alibaba · lszskye · Mar 20, 2026 · Mar 20, 2026 · Mar 20, 2026
diff --git a/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake b/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake
@@ -323,6 +323,11 @@ set(EP_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
 set(EP_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS}")
 string(REPLACE "-Wglobal-constructors" "" EP_CXX_FLAGS ${EP_CXX_FLAGS})
 string(REPLACE "-Wglobal-constructors" "" EP_C_FLAGS ${EP_C_FLAGS})
+# Remove coverage flags from third-party dependencies to avoid gcov dependency
+string(REPLACE "--coverage" "" EP_CXX_FLAGS ${EP_CXX_FLAGS})
+string(REPLACE "--coverage" "" EP_C_FLAGS ${EP_C_FLAGS})
+string(REPLACE "-DCOVERAGE_BUILD" "" EP_CXX_FLAGS ${EP_CXX_FLAGS})
+string(REPLACE "-DCOVERAGE_BUILD" "" EP_C_FLAGS ${EP_C_FLAGS})
 if(NOT MSVC_TOOLCHAIN)
     # Set -fPIC on all external projects
     string(APPEND EP_CXX_FLAGS

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/data/serializer/row_compacted_serializer.cpp b/src/paimon/common/data/serializer/row_compacted_serializer.cpp
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ Result<MemorySlice::SliceComparator> RowCompactedSerializer::CreateSliceComparat
     auto comparator = [row_reader1, row_reader2, readers, comparators](
                           const std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice>& slice1,
                           const std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice>& slice2) -> Result<int32_t> {
-        row_reader1->PointTo(*slice1->GetSegment(), slice1->Offset());
-        row_reader2->PointTo(*slice2->GetSegment(), slice2->Offset());
+        row_reader1->PointTo(slice1->GetSegment(), slice1->Offset());
+        row_reader2->PointTo(slice2->GetSegment(), slice2->Offset());
         for (int32_t i = 0; i < static_cast<int32_t>(readers.size()); i++) {
             bool is_null1 = row_reader1->IsNullAt(i);
             bool is_null2 = row_reader2->IsNullAt(i);

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache.cpp b/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache.cpp
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 #include "paimon/common/io/cache/cache.h"
 
 namespace paimon {
-std::shared_ptr<CacheValue> NoCache::Get(
+Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>> NoCache::Get(
     const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
-    std::function<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> supplier) {
+    std::function<Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> supplier) {
     return supplier(key);
 }
 

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache.h b/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache.h
@@ -22,17 +22,18 @@
 
 #include "paimon/common/io/cache/cache_key.h"
 #include "paimon/common/memory/memory_segment.h"
-#include "paimon/status.h"
+#include "paimon/result.h"
 
 namespace paimon {
 class CacheValue;
 
 class Cache {
  public:
     virtual ~Cache() = default;
-    virtual std::shared_ptr<CacheValue> Get(
+    virtual Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>> Get(
         const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
-        std::function<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> supplier) = 0;
+        std::function<Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)>
+            supplier) = 0;
 
     virtual void Put(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
                      const std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>& value) = 0;
@@ -46,10 +47,10 @@ class Cache {
 
 class NoCache : public Cache {
  public:
-    std::shared_ptr<CacheValue> Get(
+    Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>> Get(
         const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
-        std::function<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> supplier)
-        override;
+        std::function<Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)>
+            supplier) override;
     void Put(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
              const std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>& value) override;
     void Invalidate(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key) override;
@@ -59,13 +60,13 @@ class NoCache : public Cache {
 
 class CacheValue {
  public:
-    explicit CacheValue(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment>& segment) : segment_(segment) {}
+    explicit CacheValue(const MemorySegment& segment) : segment_(segment) {}
 
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> GetSegment() {
+    const MemorySegment& GetSegment() const {
         return segment_;
     }
 
  private:
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> segment_;
+    MemorySegment segment_;
 };
 }  // namespace paimon
diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache_manager.cpp b/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache_manager.cpp
@@ -18,20 +18,16 @@
 
 namespace paimon {
 
-std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> CacheManager::GetPage(
+Result<MemorySegment> CacheManager::GetPage(
     std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
     std::function<Result<MemorySegment>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> reader) {
     auto& cache = key->IsIndex() ? index_cache_ : data_cache_;
-    auto supplier = [=](const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& k) -> std::shared_ptr<CacheValue> {
-        auto ret = reader(k);
-        if (!ret.ok()) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        auto segment = ret.value();
-        auto ptr = std::make_shared<MemorySegment>(segment);
-        return std::make_shared<CacheValue>(ptr);
+    auto supplier = [&](const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& k) -> Result<std::shared_ptr<CacheValue>> {
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(MemorySegment segment, reader(k));
+        return std::make_shared<CacheValue>(segment);
     };
-    return cache->Get(key, supplier)->GetSegment();
+    PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::shared_ptr<CacheValue> cache_value, cache->Get(key, supplier));
+    return cache_value->GetSegment();
 }
 
 void CacheManager::InvalidPage(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key) {

