first">first</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-after">after</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-comment">comment</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Chainable-collate">collate</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Raw">
Raw
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Raw-Bindings">Raw Parameter Binding</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Raw-Expressions">Raw Expressions</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Raw-Queries">Raw Queries</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#Raw-queries-wrapped">Wrapped Queries</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Utility">
Utility
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#Utility-BatchInsert">Batch Insert</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Interfaces">
Interfaces
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li><b><a href="#Interfaces-Promises">Promises</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-then">then</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-catch">catch</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-tap">tap</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-map">map</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-reduce">reduce</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-bind">bind</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Promises-return">return</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Interfaces-Callbacks">Callbacks</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Interfaces-asCallback">asCallback</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Interfaces-Streams">Streams</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Streams-stream">stream</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Streams-pipe">pipe</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Interfaces-Events">Events</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Events-query">query</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Events-query-error">query</a></li>
<li><b><a href="#Interfaces-Other">Other:</a></b></li>
<li> – <a href="#Other-toString">toString</a></li>
<li> – <a href="#Other-toSQL">toSQL</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Migrations">
Migrations
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li><a href="#Migrations-CLI"><b>CLI</b></li>
<li>– <a href="#Migrations-CLI">Migrations</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Seeds-CLI">Seed files</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#knexfile">knexfile.js</a></li>
<li><a href="#Migrations-API"><b>Migration API</b></li>
<li>– <a href="#Migrations-make">make</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Migrations-latest">latest</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Migrations-rollback">rollback</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Migrations-currentVersion">currentVersion</a></li>
<li><a href="#Seeds-API"><b>Seed API</b></li>
<li>– <a href="#Seeds-make">make</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Seeds-run">run</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#support">
Support
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#faq">
F.A.Q.
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
Change Log
</a>
</div>
<div class="language">
Show example query output as:<br />
<select class="js-query-output">
<option value="mysql">MySQL / MariaDB</option>
<option value="pg">PostgreSQL</option>
<option value="sqlite3">SQLite3</option>
<option value="oracle">Oracle</option>
</select>
</div>
<a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex"><img style="position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="docs/images/github.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub"></a>
<div class="container">
<p>
<img height="108" id="logo" src="docs/images/knex.png" alt="Knex.js">
</p>
<p>
<b>Knex.js</b> is a "batteries included" SQL query builder for <b>Postgres</b>, <b>MySQL</b>, <b>MariaDB</b>, <b>SQLite3</b>, and <b>Oracle</b> designed to be flexible,
portable, and fun to use. It features both traditional node style <a href="#Interfaces-Callbacks">callbacks</a>
as well as a <a href="#Interfaces-Promises">promise</a> interface for cleaner async flow control, <a href="#Interfaces-Streams">a stream interface</a>, full featured <a href="#Builder">query</a> and <a href="#Schema">schema</a> builders, <a href="#Transactions"><b>transaction support (with savepoints)</b></a>, connection <a href="#Installation-pooling">pooling</a> and standardized responses between
different query clients and dialects.
</p>
<p>
The project is <a href="http://github.com/tgriesser/knex">hosted on GitHub</a>,
and has a comprehensive <a href="https://travis-ci.org/tgriesser/knex">test suite</a>.
</p>
<p>
Knex is available for use under the <a href="http://github.com/tgriesser/knex/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT software license</a>.
</p>
<p>
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="http://github.com/tgriesser/knex/issues">GitHub issues page</a>,
add pages to the <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/wiki">wiki</a>
or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/tgriesser">@tgriesser</a>.
</p>
<p>
Thanks to all of the great <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/graphs/contributors">contributions</a> to the project.
</a>
<p class="warning">
Special thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/taylorotwell">Taylor Otwell</a> and his work
on the <a href="http://laravel.com/docs/queries">Laravel Query Builder</a>,
from which much of the builder's code and syntax was originally derived.
</p>
<h2>Latest Release: 0.10.0 - <span class="small"><a href="#changelog">Change Log</a></span></h2>
<p>
Current Develop —
<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tgriesser/knex">
<img src="https://travis-ci.org/tgriesser/knex.png?branch=master" alt="Travis Badge">
</a>
</p>
<h2 id="Upgrading">Upgrading</h2>
<h3 id="Upgrading-from0.9">Upgrading 0.9 -> 0.10</h3>
<p>
Knex will no longer interpret `undefined` values as `null` for `insert` or
`update`. See changelog for links to relevant issues.
