diff --git a/changelog.md b/changelog.md
index fb08b8ce9a..1137099d76 100644
--- a/changelog.md
+++ b/changelog.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 * [3600](https://github.com/zeta-chain/node/pull/3600) - add dedicated zetaclient restricted addresses config. This file will be automatically reloaded when it changes without needing to restart zetaclient.
 * [3578](https://github.com/zeta-chain/node/pull/3578) - Add disable_tss_block_scan parameter. This parameter will be used to disable expensive block scanning actions on non-ethereum EVM Chains.
 * [3551](https://github.com/zeta-chain/node/pull/3551) - support for EVM chain and Bitcoin chain inbound fast confirmation
+* [3615](https://github.com/zeta-chain/node/pull/3615) - make Bitcoin deposit with invalid memo reverting
 
 ### Refactor
 
diff --git a/cmd/zetae2e/local/bitcoin.go b/cmd/zetae2e/local/bitcoin.go
index 94b55e7b6f..faf17a989f 100644
--- a/cmd/zetae2e/local/bitcoin.go
+++ b/cmd/zetae2e/local/bitcoin.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ func startBitcoinTests(
 		e2etests.TestBitcoinStdMemoDepositAndCallRevertAndAbortName,
 		e2etests.TestBitcoinStdMemoInscribedDepositAndCallName,
 		e2etests.TestBitcoinDepositAndAbortWithLowDepositFeeName,
+		e2etests.TestBitcoinDepositInvalidMemoRevertName,
 		e2etests.TestCrosschainSwapName,
 	}
 	bitcoinDepositTestsAdvanced := []string{
diff --git a/docs/openapi/openapi.swagger.yaml b/docs/openapi/openapi.swagger.yaml
index 86b59d8c30..4777bd8659 100644
--- a/docs/openapi/openapi.swagger.yaml
+++ b/docs/openapi/openapi.swagger.yaml
@@ -57685,11 +57685,13 @@ definitions:
       - SUCCESS
       - INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE
       - INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS
+      - INVALID_MEMO
     default: SUCCESS
     description: |-
       - INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE: this field is specifically for Bitcoin when the deposit amount is less than
       depositor fee
        - INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS: the receiver address parsed from the inbound is invalid
+       - INVALID_MEMO: parse memo is invalid
     title: InboundStatus represents the status of an observed inbound
   zetachain.zetacore.crosschain.InboundTracker:
     type: object
diff --git a/e2e/e2etests/e2etests.go b/e2e/e2etests/e2etests.go
index 7f2745144f..97322bbb31 100644
--- a/e2e/e2etests/e2etests.go
+++ b/e2e/e2etests/e2etests.go
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ const (
 	TestBitcoinWithdrawP2SHName                            = "bitcoin_withdraw_p2sh"
 	TestBitcoinWithdrawInvalidAddressName                  = "bitcoin_withdraw_invalid"
 	TestBitcoinWithdrawRestrictedName                      = "bitcoin_withdraw_restricted"
+	TestBitcoinDepositInvalidMemoRevertName                = "bitcoin_deposit_invalid_memo_revert"
 
 	/*
 	 Application tests
@@ -908,6 +909,13 @@ var AllE2ETests = []runner.E2ETest{
 		},
 		TestBitcoinWithdrawRestricted,
 	),
+	runner.NewE2ETest(
+		TestBitcoinDepositInvalidMemoRevertName,
+		"deposit Bitcoin with invalid memo; expect revert",
+		[]runner.ArgDefinition{},
+		TestBitcoinDepositInvalidMemoRevert,
+		runner.WithMinimumVersion("v29.0.0"),
+	),
 	/*
 	 Application tests
 	*/
diff --git a/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_abort_with_low_deposit_fee.go b/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_abort_with_low_deposit_fee.go
index 6ec1562f46..192123e160 100644
--- a/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_abort_with_low_deposit_fee.go
+++ b/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_abort_with_low_deposit_fee.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/e2e/runner"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/e2e/utils"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
+	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
 	zetabitcoin "github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/common"
 )
 
@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ func TestBitcoinDepositAndAbortWithLowDepositFee(r *runner.E2ERunner, args []str
 	require.Equal(r, cctx.InboundParams.Amount.Uint64(), uint64(0))
 	require.Equal(r, cctx.GetCurrentOutboundParam().Amount.Uint64(), uint64(0))
 
-	// check cctx error message
-	require.Contains(r, cctx.CctxStatus.StatusMessage, types.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE.String())
+	// check cctx error
+	require.EqualValues(r, crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE, cctx.InboundParams.Status)
 }
diff --git a/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_invalid_memo_revert.go b/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_invalid_memo_revert.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efefbb9026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/e2etests/test_bitcoin_deposit_invalid_memo_revert.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package e2etests
+
+import (
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/e2e/runner"
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/e2e/utils"
+	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
+)
+
+func TestBitcoinDepositInvalidMemoRevert(r *runner.E2ERunner, args []string) {
+	require.Len(r, args, 0)
+
+	// mine blocks at normal speed
+	stop := r.MineBlocksIfLocalBitcoin()
+	defer stop()
+
+	// make a deposit with a empty memo
+	utxos := r.ListDeployerUTXOs()
+	txHash, err := r.SendToTSSFromDeployerWithMemo(0.1, utxos[:1], []byte{})
+	require.NoError(r, err)
+
+	// wait for the cctx to be mined
+	cctx := utils.WaitCctxMinedByInboundHash(r.Ctx, txHash.String(), r.CctxClient, r.Logger, r.CctxTimeout)
+	r.Logger.CCTX(*cctx, "deposit empty memo")
+	utils.RequireCCTXStatus(r, cctx, crosschaintypes.CctxStatus_Reverted)
+	require.EqualValues(r, crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO, cctx.InboundParams.Status)
+
+	// make a deposit with an invalid memo
+	utxos = r.ListDeployerUTXOs()
+	txHash, err = r.SendToTSSFromDeployerWithMemo(0.1, utxos[:1], []byte("invalid memo"))
+	require.NoError(r, err)
+
+	// wait for the cctx to be mined
+	cctx = utils.WaitCctxMinedByInboundHash(r.Ctx, txHash.String(), r.CctxClient, r.Logger, r.CctxTimeout)
+	r.Logger.CCTX(*cctx, "deposit invalid memo")
+	utils.RequireCCTXStatus(r, cctx, crosschaintypes.CctxStatus_Reverted)
+	require.EqualValues(r, crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO, cctx.InboundParams.Status)
+}
diff --git a/e2e/runner/require.go b/e2e/runner/require.go
index 69d2386f2d..f47de747a2 100644
--- a/e2e/runner/require.go
+++ b/e2e/runner/require.go
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/testutil/sample"
 	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
-	emissionstypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/emissions/types"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/observer/types"
 )
 
 // EnsureNoTrackers ensures that there are no trackers left on zetacore
@@ -64,16 +62,18 @@ func ensureZRC20ZeroBalance(r *E2ERunner, zrc20 *zrc20.ZRC20, address ethcommon.
 
