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## Overview | ||
Substrate is a new kind of computer console specialized for running AI at home and work | ||
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The console is paired with an open source operating system and suite of applications. Our goal is to make both hardware and software radically accessible — to teach the world not just how to use the AI and appliance, but how they can make (and re-make!) it themselves. | ||
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Our first iteration of the console will be a kit that people can build in their own home or office. | ||
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Today, upgrading a computer usually means replacing components — but our unique approach is to design modular systems users can upgrade through expansion. | ||
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In practice this means a single initial machine with cables that can be plugged into one or more "expansion boxes". People can invest in expanding these systems over many years. With each expansion, the system can assist in more activities and bring more smarts to each of them. | ||
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We have plans for single-, double-, and quad-accelerator expansion boxes that can be plugged into a variety of machines. The plans will be available in early 2024. The double reuses all the parts of the single, and the quad reuses all the parts of the single and double. | ||
Who It's For | ||
Initially, this project will serve hackers who want to build and collaborate with one another on local and intelligent systems. | ||
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### Who is it for? What are some sample situations? | ||
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A1. Hackers (working on an open source software/hardware project) | ||
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A2. Students (in grad school doing research, with international and multilingual collaborators) | ||
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A3. Small and mid-sized businesses (a regional distributor) | ||
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### What It Is | ||
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#### What you get in the mail: | ||
- Substrate System 0 is an easy-to-assemble AI computer kit for home and work. | ||
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#### Once built, it runs: | ||
- SubstrateOS, an operating system that boots from a USB drive and schedules AI models on internal and external consumer GPUs. | ||
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#### Once booted, it can: | ||
- M0.1. Join in on real-world conversations via your other devices. [A1] [A2] [A3] | ||
A1. Planning meeting | ||
A2. Lecture | ||
A3. Sales meeting, customer call | ||
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- M0.2. Take meeting and lecture notes so you can pay full attention to the speakers. [Liv] [A1] [A2] [A3] | ||
A1. Meeting minutes, next steps | ||
A2. Lecture notes | ||
A3. ? | ||
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- M0.3. Identify and link to more info on people, events, and cited documents. [Liv] [A1] [A2] | ||
A1. ? | ||
A2. Important dates for the course; references to other talks, textbooks, papers, textbooks | ||
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- M0.4. Keep an at-hand, ever-present record of conversation, tasks, and specific contributions. This captures good ideas as they happen, foster new connections between them, and helps maintain understanding between collaborators. [Matt] [Liv] [A1] [A2] [A3] | ||
A1. Feature suggestions, observations, | ||
A2. ? | ||
A3. ? | ||
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- M0.5. Eliminate language barriers by translating between any number of supported languages in real-time, across speech and text. [A2] [A3] | ||
A2. ? | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A2: Enable access to a greater library of educational content and collaborators from institutions that do not share the student's native language Example Context: Columbia Business School has a requirement for graduate students to do international seminars. The courses are taught by CBS staff in English, but take place in countries where the native language is not English. By being able to access M0.5 capabilities with Bridge, students would have a more comprehensive exposure to the business ecosystem for their seminars. There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. This is a great example. Can you be more specific about a situation that you imagine you might use bridge in to satisfy this educational requirement? There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Examples:
Scenario: My international seminar is in Munich, Germany, and is on the topic of Branding and Marketing. We are visiting several German companies and will also have (English) classroom instruction on the topic. I'd like Bridge to synthesize branding/marketing/news about the companies we're visiting from English and German sources, as well as historical information about Munich's role in German business and economy. |
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A3. ? | ||
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- M0.6. Respond only when actively addressed directly or indirectly, so using its name in a sentence does not result in false positives, but people also don't need to keep using its name explicitly to continue a conversation. | ||
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- M0.7. Self-assess its reasoning capabilities so it knows what it can do and how well it performs relative to expectations. | ||
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- M0.8. Cast wirelessly to nearby displays. [?Jeff] [A1] [A2] [A3] | ||
A1. ? | ||
A2. ? | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A2. [Aspirational] - A shared classroom or institutional Substrate system that has access to student and professor lecture materials would significantly improve operational management for classes. Example context: Switching materials on days where students are participating in sharing out what they've learned (for example, presenting a project) requires hot-swapping devices, classroom IT support, or a professor/TA to consolidate all of the presentations into a single converted format. Casting capabilities from a system that knows the collaborators in the class and has access to their most recent work would streamline this process and reduce overhead time in classes. There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Can you give a more specific example of a situation where this might happen in your current course? |
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A3. ? | ||
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- M0.9. Help draft comparative analyses of ideas shared in both documents and live interactions. [A1] [A2] | ||
