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 }
 
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 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 5b2ec30..2b14a2c 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Contributor Code of Conduct</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Contributor Code of Conduct</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,12 +342,12 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -307,9 +360,9 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
 <p>Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior
 may be reported by following our <a href="https://docs.carpentries.org/topic_folders/policies/incident-reporting.html" class="external-link">reporting
 guidelines</a>.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
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@@ -337,20 +390,20 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -372,33 +425,11 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index ec9259a..531b41d 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Licenses</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Licenses</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,20 +342,19 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
 
         
 
-<section id="instructional-material"><h2 class="section-heading">Instructional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#instructional-material"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="instructional-material">Instructional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#instructional-material"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>All Carpentries (Software Carpentry, Data Carpentry, and Library
 Carpentry) instructional material is made available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="external-link">Creative Commons
 Attribution license</a>. The following is a human-readable summary of
@@ -335,8 +387,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
 permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights
 such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the
 material.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="software"><h2 class="section-heading">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="software">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Except where otherwise noted, the example programs and other software
 provided by The Carpentries are made available under the <a href="https://opensource.org" class="external-link">OSI</a>-approved <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html" class="external-link">MIT
 license</a>.</p>
@@ -356,14 +407,13 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</p>
-</section><section id="trademark"><h2 class="section-heading">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="trademark">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>“The Carpentries”, “Software Carpentry”, “Data Carpentry”, and
 “Library Carpentry” and their respective logos are registered trademarks
 of <a href="https://communityin.org/" class="external-link">Community Initiatives</a>.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
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 </section></div> <!-- / div.lesson-content -->
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@@ -388,20 +438,20 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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 			</div>
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -423,33 +473,11 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
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-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index fa2cf22..c91357c 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
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 <title>GPU Programming: All in One View</title>
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 <script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
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   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
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-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
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+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
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+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
 </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -108,7 +137,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div>
 <!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
@@ -131,6 +160,35 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
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+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+</li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -154,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -176,7 +234,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -188,7 +246,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -200,7 +258,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -212,7 +270,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -224,7 +282,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -236,7 +294,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -248,7 +306,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -260,7 +318,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -272,7 +330,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -284,7 +342,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -295,10 +353,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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@@ -320,13 +378,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
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+
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@@ -346,8 +404,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-introduction"><p>Content from <a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -498,8 +556,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="host-vs.-device" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#host-vs.-device"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From now on we may also call the GPU the <em>device</em>, while we
 refer to other computations as taking place on the <em>host</em>. We’ll
@@ -536,8 +593,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“CPUs and GPUs are both useful and each has its own place in our
@@ -551,14 +607,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-cupy"><p>Content from <a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPy</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/cupy.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -600,302 +656,304 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <h1 id="introduction-to-cupy">Introduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>
 </h1>
 <p><a href="https://cupy.dev" class="external-link">CuPy</a> is a GPU array library that
-implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. This makes it a
-very convenient tool to use the compute power of GPUs for people that
-have some experience with NumPy, without the need to write code in a GPU
-programming language such as CUDA, OpenCL, or HIP.</p>
+implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. Thanks to CuPy,
+people conversant with NumPy can very conveniently harvest the compute
+power of GPUs without writing code in GPU programming languages such as
+CUDA, OpenCL, and HIP.</p>
+<p>From now on we can also use the word <em>host</em> to refer to the
+CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node you are using as usual, and
+<em>device</em> to refer to the graphics card and its GPU.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-in-python">Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>
+<h1 id="convolutions-in-python">Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>
 </h1>
-<p>We start by generating an artificial “image” on the host using Python
-and NumPy; the host is the CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node
-you are using right now, and from now on we may use <em>host</em> to
-refer to the CPU and <em>device</em> to refer to the GPU. The image will
-be all zeros, except for isolated pixels with value one, on a regular
-grid. The plan is to convolve it with a Gaussian and inspect the result.
-We will also record the time it takes to execute this convolution on the
-host.</p>
-<p>We can interactively write and executed the code in an iPython shell
-or a Jupyter notebook.</p>
+<p>We start by generating an image using Python and NumPy code. We want
+to compute a convolution on this input image once on the host and once
+on the device, and then compare both the execution times and the
+results.</p>
+<p>In an iPython shell or a Jupyter notebook, we can write and execute
+the following code on the host. The pixel values will be zero everywhere
+except for a regular grid of single pixels having value one, very much
+like a Dirac’s delta function; hence the input image is named
+<code>deltas</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Construct an image with repeated delta functions</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>To get a feeling of how the whole image looks like, we can display
-the top-left corner of it.</p>
+<p>We can display the top-left corner of the input image to get a
+feeling of how it looks like, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pylab <span class="im">as</span> pyl</span>
-<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Necessary command to render a matplotlib image in a Jupyter notebook.</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Jupyter 'magic' command to render a Matplotlib image in the notebook</span></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>matplotlib inline</span>
 <span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Display the image</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(deltas[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in/out using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(diracs[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>After executing the code, you should see the following image.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
-</figure><div class="section level3">
-<h3 id="background">Background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#background"></a>
-</h3>
-<p>The computation we want to perform on this image is a convolution,
-once on the host and once on the device so we can compare the results
-and execution times. In computer vision applications, convolutions are
-often used to filter images and if you want to know more about them, we
-encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this github
+<p>and you should obtain the following image:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
+</figure><div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="gaussian-convolutions">Gaussian convolutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#gaussian-convolutions"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>The illustration below shows an example of convolution (courtesy of
+Michael Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons). Looking at the
+terminology in the illustration, be forewarned that the word
+<em>kernel</em> happens to have different meanings that, inconveniently,
+apply to both mathematical convolution and coding on a GPU device. To
+know more about convolutions, we encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this GitHub
 repository</a> by Vincent Dumoulin and Francesco Visin with some great
-animations. We have already seen that we can think of an image as a
-matrix of color values, when we convolve that image with a particular
-filter, we generate a new matrix with different color values. An example
-of convolution can be seen in the figure below (illustration by Michael
-Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
-</figure><p>In our example, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
-function shown below:</p>
+animations.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
+</figure><p>In this course section, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
+function, having the general form:</p>
 <p><span class="math display">\[G(x,y) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sigma^2}
-\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right),\]</span></p>
-<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are the “coordinates in our matrix,
-i.e. our row and columns, and <span class="math display">\[\sigma\]</span> controls the width of the
-Gaussian distribution. Convolving images with 2D Gaussian functions will
-change the value of each pixel to be a weighted average of the pixels
-around it, thereby”smoothing” the image. Convolving images with a
-Gaussian function reduces the noise in the image, which is often
-required in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge-detection</a>
-since most algorithms to do this are sensitive to noise.</p>
+\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right)\]</span></p>
+<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are distances from the origin, and
+<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> controls the width of the
+Gaussian curve. Since we can think of an image as a matrix of color
+values, the convolution of that image with a kernel generates a new
+matrix with different color values. In particular, convolving images
+with a 2D Gaussian kernel changes the value of each pixel into a
+weighted average of the neighboring pixels, thereby smoothing out the
+features in the input image.</p>
+<p>Convolutions are frequently used in computer vision to filter images.
+For example, Gaussian convolution can be required before applying
+algorithms for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge
+detection</a>, which are sensitive to the noise in the original image.
+To avoid conflicting vocabularies, in the remainder we refer to
+<em>convolution kernels</em> as <em>filters</em>.</p>
 <div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>It is often useful to identify the dataflow inherent in a problem.
-Say, if we want to square a list of numbers, all the operations are
-independent. The dataflow of a one-to-one operation is called a
-<em>map</em>.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
-</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complicated. Here we have a
-many-to-one data flow, which is also known as a stencil.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
-</figure><p>GPU’s are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
-one of these patterns.</p>
-</div>
+<p>Identifying the dataflow inherent in an algorithm is often useful.
+Say, if we want to square the numbers in a list, the operations on each
+item of the list are independent one of another. The dataflow of a
+one-to-one operation is called a <em>map</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
+</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complex because of a many-to-one
+dataflow, also known as a <em>stencil</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
+</figure><p>GPUs are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
+either dataflow.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>Let us first construct the Gaussian, and then display it. Remember
-that at this point we are still doing everything with standard Python,
-and not using the GPU yet.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>Let’s first construct and then display the Gaussian filter. Remember
+that we are still coding everything in standard Python, without using
+the GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x, y <span class="op">=</span> np.meshgrid(np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>), np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dst <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dist <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
 <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>muu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>((dst<span class="op">-</span>muu)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">/</span>(<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>)))</span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>origin <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>(dist <span class="op">-</span> origin)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">/</span> (<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(gauss)</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This should show you a symmetrical two-dimensional Gaussian.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
-</figure><p>Now we are ready to do the convolution on the host. We do not have to
-write this convolution function ourselves, as it is very conveniently
-provided by SciPy. Let us also record the time it takes to perform this
-convolution and inspect the top left corner of the convolved image.</p>
+<p>The code above produces this image of a symmetrical two-dimensional
+Gaussian:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
+</figure><p>Now we are ready to compute the convolution on the host. Very
+conveniently, SciPy provides a method for convolutions. Let’s also
+record the time to perform this convolution and inspect the top-left
+corner of the convolved image, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_CPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_using_CPU[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_cpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span>
+<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_cpu[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span>
-<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Obviously, the time to perform this convolution will depend very much
-on the power of your CPU, but I expect you to find that it takes a
-couple of seconds.</p>
+<p>Obviously, the compute power of your CPU influences the actual
+execution time very much. We expect that to be in the region of a couple
+of seconds, as shown in the timing report below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>2.4 s ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>When you display the corner of the image, you can see that the “ones”
-surrounded by zeros have actually been blurred by a Gaussian, so we end
-up with a regular grid of Gaussians.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p>Displaying just a corner of the image shows that the Gaussian has so
+much blurred the original pattern of ones surrounded by zeros that we
+end up with a regular pattern of Gaussians.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>This is part of a lesson on GPU programming, so let us use the GPU.