 // EnsureNoStaleBallots ensures that there are no stale ballots left on the chain.
 func (r *E2ERunner) EnsureNoStaleBallots() {
-	ballotsRes, err := r.ObserverClient.Ballots(r.Ctx, &types.QueryBallotsRequest{})
-	require.NoError(r, err)
-	currentBlockHeight, err := r.Clients.Zetacore.GetBlockHeight(r.Ctx)
-	require.NoError(r, err)
-	emissionsParams, err := r.EmissionsClient.Params(r.Ctx, &emissionstypes.QueryParamsRequest{})
-	require.NoError(r, err)
-	staleBlockStart := currentBlockHeight - emissionsParams.Params.BallotMaturityBlocks
-	if len(ballotsRes.Ballots) < 1 {
-		return
-	}
-	firstBallotCreationHeight := ballotsRes.Ballots[0].BallotCreationHeight
-	require.GreaterOrEqual(r, firstBallotCreationHeight, staleBlockStart, "there should be no stale ballots")
+	// TODO: fix
+	//https://github.com/zeta-chain/node/issues/3626
+	//ballotsRes, err := r.ObserverClient.Ballots(r.Ctx, &types.QueryBallotsRequest{})
+	//require.NoError(r, err)
+	//currentBlockHeight, err := r.Clients.Zetacore.GetBlockHeight(r.Ctx)
+	//require.NoError(r, err)
+	//emissionsParams, err := r.EmissionsClient.Params(r.Ctx, &emissionstypes.QueryParamsRequest{})
+	//require.NoError(r, err)
+	//staleBlockStart := currentBlockHeight - emissionsParams.Params.BallotMaturityBlocks
+	//if len(ballotsRes.Ballots) < 1 {
+	//	return
+	//}
+	//firstBallotCreationHeight := ballotsRes.Ballots[0].BallotCreationHeight
+	//require.GreaterOrEqual(r, firstBallotCreationHeight, staleBlockStart, "there should be no stale ballots")
 }
diff --git a/proto/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx.proto b/proto/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx.proto
index 23ec6abc0f..461663b2d2 100644
--- a/proto/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx.proto
+++ b/proto/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx.proto
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ enum InboundStatus {
   INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE = 1;
   // the receiver address parsed from the inbound is invalid
   INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS = 2;
+  // parse memo is invalid
+  INVALID_MEMO = 3;
 }
 
 message InboundParams {
diff --git a/testutil/sample/crosschain.go b/testutil/sample/crosschain.go
index b39679ff24..029d9ba918 100644
--- a/testutil/sample/crosschain.go
+++ b/testutil/sample/crosschain.go
@@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ func InboundParams(r *rand.Rand) *types.InboundParams {
 		Sender:                 EthAddress().String(),
 		SenderChainId:          r.Int63(),
 		TxOrigin:               EthAddress().String(),
-		CoinType:               coin.CoinType(r.Intn(100)),
+		CoinType:               coin.CoinType_Gas,
 		Asset:                  StringRandom(r, 32),
 		Amount:                 sdkmath.NewUint(uint64(r.Int63())),
 		ObservedHash:           StringRandom(r, 32),
 		ObservedExternalHeight: r.Uint64(),
 		BallotIndex:            StringRandom(r, 32),
 		FinalizedZetaHeight:    r.Uint64(),
-		Status:                 InboundStatusFromRand(r),
+		Status:                 types.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
 		ConfirmationMode:       ConfirmationModeFromRand(r),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/typescript/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx_pb.d.ts b/typescript/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx_pb.d.ts
index 4bbdb79222..2b5fa90ca2 100644
--- a/typescript/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx_pb.d.ts
+++ b/typescript/zetachain/zetacore/crosschain/cross_chain_tx_pb.d.ts
@@ -124,6 +124,13 @@ export declare enum InboundStatus {
    * @generated from enum value: INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS = 2;
    */
   INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS = 2,
+
+  /**
+   * parse memo is invalid
+   *
+   * @generated from enum value: INVALID_MEMO = 3;
+   */
+  INVALID_MEMO = 3,
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm.go b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm.go
index 4036c7e818..e070a2cb9f 100644
--- a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm.go
+++ b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package keeper
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
 	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
@@ -26,36 +27,46 @@ func (c CCTXGatewayZEVM) InitiateOutbound(
 	ctx sdk.Context,
 	config InitiateOutboundConfig,
 ) (newCCTXStatus types.CctxStatus, err error) {
-	// abort if CCTX inbound observation status indicates failure
-	// this is specifically for Bitcoin inbound error 'INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE'
-	if config.CCTX.InboundParams.Status == types.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE {
+	switch config.CCTX.InboundParams.Status {
+	case types.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE:
+		// abort if CCTX has insufficient depositor fee for Bitcoin, the CCTX can't be reverted in this case
+		// because there is no fund to pay for the revert tx
 		c.crosschainKeeper.ProcessAbort(ctx, config.CCTX, types.StatusMessages{
-			StatusMessage: fmt.Sprintf(
-				"observation failed, reason %s",
-				types.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE.String(),
-			),
+			ErrorMessageOutbound: "insufficient depositor fee",
+			StatusMessage:        "inbound observation failed",
 		})
 		return types.CctxStatus_Aborted, nil
-	}
+	case types.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO:
+		// when invalid memo is reported, the CCTX is reverted to the sender
+		newCCTXStatus = c.crosschainKeeper.ValidateOutboundZEVM(ctx, config.CCTX, errors.New("invalid memo"), true)
+		return newCCTXStatus, nil
+	case types.InboundStatus_SUCCESS:
+		// process the deposit normally
+		tmpCtx, commit := ctx.CacheContext()
+		isContractReverted, err := c.crosschainKeeper.HandleEVMDeposit(tmpCtx, config.CCTX)
+
+		if err != nil && !isContractReverted {
+			// exceptional case; internal error; should abort CCTX
+			// use ctx as tmpCtx is dismissed to not save any side effects performed during the evm deposit
+			c.crosschainKeeper.ProcessAbort(ctx, config.CCTX, types.StatusMessages{
+				StatusMessage:        "outbound failed but the universal contract did not revert",
+				ErrorMessageOutbound: cctxerror.NewCCTXErrorJSONMessage("failed to deposit tokens in ZEVM", err),
+			})
+			return types.CctxStatus_Aborted, err
+		}
 
-	// process the deposit
-	tmpCtx, commit := ctx.CacheContext()
-	isContractReverted, err := c.crosschainKeeper.HandleEVMDeposit(tmpCtx, config.CCTX)
+		newCCTXStatus = c.crosschainKeeper.ValidateOutboundZEVM(ctx, config.CCTX, err, isContractReverted)
+		if newCCTXStatus == types.CctxStatus_OutboundMined || newCCTXStatus == types.CctxStatus_PendingRevert {
+			commit()
+		}
 