A1. ? | ||
A2. ? | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A2. [Aspirational] As a graduate student, many of my classes require a final paper to demonstrate what we learned in the course and to create our own novel assessments or proposals of new, related ideas. The documents that support the writing of these papers are a combination of supplemental readings (books, articles), verbal notes and slides from lectures, insights from linking in-course knowledge to other concepts and topics that I've learned before. With a Substrate system, I would like to be able to use the system's knowledge of all of the materials that I'm consuming related to the course, so that as I dynamically build an outline and start filling in my final paper, it can relate this back to the other materials and help me with developing out related ideas/synthesis and citation. |
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There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. A3. If the business in question is a research enterprise, this is going to dramatically accelerate distributed search of blind spots in the space of possible hypotheses/experiment designs. I spoke to James Evans about doing this (https://complexity.simplecast.com/episodes/55) — in his recent work he has been treating "What questions will scientists be asking in a year?" as a token prediction challenge and finding truly novel opportunities by superimposing ideas from different fields. Deploying the machine as a kind of naïve outsider, because many if not most scientific breakthroughs come from people with little expertise in the field where they made their breakthrough...contrasting ideas from, for instance, a ecology paper and an economics paper can reveal opportunities to apply models in new domains, or reveal where the barrier of technical language has obscured a deeper unifying insight independently discovered in multiple areas. You can also "go hipster" and reverse the polarity of the system's suggestions to identify blind spots common to both human and machine and make a bet on finding something totally unexpected. Finding negative space in our knowledge graph — formalizing multi-/inter-meta-disciplinary investigation — might be the most promising new frontier for scientific discovery: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.01495.pdf There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Given the above, imagine you could task a computer to bring a concrete set of questions to each encounter (written or verbal). What would those questions be? An example question might be:
Always answering the same question(s) for every task might get tedious. Feel free to give a context-specific question or a sequence of interrelated questions. |
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- M0.10. Allow you to build and contribute new functionality others can immediately adopt. [?Jeff] [A1] [A2] | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. My sense is that the best possible version of this builds on M0.3, M0.7, and M0.9 by actively identifying where other people's contributions might help you address a specific use case you care about. If in five years everyone is engaged in real-time collaborative ecosystem development, the current model of "suggested apps" is still going to buckle under information scaling pressures...it'll require a much more advanced understanding of what new tools you aren't even aware of yet can improve your workflow for the thing you are doing at this very moment. What I have now: The Google Play store recommends apps other people "like me" downloaded, and it's effectively a matter of chance as to whether or not I discover that one of these suggestions addresses a problem I'm actively engaged with. (In fact this is a whole NEW problem we didn't have twenty years ago because we weren't stupidly rich in apps we don't even know about, and reading people's reviews is a time-consuming and noisy way of trying to assess whether you're actually pulling the one that will suit your needs best out of a zillion variants. This isn't empirical at all; it's a question of whether the designers made a slick sales page, etc. We're back to using good looks and hearsay to establish trust in strangers.) And God forbid I happen to develop a superb app that nobody ever finds because gaming the attention economy is not my full-time job... What I want: I suddenly find my machine is capable of amazing new, perfectly relevant things I don't necessarily need to pre-approve, because (1) the machine can inspect code and predict both how new software will alter performance and whether I will be happy about it; and (2) my data is being managed locally so I'm not concerned about baroque, inscrutable surveillance capitalism end-user agreements. I want automated novel functionality search to be something I can make more conservative when I'm committed to process and solving a problem in a specific way, and I want to be able to raise the search "temperature" when I'm more interested in results and in finding a creative solution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing). In the current paradigm where the corporate app store vets developers and the whole thing is built on the exploitation of attention, I wouldn't dream of letting my phone approve foreign app downloads. In the world I want, one function of my local language model is to serve as an immune system and executive assistant that intelligently sorts which new software proposals make it past the "front desk" — at which point I can choose to choose, or choose to let my machine do the choosing, as suits me based on my risk tolerance. (This is all contingent on networked machines being able to query each other in a kind of collective reasoning-checker exercise where no machine has to take it on faith that the new code works, or works as advertised. We can't reasonably expect a machine to be able to simulate all possible failure modes but it can cross-check "what it thinks the new code will do based on an M0.9 capability" with pools of anonymized data and analysis. Could look something like Goodly Labs' Public Editor, only made of machines: https://www.goodlylabs.org/projects) There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. The real limiters in any sort of automatic system (much more quickly than you might expect) are always: 1) how much electricity you have and 2) the finite patience of we humans have for false positives. While solving a problem that will matter in five years can be a valuable activity, I believe it's important to find a sequence of problems which lead us in the right direction. In fact, I would say problems (like app discovery) that have only just hit us are probably not a good thing to invest time in. They are evidence of the fact that apps are a misfit and should be abandoned. Instead we should backtrack deeper into history and find