-Although there is a physical connection - i.e. a cable - between the CPU
-and the GPU, they do not share the same memory space. This image depicts
-the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are connected:</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
-</figure><p>This means that an array created from e.g. an iPython shell using
-NumPy is physically located into the main memory of the host, and
-therefore available for the CPU but not the GPU. It is not yet present
-in GPU memory, which means that we need to copy our data, the input
-image and the convolving function to the GPU, before we can execute any
-code on it. In practice, we have the arrays <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> in the host’s RAM, and we need to copy them to GPU
-memory using CuPy.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>This is a lesson on GPU programming, so let’s use the GPU. In spite
+of being physically connected – typically with special <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_(integrated_circuits)" class="external-link">interconnects</a>
+– the CPU and the GPU do not share the same memory space. This picture
+depicts the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are
+connected:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
+</figure><p>This means that the array created with NumPy is physically stored in
+a memory of the host’s and, therefore, is only available to the CPU.
+Since our input image and convolution filter are not yet present in the
+device memory, we need to copy both data to the GPU before executing any
+code on it. In practice, we use CuPy to copy the arrays
+<code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> from the host’s Random Access
+Memory (RAM) to the GPU memory as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> cupy <span class="im">as</span> cp</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Now it is time to do the convolution on the GPU. SciPy does not offer
-functions that can use the GPU, so we need to import the convolution
-function from another library, called <code>cupyx</code>;
-<code>cupyx.scipy</code> contains a subset of all SciPy routines. You
-will see that the GPU convolution function from the <code>cupyx</code>
-library looks very much like the convolution function from SciPy we used
-previously. In general, NumPy and CuPy look very similar, as well as the
-SciPy and <code>cupyx</code> libraries, and this is on purpose to
-facilitate the use of the GPU by programmers that are already familiar
-with NumPy and SciPy. Let us again record the time to execute the
-convolution, so that we can compare it with the time it took on the
-host.</p>
+<p>Now it is time to compute the convolution on our GPU. Inconveniently,
+SciPy does not offer methods running on GPUs. Hence, we import the
+convolution function from a CuPy package aliased as <code>cupyx</code>,
+whose sub-package <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/reference/scipy.html" class="external-link"><code>cupyx.scipy</code></a>
+performs a selection of the SciPy operations. We will soon verify that
+the GPU convolution function of <code>cupyx</code> works out the same
+calculations as the CPU convolution function of SciPy. In general, CuPy
+proper and NumPy are so similar as are the <code>cupyx</code> methods
+and SciPy; this is intended to invite programmers already familiar with
+NumPy and SciPy to use the GPU for computing. For now, let’s again
+record the execution time on the device for the same convolution as the
+host, and can compare the respective performances.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_gpu</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Similar to what we had previously on the host, the execution time of
-the GPU convolution will depend very much on the GPU used. These are the
-results using a NVIDIA Tesla T4 on Google Colab.</p>
+<p>Also the execution time of the GPU convolution will depend very much
+on the hardware used, as seen for the host. The timing using a NVIDIA
+Tesla T4 on Google Colab was:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>98.2 µs ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 7 loops each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This is a lot faster than on the host, a performance improvement, or
-speedup, of 24439 times. Impressive, but is it true?</p>
+<p>This is way faster than the host: more than a 24000-fold performance
+improvement, or speedup. Impressive, but is that true?</p>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>
-</h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>
+</h2>
 <p>So far we used <code>timeit</code> to measure the performance of our
-Python code, no matter if it was running on the CPU or was GPU
-accelerated. However, execution on the GPU is asynchronous: the control
-is given back to the Python interpreter immediately, while the GPU is
-still executing the task. Because of this, we cannot use
-<code>timeit</code> anymore: the timing would not be correct.</p>
-<p>CuPy provides a function, <code>benchmark</code> that we can use to
-measure the time it takes the GPU to execute our kernels.</p>
+Python code, no matter whether it was running on the CPU or was
+GPU-accelerated. However, the execution on the GPU is
+<em>asynchronous</em>: the Python interpreter takes back control of the
+program execution immediately, while the GPU is still executing the
+task. Therefore, the timing of <code>timeit</code> is not reliable.</p>
+<p>Conveniently, <code>cupyx</code> provides the function
+<code>benchmark()</code> that measures the actual execution time in the
+GPU. The following code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> with the
+appropriate arguments ten times, and stores inside the
+<code>.gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
+<code>execution_gpu</code> the execution time of each run in
+seconds.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.profiler <span class="im">import</span> benchmark</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The previous code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu</code> ten times, and
-stores the execution time of each run, in seconds, inside the
-<code>gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
-<code>execution_gpu</code>. We can then compute the average execution
-time and print it, as shown.</p>
+<p>These measurements are also more stable and representative, because
+<code>benchmark()</code> disregards the compile time and the repetitions
+warm up the GPU. We can then average the execution times, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Another advantage of the <code>benchmark</code> method is that it
-excludes the compile time, and warms up the GPU, so that measurements
-are more stable and representative.</p>
-<p>With the new measuring code in place, we can measure performance
-again.</p>
+<p>whereby the performance revisited is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.020642 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, speedup of 116
-times over the host code.</p>
+<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, 116-fold speedup
+with respect to the execution on the host.</p>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without
-CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without CuPy</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>deltas</code> with the NumPy
-array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, without using CuPy arrays.
-If this works, it should save us the time and effort of transferring
-<code>deltas</code> and <code>gauss</code> to the GPU.</p>
+<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>diracs</code> with the NumPy
+array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, that is, without CuPy
+arrays. If this works, it will save us the time and effort of
+transferring the arrays <code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> to
+the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>We can directly try to use the GPU convolution function
-<code>convolve2d_gpu</code> with <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> as inputs.</p>
+<p>We can call the GPU convolution function
+<code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> directly with <code>deltas</code> and
+<code>gauss</code> as argument:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>However, this gives a long error message ending with:</p>
+<p>However, this throws a long error message ending with:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: Unsupported type &lt;class 'numpy.ndarray'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>It is unfortunately not possible to access NumPy arrays directly from
-the GPU because they exist in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the host
-and not in GPU memory.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to access directly from the GPU the
+NumPy arrays that live in the host RAM.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>To check that we actually computed the same output on the host and
-the device we can compare the two output arrays
-<code>convolved_image_using_GPU</code> and
-<code>convolved_image_using_CPU</code>.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>To check that the host and the device actually produced the same
+output, we compare the two output arrays
+<code>convolved_image_gpu</code> and <code>convolved_image_cpu</code> as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_using_GPU, convolved_image_using_CPU)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_gpu, convolved_image_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>As you may expect, the result of the comparison is positive, and in
-fact we computed the same results on the host and the device.</p>
+<p>As you may have expected, the outcome of the comparison confirms that
+the results on the host and on the device are the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -906,145 +964,150 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU
-vs. GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU vs. GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, but try to take
-also into account the time spent transferring the data to the GPU and
+<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, taking into account
+also the time spent transferring the data from the CPU to the GPU and
 back.</p>
-<p>Hint: to copy a CuPy array back to the host (CPU), use the
-<code>cp.asnumpy()</code> function.</p>
+<p>Hint: use the <code>cp.asnumpy()</code> method to copy a CuPy array
+back to the host.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>A convenient solution is to group both the transfers, to and from the
-GPU, and the convolution into a single Python function, and then time
-its execution, like in the following example.</p>
+<p>A convenient strategy is to time the execution of a single Python
+function that groups the transfers to and from the GPU and the
+convolution, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> transfer_compute_transferback():</span>
-<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> push_compute_pull():</span>
+<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU_copied_to_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_using_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu_in_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" tabindex="-1"></a>   </span>
-<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(transfer_compute_transferback, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(push_compute_pull, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.035400 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfers decreased from 116
-to 67. Taking into account the necessary data transfers when computing
-the speedup is a better, and more fair, way to compare performance. As a
-note, because data transfers force the GPU to sync with the host, this
-could also be measured with <code>timeit</code> and still provide
-correct measurements.</p>
+<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfer decreased from 116
+to 67. Nonetheless, accounting for the necessary data transfers is a
+better and fairer way to compute performance speedups. As an aside, here
+<code>timeit</code> would still provide correct measurements, because
+the data transfers force the device and host to <em>sync</em> one with
+another.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>We saw earlier that we cannot execute routines from the
-<code>cupyx</code> library directly on NumPy arrays. In fact we need to
-first transfer the data from host to device memory. Vice versa, if we
-try to execute a regular SciPy routine (i.e. designed to run the CPU) on
-a CuPy array, we will also encounter an error. Try the following:</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>We saw in a previous challenge that we cannot launch the routines of
+<code>cupyx</code> directly on NumPy arrays. In fact, we first needed to
+transfer the data from the host to the device memory. Conversely, we
+also encounter an error when we launch a regular SciPy routine, designed
+to run on CPUs, on a CuPy array. Try out the following:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This results in</p>
+<p>which results in</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>......
-......
-......
-TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed. Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>So SciPy routines cannot have CuPy arrays as input. We can, however,
-execute a simpler command that does not require SciPy. Instead of 2D
-convolution, we can do 1D convolution. For that we can use a NumPy
-routine instead of a SciPy routine. The <code>convolve</code> routine
-from NumPy performs linear (1D) convolution. To generate some input for
-a linear convolution, we can flatten our image from 2D to 1D (using
-<code>ravel()</code>), but we also need a 1D kernel. For the latter we
-will take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian kernel. Try the
-following three instructions for linear convolution on the CPU:</p>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>...
+...
+...
+TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed.
+Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>So, SciPy routines do not accept CuPy arrays as input. However,
+instead of performing a 2D convolution, we can execute a simpler 1D
+(linear) convolution that uses the NumPy routine
+<code>np.convolve()</code> instead of a SciPy routine. To generate the
+input appropriate to a linear convolution, we flatten our input image
+from 2D to 1D using the method <code>.ravel()</code>. To generate a 1D
+filter, we take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian filter. Let’s
+launch a linear convolution on the CPU with the following three
+instructions:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d <span class="op">=</span> deltas.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
-<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(deltas_1d, gauss_1d)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> diracs.ravel()</span>
+<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
+<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(diracs_1d_cpu, gauss_1d_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You could arrive at something similar to this timing result:</p>
+<p>A realistic execution time is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>270 ms ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We have performed a regular linear convolution using our CPU. Now let
-us try something bold. We will transfer the 1D arrays to the GPU and use
-the NumPy routine to do the convolution.</p>
+<p>After having performed this regular linear convolution on the host
+with NumPy, let’s try something bold. We transfer the 1D arrays to the
+device and do the convolution with the same NumPy routine, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas_1d)</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs_1d_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d_cpu)</span>
 <span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (deltas_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>You may be surprised that we can issue these commands without error.