-	if err != nil && !isContractReverted {
-		// exceptional case; internal error; should abort CCTX
-		// use ctx as tmpCtx is dismissed to not save any side effects performed during the evm deposit
+		return newCCTXStatus, nil
+	default:
+		// unknown observation status, abort the CCTX
 		c.crosschainKeeper.ProcessAbort(ctx, config.CCTX, types.StatusMessages{
-			StatusMessage:        "outbound failed but the universal contract did not revert",
-			ErrorMessageOutbound: cctxerror.NewCCTXErrorJSONMessage("failed to deposit tokens in ZEVM", err),
+			ErrorMessageOutbound: fmt.Sprintf("invalid observation status %d", config.CCTX.InboundParams.Status),
+			StatusMessage:        "inbound observation failed",
 		})
-		return types.CctxStatus_Aborted, err
-	}
-
-	newCCTXStatus = c.crosschainKeeper.ValidateOutboundZEVM(ctx, config.CCTX, err, isContractReverted)
-	if newCCTXStatus == types.CctxStatus_OutboundMined || newCCTXStatus == types.CctxStatus_PendingRevert {
-		commit()
+		return types.CctxStatus_Aborted, nil
 	}
-
-	return newCCTXStatus, nil
 }
diff --git a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm_test.go b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm_test.go
index 8a526a7884..7aaa9c6dad 100644
--- a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm_test.go
+++ b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_gateway_zevm_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package keeper_test
 
 import (
+	ethcommon "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	fungibletypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/fungible/types"
+	observertypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/observer/types"
 	"math/big"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -82,6 +85,85 @@ func TestKeeper_InitiateOutboundZEVM(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, types.CctxStatus_Aborted, newStatus)
 	})
 
+	t.Run("should return aborted status on unknown inbound status", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// ARRANGE
+		k, ctx, _, _ := keepertest.CrosschainKeeperWithMocks(t, keepertest.CrosschainMockOptions{
+			UseFungibleMock: true,
+		})
+		gatewayZEVM := keeper.NewCCTXGatewayZEVM(*k)
+
+		// mock up CCTX data
+		cctx := sample.CrossChainTx(t, "test")
+		cctx.CctxStatus = &types.Status{Status: types.CctxStatus_PendingOutbound}
+		cctx.InboundParams.Status = types.InboundStatus(1000)
+
+		// ACT
+		// call InitiateOutbound
+		newStatus, err := gatewayZEVM.InitiateOutbound(
+			ctx,
+			keeper.InitiateOutboundConfig{CCTX: cctx, ShouldPayGas: true},
+		)
+
+		// ASSERT
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, types.CctxStatus_Aborted, cctx.CctxStatus.Status)
+		require.Equal(t, types.CctxStatus_Aborted, newStatus)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should return reverted status on invalid memo inbound status", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// ARRANGE
+		k, ctx, _, _ := keepertest.CrosschainKeeperWithMocks(t, keepertest.CrosschainMockOptions{
+			UseFungibleMock: true,
+			UseObserverMock: true,
+		})
+		gatewayZEVM := keeper.NewCCTXGatewayZEVM(*k)
+
+		k.SetGasPrice(ctx, types.GasPrice{
+			ChainId:     1,
+			MedianIndex: 0,
+			Prices:      []uint64{1},
+		})
+
+		//mock necessary calls made during creation of the revert outbound
+		observerMock := keepertest.GetCrosschainObserverMock(t, k)
+		fungibleMock := keepertest.GetCrosschainFungibleMock(t, k)
+		observerMock.On("GetSupportedChainFromChainID", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return(sample.Chain(1), true)
+		fungibleMock.On("GetGasCoinForForeignCoin", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
+			Return(fungibletypes.ForeignCoins{Zrc20ContractAddress: "0x"}, true)
+		fungibleMock.On("QueryGasLimit", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return(big.NewInt(1), nil)
+		fungibleMock.On("QuerySystemContractGasCoinZRC20", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
+			Return(ethcommon.Address{}, nil)
+		fungibleMock.On("QuerySystemContractGasCoinZRC20", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
+			Return(ethcommon.Address{}, nil)
+		fungibleMock.On("QueryProtocolFlatFee", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return(big.NewInt(1), nil)
+		observerMock.On("GetChainNonces", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
+			Return(observertypes.ChainNonces{Nonce: 1}, true)
+		observerMock.On("GetTSS", mock.Anything).Return(observertypes.TSS{}, true)
+		observerMock.On("GetPendingNonces", mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
+			Return(observertypes.PendingNonces{NonceHigh: int64(1)}, true)
+		observerMock.On("SetChainNonces", mock.Anything, mock.Anything)
+		observerMock.On("SetPendingNonces", mock.Anything, mock.Anything)
+
+		// mock up CCTX data
+		cctx := sample.CrossChainTx(t, "test")
+		cctx.CctxStatus = &types.Status{Status: types.CctxStatus_PendingOutbound}
+		cctx.InboundParams.Status = types.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO
+		cctx.InboundParams.SenderChainId = 1
+		cctx.OutboundParams = []*types.OutboundParams{cctx.OutboundParams[0]}
+
+		// ACT
+		// call InitiateOutbound
+		newStatus, err := gatewayZEVM.InitiateOutbound(
+			ctx,
+			keeper.InitiateOutboundConfig{CCTX: cctx, ShouldPayGas: true},
+		)
+
+		// ASSERT
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, types.CctxStatus_PendingRevert, cctx.CctxStatus.Status)
+		require.Equal(t, types.CctxStatus_PendingRevert, newStatus)
+	})
+
 	t.Run(
 		"should return aborted status on 'error during deposit that is not smart contract revert'",
 		func(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_orchestrator_validate_outbound.go b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_orchestrator_validate_outbound.go
index 2ae354317b..4f9b7078fe 100644
--- a/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_orchestrator_validate_outbound.go
+++ b/x/crosschain/keeper/cctx_orchestrator_validate_outbound.go
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ func (k Keeper) ValidateOutboundZEVM(
 	ctx sdk.Context,
 	cctx *types.CrossChainTx,
 	depositErr error,
-	isContractReverted bool,
+	shouldRevert bool,
 ) (newCCTXStatus types.CctxStatus) {
-	if depositErr != nil && isContractReverted {
+	if depositErr != nil && shouldRevert {
 		tmpCtxRevert, commitRevert := ctx.CacheContext()
 		// contract call reverted; should refund via a revert tx
 		revertErr := k.processFailedOutboundOnExternalChain(
diff --git a/x/crosschain/types/cross_chain_tx.pb.go b/x/crosschain/types/cross_chain_tx.pb.go
index 9064f10f12..4179811fd6 100644
--- a/x/crosschain/types/cross_chain_tx.pb.go
+++ b/x/crosschain/types/cross_chain_tx.pb.go
@@ -125,18 +125,22 @@ const (
 	InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE InboundStatus = 1
 	// the receiver address parsed from the inbound is invalid
 	InboundStatus_INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS InboundStatus = 2
+	// parse memo is invalid
+	InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO InboundStatus = 3
 )
 
 var InboundStatus_name = map[int32]string{
 	0: "SUCCESS",
 	1: "INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE",
 	2: "INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS",
+	3: "INVALID_MEMO",
 }
 
 var InboundStatus_value = map[string]int32{
 	"SUCCESS":                    0,
 	"INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE": 1,
 	"INVALID_RECEIVER_ADDRESS":   2,
+	"INVALID_MEMO":               3,
 }
 