the problems from 25 or 100 years ago that are still with us now. With a wider view we can consider what tools we can build today that were once only pipe dreams of the 20th century. There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. • With the above I'm really just embroidering the question I asked you in the Milestone 0 Google Doc about what this software hub/store is going to look like. I haven't heard a thing about that yet and yet it's a major bullet point in the demo...but given that we are showing off limited reasoning, it seemed safe to assume that this system implements some clever new mechanism for surfacing the right new features at the right time with smart, context-rich recommendations. Separately: I agree that apps are not the fundamental unit in five years and that what we're really talking about down the line is more like plasmid-based horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. Totally safe to replace every future tense instance of "app" above with "relevant code string" or whatever. Still: How does this system, not in five years but now, help developers push code that others can easily discover and deploy when they need it? Good point about false positives, but that's why I suggested tolerance for false positives is an adjustable user setting. Moving leverage to the edge = not making that decision for them. Mining well-established unsolved problems: Totally. Not knowing the right tool for the job, not having it when you need it because you have to sift through the overwhelming panoply of options...that's perennial. :) |
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A1. ? | ||
A2. ? | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. In one of my most recent classes, my professor was developing GPTs/agents that acted as companion instructors for the class to engage with. The goal was not inherently to have these agents teach net new concepts, but instead reinforce through repeated practice the ways that we could apply the learning. This allowed the teacher to focus on the live learning, and students had access to a more individualized system based on his pedagogy. There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. Have you seen https://www.synthesis.com/blog/does-the-synthesis-tutor-get-results They link to a summary of the backing research here: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/vbWBJGWyWyKyoxLBe/darpa-digital-tutor-four-months-to-total-technical-expertise And to the actual DARPA report here: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD1002362.pdf There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. I am suddenly dramatically less worried about my kids growing up in a state with Very Bad Public Schools. |
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- M0.11. Provide alternative heuristics for approaching a problem (but not the answer). For example: "have you considered breaking the problem down into smaller chunks"; "have you a different representation for the problem?" (the agent tries to make the person think.) [Yoshiki] [A1] [A2] [A3] | ||
A1. ? | ||
A2. ? | ||
A3. ? | ||
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- M0.12. Track, integrate and synthesize a set of ongoing concerns or questions with media collected, notes, links saved [Matt] [A1] | ||
A1. ? |
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We need to make a concrete plan for our launch. This includes: | ||
- a date | ||
- a video | ||
- artifacts (including a git tag, ISO for download) | ||
- documentation | ||
- plans for community discussion and engagement (discord? twitter space?) | ||
- enumeration of specific functionality to build | ||
- getting that functionality working | ||
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### Background | ||
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Here is some interesting prior art that might inform our approach: | ||
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- https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-how-we-launch |
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# Substrate | ||
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An Open Architecture for Intelligence | ||
(or maybe ... An Open Architecture for Intelligent Systems?) | ||
There was a problem hiding this comment. Choose a reason for hiding this commentThe reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more. "Intelligence" could well be interpreted as the kind of activity performed by The Intelligence Community — and in fact, the first search result for this phrase as is links to the defense sector. But it's less of a mouthful than "Intelligent Systems", which for sure will be interpreted to mean something much more fundamental/general than we mean here (e.g., slime molds, starling murmurations, human beings). I think we're better off leaning toward the "spies are cool" region of semantic space than the "physicists and mathematicians arguing about what intelligence means" region. |
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--- | ||
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### Problem: The State of Intelligence | ||
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When we read books, most of the benefit accrues to us, the readers. | ||
But with AI, the accumulation of intelligence mostly benefits whomever owns the tech. | ||
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AI is on a path to becoming "too cheap to meter". While the cumulative production of intelligence proceeds at an unprecedented speed, most of it now flows upstream to basins where the public can’t remix and iterate it. | ||
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At any moment, the handful of companies providing proprietary AI services can and do revoke access, change the rules of engagement, or alter the architecture of the whole underlying system — a design that thwarts the integration and expansion of this new layer of planet-scale cognition. | ||
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The most important new cultural technology since syntactic language is too closely tied to profit motives, its destiny determined by too few decision-makers. | ||
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If we cannot reopen and distribute the emergence of AI, we may stifle the most potent opportunity we’ve ever had. | ||
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--- | ||
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### Solution: An Architecture for Intelligence | ||
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Now let’s imagine a different AI paradigm — a world much closer to the original visions for the Internet and personal computing: | ||
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As you use these next-generation computers, you and your tools get smarter by participating in a new ecosystem of recombinant collective learning. Intelligence on tap becomes the substrate for collaboration, helping us to better understand each other, our world, and the complex challenges we face this century. | ||