</p>
<h3 id="Upgrading-from0.8">Upgrading 0.8 -> 0.9</h3>
<p>
There should be no major changes breaking the external API. If you encounter issues,
please <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/issues">open a ticket</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Upgrading-from0.7">Upgrading 0.7 -> 0.8</h3>
<p>
There should be no major changes breaking the external API. If you encounter issues,
please <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/issues">open a ticket</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Upgrading-from0.6">Upgrading 0.6 -> 0.7</h3>
<p>
Should be a painless upgrade, the only breaking change should be "collate nocase"
no longer used as the default <tt>order by</tt> in sqlite3
for <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/pull/396">performance reasons</a>.
If there are other issues, please <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/issues">open a ticket</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="Installation">
Installation
</h2>
<p>Knex can be used as an SQL query builder in both Node.JS and the browser, limited to WebSQL's constraints (like the inability to drop tables or read schemas). Composing SQL queries in the browser for execution on the server is highly discouraged, as this can be the cause of serious security vulnerabilities. The browser builds outside of WebSQL are primarily for learning purposes - for example, you can pop open the console and build queries on this page using the <a href="javascript:alert(pg)">pg</a>, <a href="javascript:alert(mysql)">mysql</a>, and <a href="javascript:alert(sqlite3)">sqlite3</a> objects.</p>
<h3 id="Installation-node">Node.js</h3>
<p>
The primary target environment for Knex is Node.js, you will need to install the <tt>knex</tt> library,
and then install the appropriate database library: <tt><a href="https://github.com/brianc/node-postgres">pg</a></tt> for PostgreSQL, <tt><a href="https://github.com/felixge/node-mysql">mysql</a></tt> for MySQL or MariaDB, or <a href="https://github.com/mapbox/node-sqlite3"><tt>sqlite3</tt></a> for SQLite3.
</p>
<pre>
$ npm install knex --save
# Then add one of the following (adding a --save) flag:
$ npm install pg
$ npm install sqlite3
$ npm install mysql
$ npm install mysql2
$ npm install mariasql
$ npm install strong-oracle
$ npm install oracle
</pre>
<h3 id="Installation-browser">Browser</h3>
<p>
Knex can be built using browserify or webpack, and a pre-built version can be found in the <a href="https://github.com/tgriesser/knex/tree/master/build">build directory</a>. View source on this page to see the browser build in-action.
</p>
<h3 id="Installation-client">Initializing the Library</h3>
<p>
The <tt>knex</tt> module is itself a function which takes a configuration object for
Knex, accepting a few parameters. The <tt>client</tt> parameter is required
and determines which client adapter will be used with the library.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'mysql',
connection: {
host : '127.0.0.1',
user : 'your_database_user',
password : 'your_database_password',
database : 'myapp_test'
}
});
</code>
</pre>
<p>
The connection options are passed directly to the appropriate database client to create the connection, and may be either an object, or a connection string:
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var pg = require('knex')({
client: 'pg',
connection: process.env.PG_CONNECTION_STRING,
searchPath: 'knex,public'
});
</code>
</pre>
<p class="warning">
Note: When you use the SQLite3 adapter, there is a filename required, not a network connection. For example:
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'sqlite3',
connection: {
filename: "./mydb.sqlite"
}
});
</code>
</pre>
<p>
You can also connect via an unix domain socket, which will ignore host and port.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'mysql',
connection: {
socketPath : '/path/to/socket.sock',
user : 'your_database_user',
password : 'your_database_password',
database : 'myapp_test'
}
});
</code>
</pre>
<p class="warning">
Initializing the library should normally only ever happen once in your application, as it creates a connection pool
for the current database, you should use the instance returned from the initialize call throughout
your library.
</p>
<p>
You can even use knex without a connection, just for its query building features. Just pass in an empty object when
initializing the library. Specify a client if you are interested in a particular flavour of SQL.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({});
var pg = require('knex')({client: 'pg'});
knex('table').insert({a: 'b'}).returning('*').toString();
// "insert into "table" ("a") values ('b')"
pg('table').insert({a: 'b'}).returning('*').toString();
// "insert into "table" ("a") values ('b') returning *"
</code>
</pre>
<h3 id="Installation-debug">Debugging</h3>
<p>
Passing a <tt>debug: true</tt> flag on your initialization object will turn on <a href="#Builder-debug">debugging</a> for all queries.