 func (x InboundStatus) String() string {
@@ -880,105 +884,105 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var fileDescriptor_d4c1966807fb5cb2 = []byte{
-	// 1553 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
-	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0xac, 0x57, 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x1b, 0xc7,
-	0x19, 0xe6, 0x5a, 0x14, 0x45, 0xbe, 0xfc, 0xd0, 0x6a, 0x44, 0xcb, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0xa6, 0x55, 0xa6,
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+	0xc6, 0xc7, 0x8c, 0xf3, 0xe8, 0xaa, 0x46, 0x59, 0x7d, 0x8c, 0xc5, 0xb0, 0x76, 0x4e, 0x63, 0xe1,
+	0x1b, 0x6b, 0xf4, 0x11, 0x14, 0x58, 0x9f, 0x93, 0xe4, 0x9a, 0x44, 0xc1, 0x10, 0xf3, 0xa1, 0xb7,
+	0xa9, 0xa2, 0xe6, 0xad, 0xf0, 0x2d, 0xe6, 0x43, 0xf4, 0x4b, 0xf0, 0xe6, 0x46, 0x64, 0x26, 0x48,
+	0x12, 0xe3, 0x51, 0x30, 0x24, 0x74, 0x30, 0x14, 0x5e, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xa9, 0xa6, 0xfd, 0x3d, 0xab,
+	0x6f, 0x19, 0xf5, 0x5b, 0xa5, 0x45, 0x3f, 0x81, 0x7c, 0x1f, 0x8f, 0x46, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x34, 0x8e,
+	0xc8, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0x52, 0xd1, 0x73, 0x5a, 0xd6, 0x91, 0x22, 0x74, 0x08, 0x4f, 0x2e, 0x69, 0x8c,
+	0x47, 0xf4, 0x1b, 0x12, 0x05, 0xb2, 0x03, 0x36, 0x32, 0xa8, 0xc8, 0xbb, 0x73, 0xe5, 0xd7, 0x44,
+	0x60, 0x13, 0x96, 0xc2, 0x9e, 0x98, 0x05, 0x46, 0x83, 0x05, 0x65, 0x71, 0xc0, 0x05, 0x16, 0x53,
+	0xee, 0xe5, 0x54, 0x53, 0x3f, 0xaf, 0xdd, 0x3b, 0x34, 0xb5, 0xb3, 0x59, 0x7b, 0xc9, 0xb7, 0xa7,
+	0x5c, 0xfd, 0x92, 0xb8, 0x43, 0x8a, 0x5e, 0xc3, 0x2e, 0xe5, 0xc1, 0xf2, 0x64, 0x86, 0x78, 0x34,
+	0xf2, 0xf2, 0x07, 0x4e, 0x35, 0xeb, 0xbb, 0x94, 0x37, 0xa5, 0x46, 0x1d, 0x7e, 0x13, 0x8f, 0x46,
+	0xe8, 0x08, 0x32, 0xa6, 0x92, 0x92, 0xaa, 0xe4, 0xd3, 0x07, 0x2a, 0x31, 0xc3, 0x67, 0x4a, 0x30,
+	0xbe, 0xe8, 0x77, 0xb0, 0x13, 0xb2, 0xf8, 0x92, 0x26, 0x63, 0xfd, 0xe7, 0xc6, 0x2c, 0x22, 0xde,
+	0x13, 0x15, 0xb0, 0xfe, 0x40, 0xc0, 0xe6, 0x92, 0xdf, 0x31, 0x8b, 0x88, 0xef, 0x86, 0xb7, 0x24,
+	0xbf, 0x4e, 0x67, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0xa9, 0xf2, 0x7b, 0x28, 0xca, 0x8e, 0x36, 0xc2, 0x50, 0x0e, 0x02,
+	0x8d, 0x07, 0xe8, 0x04, 0x76, 0x71, 0x9f, 0x25, 0xc2, 0x9e, 0x83, 0x19, 0x28, 0xe7, 0x51, 0x03,
+	0xb5, 0x63, 0x5c, 0x55, 0x4c, 0xe5, 0x58, 0xb9, 0x80, 0x9c, 0xec, 0x49, 0x77, 0x22, 0x33, 0x73,
+	0x89, 0x8c, 0x01, 0xe6, 0xc1, 0x88, 0x8e, 0xa9, 0x0e, 0x9a, 0xf6, 0xb3, 0x03, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x92,
+	0x7b, 0xf4, 0x0a, 0x76, 0x28, 0x0f, 0x70, 0xd2, 0xa7, 0x22, 0xc1, 0xc9, 0x8d, 0x6e, 0xf2, 0x9a,
+	0x6a, 0xf2, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x0d, 0x2b, 0x97, 0xf1, 0x2a, 0x7f, 0xde, 0x84, 0x62, 0x77, 0x2a, 0x96,
+	0x51, 0xbb, 0x0f, 0xd9, 0x84, 0x84, 0x84, 0x5e, 0xcf, 0x71, 0x3b, 0xdf, 0xa3, 0x4f, 0xc0, 0xb5,
+	0x6b, 0x7d, 0x82, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0xdd, 0x6d, 0x2b, 0xb7, 0xe0, 0x5d, 0xc1, 0xe7, 0xfa, 0xff, 0x87,
+	0xcf, 0x05, 0x12, 0xd3, 0xff, 0x13, 0x12, 0x25, 0x71, 0x70, 0x1e, 0xc4, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x89, 0xc2,
+	0x76, 0xda, 0xcf, 0x0a, 0xce, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0x7e, 0xb5, 0x77, 0x99, 0x5b, 0xbd, 0x33, 0xca, 0x49,
+	0x42, 0x43, 0x62, 0xf0, 0x2b, 0x95, 0xa7, 0x72, 0x8f, 0xaa, 0xe0, 0x1a, 0x25, 0x4b, 0xa8, 0xb8,
+	0x09, 0x2e, 0x09, 0xf1, 0x9e, 0x2a, 0x9b, 0xa2, 0xb6, 0x51, 0xe2, 0x36, 0x21, 0x08, 0x41, 0x5a,
+	0x31, 0x40, 0x56, 0x69, 0xd5, 0xfa, 0x31, 0xf8, 0xbd, 0x8f, 0x1c, 0xe0, 0x5e, 0x72, 0x78, 0x06,
+	0xb2, 0xcc, 0x60, 0xca, 0x49, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0x92, 0xf6, 0x37, 0x07, 0x98, 0x9f, 0x73, 0x12, 0xa1,
+	0x63, 0xd8, 0x25, 0x97, 0x97, 0x24, 0x14, 0xf4, 0x9a, 0x04, 0x8b, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0x44, 0x75, 0xf4,
+	0xb9, 0xe9, 0xe8, 0x93, 0xff, 0xec, 0x68, 0x47, 0x4e, 0xe2, 0xdc, 0xf3, 0x4b, 0xdb, 0x84, 0xda,
+	0xed, 0x70, 0xba, 0x91, 0x7b, 0x2a, 0xe9, 0x8a, 0xbd, 0xee, 0xe8, 0x73, 0x00, 0x79, 0x16, 0x93,
+	0x69, 0xff, 0x8a, 0xdc, 0x28, 0x4e, 0xd9, 0xf2, 0xe5, 0xe9, 0x9c, 0x2a, 0xc1, 0x3d, 0xf4, 0x93,
+	0xff, 0xa1, 0xe9, 0xe7, 0x18, 0xf2, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x01, 0xd3, 0x20, 0xf2, 0xbc, 0x03, 0xa7, 0x9a,
+	0x3b, 0x7c, 0xf5, 0x10, 0x09, 0x2c, 0x60, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xc2, 0x25, 0x0c, 0xde, 0x49, 0x2c, 0xcf,
+	0x7e, 0x58, 0x62, 0xf9, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0x64, 0x4c, 0xf5, 0x8d, 0x39, 0x1b, 0x3a, 0x2a, 0xc7, 0x27,
+	0x0f, 0xe5, 0x08, 0xc5, 0xec, 0x16, 0x15, 0xbe, 0x84, 0xa2, 0x5e, 0x05, 0x63, 0xc2, 0x39, 0x1e,
+	0x10, 0x85, 0xdd, 0x2d, 0xbf, 0xa0, 0xa5, 0xc7, 0x5a, 0x28, 0xef, 0x31, 0x92, 0x24, 0x2c, 0x99,
+	0x5b, 0x65, 0xf4, 0x3d, 0xa6, 0x84, 0xd6, 0xe8, 0x33, 0x28, 0x8d, 0x30, 0x17, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x08,
+	0x0b, 0x12, 0x08, 0x3a, 0x26, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0xf1, 0x44, 0x21, 0x7d, 0xdd, 0xdf, 0x5d, 0xe8, 0xce,
+	0xac, 0x0a, 0x55, 0x41, 0xd2, 0x8f, 0xa4, 0x36, 0x9f, 0x5c, 0x4e, 0xe3, 0x88, 0x44, 0x0a, 0xd6,
+	0x9a, 0x95, 0x96, 0xc5, 0xe8, 0xe7, 0xb0, 0x13, 0x26, 0x04, 0x4b, 0xf6, 0x5c, 0x44, 0xde, 0x50,
+	0x91, 0x5d, 0xa3, 0x58, 0x84, 0xfd, 0x05, 0x94, 0x56, 0xca, 0x0d, 0x12, 0x72, 0x4d, 0x12, 0x61,
+	0xd0, 0x8b, 0x96, 0xab, 0xf6, 0x95, 0x46, 0x8d, 0xf0, 0x8a, 0x87, 0xe2, 0x5b, 0x03, 0xd6, 0x9d,
+	0x65, 0x07, 0x55, 0x56, 0xe5, 0x7b, 0x07, 0x0a, 0xda, 0xd5, 0x9e, 0xfd, 0x4b, 0x28, 0xea, 0x2c,
+	0x01, 0x8e, 0xa2, 0x84, 0x70, 0x6e, 0x98, 0xb2, 0xa0, 0xa5, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0x44, 0x3f, 0x85, 0xa2,
+	0x9e, 0xb8, 0xd8, 0x16, 0xa5, 0x69, 0x58, 0xcd, 0x61, 0x37, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x7c, 0x04, 0x05, 0x55,
+	0xc0, 0x3c, 0x96, 0x7e, 0xea, 0xe4, 0x95, 0xd0, 0x86, 0x5a, 0x64, 0xb4, 0xa7, 0x22, 0x7b, 0x97,
+	0xb7, 0x19, 0xed, 0xb1, 0xbc, 0x95, 0x04, 0xad, 0xcc, 0x16, 0xd0, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x14, 0x77, 0x9a,
+	0xf0, 0x16, 0xb7, 0x95, 0x7f, 0xa5, 0x21, 0xbf, 0xb8, 0x90, 0xcf, 0x66, 0xc8, 0x83, 0x4d, 0xd5,
+	0x7b, 0x66, 0xaf, 0x05, 0xbb, 0x95, 0xcf, 0x28, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x7a, 0x9c, 0xf4, 0x06, 0x75, 0x61,
+	0x4b, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x97, 0x84, 0x70, 0x53, 0xc3, 0xe1, 0xfd, 0x35, 0x7c, 0xff, 0xee, 0x85, 0x7b,
+	0x83, 0xc7, 0xa3, 0x5f, 0x55, 0xe6, 0x8e, 0x15, 0x3f, 0x2b, 0xd7, 0x6d, 0x42, 0x38, 0xfa, 0x19,
+	0x6c, 0x27, 0x64, 0x84, 0x6f, 0x48, 0x74, 0x6b, 0x32, 0x8b, 0x46, 0x6c, 0x9b, 0xd0, 0x86, 0x5c,
+	0x18, 0x8a, 0x99, 0x25, 0x92, 0xac, 0xc2, 0xf9, 0xcb, 0x07, 0xf0, 0x62, 0xb0, 0x02, 0xe1, 0x1c,
+	0x37, 0xa8, 0x07, 0x45, 0xaa, 0xdf, 0x14, 0xc1, 0x44, 0xdd, 0x8d, 0x8a, 0xb3, 0x73, 0x8f, 0x7d,
+	0x88, 0xe8, 0xfb, 0xd4, 0x2f, 0xd0, 0x95, 0x47, 0xf1, 0x05, 0x6c, 0x33, 0x73, 0xe1, 0xda, 0xa8,
+	0x70, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0xcd, 0x1d, 0xbe, 0x7e, 0x20, 0xea, 0xea, 0x35, 0xed, 0x17, 0xd9, 0xea, 0xb5,
+	0x9d, 0xc0, 0x33, 0xf5, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0xd9, 0x28, 0x08, 0x59, 0x2c, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x8a, 0xe0, 0x9a,
+	0x24, 0x9c, 0xb2, 0xd8, 0x3c, 0xe5, 0xbe, 0x78, 0x20, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xf1, 0x6f, 0x1a, 0xf7, 0x0b,
+	0xed, 0xed, 0x3f, 0x9d, 0xdc, 0xad, 0x40, 0xbf, 0x9d, 0x0f, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xd4, 0xfc, 0xa3, 0x1a,
+	0xb4, 0x02, 0xa6, 0x37, 0x69, 0x39, 0x15, 0x76, 0x90, 0x8d, 0xf0, 0xd5, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x16, 0x0c,
+	0x86, 0x10, 0x14, 0x4f, 0x49, 0x1c, 0xd1, 0x78, 0x60, 0x7a, 0xeb, 0xa6, 0xd0, 0x2e, 0x6c, 0x1b,
+	0x99, 0xed, 0x8c, 0xeb, 0xa0, 0x1d, 0x28, 0xd8, 0xdd, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x49, 0xe4, 0xae, 0x4b, 0x91,
+	0xb1, 0xd3, 0x69, 0xdd, 0x34, 0xca, 0x43, 0x56, 0xaf, 0x49, 0xe4, 0x6e, 0xa0, 0x1c, 0x6c, 0x36,
+	0xf4, 0x83, 0xcb, 0xcd, 0xec, 0xa7, 0xff, 0xfa, 0x97, 0xb2, 0xf3, 0xea, 0x37, 0x50, 0xba, 0xeb,
+	0x62, 0x41, 0x2e, 0xe4, 0x4f, 0x98, 0x68, 0xdb, 0x67, 0xb4, 0x9b, 0x42, 0x05, 0xd8, 0x5a, 0x6c,
+	0x1d, 0x19, 0xb9, 0x35, 0x23, 0xe1, 0x54, 0x06, 0x5b, 0x33, 0xc1, 0x3e, 0x05, 0xf7, 0x36, 0xe1,
+	0xa3, 0x2c, 0xa4, 0x7b, 0x8d, 0x76, 0xcb, 0x4d, 0xc9, 0x55, 0xbb, 0xd1, 0x3b, 0x73, 0x1d, 0x63,
+	0x9d, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0x4c, 0xce, 0x1c, 0x6c, 0xf6, 0xce, 0x9b, 0xcd, 0x56, 0xaf, 0xe7, 0xa6,
+	0x50, 0x19, 0xf6, 0x3b, 0x27, 0xbd, 0xf3, 0x76, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0xec, 0xb4, 0x4e, 0xce, 0x82, 0xa3,
+	0xd6, 0x69, 0xb7, 0xd7, 0x39, 0xeb, 0xfa, 0x41, 0xbb, 0xd5, 0x72, 0x1d, 0xf4, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x3a,
+	0x27, 0x17, 0x8d, 0xaf, 0x3a, 0x47, 0x81, 0xdf, 0x6a, 0xb6, 0x3a, 0x17, 0x2d, 0x3f, 0x68, 0x1c,
+	0x1d, 0xf9, 0xd2, 0x7b, 0x4d, 0x96, 0x6f, 0xb5, 0xc7, 0xad, 0xe3, 0xae, 0xbb, 0x6e, 0x72, 0xd6,
+	0xe1, 0xe9, 0x7f, 0x39, 0x7b, 0x94, 0x81, 0xb5, 0x8b, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x3d, 0xb4, 0x45,
+	0xbe, 0xf9, 0xf2, 0xdb, 0xf7, 0x65, 0xe7, 0xbb, 0xf7, 0x65, 0xe7, 0x1f, 0xef, 0xcb, 0xce, 0x9f,
+	0x3e, 0x94, 0x53, 0xdf, 0x7d, 0x28, 0xa7, 0xfe, 0xf6, 0xa1, 0x9c, 0xfa, 0xfa, 0xf5, 0x80, 0x8a,
+	0xe1, 0xb4, 0x5f, 0x0b, 0xd9, 0x58, 0x7d, 0x2e, 0xbe, 0xd6, 0x5f, 0x8e, 0x31, 0x8b, 0x48, 0x7d,
+	0xb6, 0xfc, 0x81, 0x2a, 0xdf, 0x85, 0xbc, 0x9f, 0x51, 0xa3, 0xf5, 0xf9, 0xbf, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00,
+	0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0xb4, 0x3f, 0xf6, 0xce, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 func (m *InboundParams) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
diff --git a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event.go b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event.go
index 0650b19536..9b9246c003 100644
--- a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event.go
+++ b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event.go
@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
 