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This new architecture for AI will place leverage back in the hands of end users. But in order to achieve this, we must turn the directed evolution of AI into an even more accessible, planet-wide multiplayer game. | ||
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We need an open architecture for intelligence, now — one that expands the surface of adjacent possibility by giving everyone an opportunity to innovate together. | ||
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Substrate is our answer to this problem: a new kind of tech company devoted to inventing the architecture of intelligence — to developing the tech stack and fostering the open ecosystem of collaboration that enables it. | ||
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--- | ||
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### First milestone: Substrate System 0 | ||
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A new type of computer console specialized for running AI at home and work… | ||
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…that you can easily assemble from a kit by yourself. | ||
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A radically accessible, extensible and open project that teaches the world not just how to use the AI and appliance, but how to (re)make it themselves. | ||
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A hardware platform on which anyone can build AI-based, AI-enabled software. | ||
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Based on either open source or off-the-shelf parts… | ||
…and upgradable through expansion, rather than replacement. | ||
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--- | ||
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### First milestone: SubstrateOS (The Platform) | ||
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To complement the hardware platform, we're developing an intelligent operating system that can can boot from a USB drive and schedule AI models on internal and external Nvidia GPUs. | ||
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**SubstrateOS**: | ||
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1) Collaborates with us to solve problems — and perhaps more importantly: | ||
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2) Helps us find the right problems to solve. | ||
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Next: Software anyone can run locally on a number of existing operating systems. An OS and computer kit to follow after that. | ||
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--- | ||
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### A new renaissance is here — if we rise to meet it | ||
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**AI is a revolutionary cultural technology.** Like speaking, writing, and print publishing before it, AI’s early user base was narrow and elite…but we believe the skills to make and understand AI will one day be as commonplace as books and conversations are today. | ||
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**For the first time, this future is within reach.** Identifying Moore's Law emboldened early pioneers of personal computing and the Internet to dream big. Today, we ride two similar exponential curves: energy efficiency (FLOPS/Watt) and quantity of intelligence (per FLOP). | ||
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An open architecture for AI allows smart, motivated people to engage in “positive-sum” games where solving their own needs produces benefits for everyone. **But this future isn’t guaranteed.** In the current “arms race” framework, exponential progress compound new AI superpowers in the hands of privileged few. Why would they give up their competitive advantage? | ||
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**Next year might be too late.** Regulatory capture could decide who has a say in how the future of the Web takes shape. If we do not act now, an open architecture for AI may never come to pass. | ||
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--- | ||
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### Why a nonprofit? | ||
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These technologies are too powerful and important to be stewarded by those with a profit motive. | ||
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Our ambition is to pioneer open architectures for intelligence and develop them into public goods. | ||
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We expect this project to take about five years to complete. Along the way we'll release artifacts as open source. | ||
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Doing this will require large-scale cooperation. As a nonprofit we can put our objectives ahead of a profit motive. With an upfront, fixed-term budget we can not only recruit world class people, but we can free them traditional corporate economic concerns. | ||
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A finite five-year lifespan keeps us honest. | ||
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--- | ||
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### How does this serve Mozilla's current efforts? | ||
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We are developing network protocols that can transform web browser experiences and tightly integrate with local AI initiatives. | ||
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We will provide unique product experiences related to MemoryCache and HistoryPlus. | ||
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Our approach is heavy on education and accessibility — and our products will be force multipliers for Mozilla’s mission and ongoing developer-focused efforts. | ||
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Our R&D helps other teams in Mozilla to understand and move nimbly in this new field. | ||
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We support and collaborate closely with young and upcoming projects like Llamafile on strategy, technology, and UX. | ||
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### Who else will benefit? | ||
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**Individuals** will discover a profoundly different, more personal approach to AI for work and creative exploration. | ||
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**Schools** will no longer have to choose between teaching AI literacy and students’ digital rights. | ||
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**Small and mid-sized businesses** will leverage insights focused at whatever level of data integration they desire. | ||