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache_manager.h b/src/paimon/common/io/cache/cache_manager.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class CacheManager {
         index_cache_ = std::make_shared<NoCache>();
     }
 
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> GetPage(
+    Result<MemorySegment> GetPage(
         std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>& key,
         std::function<Result<MemorySegment>(const std::shared_ptr<CacheKey>&)> reader);
 

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/memory_segment_output_stream.cpp b/src/paimon/common/io/memory_segment_output_stream.cpp
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ MemorySegmentOutputStream::MemorySegmentOutputStream(int32_t segment_size,
 }
 
 void MemorySegmentOutputStream::Advance() {
-    MemorySegment next_segment = NextSegment();
-    current_segment_ = std::make_shared<MemorySegment>(next_segment);
+    current_segment_ = NextSegment();
     position_in_segment_ = 0;
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ void MemorySegmentOutputStream::Write(const char* data, uint32_t size) {
 void MemorySegmentOutputStream::Write(const MemorySegment& segment, int32_t offset, int32_t len) {
     int32_t remaining = segment_size_ - position_in_segment_;
     if (remaining >= len) {
-        segment.CopyTo(offset, current_segment_.get(), position_in_segment_, len);
+        segment.CopyTo(offset, &current_segment_, position_in_segment_, len);
         position_in_segment_ += len;
     } else {
         if (remaining == 0) {
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ void MemorySegmentOutputStream::Write(const MemorySegment& segment, int32_t offs
         }
         while (true) {
             int32_t to_put = std::min(remaining, len);
-            segment.CopyTo(offset, current_segment_.get(), position_in_segment_, to_put);
+            segment.CopyTo(offset, &current_segment_, position_in_segment_, to_put);
             offset += to_put;
             len -= to_put;
 

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/io/memory_segment_output_stream.h b/src/paimon/common/io/memory_segment_output_stream.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class PAIMON_EXPORT MemorySegmentOutputStream {
     int32_t segment_size_;
     int32_t position_in_segment_;
     std::shared_ptr<MemoryPool> pool_;
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> current_segment_;
+    MemorySegment current_segment_;
     std::vector<MemorySegment> memory_segments_;
 
     ByteOrder byte_order_ = ByteOrder::PAIMON_BIG_ENDIAN;
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PAIMON_EXPORT MemorySegmentOutputStream {
 template <typename T>
 void MemorySegmentOutputStream::WriteValueImpl(T v) {
     if (position_in_segment_ <= segment_size_ - static_cast<int32_t>(sizeof(T))) {
-        current_segment_->PutValue<T>(position_in_segment_, v);
+        current_segment_.PutValue<T>(position_in_segment_, v);
         position_in_segment_ += sizeof(T);
     } else if (position_in_segment_ == segment_size_) {
         Advance();

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/lookup/lookup_store_factory.cpp b/src/paimon/common/lookup/lookup_store_factory.cpp
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<BloomFilter>> LookupStoreFactory::BfGenerator(int64_t row
         return std::shared_ptr<BloomFilter>();
     }
     auto bloom_filter = BloomFilter::Create(row_count, options.GetLookupCacheBloomFilterFpp());
-    auto bytes_for_bf = MemorySegment::AllocateHeapMemory(bloom_filter->ByteLength(), pool);
-    auto memory_segment = std::make_shared<MemorySegment>(bytes_for_bf);
+    MemorySegment memory_segment =
+        MemorySegment::AllocateHeapMemory(bloom_filter->ByteLength(), pool);
     PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(bloom_filter->SetMemorySegment(memory_segment));
     return bloom_filter;
 }

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice.cpp b/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice.cpp
@@ -21,16 +21,14 @@
 namespace paimon {
 std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> MemorySlice::Wrap(const std::shared_ptr<Bytes>& bytes) {
     auto segment = MemorySegment::Wrap(bytes);
-    auto ptr = std::make_shared<MemorySegment>(segment);
-    return std::make_shared<MemorySlice>(ptr, 0, ptr->Size());
+    return std::make_shared<MemorySlice>(segment, 0, segment.Size());
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> MemorySlice::Wrap(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment>& segment) {
-    return std::make_shared<MemorySlice>(segment, 0, segment->Size());
+std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> MemorySlice::Wrap(const MemorySegment& segment) {
+    return std::make_shared<MemorySlice>(segment, 0, segment.Size());
 }
 
-MemorySlice::MemorySlice(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment>& segment, int32_t offset,
-                         int32_t length)
+MemorySlice::MemorySlice(const MemorySegment& segment, int32_t offset, int32_t length)
     : segment_(segment), offset_(offset), length_(length) {}
 
 std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> MemorySlice::Slice(int32_t index, int32_t length) {
@@ -49,38 +47,38 @@ int32_t MemorySlice::Offset() const {
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<Bytes> MemorySlice::GetHeapMemory() const {
-    return segment_->GetHeapMemory();
+    return segment_.GetHeapMemory();
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> MemorySlice::GetSegment() const {
+const MemorySegment& MemorySlice::GetSegment() const {
     return segment_;
 }
 