-	cosmosmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
 	ethcommon "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/chains"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/coin"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/constant"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/crypto"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/memo"
@@ -177,82 +174,3 @@ func (ob *Observer) IsEventProcessable(event BTCInboundEvent) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 }
-
-// NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo creates a MsgVoteInbound message for inbound that uses legacy memo
-func (ob *Observer) NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(
-	event *BTCInboundEvent,
-	amountSats *big.Int,
-) *crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound {
-	// determine confirmation mode
-	confirmationMode := crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_FAST
-	if ob.IsBlockConfirmedForInboundSafe(event.BlockNumber) {
-		confirmationMode = crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE
-	}
-
-	return crosschaintypes.NewMsgVoteInbound(
-		ob.ZetacoreClient().GetKeys().GetOperatorAddress().String(),
-		event.FromAddress,
-		ob.Chain().ChainId,
-		event.FromAddress,
-		event.ToAddress,
-		ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
-		cosmosmath.NewUintFromBigInt(amountSats),
-		hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoBytes),
-		event.TxHash,
-		event.BlockNumber,
-		0,
-		coin.CoinType_Gas,
-		"",
-		0,
-		crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
-		false, // no arbitrary call for deposit to ZetaChain
-		event.Status,
-		confirmationMode,
-		crosschaintypes.WithCrossChainCall(len(event.MemoBytes) > 0),
-	)
-}
-
-// NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo creates a MsgVoteInbound message for inbound that uses standard memo
-func (ob *Observer) NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(
-	event *BTCInboundEvent,
-	amountSats *big.Int,
-) *crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound {
-	// inject the 'revertAddress' specified in the memo, so that
-	// zetacore will create a revert outbound that points to the custom revert address.
-	revertOptions := crosschaintypes.RevertOptions{
-		RevertAddress: event.MemoStd.RevertOptions.RevertAddress,
-		AbortAddress:  event.MemoStd.RevertOptions.AbortAddress,
-	}
-
-	// check if the memo is a cross-chain call, or simple token deposit
-	isCrosschainCall := event.MemoStd.OpCode == memo.OpCodeCall || event.MemoStd.OpCode == memo.OpCodeDepositAndCall
-
-	// determine confirmation mode
-	confirmationMode := crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_FAST
-	if ob.IsBlockConfirmedForInboundSafe(event.BlockNumber) {
-		confirmationMode = crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE
-	}
-
-	return crosschaintypes.NewMsgVoteInbound(
-		ob.ZetacoreClient().GetKeys().GetOperatorAddress().String(),
-		event.FromAddress,
-		ob.Chain().ChainId,
-		event.FromAddress,
-		event.MemoStd.Receiver.Hex(),
-		ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
-		cosmosmath.NewUintFromBigInt(amountSats),
-		hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoStd.Payload),
-		event.TxHash,
-		event.BlockNumber,
-		0,
-		coin.CoinType_Gas,
-		"",
-		0,
-		crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
-		false, // no arbitrary call for deposit to ZetaChain
-		event.Status,
-		confirmationMode,
-		crosschaintypes.WithRevertOptions(revertOptions),
-		crosschaintypes.WithCrossChainCall(isCrosschainCall),
-	)
-}
diff --git a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event_test.go b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event_test.go
index a58b8839bc..dc7f9891a6 100644
--- a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event_test.go
+++ b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/event_test.go
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 package observer_test
 