-Contrary to SciPy routines, NumPy accepts CuPy arrays, i.e. arrays that
-exist in GPU memory, as input. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">In
-the CuPy documentation</a> you can find some background on why NumPy
-routines can handle CuPy arrays.</p>
-<p>Also, remember when we used <code>np.allclose</code> with a NumPy and
-a CuPy array as input? That worked for the same reason.</p>
-<p>The linear convolution is actually performed on the GPU, which also
-results in a lower execution time.</p>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (diracs_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>You may be surprised that these commands do not throw any error.
+Contrary to SciPy, NumPy routines accept CuPy arrays as input, even
+though the latter exist only in GPU memory. Indeed, can you recall when
+we validated our codes using a NumPy and a CuPy array as input of
+<code>np.allclose()</code>? That worked for the same reason. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">The
+CuPy documentation</a> explains why NumPy routines can handle CuPy
+arrays.</p>
+<p>The last linear convolution has actually been performed on the GPU,
+and faster than the CPU:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.014529 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Without much effort, we obtained a 18 times speedup.</p>
+<p>With this Numpy shortcut and without much coding effort, we obtained
+a good 18-fold speedup.</p>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>
+<h1 id="a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>
 </h1>
-<p>In this section, we will perform the four major steps in image
-processing for radio astronomy: determination of background
-characteristics, segmentation, connected component labelling and source
+<p>In this section, we will perform four classical steps in image
+processing for radio astronomy: determination of the background
+characteristics, segmentation, connected component labeling, and source
 measurements.</p>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="import-the-fits-image">Import the FITS image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-image"></a>
+<h2 id="import-the-fits-file">Import the FITS file<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-file"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>Start by importing a 2048² pixels image of the Galactic Center, an
-image made from observations by the Indian Giant Metrewave Radio
-Telescope (GMRT) at 150 MHz. The image is stored <a href="./data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this repository</a>
-as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file, and to
-read it we need the <code>astropy</code> Python package.</p>
+<p>We import a 2048²-pixel image of the electromagnetic radiation at 150
+MHz around the Galactic Center, as observed by the Indian Giant
+Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).</p>
+<p>The image is stored <a href="./data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this lesson’s
+repository</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file. The
+<code>astropy</code> Python package enables us to read in this file and,
+for compatibility with Python, convert the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" class="external-link">byte ordering</a> from
+the big to little endian, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1053,13 +1116,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> fits.<span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="st">"GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits"</span>) <span class="im">as</span> hdul:</span>
 <span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    data <span class="op">=</span> hdul[<span class="dv">0</span>].data.byteswap().newbyteorder()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The latter two methods are needed to convert byte ordering from big
-endian to little endian.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
 <h2 id="inspect-the-image">Inspect the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#inspect-the-image"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>Let us have a look at part of this image.</p>
+<p>Let’s have a look at this image. Left and right in the data will be
+swapped with the method <code>np.fliplr()</code> just to adhere to the
+astronomical convention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension" class="external-link">right ascension</a>
+increasing leftwards.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1072,46 +1136,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb25-7"><a href="#cb25-7" tabindex="-1"></a>im_plot <span class="op">=</span> ax.imshow(np.fliplr(data), cmap<span class="op">=</span>pyl.cm.gray_r, norm<span class="op">=</span>LogNorm(vmin <span class="op">=</span> maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">10</span>, vmax<span class="op">=</span>maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">100</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb25-8"><a href="#cb25-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.colorbar(im_plot, ax<span class="op">=</span>ax)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
-</figure><p>The data has been switched left to right because Right Ascension
-increases to the left, so now it adheres to this astronomical
-convention. We can see a few dozen sources, especially in the lower left
-and upper right, which both have relatively good image quality. The band
-across the image from upper left to lower right has the worst image
-quality because there are many extended sources - especially the
-Galactic Center itself, in the middle - which are hard to deconvolve
-with the limited spacings from this observation. You can, however, see a
-couple of ring-like structures. These are actually supernova shells,
-i.e. the remnants from massive stars that exploded at the end of their
-lifes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image">Determine the background characteristics of the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image"></a>
-</h2>
-<p>We want to identify all the sources - meaning e.g. stars, supernova
-remnants and distant galaxies - in this image and measure their
-positions and fluxes. How do we separate source pixels from background
-pixels? When do we know if a pixel with a high value belongs to a source
-or is simply a noise peak? We assume the background noise, which is a
-reflection of the limited sensitivity of the radio telescope, has a
-normal distribution. The chance of having a background pixel with a
-value above 5 times the standard deviation is 2.9e-7. We have 2²² =
-4.2e6 pixels in our image, so the chance of catching at least one random
-noise peak by setting a threshold of 5 times the standard deviation is
-less than 50%. We refer to the standard deviation as <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>.</p>
-<p>How do we measure the standard deviation of the background pixels?
-First we need to separate them from the source pixels, based on their
-values, in the sense that high pixel values more likely come from
-sources. The technique we use is called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping. First we take
-all pixels and compute the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>). Then we compute the median and
-clip all pixels larger than <span class="math inline">\(median + 3 *
-\sigma\)</span> and smaller than <span class="math inline">\(median - 3
-* \sigma\)</span>. From the clipped set, we compute the median and
-standard deviation again and clip again. Continue until no more pixels
-are clipped. The standard deviation from this final set of pixel values
-is the basis for the next step.</p>
-<p>Before clipping, let us investigate some properties of our unclipped
-data.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
+</figure><p>Stars, remnants of supernovas (massive exploded stars), and distant
+galaxies are possible radiation sources observed in this image. We can
+spot a few dozen radiation sources in fairly good quality in the lower
+left and upper right. In contrast, the quality is worse in the diagonal
+from the upper left to the lower right, because the radio telescope has
+a limited sensitivity and cannot look into large radiation sources.
+Nonetheless, you can notice the Galactic Center in the middle of the
+image and supernova shells as ring-like formations elsewhere.</p>
+<p>The telescope accuracy has added background noise to the image. Yet,
+we want to identify all the radiation sources in this image, determine
+their positions, and measure their radiation fluxes. How can we then
+assert whether a high-intensity pixel is a peak of the noise or a
+genuine source? Assuming that the background noise is normally
+distributed with standard deviation <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>, the chance of its intensity being
+larger than 5<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> is 2.9e-7. The
+chance of picking from our image of 2048² (4.2e6) pixels at least one
+that is so extremely bright because of noise is thus less than 50%.</p>
+<p>Before moving on, let’s determine some summary statistics of the
+radiation intensity in the input image:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1119,108 +1164,125 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" tabindex="-1"></a>median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" tabindex="-1"></a>max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data)</span>
-<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam, coming from the Galactic
-Center itself, so from the center of the image, while the overall
-standard deviation is 19.9 mJy/beam:</p>
+<p>This gives (in Jy/beam):</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean = 3.898e-04, median = 1.571e-05, sttdev = 1.993e-02, maximum = 2.506e+00</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You might observe that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intense task, that is why we want
-to do it on a GPU. But let’s first issue the algorithm on a CPU.</p>
-<p>This is the NumPy code to do this:</p>
+<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam coming from the Galactic
+Center, the overall standard deviation 19.9 mJy/beam, and the median
+1.57e-05 mJy/beam.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background">Step 1: Determining the characteristics of the background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>First, we separate the background pixels from the source pixels using
+an iterative procedure called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping, which assumes that high
+intensity is more likely to result from genuine sources. We start from
+the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>) and
+the median (<span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2}\)</span>) of all pixel
+intensities, as computed above. We then discard (clip) the pixels whose
+intensity is larger than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} +
+3\sigma\)</span> or smaller than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} -
+3\sigma\)</span>. In the next pass, we compute again the median and
+standard deviation of the clipped set, and clip once more. We repeat
+these operations until no more pixels are clipped, that is, there are no
+outliers in the designated tails.</p>
+<p>In the meantime, you may have noticed already that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intensive
+task that could be implemented in a GPU. For the moment, let’s implement
+the algorithm with the NumPy code for a CPU, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data first makes subsequent steps easier.</span></span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data makes subsequent steps easier</span></span>
 <span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa, sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_lower <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_both <span class="op">=</span> clipped_lower.compress(clipped_lower <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_both) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_both  </span>
-<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
-<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
-<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU ks clipping time = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">       </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
+<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa-sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
+<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_below <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_data <span class="op">=</span> clipped_below.compress(clipped_below <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_data) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_data  </span>
+<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
+<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_cpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
+<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The performance is close to 1 s and, hopefully, can be sped up on the
+GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>793 ms ± 17.2 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
-Fastest CPU ks clipping time = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
+Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>So that is close to 1 second to perform these computations.
