🚦 Built a Smart Traffic Management System Using Iot

📘 Introduction

This project implements a Smart Traffic Management System using an ESP32 microcontroller and infrared (IR) sensors.
It dynamically adjusts traffic light timings based on real-time vehicle density, helping reduce congestion, fuel wastage, and waiting time.
Additionally, a local web dashboard hosted by the ESP32 displays real-time lane status and vehicle counts via Wi-Fi.

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⚙️ Features

• Real-time traffic monitoring using IR sensors
• Dynamic signal control based on vehicle density
• Web-based dashboard hosted on ESP32 (accessible via IP address)
• Automatic priority handling for congested lanes
• Vehicle count reset after each green phase
• Fully autonomous operation without external server dependency

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🚗 Modes of Operation

1. Normal Mode

Each lane follows the standard sequence: Green → Yellow → Red.
Signals change automatically at fixed time intervals if no congestion is detected.

2. Counting Mode

While a lane is Red, its IR sensor is active and counts passing vehicles in real-time.

3. Preemption Mode

If any Red lane’s vehicle count exceeds a threshold (e.g., ≥2), that lane is given Green priority after a 2-second all-red safety delay.

4. Reset Condition

Whenever a lane turns Green, its count resets to zero to prevent false accumulation.

5. Web Dashboard Mode

A built-in web server displays:

• Real-time signal status (Red, Yellow, Green)
• Live vehicle counts for each lane
  The dashboard auto-refreshes every second.

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🔩 Components Required

Component	Quantity
ESP32 Microcontroller	1
IR Sensor	4
Red, Yellow, Green LEDs	12 (3 per lane)
Resistors (220Ω)	12
Breadboard	1
Jumper Wires	As needed
USB Cable	1

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💻 Software Requirements

• Arduino IDE – for programming ESP32
• Web Browser – for viewing the real-time dashboard

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⚡ Pin Configuration

Component	ESP32 Pin
IR1	13
IR2	12
IR3	14
IR4	15
RED1	32
YELLOW1	21
GREEN1	16
RED2	33
YELLOW2	22
GREEN2	17
RED3	27
YELLOW3	23
GREEN3	18
RED4	26
YELLOW4	25
GREEN4	19

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🧠 Working Principle

1. ESP32 reads all four IR sensors to detect vehicles.
2. Each Red lane counts passing vehicles.
3. When a lane’s vehicle count crosses a set limit, the ESP32 triggers Preemption Mode, giving that lane Green priority.
4. After clearing congestion, normal cycling resumes.
5. Real-time signal states and counts are shown on the web dashboard via Wi-Fi.

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🌐 Web Dashboard Access

1. Upload the code to ESP32 and power it on.
2. Connect to the same Wi-Fi network as the ESP32.
3. Check the Serial Monitor for the ESP32’s IP address.
4. Open the IP address in a browser to view live data.

The dashboard auto-refreshes every second and shows:

• Current signal status of each lane
• Vehicle count for each lane

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🧩 Code Overview

• Libraries Used:
  WiFi.h, WebServer.h
• Core Functions:
  • checkIR() → Counts vehicles when lane is red
  • checkPreemption() → Detects congested lanes
  • handlePreemption() → Activates priority mode
  • handleNormalCycle() → Handles normal signal rotation
  • getDashboardHTML() → Generates live HTML dashboard

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🚀 Future Enhancements

• Integration with Blynk or ThingSpeak for cloud analytics
• Replace IR sensors with ESP32-CAM for visual traffic detection

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Project link: https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/smart-traffic-management-system-using-iot

👨‍💻 Author

Vedhathiri K

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🏁 Conclusion

This project demonstrates how an IoT-based adaptive traffic control system can improve urban mobility, reduce fuel waste, and offer a scalable foundation for future smart city applications.