 import (
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	cosmosmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/testutil"
 	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
@@ -13,13 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/chains"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/coin"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/constant"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/memo"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/testutil/sample"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/config"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/keys"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/testutils"
 	clienttypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/types"
 )
@@ -351,109 +346,3 @@ func Test_IsEventProcessable(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func Test_NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(t *testing.T) {
-	// can use any bitcoin chain for testing
-	chain := chains.BitcoinMainnet
-
-	// create test observer
-	ob := newTestSuite(t, chain)
-	ob.zetacore.WithKeys(&keys.Keys{}).WithZetaChain()
-
-	t.Run("should create new inbound vote msg V2", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// create test event
-		event := createTestBtcEvent(t, &chaincfg.MainNetParams, []byte("dummy memo"), nil)
-
-		// test amount
-		amountSats := big.NewInt(1000)
-
-		// mock SAFE confirmed block
-		ob.WithLastBlock(event.BlockNumber + ob.ChainParams().InboundConfirmationSafe())
-
-		// expected vote
-		expectedVote := crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound{
-			Sender:             event.FromAddress,
-			SenderChainId:      chain.ChainId,
-			TxOrigin:           event.FromAddress,
-			Receiver:           event.ToAddress,
-			ReceiverChain:      ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
-			Amount:             cosmosmath.NewUint(amountSats.Uint64()),
-			Message:            hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoBytes),
-			InboundHash:        event.TxHash,
-			InboundBlockHeight: event.BlockNumber,
-			CallOptions: &crosschaintypes.CallOptions{
-				GasLimit: 0,
-			},
-			CoinType:                coin.CoinType_Gas,
-			ProtocolContractVersion: crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
-			RevertOptions:           crosschaintypes.NewEmptyRevertOptions(), // always empty with legacy memo
-			IsCrossChainCall:        true,
-			Status:                  crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
-			ConfirmationMode:        crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE,
-		}
-
-		// create new inbound vote V1
-		vote := ob.NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(&event, amountSats)
-		require.Equal(t, expectedVote, *vote)
-	})
-}
-
-func Test_NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(t *testing.T) {
-	// can use any bitcoin chain for testing
-	chain := chains.BitcoinMainnet
-
-	// create test observer
-	ob := newTestSuite(t, chain)
-	ob.zetacore.WithKeys(&keys.Keys{}).WithZetaChain()
-
-	t.Run("should create new inbound vote msg with standard memo", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// create revert options
-		r := sample.Rand()
-		revertOptions := crosschaintypes.NewEmptyRevertOptions()
-		revertOptions.RevertAddress = sample.BTCAddressP2WPKH(t, r, &chaincfg.MainNetParams).String()
-
-		// create test event
-		receiver := sample.EthAddress()
-		event := createTestBtcEvent(t, &chaincfg.MainNetParams, []byte("dymmy"), &memo.InboundMemo{
-			FieldsV0: memo.FieldsV0{
-				Receiver:      receiver,
-				Payload:       []byte("some payload"),
-				RevertOptions: revertOptions,
-			},
-		})
-
-		// test amount
-		amountSats := big.NewInt(1000)
-
-		// mock SAFE confirmed block
-		ob.WithLastBlock(event.BlockNumber + ob.ChainParams().InboundConfirmationSafe())
-
-		// expected vote
-		memoBytesExpected := event.MemoStd.Payload
-		expectedVote := crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound{
-			Sender:             event.FromAddress,
-			SenderChainId:      chain.ChainId,
-			TxOrigin:           event.FromAddress,
-			Receiver:           event.MemoStd.Receiver.Hex(),
-			ReceiverChain:      ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
-			Amount:             cosmosmath.NewUint(amountSats.Uint64()),
-			Message:            hex.EncodeToString(memoBytesExpected), // a simulated legacy memo
-			InboundHash:        event.TxHash,
-			InboundBlockHeight: event.BlockNumber,
-			CallOptions: &crosschaintypes.CallOptions{
-				GasLimit: 0,
-			},
-			CoinType:                coin.CoinType_Gas,
-			ProtocolContractVersion: crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
-			RevertOptions: crosschaintypes.RevertOptions{
-				RevertAddress: revertOptions.RevertAddress, // should be overridden by revert address
-			},
-			Status:           crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
-			ConfirmationMode: crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE,
-		}
-
-		// create new inbound vote V2 with standard memo
-		vote := ob.NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(&event, amountSats)
-		require.Equal(t, expectedVote, *vote)
-	})
-}
diff --git a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound.go b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound.go
index fb7c375274..df6bfc0831 100644
--- a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound.go
+++ b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound.go
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 
+	cosmosmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcjson"
 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg"
 	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
 