-Hopefully, we can speed this up using the GPU. How has <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping influenced our
-statistics?</p>
+<p>Finally, let’s see how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping has influenced the
+summary statistics:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_mean_ <span class="op">=</span> data_clipped.mean()</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> standard deviation of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>All output statistics have become smaller which is reassuring; it
-seems data_clipped contains mostly background pixels:</p>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">,</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">      median of clipped = {clipped_median_:.3e} \n</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a>      standard deviation of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_stddev_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>},</span>
+<span id="cb30-8"><a href="#cb30-8" tabindex="-1"></a>      maximum of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_max_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>}<span class="st">")</span></span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The first-order statistics have become smaller, which reassures us
+that <code>data_clipped</code> contains background pixels:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06 
- standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06
+standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
 </div>
+<p>The standard deviation of the intensity in the background pixels is
+be the basis for the next step.</p>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge:<span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span>clipping on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping on the GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Now that you understand how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform it on the GPU using
-CuPy and compute the speedup. Include the data transfer to and from the
-GPU in your calculation.</p>
+<p>Now that you know how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform
+it on the GPU using CuPy. Compute the speedup, including the data
+transfer to and from the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat):</span>
 <span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(data_gpu_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb32-5"><a href="#cb32-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_on_GPU <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_gpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu,</span>
+<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ),</span>
+<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb32-11"><a href="#cb32-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1244,17 +1306,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="segment-the-image">Segment the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#segment-the-image"></a>
+<h2 id="step-2-segmenting-the-image">Step 2: Segmenting the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-2-segmenting-the-image"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>We have seen that clipping at the <span class="math inline">\(5
-\sigma\)</span> level of an image this size (2048² pixels) will yield a
-chance of less than 50% that from all the sources we detect at least one
-will be a noise peak. So let us set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> and segment it. First check that
-we find the same standard deviation from our clipper on the GPU:</p>
+<p>We have already estimated that clipping an image of 2048² pixels at
+the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> level yields a chance
+of less than 50% that at least one out of all the sources we detect is a
+noise peak. So let’s set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5\sigma\)</span> and segment it.</p>
+<p>First let’s check that the standard deviation from our clipper on the
+GPU is the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_on_GPU)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"standard deviation of background_noise = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_gpu_<span class="sc">:.4f}</span><span class="ss"> Jy/beam"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1262,7 +1325,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>standard deviation of background_noise = 0.0133 Jy/beam</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>With the standard deviation computed we apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> threshold to the image.</p>
+<p>We then apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span>
+threshold to the image with this standard deviation:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1270,8 +1334,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb38-2"><a href="#cb38-2" tabindex="-1"></a>segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-3"><a href="#cb38-3" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-4"><a href="#cb38-4" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_segmentation_CPU.best </span>
-<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb38-6"><a href="#cb38-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1281,28 +1344,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="labelling-of-the-segmented-data">Labelling of the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#labelling-of-the-segmented-data"></a>
+<h2 id="step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data">Step 3: Labeling the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>This is called connected component labelling (CCL). It will replace
+<p>This is called connected component labeling (CCL). It will replace
 pixel values in the segmented image - just consisting of zeros and ones
 - of the first connected group of pixels with the value 1 - so nothing
 changed, but just for that first group - the pixel values in the second
 group of connected pixels will all be 2, the third connected group of
 pixels will all have the value 3 etc.</p>
-<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labelling.</p>
+<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labeling.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labelled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labeled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
 <span id="cb40-4"><a href="#cb40-4" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma_unicode <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"</span><span class="ch">\u03C3</span><span class="st">"</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
-<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb40-10"><a href="#cb40-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
+<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This gives, on my machine:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1312,19 +1374,19 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 26.3 ms ± 965 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
 Fastest CPU CCL time = 2.546e+01 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Let us not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
-are the values in the labelled image?</p>
+<p>Let’s not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
+are the values in the labeled image?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labelled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labeled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This should show the following output:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: [  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image:
+[  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
   14.  15.  16.  17.  18.  19.  20.  21.  22.  23.  24.  25.  26.  27.
   28.  29.  30.  31.  32.  33.  34.  35.  36.  37.  38.  39.  40.  41.
   42.  43.  44.  45.  46.  47.  48.  49.  50.  51.  52.  53.  54.  55.
@@ -1340,10 +1402,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  182. 183. 184. 185.]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="source-measurements">Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a>
-</h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources">Step 4: Measuring the radiation sources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources"></a>
+</h2>
 <p>We are ready for the final step. We have been given observing time to
 make this beautiful image of the Galactic Center, we have determined its
 background statistics, we have separated actual cosmic sources from
@@ -1357,20 +1418,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb44-2"><a href="#cb44-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb44-6"><a href="#cb44-6" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb44-7"><a href="#cb44-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-9"><a href="#cb44-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>which gives the Galactic Center as the most luminous source, which
 makes sense when we look at our image.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image: [ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image:
+[ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
   58.07289425  68.85673917  70.31223921  95.16443585 363.58937774]</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can try to measure the execution times for both algorithms,
@@ -1379,9 +1440,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb46-5"><a href="#cb46-5" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields, on my machine:</p>
@@ -1399,8 +1460,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> _</span>
 <span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_source_measurements_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb48-4"><a href="#cb48-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1413,113 +1473,101 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-putting-it-all-together" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-putting-it-all-together"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Combine the first two steps of image processing for astronomy,
-i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation
-into a single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a
-function for connected component labelling and source measurements on
-the GPU and calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four
-steps of image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU.
-Finally, verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using
-the CPU.</p>
+i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation into a
+single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a function
+for connected component labeling and source measurements on the GPU and
+calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four steps of
+image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU. Finally,
+verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using the
+CPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data):</span>
 <span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
 <span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    threshold <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">*</span> stddev_</span>
 <span id="cb50-6"><a href="#cb50-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-7"><a href="#cb50-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> segmented_image</span>
 <span id="cb50-8"><a href="#cb50-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb50-9"><a href="#cb50-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data_CPU, segmented_image_CPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
 <span id="cb50-11"><a href="#cb50-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                       output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_CPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_CPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
 <span id="cb50-14"><a href="#cb50-14" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                        np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb50-17"><a href="#cb50-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> np.array(all_positions), np.array(all_fluxes)</span>
 <span id="cb50-18"><a href="#cb50-18" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
+<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
 <span id="cb50-21"><a href="#cb50-21" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU, (data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(</span>
+<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU,</span>