</p>
<h3 id="Installation-pooling">Pooling</h3>
<p>
The client created by the configuration initializes a connection pool, using the <a href="https://github.com/myndzi/pool2">Pool2</a> library. This connection pool has a default setting of a <tt>min: 2, max: 10</tt> for the MySQL and PG libraries, and a single connection for sqlite3 (due to issues with utilizing multiple connections on a single file). To change the config settings for the pool, pass a <tt>pool</tt> option as one of the keys in the initialize block. Checkout the <a href="https://github.com/myndzi/pool2">Pool2</a> library for more information.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'mysql',
connection: {
host : '127.0.0.1',
user : 'your_database_user',
password : 'your_database_password',
database : 'myapp_test'
},
pool: {
min: 0,
max: 7
}
});
</code>
</pre>
<p>
If you ever need to explicitly teardown the connection pool, you may use <tt>knex.destroy([callback])</tt>.
You may use <tt>knex.destroy</tt> by passing a callback, or by chaining as a promise, just not both.
</p>
<h3 id="Installation-acquireConnectionTimeout">acquireConnectionTimeout</h3>
<p>
<tt>acquireConnectionTimeout</tt> defaults to 60000ms and is used to determine how long knex should wait before throwing a timeout error when acquiring a connection is not possible.
The most common cause for this is using up all the pool for transaction connections and then attempting to run queries outside of transactions while the pool is still full.
The error thrown will provide information on the query the connection was for to simplify the job of locating the culprit.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'pg',
connection: {...},
pool: {...},
acquireConnectionTimeout: 10000
});
</code>
</pre>
<h3 id="Installation-migrations">Migrations</h3>
<p>
For convenience, the any migration configuration may be specified when initializing the library. Read the <a href="#Migrations">Migrations</a> section for more information and a full list of configuration options.
</p>
<pre>
<code class="js">var knex = require('knex')({
client: 'mysql',
connection: {
host : '127.0.0.1',
user : 'your_database_user',
password : 'your_database_password',
database : 'myapp_test'
},
migrations: {
tableName: 'migrations'
}
});
</code>
</pre>
<h2 id="Builder">Knex Query Builder</h2>
<p>
The heart of the library, the knex query builder is the interface used for building
and executing standard SQL queries, such as <tt>select</tt>, <tt>insert</tt>, <tt>update</tt>, <tt>delete</tt>.
</p>
<p id="Builder-main">
<b class="header">knex</b><code>knex(tableName) / knex.[methodName]</code>
<br />
The query builder starts off either by specifying a <b>tableName</b> you wish to query against,
or by calling any method directly on the knex object. This kicks off a jQuery-like chain, with which
you can call additional query builder methods as needed to construct the query, eventually calling any of the
<a href="#Interfaces">interface methods</a>, to either convert toString, or execute the
query with a <a href="#Interfaces-Promises">promise</a>, <a href="#Interfaces-Callbacks">callback</a>, or <a href="#Interfaces-Streams">stream</a>.
</p>
<p id="Builder-timeout">
<b class="header">timeout</b><code>.timeout(ms)</code>
<br />
Sets a timeout for the query and will throw a <tt>TimeoutError</tt> if the timeout is exceeded.
The error contains information about the query, bindings, and the timeout that was set.
Useful for complex queries that you want to make sure are not taking too long to execute.
</p>
<p id="Builder-select">
<b class="header">select</b><code>.select([*columns])</code>
<br />
Creates a <tt>select</tt> query, taking an optional array of <b>columns</b> for the query, eventually
defaulting to <tt>*</tt> if none are specified when the query is built. The response of a select call will
resolve with an array of objects selected from the database.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('title', 'author', 'year').from('books')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.select().table('books')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-as">
<b class="header">as</b><code>.as(name)</code>
<br />
Allows for aliasing a subquery, taking the string you wish to <b>name</b> the current query.