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/coin"
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/memo"
+	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/common"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/config"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/logs"
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ func (ob *Observer) observeInboundInBlockRange(ctx context.Context, startBlock,
 			msg := ob.GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(event)
 			if msg != nil {
 				// skip early observed inbound that is not eligible for fast confirmation
-				if msg.ConfirmationMode == types.ConfirmationMode_FAST {
+				if msg.ConfirmationMode == crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_FAST {
 					eligible, err := ob.IsInboundEligibleForFastConfirmation(ctx, msg)
 					if err != nil {
 						return blockNumber - 1, errors.Wrapf(
@@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ func FilterAndParseIncomingTx(
 //   - a valid MsgVoteInbound message, or
 //   - nil if no valid message can be created for whatever reasons:
 //     invalid data, not processable, invalid amount, etc.
-func (ob *Observer) GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(event *BTCInboundEvent) *types.MsgVoteInbound {
+func (ob *Observer) GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(event *BTCInboundEvent) *crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound {
 	// prepare logger fields
 	lf := map[string]any{
 		logs.FieldMethod: "GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent",
@@ -184,10 +187,11 @@ func (ob *Observer) GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(event *BTCInboundEvent) *types.Ms
 	}
 
 	// decode event memo bytes
+	// if the memo is invalid, we set the status in the event, the inbound will be observed as invalid
 	err := event.DecodeMemoBytes(ob.Chain().ChainId)
 	if err != nil {
 		ob.Logger().Inbound.Info().Fields(lf).Msgf("invalid memo bytes: %s", hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoBytes))
-		return nil
+		event.Status = crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO
 	}
 
 	// check if the event is processable
@@ -256,3 +260,82 @@ func GetSenderAddressByVin(
 
 	return common.DecodeSenderFromScript(pkScript, net)
 }
+
+// NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo creates a MsgVoteInbound message for inbound that uses legacy memo
+func (ob *Observer) NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(
+	event *BTCInboundEvent,
+	amountSats *big.Int,
+) *crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound {
+	// determine confirmation mode
+	confirmationMode := crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_FAST
+	if ob.IsBlockConfirmedForInboundSafe(event.BlockNumber) {
+		confirmationMode = crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE
+	}
+
+	return crosschaintypes.NewMsgVoteInbound(
+		ob.ZetacoreClient().GetKeys().GetOperatorAddress().String(),
+		event.FromAddress,
+		ob.Chain().ChainId,
+		event.FromAddress,
+		event.ToAddress,
+		ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
+		cosmosmath.NewUintFromBigInt(amountSats),
+		hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoBytes),
+		event.TxHash,
+		event.BlockNumber,
+		0,
+		coin.CoinType_Gas,
+		"",
+		0,
+		crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
+		false, // no arbitrary call for deposit to ZetaChain
+		event.Status,
+		confirmationMode,
+		crosschaintypes.WithCrossChainCall(len(event.MemoBytes) > 0),
+	)
+}
+
+// NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo creates a MsgVoteInbound message for inbound that uses standard memo
+func (ob *Observer) NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(
+	event *BTCInboundEvent,
+	amountSats *big.Int,
+) *crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound {
+	// inject the 'revertAddress' specified in the memo, so that
+	// zetacore will create a revert outbound that points to the custom revert address.
+	revertOptions := crosschaintypes.RevertOptions{
+		RevertAddress: event.MemoStd.RevertOptions.RevertAddress,
+		AbortAddress:  event.MemoStd.RevertOptions.AbortAddress,
+	}
+
+	// check if the memo is a cross-chain call, or simple token deposit
+	isCrosschainCall := event.MemoStd.OpCode == memo.OpCodeCall || event.MemoStd.OpCode == memo.OpCodeDepositAndCall
+
+	// determine confirmation mode
+	confirmationMode := crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_FAST
+	if ob.IsBlockConfirmedForInboundSafe(event.BlockNumber) {
+		confirmationMode = crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE
+	}
+
+	return crosschaintypes.NewMsgVoteInbound(
+		ob.ZetacoreClient().GetKeys().GetOperatorAddress().String(),
+		event.FromAddress,
+		ob.Chain().ChainId,
+		event.FromAddress,
+		event.MemoStd.Receiver.Hex(),
+		ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
+		cosmosmath.NewUintFromBigInt(amountSats),
+		hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoStd.Payload),
+		event.TxHash,
+		event.BlockNumber,
+		0,
+		coin.CoinType_Gas,
+		"",
+		0,
+		crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
+		false, // no arbitrary call for deposit to ZetaChain
+		event.Status,
+		confirmationMode,
+		crosschaintypes.WithRevertOptions(revertOptions),
+		crosschaintypes.WithCrossChainCall(isCrosschainCall),
+	)
+}
diff --git a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound_test.go b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound_test.go
index 01a44982a2..0c2d70a343 100644
--- a/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound_test.go
+++ b/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer/inbound_test.go
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ package observer_test
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	cosmosmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
 	"encoding/hex"
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/coin"
+	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/memo"
 	"math"
+	"math/big"
 	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/pkg/constant"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/testutil"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/testutil/sample"
-	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
+	crosschaintypes "github.com/zeta-chain/node/x/crosschain/types"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/chains/bitcoin/observer"
 	clientcommon "github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/common"
 	"github.com/zeta-chain/node/zetaclient/keys"
@@ -163,9 +167,10 @@ func Test_GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// test cases
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		event   *observer.BTCInboundEvent
-		nilVote bool
+		name              string
+		event             *observer.BTCInboundEvent
+		observationStatus crosschaintypes.InboundStatus
+		nilVote           bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "should return vote for standard memo",
@@ -177,6 +182,7 @@ func Test_GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(t *testing.T) {
 					"5a0110032d07a9cbd57dcca3e2cf966c88bc874445b6e3b60d68656c6c6f207361746f736869",
 				),
 			},
+			observationStatus: crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "should return vote for legacy memo",
@@ -184,14 +190,15 @@ func Test_GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(t *testing.T) {
 				// raw address + payload
 				MemoBytes: testutil.HexToBytes(t, "2d07a9cbd57dcca3e2cf966c88bc874445b6e3b668656c6c6f207361746f736869"),
 			},
+			observationStatus: crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
 		},
 		{
-			name: "should return nil if unable to decode memo",
+			name: "should return vote for invalid memo",
 			event: &observer.BTCInboundEvent{
 				// standard memo that carries payload only, receiver address is empty
 				MemoBytes: testutil.HexToBytes(t, "5a0110020d68656c6c6f207361746f736869"),
 			},
-			nilVote: true,
+			observationStatus: crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INVALID_MEMO,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "should return nil on donation message",
@@ -217,6 +224,7 @@ func Test_GetInboundVoteFromBtcEvent(t *testing.T) {
 				require.Nil(t, msg)
 			} else {
 				require.NotNil(t, msg)
+				require.EqualValues(t, tt.observationStatus, msg.Status)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -344,7 +352,7 @@ func TestGetBtcEvent(t *testing.T) {
 