 int8_t MemorySlice::ReadByte(int32_t position) {
-    return segment_->GetValue<int8_t>(offset_ + position);
+    return segment_.GetValue<int8_t>(offset_ + position);
 }
 
 int32_t MemorySlice::ReadInt(int32_t position) {
-    return segment_->GetValue<int32_t>(offset_ + position);
+    return segment_.GetValue<int32_t>(offset_ + position);
 }
 
 int16_t MemorySlice::ReadShort(int32_t position) {
-    return segment_->GetValue<int16_t>(offset_ + position);
+    return segment_.GetValue<int16_t>(offset_ + position);
 }
 
 int64_t MemorySlice::ReadLong(int32_t position) {
-    return segment_->GetValue<int64_t>(offset_ + position);
+    return segment_.GetValue<int64_t>(offset_ + position);
 }
 
 std::string_view MemorySlice::ReadStringView() {
-    auto array = segment_->GetArray();
+    auto array = segment_.GetArray();
     return {array->data() + offset_, static_cast<size_t>(length_)};
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<Bytes> MemorySlice::CopyBytes(MemoryPool* pool) {
     auto bytes = std::make_shared<Bytes>(length_, pool);
     auto target = MemorySegment::Wrap(bytes);
-    segment_->CopyTo(offset_, &target, 0, length_);
+    segment_.CopyTo(offset_, &target, 0, length_);
     return bytes;
 }
 
@@ -110,8 +108,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<MemorySliceInput> MemorySlice::ToInput() {
 int32_t MemorySlice::Compare(const MemorySlice& other) const {
     int32_t len = std::min(length_, other.length_);
     for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-        auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(segment_->Get(offset_ + i));
-        auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(other.segment_->Get(other.offset_ + i));
+        auto byte1 = static_cast<unsigned char>(segment_.Get(offset_ + i));
+        auto byte2 = static_cast<unsigned char>(other.segment_.Get(other.offset_ + i));
         if (byte1 != byte2) {
             return static_cast<int>(byte1) - static_cast<int>(byte2);
         }

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice.h b/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice.h
@@ -34,21 +34,21 @@ class MemorySliceInput;
 class PAIMON_EXPORT MemorySlice : public std::enable_shared_from_this<MemorySlice> {
  public:
     static std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> Wrap(const std::shared_ptr<Bytes>& bytes);
-    static std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> Wrap(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment>& segment);
+    static std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> Wrap(const MemorySegment& segment);
 
     using SliceComparator = std::function<Result<int32_t>(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice>&,
                                                           const std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice>&)>;
 
  public:
     MemorySlice() = default;
 
-    MemorySlice(const std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment>& segment, int32_t offset, int32_t length);
+    MemorySlice(const MemorySegment& segment, int32_t offset, int32_t length);
     std::shared_ptr<MemorySlice> Slice(int32_t index, int32_t length);
 
     int32_t Length() const;
     int32_t Offset() const;
     std::shared_ptr<Bytes> GetHeapMemory() const;
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> GetSegment() const;
+    const MemorySegment& GetSegment() const;
 
     int8_t ReadByte(int32_t position);
     int32_t ReadInt(int32_t position);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class PAIMON_EXPORT MemorySlice : public std::enable_shared_from_this<MemorySlic
     int32_t Compare(const MemorySlice& other) const;
 
  private:
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> segment_;
+    MemorySegment segment_;
     int32_t offset_;
     int32_t length_;
 };

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice_output.cpp b/src/paimon/common/memory/memory_slice_output.cpp
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ void MemorySliceOutput::Reset() {
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<MemorySlice> MemorySliceOutput::ToSlice() {
-    auto segment = std::make_shared<MemorySegment>(segment_);
-    return std::make_unique<MemorySlice>(segment, 0, size_);
+    return std::make_unique<MemorySlice>(segment_, 0, size_);
 }
 
 template <typename T>

diff --git a/src/paimon/common/sst/block_cache.h b/src/paimon/common/sst/block_cache.h
@@ -36,18 +36,18 @@ class BlockCache {
 
     ~BlockCache() = default;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<MemorySegment> GetBlock(int64_t position, int32_t length, bool is_index) {
+    Result<MemorySegment> GetBlock(int64_t position, int32_t length, bool is_index) {
         auto key = CacheKey::ForPosition(file_path_, position, length, is_index);
 
         auto it = blocks_.find(key);
         if (it == blocks_.end()) {
-            auto segment = cache_manager_->GetPage(
-                key, [&](const std::shared_ptr<paimon::CacheKey>&) -> Result<MemorySegment> {
-                    return ReadFrom(position, length);
-                });
-            if (!segment.get()) {
-                blocks_.insert({key, std::make_shared<CacheValue>(segment)});
-            }
+            PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+                MemorySegment segment,
+                cache_manager_->GetPage(
+                    key, [&](const std::shared_ptr<paimon::CacheKey>&) -> Result<MemorySegment> {
+                        return ReadFrom(position, length);
+                    }));
+            blocks_.insert({key, std::make_shared<CacheValue>(segment)});
             return segment;
         }
         return it->second->GetSegment();