If the query is not a sub-query, it will be ignored.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.avg('sum_column1').from(function() {
this.sum('column1 as sum_column1').from('t1').groupBy('column1').as('t1')
}).as('ignored_alias')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-column">
<b class="header">column</b><code>.column(columns)</code>
<br />
Specifically set the <b>columns</b> to be selected on a select query, taking an array or a list of of column names.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.column('title', 'author', 'year').select().from('books')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.column(['title', 'author', 'year']).select().from('books')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-from">
<b class="header">from</b><code>.from([tableName])</code> <span class="alias">Alias: <b>into</b>, <b>table</b></span>
<br />
Specifies the table used in the current query, replacing the current table name if
one has already been specified. This is typically used in the sub-queries performed
in the advanced <a href="#Builder-where">where</a> or <a href="#Builder-union">union</a> methods.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-withSchema">
<b class="header">withSchema</b><code>.withSchema([schemaName])</code>
<br />
Specifies the schema to be used as prefix of table name.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.withSchema('public').select('*').from('users')
</pre>
<h3 id="Builder-wheres">Where Clauses</h3>
<p>
Several methods exist to assist in dynamic where clauses. In many places functions may be used in place of values,
constructing subqueries. In most places existing knex queries may be used to compose sub-queries, etc. Take a look at a few of the examples for each method for instruction on use:
</p>
<p id="Builder-where">
<b class="header">where</b><code>.where(~mixed~)</code>
</p>
<p class="title">Object Syntax:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where({
first_name: 'Test',
last_name: 'User'
}).select('id')
</pre>
<p class="title">Key, Value:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where('id', 1)
</pre>
<p class="title">Grouped Chain:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where(function() {
this.where('id', 1).orWhere('id', '>', 10)
}).orWhere({name: 'Tester'})
</pre>
<p class="title">Operator:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where('votes', '>', 100)
</pre>
<pre class="display">
var subquery = knex('users').where('votes', '>', 100).andWhere('status', 'active').orWhere('name', 'John').select('id');
knex('accounts').where('id', 'in', subquery)
</pre>
<p class="title">.orWhere with an object automatically wraps the statement and creates an <tt>or (and - and - and)</tt> clause</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where('id', 1).orWhere({votes: 100, user: 'knex'})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNot">
<b class="header">whereNot</b><code>.whereNot(~mixed~)</code>
</p>
<p class="title">Object Syntax:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNot({
first_name: 'Test',
last_name: 'User'
}).select('id')
</pre>
<p class="title">Key, Value:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNot('id', 1)
</pre>
<p class="title">Grouped Chain:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNot(function() {
this.where('id', 1).orWhereNot('id', '>', 10)
}).orWhereNot({name: 'Tester'})
</pre>
<p class="title">Operator:</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNot('votes', '>', 100)
</pre>
<p>
CAVEAT:
WhereNot is not suitable for "in" and "between" type subqueries. You should use "not in" and "not between" instead.
</p>
<pre class="js">
var subquery = knex('users').whereNot('votes', '>', 100).andWhere('status', 'active').orWhere('name', 'John').select('id');
<span style='text-decoration:line-through'>knex('accounts').whereNot('id', 'in', subquery)</span>
knex('accounts').where('id', 'not in', subquery)
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereIn">
<b class="header">whereIn</b><code>.whereIn(column, array|callback|builder) / .orWhereIn</code><br />
Shorthand for <tt>.where('id', 'in', obj)</tt>, the .whereIn and .orWhereIn methods add a "where in" clause
to the query. Click the "play" button below to see the queries.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('name').from('users')
.whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3])
.orWhereIn('id', [4, 5, 6])
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('name').from('users')
.whereIn('account_id', function() {
this.select('id').from('accounts');
})
</pre>
<pre class="display">
var subquery = knex.select('id').from('accounts');
knex.select('name').from('users')
.whereIn('account_id', subquery)
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users')
.where('name', '=', 'John')
.orWhere(function() {
this.where('votes', '>', 100).andWhere('title', '<>', 'Admin');
})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNotIn">
<b class="header">whereNotIn</b><code>.whereNotIn(column, array|callback|builder) / .orWhereNotIn</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNotIn('id', [1, 2, 3])
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').where('name', 'like', '%Test%').orWhereNotIn('id', [1, 2, 3])
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNull">
<b class="header">whereNull</b><code>.whereNull(column) / .orWhereNull</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNull('updated_at')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNotNull">
<b class="header">whereNotNull</b><code>.whereNotNull(column) / .orWhereNotNull</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNotNull('created_at')
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereExists">
<b class="header">whereExists</b><code>.whereExists(builder | callback) / .orWhereExists</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereExists(function() {
this.select('*').from('accounts').whereRaw('users.account_id = accounts.id');
})
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereExists(knex.select('*').from('accounts').whereRaw('users.account_id = accounts.id'))
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNotExists">
<b class="header">whereNotExists</b><code>.whereNotExists(builder | callback) / .orWhereNotExists</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNotExists(function() {
this.select('*').from('accounts').whereRaw('users.account_id = accounts.id');
})
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNotExists(knex.select('*').from('accounts').whereRaw('users.account_id = accounts.id'))
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereBetween">
<b class="header">whereBetween</b><code>.whereBetween(column, range) / .orWhereBetween</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereBetween('votes', [1, 100])
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereNotBetween">
<b class="header">whereNotBetween</b><code>.whereNotBetween(column, range) / .orWhereNotBetween</code>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereNotBetween('votes', [1, 100])
</pre>
<p id="Builder-whereRaw">
<b class="header">whereRaw</b><code>.whereRaw(query, [bindings])</code>
<br />
Convenience helper for <tt>.where(knex.raw(query))</tt>.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').whereRaw('id = ?', [1])
</pre>
<h3>Join Methods</h3>
<p>
Several methods are provided which assist in building joins.