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**Hardware manufacturers** will be encouraged to design and build components for long-lasting, highly interoperable machines. | ||
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**New industry entrants** will enjoy the lowest barrier to entry ever and accessible, intuitive platforms for building their own services. | ||
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--- | ||
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### Who (if anyone) is our competition? | ||
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Voice-based assistant systems like Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, and Google Home. | ||
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❌ None are open, hackable, or extensible. None have research platforms. | ||
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Copilot-like experiences from GitHub, Microsoft, and Google. | ||
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❌ None are truly local and bespoke tailored intelligence for your unique needs. | ||
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AI SaaS offerings from OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google. | ||
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❌ All of them make users the product for massive data mining operations. | ||
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--- | ||
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### Why are we betting on this team? | ||
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The people you want building the next version of the Web are people that grew up on the Web. | ||
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You want people with an intuitive understanding of digital media, who know how to shape, navigate, and craft them, | ||
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Who can build open-ended, user-programmable systems, | ||
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Who are well-versed in comms, education, and explanation, | ||
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And, crucially, have a history of striving toward positive-sum outcomes. | ||
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--- | ||
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### We are: | ||
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#### Contributors | ||
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Executive Director: **Adam Bouhenguel** | ||
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Technical Division: | ||
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**Adam Bouhenguel** (MIECO co-creator and participant) | ||
**Jeff Lindsay** (MIECO participant) | ||
**Yoshiki Ohshima** (MIECO participant) | ||
**Matt Good** (long-time collaborator of Jeff Lindsay's) | ||
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Communications Division: | ||
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**Ryan Shoe**: Executive Producer (MIECO Season 1 videos) | ||
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**Casey Latiolais**: Creative and Art Director (MIECO Season 1 videos) | ||
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**Michael Garfield**: Synthesist and Generalist (org design research, storytelling) | ||
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#### Collaborators | ||
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**Imo Udom**, **Liv Erickson**, **Stephen Hood** (Mozilla Corp, Innovation Group) | ||
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**Justine Tunney** (Llamafile and Cosmopolitan) | ||
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**Charles Forman** (Storyboarder) | ||
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**Francisco Tolmasky** (RunKit) |
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A3. Map, track, and attribute ideas as they emerge and evolve in employee-employee correspondence. I spoke about how bad companies are at this with researcher Lauren Klein: https://complexity.simplecast.com/episodes/70 ...one big takeaway from that conversation is that we could be using techniques from the digital humanities to dramatically improve the circumstances for innovation in organizations, as well as happiness in the workplace. It's not just about encouraging the production of good ideas but also ensuring people are fairly recognized and compensated. This could neutralize one of the most widespread forms of organizational pathology, which is people stealing each other's credit and/or becoming obsessive about preventing this to a degree that harms collaboration.
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which techniques from the digital humanities?
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Topic modeling. This kind of visualization is something I would salivate over as a near-future Substrate feature for this specific use case:
https://medium.com/@power.up1163/visualizing-topic-models-with-topicwizard-ee5b4428405e
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Can you give a short example in screenplay/narrative form that shows how this might work in any of our specific settings?
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A1. At a glance, members of a software development team can see a network map of updates proposed by collaborators without having to scan a huge linear document and check for modifications one by one. Being able to see the "overhead" view of the project draws talent to the problems that need fixing quicker and more efficiently and creates "attention basins" by comparing different-but-related codebases that can attract talent from other projects into areas where they may be able to make significant updates.
A2. Grad students in a biology lab manage to successfully petition to reorder their names in a major scientific publication based on Substrate's records of lab work and meetings. Consequently, the students who contributed the most to that paper are awarded research opportunities for which they might otherwise have been passed over. (Note: citation bias is a HUGE issue — https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/15 — and addressing this issue at the headwaters reduces even more pernicious problems downstream.)
A3. It's time for annual bonuses and thanks to Substrate tracking workplace meetings it was easy for leadership to run a topic model on the best ideas that have come out of working groups this year. As it happens, three of the best ideas came from low-level staff, who were granted season-changing bonuses for being unsung sources of major innovations. (And one of the best ideas had been claimed by someone else, which resolved some major resentment in the office. Justice!)
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Let's develop A3 a bit more. Take a look at the script that Ryan put together for the student scenario. Let's make a similar one for A3.
Let's start with a specific background and an outline of features to include, which I'll send over shortly.