+<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            (data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)),                                             n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-26"><a href="#cb50-26" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_GPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists. These first have to be converted to</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a>           cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
-<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
+<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                        cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># These first have to be converted to</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)),</span>
+<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>                      cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
+<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-53"><a href="#cb50-53" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-66"><a href="#cb50-66" tabindex="-1"></a>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
-<span id="cb50-67"><a href="#cb50-67" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-68"><a href="#cb50-68" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-69"><a href="#cb50-69" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-70"><a href="#cb50-70" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-71"><a href="#cb50-71" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-72"><a href="#cb50-72" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-73"><a href="#cb50-73" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-74"><a href="#cb50-74" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">/</span>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
+<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms 
- on our CPU.
-The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms 
- on our GPU.
-This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: 1.838e+01
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms on our CPU.
+The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms on our GPU.
+This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs _mCPU equals: 1.838e+01
 
 The CPU and GPU positions agree: True
 
@@ -1534,8 +1582,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“CuPy provides GPU accelerated version of many NumPy and Scipy
@@ -1546,14 +1593,15 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
+</div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-numba"><p>Content from <a href="numba.html">Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/numba.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -1730,8 +1778,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Write a new function <code>find_all_primes_cpu_and_gpu</code> that
 uses <code>check_prime_gpu_kernel</code> instead of the inner loop of
@@ -1743,9 +1790,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible implementation of this function is the following
 one.</p>
@@ -1834,8 +1881,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Numba can be used to run your own Python functions on the
@@ -1845,14 +1891,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-gpu_introduction"><p>Content from <a href="gpu_introduction.html">A Better Look at the GPU</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -1987,14 +2033,14 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
 from the University of Utah’s undergraduate course on Computer
 Organization and presented by Rajeev Balasubramonian.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcS_kQOIykU" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/FcS_kQOIykU/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YouTube video showing a slide" class="figure"></a></p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-first_program"><p>Content from <a href="first_program.html">Your First GPU Kernel</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/first_program.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -2077,8 +2123,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are aware that CUDA is a proprietary solution, and that there are
 open-source alternatives such as OpenCL. However, CUDA is the most used
@@ -2218,8 +2263,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-loose-threads" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-loose-threads"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We know enough now to pause for a moment and do a little exercise.
 Assume that in our <code>vector_add</code> kernel we replace the
@@ -2248,9 +2292,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is number 3, only the element <code>C[1]</code> is
 written, and we do not even know by which thread!</p>
@@ -2301,9 +2345,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 &lt;ipython-input-4-a26bc8acad2fin &lt;module&gt;()
      19 ''', "vector_add")
-     20 
+     20
 ---21 vector_add_gpu((1, 1, 1), (size, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
-     22 
+     22
      23 print(c_gpu)
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
@@ -2396,8 +2440,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-hidden-variables" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-hidden-variables"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following snippet of code:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
@@ -2415,9 +2458,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The content of <code>blockDim</code> is <code>(512, 1, 1)</code> and
 the content of <code>gridDim</code> is <code>(4, 1, 1)</code>, for all
@@ -2481,8 +2524,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-scaling-up" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-scaling-up"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In the following code, fill in the blank to work with vectors that
 are larger than the largest CUDA block (i.e. 1024).</p>
@@ -2502,9 +2544,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is
 <code>(blockIdx.x * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x</code>. The following code
@@ -2537,8 +2579,7 @@ <h1 id="vectors-of-arbitrary-size">Vectors of Arbitrary Size<a class="anchor" ar
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-more-work-than-necessary" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-more-work-than-necessary"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We modified the <code>vector_add</code> kernel to include a check for
 the size of the vector, so that we only compute elements that are within
@@ -2563,9 +2604,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct way to modify the <code>vector_add</code> to work on
 vectors of arbitrary size is to first compute the coordinates of each
@@ -2598,11 +2639,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 CUDADriverError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
 
 &lt;ipython-input-20-00d938215d28in &lt;module&gt;()
-     31 
+     31
      32 # Execute the code
 ---33 vector_add_gpu((2, 1, 1), (size // 2, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
      34 vector_add(a_cpu, b_cpu, c_cpu, size)
-     35 
+     35
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
 
@@ -2686,9 +2727,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with
-CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with CUDA</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following Python code, similar to what we have seen in the
 previous episode about Numba, write the missing CUDA kernel that
@@ -2768,9 +2807,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution5" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible solution for the CUDA kernel is provided in the
 following code.</p>
@@ -2812,8 +2851,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Precede your kernel definition with the <code>__global__</code>
@@ -2825,14 +2863,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-global_local_memory"><p>Content from <a href="global_local_memory.html">Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -2890,9 +2928,7 @@ <h1 id="registers">Registers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#registe
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we
-using?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we using?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Can you guess how many registers are we using in the following
 <code>vector_add</code> code?</p>
@@ -2916,7 +2952,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -2968,8 +3004,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Registers are the fastest memory on the GPU, so using them to
 increase data reuse is an important performance optimization. We will
@@ -3019,9 +3054,7 @@ <h1 id="global-memory">Global Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is
-used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is used</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Observe the code of the following <code>vector_add</code> and
 identify where global memory is used.</p>
@@ -3045,7 +3078,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -3065,8 +3098,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout2"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>While global memory is visible to all threads, remember that global
 memory is not coherent, and changes made by one thread block may not be
@@ -3089,8 +3121,7 @@ <h1 id="local-memory">Local Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#l
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-local-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-local-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following of <code>vector_add</code> so that intermediate
 data products are stored in local memory, and only the final result is
@@ -3117,7 +3148,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -3166,8 +3197,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Registers can be used to locally store data and avoid repeated
@@ -3181,14 +3211,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-shared_memory_and_synchronization"><p>Content from <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">Shared Memory and Synchronization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -3243,8 +3273,7 @@ <h1 id="shared-memory">Shared Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-of-shared-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-of-shared-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following code to allocate the <code>temp</code> array in
 shared memory.</p>
@@ -3272,9 +3301,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To use shared memory for the <code>temp</code> array add the
 identifier <code>__shared__</code> to its definition, like in the
@@ -3310,9 +3339,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
-code block?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous code block?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The previous code example is functionally wrong. Can you guess what
 the result of its execution will be?</p>
@@ -3322,9 +3349,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The result is non deterministic, and definitely not the same as the
 previous versions of <code>vector_add</code>. Threads will overwrite
@@ -3485,8 +3512,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-error-in-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-error-in-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you look at the CUDA <code>histogram</code> code, there is a
 logical error that prevents it to produce the correct results. Can you
@@ -3508,9 +3534,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The GPU is a highly parallel device, executing multiple threads at
 the same time. In the previous code different threads could be updating
@@ -3604,9 +3630,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the
-histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Implement a new version of the CUDA <code>histogram</code> function
 that uses shared memory to reduce conflicts in global memory. Modify the
@@ -3637,9 +3661,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following code shows one of the possible solutions.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
@@ -3790,8 +3814,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Shared memory is faster than global memory and local memory”</li>
@@ -3809,14 +3832,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-constant_memory"><p>Content from <a href="constant_memory.html">Constant Memory</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/constant_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -3919,9 +3942,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant
-memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>What should be the output of the following line of code?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -3935,9 +3956,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In our case the output of this line of code is two floating point
 numbers, e.g. <code>[0.11390183 0.2585096 ]</code>. However, we are not
@@ -3995,8 +4016,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-generalize-the-previous-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-generalize-the-previous-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Have a look again at the code using constant memory, and make it
 general enough to be able to run on input of arbitrary size. Experiment
@@ -4007,9 +4027,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="ancho
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One of the possible solutions is the following one.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -4065,8 +4085,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Globally scoped arrays, which size is known at compile time, can be
@@ -4076,14 +4095,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-streams"><p>Content from <a href="streams.html">Concurrent access to the GPU</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -4371,8 +4390,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“”</li>
@@ -4380,9 +4398,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section>
 </div>
@@ -4396,20 +4414,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -4432,35 +4450,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code -->
+	</script>
 </body>
 </html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
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results;if(!seed&&(setDocument(context),context=context||document,documentIsHTML)){if(11!==nodeType&&(match=rquickExpr.exec(selector)))if(m=match[1]){if(9===nodeType){if(!(elem=context.getElementById(m)))return results;if(elem.id===m)return results.push(elem),results}else if(newContext&&(elem=newContext.getElementById(m))&&contains(context,elem)&&elem.id===m)return results.push(elem),results}else{if(match[2])return push.apply(results,context.getElementsByTagName(selector)),results;if((m=match[3])&&support.getElementsByClassName&&context.getElementsByClassName)return push.apply(results,context.getElementsByClassName(m)),results}if(support.qsa&&!nonnativeSelectorCache[selector+" 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fn[expando]=!0,fn}function assert(fn){var el=document.createElement("fieldset");try{return!!fn(el)}catch(e){return!1}finally{el.parentNode&&el.parentNode.removeChild(el)}}function addHandle(attrs,handler){for(var arr=attrs.split("|"),i=arr.length;i--;)Expr.attrHandle[arr[i]]=handler}function siblingCheck(a,b){var cur=b&&a,diff=cur&&1===a.nodeType&&1===b.nodeType&&a.sourceIndex-b.sourceIndex;if(diff)return diff;if(cur)for(;cur=cur.nextSibling;)if(cur===b)return-1;return a?1:-1}function createDisabledPseudo(disabled){return function(elem){return"form"in elem?elem.parentNode&&!1===elem.disabled?"label"in elem?"label"in elem.parentNode?elem.parentNode.disabled===disabled:elem.disabled===disabled:elem.isDisabled===disabled||elem.isDisabled!==!disabled&&inDisabledFieldset(elem)===disabled:elem.disabled===disabled:"label"in elem&&elem.disabled===disabled}}function createPositionalPseudo(fn){return markFunction(function(argument){return argument=+argument,markFunction(function(seed,matches){for(var j,matchIndexes=fn([],seed.length,argument),i=matchIndexes.length;i--;)seed[j=matchIndexes[i]]&&(seed[j]=!(matches[j]=seed[j]))})})}function testContext(context){return context&&void 0!==context.getElementsByTagName&&context}for(i in support=Sizzle.support={},isXML=Sizzle.isXML=function(elem){var namespace=elem&&elem.namespaceURI,elem=elem&&(elem.ownerDocument||elem).documentElement;return!rhtml.test(namespace||elem&&elem.nodeName||"HTML")},setDocument=Sizzle.setDocument=function(node){var node=node?node.ownerDocument||node:preferredDoc;return node!=document&&9===node.nodeType&&node.documentElement&&(docElem=(document=node).documentElement,documentIsHTML=!isXML(document),preferredDoc!=document&&(node=document.defaultView)&&node.top!==node&&(node.addEventListener?node.addEventListener("unload",unloadHandler,!1):node.attachEvent&&node.attachEvent("onunload",unloadHandler)),support.scope=assert(function(el){return docElem.appendChild(el).appendChild(document.createElement("div")),void 0!==el.querySelectorAll&&!el.querySelectorAll(":scope fieldset div").length}),support.attributes=assert(function(el){return el.className="i",!el.getAttribute("className")}),support.getElementsByTagName=assert(function(el){return el.appendChild(document.createComment("")),!el.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),support.getElementsByClassName=rnative.test(document.getElementsByClassName),support.getById=assert(function(el){return docElem.appendChild(el).id=expando,!document.getElementsByName||!document.getElementsByName(expando).length}),support.getById?(Expr.filter.ID=function(id){var attrId=id.replace(runescape,funescape);return function(elem){return elem.getAttribute("id")===attrId}},Expr.find.ID=function(id,context){if(void 0!==context.getElementById&&documentIsHTML)return(context=context.getElementById(id))?[context]:[]}):(Expr.filter.ID=function(id){var attrId=id.replace(runescape,funescape);return function(elem){elem=void 0!==elem.getAttributeNode&&elem.getAttributeNode("id");return elem&&elem.value===attrId}},Expr.find.ID=function(id,context){if(void 0!==context.getElementById&&documentIsHTML){var node,i,elems,elem=context.getElementById(id);if(elem){if((node=elem.getAttributeNode("id"))&&node.value===id)return[elem];for(elems=context.getElementsByName(id),i=0;elem=elems[i++];)if((node=elem.getAttributeNode("id"))&&node.value===id)return[elem]}return[]}}),Expr.find.TAG=support.getElementsByTagName?function(tag,context){return void 0!==context.getElementsByTagName?context.getElementsByTagName(tag):support.qsa?context.querySelectorAll(tag):void 0}:function(tag,context){var elem,tmp=[],i=0,results=context.getElementsByTagName(tag);if("*"!==tag)return results;for(;elem=results[i++];)1===elem.nodeType&&tmp.push(elem);return tmp},Expr.find.CLASS=support.getElementsByClassName&&function(className,context){if(void 0!==context.getElementsByClassName&&documentIsHTML)return context.getElementsByClassName(className)},rbuggyMatches=[],rbuggyQSA=[],(support.qsa=rnative.test(document.querySelectorAll))&&(assert(function(el){var input;docElem.appendChild(el).innerHTML="<a id='"+expando+"'></a><select id='"+expando+"-\r\\' msallowcapture=''><option selected=''></option></select>",el.querySelectorAll("[msallowcapture^='']").length&&rbuggyQSA.push("[*^$]="+whitespace+"*(?:''|\"\")"),el.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||rbuggyQSA.push("\\["+whitespace+"*(?:value|"+booleans+")"),el.querySelectorAll("[id~="+expando+"-]").length||rbuggyQSA.push("~="),(input=document.createElement("input")).setAttribute("name",""),el.appendChild(input),el.querySelectorAll("[name='']").length||rbuggyQSA.push("\\["+whitespace+"*name"+whitespace+"*="+whitespace+"*(?:''|\"\")"),el.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||rbuggyQSA.push(":checked"),el.querySelectorAll("a#"+expando+"+*").length||rbuggyQSA.push(".#.+[+~]"),el.querySelectorAll("\\\f"),rbuggyQSA.push("[\\r\\n\\f]")}),assert(function(el){el.innerHTML="<a href='' disabled='disabled'></a><select disabled='disabled'><option/></select>";var input=document.createElement("input");input.setAttribute("type","hidden"),el.appendChild(input).setAttribute("name","D"),el.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&rbuggyQSA.push("name"+whitespace+"*[*^$|!~]?="),2!==el.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length&&rbuggyQSA.push(":enabled",":disabled"),docElem.appendChild(el).disabled=!0,2!==el.querySelectorAll(":disabled").length&&rbuggyQSA.push(":enabled",":disabled"),el.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),rbuggyQSA.push(",.*:")})),(support.matchesSelector=rnative.test(matches=docElem.matches||docElem.webkitMatchesSelector||docElem.mozMatchesSelector||docElem.oMatchesSelector||docElem.msMatchesSelector))&&assert(function(el){support.disconnectedMatch=matches.call(el,"*"),matches.call(el,"[s!='']:x"),rbuggyMatches.push("!=",pseudos)}),rbuggyQSA=rbuggyQSA.length&&new RegExp(rbuggyQSA.join("|")),rbuggyMatches=rbuggyMatches.length&&new RegExp(rbuggyMatches.join("|")),node=rnative.test(docElem.compareDocumentPosition),contains=node||rnative.test(docElem.contains)?function(a,b){var adown=9===a.nodeType?a.documentElement:a,b=b&&b.parentNode;return a===b||!(!b||1!==b.nodeType||!(adown.contains?adown.contains(b):a.compareDocumentPosition&&16&a.compareDocumentPosition(b)))}:function(a,b){if(b)for(;b=b.parentNode;)if(b===a)return!0;return!1},sortOrder=node?function(a,b){var compare;return a===b?(hasDuplicate=!0,0):(compare=!a.compareDocumentPosition-!b.compareDocumentPosition)||(1&(compare=(a.ownerDocument||a)==(b.ownerDocument||b)?a.compareDocumentPosition(b):1)||!support.sortDetached&&b.compareDocumentPosition(a)===compare?a==document||a.ownerDocument==preferredDoc&&contains(preferredDoc,a)?-1:b==document||b.ownerDocument==preferredDoc&&contains(preferredDoc,b)?1:sortInput?indexOf(sortInput,a)-indexOf(sortInput,b):0:4&compare?-1:1)}:function(a,b){if(a===b)return hasDuplicate=!0,0;var cur,i=0,aup=a.parentNode,bup=b.parentNode,ap=[a],bp=[b];if(!aup||!bup)return a==document?-1:b==document?1:aup?-1:bup?1:sortInput?indexOf(sortInput,a)-indexOf(sortInput,b):0;if(aup===bup)return siblingCheck(a,b);for(cur=a;cur=cur.parentNode;)ap.unshift(cur);for(cur=b;cur=cur.parentNode;)bp.unshift(cur);for(;ap[i]===bp[i];)i++;return i?siblingCheck(ap[i],bp[i]):ap[i]==preferredDoc?-1:bp[i]==preferredDoc?1:0}),document},Sizzle.matches=function(expr,elements){return Sizzle(expr,null,null,elements)},Sizzle.matchesSelector=function(elem,expr){if(setDocument(elem),support.matchesSelector&&documentIsHTML&&!nonnativeSelectorCache[expr+" "]&&(!rbuggyMatches||!rbuggyMatches.test(expr))&&(!rbuggyQSA||!rbuggyQSA.test(expr)))try{var ret=matches.call(elem,expr);if(ret||support.disconnectedMatch||elem.document&&11!==elem.document.nodeType)return ret}catch(e){nonnativeSelectorCache(expr,!0)}return 0<Sizzle(expr,document,null,[elem]).length},Sizzle.contains=function(context,elem){return(context.ownerDocument||context)!=document&&setDocument(context),contains(context,elem)},Sizzle.attr=function(elem,name){(elem.ownerDocument||elem)!=document&&setDocument(elem);var fn=Expr.attrHandle[name.toLowerCase()],fn=fn&&hasOwn.call(Expr.attrHandle,name.toLowerCase())?fn(elem,name,!documentIsHTML):void 0;return void 0!==fn?fn:support.attributes||!documentIsHTML?elem.getAttribute(name):(fn=elem.getAttributeNode(name))&&fn.specified?fn.value:null},Sizzle.escape=function(sel){return(sel+"").replace(rcssescape,fcssescape)},Sizzle.error=function(msg){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+msg)},Sizzle.uniqueSort=function(results){var elem,duplicates=[],j=0,i=0;if(hasDuplicate=!support.detectDuplicates,sortInput=!support.sortStable&&results.slice(0),results.sort(sortOrder),hasDuplicate){for(;elem=results[i++];)elem===results[i]&&(j=duplicates.push(i));for(;j--;)results.splice(duplicates[j],1)}return sortInput=null,results},getText=Sizzle.getText=function(elem){var node,ret="",i=0,nodeType=elem.nodeType;if(nodeType){if(1===nodeType||9===nodeType||11===nodeType){if("string"==typeof elem.textContent)return elem.textContent;for(elem=elem.firstChild;elem;elem=elem.nextSibling)ret+=getText(elem)}else if(3===nodeType||4===nodeType)return elem.nodeValue}else for(;node=elem[i++];)ret+=getText(node);return ret},(Expr=Sizzle.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:markFunction,match:matchExpr,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(match){return match[1]=match[1].replace(runescape,funescape),match[3]=(match[3]||match[4]||match[5]||"").replace(runescape,funescape),"~="===match[2]&&(match[3]=" "+match[3]+" "),match.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(match){return match[1]=match[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===match[1].slice(0,3)?(match[3]||Sizzle.error(match[0]),match[4]=+(match[4]?match[5]+(match[6]||1):2*("even"===match[3]||"odd"===match[3])),match[5]=+(match[7]+match[8]||"odd"===match[3])):match[3]&&Sizzle.error(match[0]),match},PSEUDO:function(match){var excess,unquoted=!match[6]&&match[2];return matchExpr.CHILD.test(match[0])?null:(match[3]?match[2]=match[4]||match[5]||"":unquoted&&rpseudo.test(unquoted)&&(excess=(excess=tokenize(unquoted,!0))&&unquoted.indexOf(")",unquoted.length-excess)-unquoted.length)&&(match[0]=match[0].slice(0,excess),match[2]=unquoted.slice(0,excess)),match.