</p>
<p id="Builder-join">
<b class="header">join</b><code>.join(table, first, [operator], second)</code>
<br />
The <tt>join</tt> builder can be used to specify joins between tables,
with the first argument being the joining <b>table</b>, the next three arguments
being the <b>first</b> join column, the join <b>operator</b> and the <b>second</b>
join column, respectively.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex('users')
.join('contacts', 'users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')
.select('users.id', 'contacts.phone')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users')
.join('contacts', 'users.id', 'contacts.user_id')
.select('users.id', 'contacts.phone')
</pre>
<p>
For grouped joins, specify a function as the second argument for the
join query, and use <tt>on</tt> with <tt>orOn</tt> or <tt>andOn</tt> to create joins that are
grouped with parentheses.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').join('accounts', function() {
this.on('accounts.id', '=', 'users.account_id').orOn('accounts.owner_id', '=', 'users.id')
})
</pre>
<p>
It is also possible to use an object to represent the join syntax.
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').join('accounts', {'accounts.id': 'users.account_id'})
</pre>
<p>
If you need to use a literal value (string, number, or boolean) in a join instead of a column, use <tt>knex.raw</tt>.</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').join('accounts', 'accounts.type', knex.raw('?', ['admin']))
</pre>
<p id="Builder-innerJoin">
<b class="header">innerJoin</b><code>.innerJoin(column, ~mixed~)</code>
<br>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.from('users').innerJoin('accounts', 'users.id', 'accounts.user_id')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.table('users').innerJoin('accounts', 'users.id', '=', 'accounts.user_id')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex('users').innerJoin('accounts', function() {
this.on('accounts.id', '=', 'users.account_id').orOn('accounts.owner_id', '=', 'users.id')
})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-leftJoin">
<b class="header">leftJoin</b><code>.leftJoin(column, ~mixed~)</code>
<br>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').leftJoin('accounts', 'users.id', 'accounts.user_id')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').leftJoin('accounts', function() {
this.on('accounts.id', '=', 'users.account_id').orOn('accounts.owner_id', '=', 'users.id')
})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-leftOuterJoin">
<b class="header">leftOuterJoin</b><code>.leftOuterJoin(column, ~mixed~)</code>
<br>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').leftOuterJoin('accounts', 'users.id', 'accounts.user_id')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').leftOuterJoin('accounts', function() {
this.on('accounts.id', '=', 'users.account_id').orOn('accounts.owner_id', '=', 'users.id')
})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-rightJoin">
<b class="header">rightJoin</b><code>.rightJoin(column, ~mixed~)</code>
<br>
</p>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').rightJoin('accounts', 'users.id', 'accounts.user_id')
</pre>
<pre class="display">
knex.select('*').from('users').rightJoin('accounts', function() {
this.on('accounts.id', '=', 'users.account_id').orOn('accounts.owner_id', '=', 'users.id')
})
</pre>
<p id="Builder-rightOuterJoin">
<b class="header">rightOuterJoin</b><code>.rightOuterJoin(column, ~mixed~)</code>
<br>