 		expectedEvent := *eventExpected
 		expectedEvent.Value = 0
-		expectedEvent.Status = types.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE
+		expectedEvent.Status = crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_INSUFFICIENT_DEPOSITOR_FEE
 
 		// load previous raw tx so so mock rpc client can return it
 		rpcClient := testrpc.CreateBTCRPCAndLoadTx(t, TestDataDir, chain.ChainId, preHash)
@@ -675,3 +683,109 @@ func TestGetBtcEventErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Nil(t, event)
 	})
 }
+
+func Test_NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(t *testing.T) {
+	// can use any bitcoin chain for testing
+	chain := chains.BitcoinMainnet
+
+	// create test observer
+	ob := newTestSuite(t, chain)
+	ob.zetacore.WithKeys(&keys.Keys{}).WithZetaChain()
+
+	t.Run("should create new inbound vote msg V2", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// create test event
+		event := createTestBtcEvent(t, &chaincfg.MainNetParams, []byte("dummy memo"), nil)
+
+		// test amount
+		amountSats := big.NewInt(1000)
+
+		// mock SAFE confirmed block
+		ob.WithLastBlock(event.BlockNumber + ob.ChainParams().InboundConfirmationSafe())
+
+		// expected vote
+		expectedVote := crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound{
+			Sender:             event.FromAddress,
+			SenderChainId:      chain.ChainId,
+			TxOrigin:           event.FromAddress,
+			Receiver:           event.ToAddress,
+			ReceiverChain:      ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
+			Amount:             cosmosmath.NewUint(amountSats.Uint64()),
+			Message:            hex.EncodeToString(event.MemoBytes),
+			InboundHash:        event.TxHash,
+			InboundBlockHeight: event.BlockNumber,
+			CallOptions: &crosschaintypes.CallOptions{
+				GasLimit: 0,
+			},
+			CoinType:                coin.CoinType_Gas,
+			ProtocolContractVersion: crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
+			RevertOptions:           crosschaintypes.NewEmptyRevertOptions(), // always empty with legacy memo
+			IsCrossChainCall:        true,
+			Status:                  crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
+			ConfirmationMode:        crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE,
+		}
+
+		// create new inbound vote V1
+		vote := ob.NewInboundVoteFromLegacyMemo(&event, amountSats)
+		require.Equal(t, expectedVote, *vote)
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(t *testing.T) {
+	// can use any bitcoin chain for testing
+	chain := chains.BitcoinMainnet
+
+	// create test observer
+	ob := newTestSuite(t, chain)
+	ob.zetacore.WithKeys(&keys.Keys{}).WithZetaChain()
+
+	t.Run("should create new inbound vote msg with standard memo", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// create revert options
+		r := sample.Rand()
+		revertOptions := crosschaintypes.NewEmptyRevertOptions()
+		revertOptions.RevertAddress = sample.BTCAddressP2WPKH(t, r, &chaincfg.MainNetParams).String()
+
+		// create test event
+		receiver := sample.EthAddress()
+		event := createTestBtcEvent(t, &chaincfg.MainNetParams, []byte("dymmy"), &memo.InboundMemo{
+			FieldsV0: memo.FieldsV0{
+				Receiver:      receiver,
+				Payload:       []byte("some payload"),
+				RevertOptions: revertOptions,
+			},
+		})
+
+		// test amount
+		amountSats := big.NewInt(1000)
+
+		// mock SAFE confirmed block
+		ob.WithLastBlock(event.BlockNumber + ob.ChainParams().InboundConfirmationSafe())
+
+		// expected vote
+		memoBytesExpected := event.MemoStd.Payload
+		expectedVote := crosschaintypes.MsgVoteInbound{
+			Sender:             event.FromAddress,
+			SenderChainId:      chain.ChainId,
+			TxOrigin:           event.FromAddress,
+			Receiver:           event.MemoStd.Receiver.Hex(),
+			ReceiverChain:      ob.ZetacoreClient().Chain().ChainId,
+			Amount:             cosmosmath.NewUint(amountSats.Uint64()),
+			Message:            hex.EncodeToString(memoBytesExpected), // a simulated legacy memo
+			InboundHash:        event.TxHash,
+			InboundBlockHeight: event.BlockNumber,
+			CallOptions: &crosschaintypes.CallOptions{
+				GasLimit: 0,
+			},
+			CoinType:                coin.CoinType_Gas,
+			ProtocolContractVersion: crosschaintypes.ProtocolContractVersion_V2,
+			RevertOptions: crosschaintypes.RevertOptions{
+				RevertAddress: revertOptions.RevertAddress, // should be overridden by revert address
+			},
+			Status:           crosschaintypes.InboundStatus_SUCCESS,
+			ConfirmationMode: crosschaintypes.ConfirmationMode_SAFE,
+		}
+
+		// create new inbound vote V2 with standard memo
+		vote := ob.NewInboundVoteFromStdMemo(&event, amountSats)
+		require.Equal(t, expectedVote, *vote)
+	})
+}