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(nodeNameSelector){var nodeName=nodeNameSelector.replace(runescape,funescape).toLowerCase();return"*"===nodeNameSelector?function(){return!0}:function(elem){return elem.nodeName&&elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()===nodeName}},CLASS:function(className){var pattern=classCache[className+" "];return pattern||(pattern=new RegExp("(^|"+whitespace+")"+className+"("+whitespace+"|$)"))&&classCache(className,function(elem){return pattern.test("string"==typeof elem.className&&elem.className||void 0!==elem.getAttribute&&elem.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(name,operator,check){return function(elem){elem=Sizzle.attr(elem,name);return null==elem?"!="===operator:!operator||(elem+="","="===operator?elem===check:"!="===operator?elem!==check:"^="===operator?check&&0===elem.indexOf(check):"*="===operator?check&&-1<elem.indexOf(check):"$="===operator?check&&elem.slice(-check.length)===check:"~="===operator?-1<(" "+elem.replace(rwhitespace," ")+" 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cache,uniqueCache,outerCache,node,nodeIndex,start,dir=simple!=forward?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",parent=elem.parentNode,name=ofType&&elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(),useCache=!xml&&!ofType,diff=!1;if(parent){if(simple){for(;dir;){for(node=elem;node=node[dir];)if(ofType?node.nodeName.toLowerCase()===name:1===node.nodeType)return!1;start=dir="only"===type&&!start&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(start=[forward?parent.firstChild:parent.lastChild],forward&&useCache){for(diff=(nodeIndex=(cache=(uniqueCache=(outerCache=(node=parent)[expando]||(node[expando]={}))[node.uniqueID]||(outerCache[node.uniqueID]={}))[type]||[])[0]===dirruns&&cache[1])&&cache[2],node=nodeIndex&&parent.childNodes[nodeIndex];node=++nodeIndex&&node&&node[dir]||(diff=nodeIndex=0,start.pop());)if(1===node.nodeType&&++diff&&node===elem){uniqueCache[type]=[dirruns,nodeIndex,diff];break}}else 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elem.parentNode&&elem.parentNode.selectedIndex,!0===elem.selected},empty:function(elem){for(elem=elem.firstChild;elem;elem=elem.nextSibling)if(elem.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(elem){return!Expr.pseudos.empty(elem)},header:function(elem){return rheader.test(elem.nodeName)},input:function(elem){return rinputs.test(elem.nodeName)},button:function(elem){var name=elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===name&&"button"===elem.type||"button"===name},text:function(elem){return"input"===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===elem.type&&(null==(elem=elem.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===elem.toLowerCase())},first:createPositionalPseudo(function(){return[0]}),last:createPositionalPseudo(function(_matchIndexes,length){return[length-1]}),eq:createPositionalPseudo(function(_matchIndexes,length,argument){return[argument<0?argument+length:argument]}),even:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length){for(var i=0;i<length;i+=2)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),odd:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length){for(var i=1;i<length;i+=2)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),lt:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length,argument){for(var i=argument<0?argument+length:length<argument?length:argument;0<=--i;)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),gt:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length,argument){for(var i=argument<0?argument+length:argument;++i<length;)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes})}}).pseudos.nth=Expr.pseudos.eq,{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})Expr.pseudos[i]=function(type){return function(elem){return"input"===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&elem.type===type}}(i);for(i in{submit:!0,reset:!0})Expr.pseudos[i]=function(type){return function(elem){var name=elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===name||"button"===name)&&elem.type===type}}(i);function setFilters(){}function toSelector(tokens){for(var i=0,len=tokens.length,selector="";i<len;i++)selector+=tokens[i].value;return selector}function addCombinator(matcher,combinator,base){var dir=combinator.dir,skip=combinator.next,key=skip||dir,checkNonElements=base&&"parentNode"===key,doneName=done++;return combinator.first?function(elem,context,xml){for(;elem=elem[dir];)if(1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)return matcher(elem,context,xml);return!1}:function(elem,context,xml){var oldCache,outerCache,newCache=[dirruns,doneName];if(xml){for(;elem=elem[dir];)if((1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)&&matcher(elem,context,xml))return!0}else for(;elem=elem[dir];)if(1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)if(outerCache=(outerCache=elem[expando]||(elem[expando]={}))[elem.uniqueID]||(outerCache[elem.uniqueID]={}),skip&&skip===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase())elem=elem[dir]||elem;else{if((oldCache=outerCache[key])&&oldCache[0]===dirruns&&oldCache[1]===doneName)return newCache[2]=oldCache[2];if((outerCache[key]=newCache)[2]=matcher(elem,context,xml))return!0}return!1}}function elementMatcher(matchers){return 1<matchers.length?function(elem,context,xml){for(var i=matchers.length;i--;)if(!matchers[i](elem,context,xml))return!1;return!0}:matchers[0]}function condense(unmatched,map,filter,context,xml){for(var elem,newUnmatched=[],i=0,len=unmatched.length,mapped=null!=map;i<len;i++)!(elem=unmatched[i])||filter&&!filter(elem,context,xml)||(newUnmatched.push(elem),mapped&&map.push(i));return newUnmatched}function setMatcher(preFilter,selector,matcher,postFilter,postFinder,postSelector){return postFilter&&!postFilter[expando]&&(postFilter=setMatcher(postFilter)),postFinder&&!postFinder[expando]&&(postFinder=setMatcher(postFinder,postSelector)),markFunction(function(seed,results,context,xml){var temp,i,elem,preMap=[],postMap=[],preexisting=results.length,elems=seed||function(selector,contexts,results){for(var i=0,len=contexts.length;i<len;i++)Sizzle(selector,contexts[i],results);return results}(selector||"*",context.nodeType?[context]:context,[]),matcherIn=!preFilter||!seed&&selector?elems:condense(elems,preMap,preFilter,context,xml),matcherOut=matcher?postFinder||(seed?preFilter:preexisting||postFilter)?[]:results:matcherIn;if(matcher&&matcher(matcherIn,matcherOut,context,xml),postFilter)for(temp=condense(matcherOut,postMap),postFilter(temp,[],context,xml),i=temp.length;i--;)(elem=temp[i])&&(matcherOut[postMap[i]]=!(matcherIn[postMap[i]]=elem));if(seed){if(postFinder||preFilter){if(postFinder){for(temp=[],i=matcherOut.length;i--;)(elem=matcherOut[i])&&temp.push(matcherIn[i]=elem);postFinder(null,matcherOut=[],temp,xml)}for(i=matcherOut.length;i--;)(elem=matcherOut[i])&&-1<(temp=postFinder?indexOf(seed,elem):preMap[i])&&(seed[temp]=!(results[temp]=elem))}}else matcherOut=condense(matcherOut===results?matcherOut.splice(preexisting,matcherOut.length):matcherOut),postFinder?postFinder(null,results,matcherOut,xml):push.apply(results,matcherOut)})}function matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers,setMatchers){function superMatcher(seed,context,xml,results,outermost){var elem,j,matcher,matchedCount=0,i="0",unmatched=seed&&[],setMatched=[],contextBackup=outermostContext,elems=seed||byElement&&Expr.find.TAG("*",outermost),dirrunsUnique=dirruns+=null==contextBackup?1:Math.random()||.1,len=elems.length;for(outermost&&(outermostContext=context==document||context||outermost);i!==len&&null!=(elem=elems[i]);i++){if(byElement&&elem){for(j=0,context||elem.ownerDocument==document||(setDocument(elem),xml=!documentIsHTML);matcher=elementMatchers[j++];)if(matcher(elem,context||document,xml)){results.push(elem);break}outermost&&(dirruns=dirrunsUnique)}bySet&&((elem=!matcher&&elem)&&matchedCount--,seed)&&unmatched.push(elem)}if(matchedCount+=i,bySet&&i!==matchedCount){for(j=0;matcher=setMatchers[j++];)matcher(unmatched,setMatched,context,xml);if(seed){if(0<matchedCount)for(;i--;)unmatched[i]||setMatched[i]||(setMatched[i]=pop.call(results));setMatched=condense(setMatched)}push.apply(results,setMatched),outermost&&!seed&&0<setMatched.length&&1<matchedCount+setMatchers.length&&Sizzle.uniqueSort(results)}return outermost&&(dirruns=dirrunsUnique,outermostContext=contextBackup),unmatched}var bySet=0<setMatchers.length,byElement=0<elementMatchers.length;return bySet?markFunction(superMatcher):superMatcher}return setFilters.prototype=Expr.filters=Expr.pseudos,Expr.setFilters=new setFilters,tokenize=Sizzle.tokenize=function(selector,parseOnly){var matched,match,tokens,type,soFar,groups,preFilters,cached=tokenCache[selector+" "];if(cached)return parseOnly?0:cached.slice(0);for(soFar=selector,groups=[],preFilters=Expr.preFilter;soFar;){for(type in matched&&!(match=rcomma.exec(soFar))||(match&&(soFar=soFar.slice(match[0].length)||soFar),groups.push(tokens=[])),matched=!1,(match=rcombinators.exec(soFar))&&(matched=match.shift(),tokens.push({value:matched,type:match[0].replace(rtrim," ")}),soFar=soFar.slice(matched.length)),Expr.filter)!(match=matchExpr[type].exec(soFar))||preFilters[type]&&!(match=preFilters[type](match))||(matched=match.shift(),tokens.push({value:matched,type:type,matches:match}),soFar=soFar.slice(matched.length));if(!matched)break}return parseOnly?soFar.length:soFar?Sizzle.error(selector):tokenCache(selector,groups).slice(0)},compile=Sizzle.compile=function(selector,match){var i,setMatchers=[],elementMatchers=[],cached=compilerCache[selector+" "];if(!cached){for(i=(match=match||tokenize(selector)).length;i--;)((cached=function matcherFromTokens(tokens){for(var checkContext,matcher,j,len=tokens.length,leadingRelative=Expr.relative[tokens[0].type],implicitRelative=leadingRelative||Expr.relative[" "],i=leadingRelative?1:0,matchContext=addCombinator(function(elem){return 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elementMatcher(matchers)}(match[i]))[expando]?setMatchers:elementMatchers).push(cached);(cached=compilerCache(selector,matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers,setMatchers))).selector=selector}return cached},select=Sizzle.select=function(selector,context,results,seed){var i,tokens,token,type,find,compiled="function"==typeof selector&&selector,match=!seed&&tokenize(selector=compiled.selector||selector);if(results=results||[],1===match.length){if(2<(tokens=match[0]=match[0].slice(0)).length&&"ID"===(token=tokens[0]).type&&9===context.nodeType&&documentIsHTML&&Expr.relative[tokens[1].type]){if(!(context=(Expr.find.ID(token.matches[0].replace(runescape,funescape),context)||[])[0]))return 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origFn,type;if("object"==typeof types){for(type in"string"!=typeof selector&&(data=data||selector,selector=void 0),types)on(elem,type,selector,data,types[type],one);return elem}if(null==data&&null==fn?(fn=selector,data=selector=void 0):null==fn&&("string"==typeof selector?(fn=data,data=void 0):(fn=data,data=selector,selector=void 0)),!1===fn)fn=returnFalse;else if(!fn)return elem;return 1===one&&(origFn=fn,(fn=function(event){return jQuery().off(event),origFn.apply(this,arguments)}).guid=origFn.guid||(origFn.guid=jQuery.guid++)),elem.each(function(){jQuery.event.add(this,types,fn,data,selector)})}function leverageNative(el,type,expectSync){expectSync?(dataPriv.set(el,type,!1),jQuery.event.add(el,type,{namespace:!1,handler:function(event){var notAsync,result,saved=dataPriv.get(this,type);if(1&event.isTrigger&&this[type]){if(saved.length)(jQuery.event.special[type]||{}).delegateType&&event.stopPropagation();else 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j,origCount,tmp,events,t,handleObj,special,handlers,type,namespaces,origType,elemData=dataPriv.hasData(elem)&&dataPriv.get(elem);if(elemData&&(events=elemData.events)){for(t=(types=(types||"").match(rnothtmlwhite)||[""]).length;t--;)if(type=origType=(tmp=rtypenamespace.exec(types[t])||[])[1],namespaces=(tmp[2]||"").split(".").sort(),type){for(special=jQuery.event.special[type]||{},handlers=events[type=(selector?special.delegateType:special.bindType)||type]||[],tmp=tmp[2]&&new 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Array(arguments.length),event=jQuery.event.fix(nativeEvent),nativeEvent=(dataPriv.get(this,"events")||Object.create(null))[event.type]||[],special=jQuery.event.special[event.type]||{};for(args[0]=event,i=1;i<arguments.length;i++)args[i]=arguments[i];if(event.delegateTarget=this,!special.preDispatch||!1!==special.preDispatch.call(this,event)){for(handlerQueue=jQuery.event.handlers.call(this,event,nativeEvent),i=0;(matched=handlerQueue[i++])&&!event.isPropagationStopped();)for(event.currentTarget=matched.elem,j=0;(handleObj=matched.handlers[j++])&&!event.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)event.rnamespace&&!1!==handleObj.namespace&&!event.rnamespace.test(handleObj.namespace)||(event.handleObj=handleObj,event.data=handleObj.data,void 0!==(handleObj=((jQuery.event.special[handleObj.origType]||{}).handle||handleObj.handler).apply(matched.elem,args))&&!1===(event.result=handleObj)&&(event.preventDefault(),event.stopPropagation()));return 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rcheckableType.test(event.type)&&event.click&&nodeName(event,"input")&&dataPriv.get(event,"click")||nodeName(event,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(event){void 0!==event.result&&event.originalEvent&&(event.originalEvent.returnValue=event.result)}}}},jQuery.removeEvent=function(elem,type,handle){elem.removeEventListener&&elem.removeEventListener(type,handle)},jQuery.Event=function(src,props){if(!(this instanceof jQuery.Event))return new jQuery.Event(src,props);src&&src.type?(this.originalEvent=src,this.type=src.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=src.defaultPrevented||void 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e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=returnTrue,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},jQuery.each({altKey:!0,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0,changedTouches:!0,ctrlKey:!0,detail:!0,eventPhase:!0,metaKey:!0,pageX:!0,pageY:!0,shiftKey:!0,view:!0,char:!0,code:!0,charCode:!0,key:!0,keyCode:!0,button:!0,buttons:!0,clientX:!0,clientY:!0,offsetX:!0,offsetY:!0,pointerId:!0,pointerType:!0,screenX:!0,screenY:!0,targetTouches:!0,toElement:!0,touches:!0,which:!0},jQuery.event.addProp),jQuery.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(type,delegateType){jQuery.event.special[type]={setup:function(){return leverageNative(this,type,expectSync),!1},trigger:function(){return leverageNative(this,type),!0},_default:function(){return!0},delegateType:delegateType}}),jQuery.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(orig,fix){jQuery.event.special[orig]={delegateType:fix,bindType:fix,handle:function(event){var ret,related=event.relatedTarget,handleObj=event.handleObj;return related&&(related===this||jQuery.contains(this,related))||(event.type=handleObj.origType,ret=handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments),event.type=fix),ret}}}),jQuery.fn.extend({on:function(types,selector,data,fn){return on(this,types,selector,data,fn)},one:function(types,selector,data,fn){return on(this,types,selector,data,fn,1)},off:function(types,selector,fn){var 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Tween.prototype.init(elem,options,prop,end,easing)}jQuery.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(elem,computed){if(computed)return""===(computed=curCSS(elem,"opacity"))?"1":computed}}},cssNumber:{animationIterationCount:!0,columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,gridArea:!0,gridColumn:!0,gridColumnEnd:!0,gridColumnStart:!0,gridRow:!0,gridRowEnd:!0,gridRowStart:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{},style:function(elem,name,value,extra){if(elem&&3!==elem.nodeType&&8!==elem.nodeType&&elem.style){var ret,type,hooks,origName=camelCase(name),isCustomProp=rcustomProp.test(name),style=elem.style;if(isCustomProp||(name=finalPropName(origName)),hooks=jQuery.cssHooks[name]||jQuery.cssHooks[origName],void 0===value)return hooks&&"get"in hooks&&void 0!==(ret=hooks.get(elem,!1,extra))?ret:style[name];"string"===(type=typeof 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isBorderBox&&scrollboxSizeBuggy&&(extra-=Math.ceil(elem["offset"+dimension[0].toUpperCase()+dimension.slice(1)]-parseFloat(styles[dimension])-boxModelAdjustment(elem,dimension,"border",!1,styles)-.5)),extra&&(isBorderBox=rcssNum.exec(value))&&"px"!==(isBorderBox[3]||"px")&&(elem.style[dimension]=value,value=jQuery.css(elem,dimension)),setPositiveNumber(0,value,extra)}}}),jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft=addGetHookIf(support.reliableMarginLeft,function(elem,computed){if(computed)return(parseFloat(curCSS(elem,"marginLeft"))||elem.getBoundingClientRect().left-swap(elem,{marginLeft:0},function(){return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left}))+"px"}),jQuery.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(prefix,suffix){jQuery.cssHooks[prefix+suffix]={expand:function(value){for(var i=0,expanded={},parts="string"==typeof value?value.split(" "):[value];i<4;i++)expanded[prefix+cssExpand[i]+suffix]=parts[i]||parts[i-2]||parts[0];return 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1!==tween.elem.nodeType||null!=tween.elem[tween.prop]&&null==tween.elem.style[tween.prop]?tween.elem[tween.prop]:(tween=jQuery.css(tween.elem,tween.prop,""))&&"auto"!==tween?tween:0},set:function(tween){jQuery.fx.step[tween.prop]?jQuery.fx.step[tween.prop](tween):1!==tween.elem.nodeType||!jQuery.cssHooks[tween.prop]&&null==tween.elem.style[finalPropName(tween.prop)]?tween.elem[tween.prop]=tween.now:jQuery.style(tween.elem,tween.prop,tween.now+tween.unit)}}}).scrollTop=Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(tween){tween.elem.nodeType&&tween.elem.parentNode&&(tween.elem[tween.prop]=tween.now)}},jQuery.easing={linear:function(p){return p},swing:function(p){return.5-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2},_default:"swing"},jQuery.fx=Tween.prototype.init,jQuery.fx.step={};var fxNow,inProgress,rfxtypes=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,rrun=/queueHooks$/;function schedule(){inProgress&&(!1===document.hidden&&window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(schedule):window.setTimeout(schedule,jQuery.fx.interval),jQuery.fx.tick())}function createFxNow(){return window.setTimeout(function(){fxNow=void 0}),fxNow=Date.now()}function genFx(type,includeWidth){var which,i=0,attrs={height:type};for(includeWidth=includeWidth?1:0;i<4;i+=2-includeWidth)attrs["margin"+(which=cssExpand[i])]=attrs["padding"+which]=type;return includeWidth&&(attrs.opacity=attrs.width=type),attrs}function createTween(value,prop,animation){for(var tween,collection=(Animation.tweeners[prop]||[]).concat(Animation.tweeners["*"]),index=0,length=collection.length;index<length;index++)if(tween=collection[index].call(animation,prop,value))return tween}function Animation(elem,properties,options){var result,stopped,index=0,length=Animation.prefilters.length,deferred=jQuery.Deferred().always(function(){delete tick.elem}),tick=function(){if(!stopped){for(var currentTime=fxNow||createFxNow(),currentTime=Math.max(0,animation.startTime+animation.duration-currentTime),percent=1-(currentTime/animation.duration||0),index=0,length=animation.tweens.length;index<length;index++)animation.tweens[index].run(percent);if(deferred.notifyWith(elem,[animation,percent,currentTime]),percent<1&&length)return currentTime;length||deferred.notifyWith(elem,[animation,1,0]),deferred.resolveWith(elem,[animation])}return!1},animation=deferred.promise({elem:elem,props:jQuery.extend({},properties),opts:jQuery.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{},easing:jQuery.easing._default},options),originalProperties:properties,originalOptions:options,startTime:fxNow||createFxNow(),duration:options.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(prop,end){end=jQuery.Tween(elem,animation.opts,prop,end,animation.opts.specialEasing[prop]||animation.opts.easing);return animation.tweens.push(end),end},stop:function(gotoEnd){var index=0,length=gotoEnd?animation.tweens.length:0;if(!stopped){for(stopped=!0;index<length;index++)animation.tweens[index].run(1);gotoEnd?(deferred.notifyWith(elem,[animation,1,0]),deferred.resolveWith(elem,[animation,gotoEnd])):deferred.rejectWith(elem,[animation,gotoEnd])}return this}}),props=animation.props;for(!function(props,specialEasing){var index,name,easing,value,hooks;for(index in props)if(easing=specialEasing[name=camelCase(index)],value=props[index],Array.isArray(value)&&(easing=value[1],value=props[index]=value[0]),index!==name&&(props[name]=value,delete props[index]),(hooks=jQuery.cssHooks[name])&&"expand"in hooks)for(index in value=hooks.expand(value),delete props[name],value)index in props||(props[index]=value[index],specialEasing[index]=easing);else specialEasing[name]=easing}(props,animation.opts.specialEasing);index<length;index++)if(result=Animation.prefilters[index].call(animation,elem,props,animation.opts))return isFunction(result.stop)&&(jQuery._queueHooks(animation.elem,animation.opts.queue).stop=result.stop.bind(result)),result;return jQuery.map(props,createTween,animation),isFunction(animation.opts.start)&&animation.opts.start.call(elem,animation),animation.progress(animation.opts.progress).done(animation.opts.done,animation.opts.complete).fail(animation.opts.fail).always(animation.opts.always),jQuery.fx.timer(jQuery.extend(tick,{elem:elem,anim:animation,queue:animation.opts.queue})),animation}jQuery.Animation=jQuery.extend(Animation,{tweeners:{"*":[function(prop,value){var tween=this.createTween(prop,value);return adjustCSS(tween.elem,prop,rcssNum.exec(value),tween),tween}]},tweener:function(props,callback){for(var prop,index=0,length=(props=isFunction(props)?(callback=props,["*"]):props.match(rnothtmlwhite)).length;index<length;index++)prop=props[index],Animation.tweeners[prop]=Animation.tweeners[prop]||[],Animation.tweeners[prop].unshift(callback)},prefilters:[function(elem,props,opts){var prop,value,toggle,hooks,oldfire,propTween,restoreDisplay,isBox="width"in props||"height"in props,anim=this,orig={},style=elem.style,hidden=elem.nodeType&&isHiddenWithinTree(elem),dataShow=dataPriv.get(elem,"fxshow");for(prop in opts.queue||(null==(hooks=jQuery._queueHooks(elem,"fx")).unqueued&&(hooks.unqueued=0,oldfire=hooks.empty.fire,hooks.empty.fire=function(){hooks.unqueued||oldfire()}),hooks.unqueued++,anim.always(function(){anim.always(function(){hooks.unqueued--,jQuery.queue(elem,"fx").length||hooks.empty.fire()})})),props)if(value=props[prop],rfxtypes.test(value)){if(delete props[prop],toggle=toggle||"toggle"===value,value===(hidden?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==value||!dataShow||void 0===dataShow[prop])continue;hidden=!0}orig[prop]=dataShow&&dataShow[prop]||jQuery.style(elem,prop)}if((propTween=!jQuery.isEmptyObject(props))||!jQuery.isEmptyObject(orig))for(prop in isBox&&1===elem.nodeType&&(opts.overflow=[style.overflow,style.overflowX,style.overflowY],null==(restoreDisplay=dataShow&&dataShow.display)&&(restoreDisplay=dataPriv.get(elem,"display")),"none"===(isBox=jQuery.css(elem,"display"))&&(restoreDisplay?isBox=restoreDisplay:(showHide([elem],!0),restoreDisplay=elem.style.display||restoreDisplay,isBox=jQuery.css(elem,"display"),showHide([elem]))),"inline"===isBox||"inline-block"===isBox&&null!=restoreDisplay)&&"none"===jQuery.css(elem,"float")&&(propTween||(anim.done(function(){style.display=restoreDisplay}),null==restoreDisplay&&(isBox=style.display,restoreDisplay="none"===isBox?"":isBox)),style.display="inline-block"),opts.overflow&&(style.overflow="hidden",anim.always(function(){style.overflow=opts.overflow[0],style.overflowX=opts.overflow[1],style.overflowY=opts.overflow[2]})),propTween=!1,orig)propTween||(dataShow?"hidden"in 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Set(["click","dblclick","mouseup","mousedown","contextmenu","mousewheel","DOMMouseScroll","mouseover","mouseout","mousemove","selectstart","selectend","keydown","keypress","keyup","orientationchange","touchstart","touchmove","touchend","touchcancel","pointerdown","pointermove","pointerup","pointerleave","pointercancel","gesturestart","gesturechange","gestureend","focus","blur","change","reset","select","submit","focusin","focusout","load","unload","beforeunload","resize","move","DOMContentLoaded","readystatechange","error","abort","scroll"]);function getUidEvent(element,uid){return uid&&uid+"::"+uidEvent++||element.uidEvent||uidEvent++}function getEvent(element){var uid=getUidEvent(element);return element.uidEvent=uid,eventRegistry[uid]=eventRegistry[uid]||{},eventRegistry[uid]}function findHandler(events,handler,delegationSelector=null){var uidEventList=Object.keys(events);for(let i=0,len=uidEventList.length;i<len;i++){var event=events[uidEventList[i]];if(event.originalHandler===handler&&event.delegationSelector===delegationSelector)return event}return null}function normalizeParams(originalTypeEvent,handler,delegationFn){var delegation="string"==typeof handler,delegationFn=delegation?delegationFn:handler;let typeEvent=getTypeEvent(originalTypeEvent);handler=nativeEvents.has(typeEvent);return[delegation,delegationFn,typeEvent=handler?typeEvent:originalTypeEvent]}function addHandler(element,originalTypeEvent,handler,delegationFn,oneOff){var wrapFn,originalHandler,typeEvent,events,previousFn;"string"==typeof originalTypeEvent&&element&&([wrapFn,originalHandler,typeEvent]=(handler||(handler=delegationFn,delegationFn=null),customEventsRegex.test(originalTypeEvent)&&(wrapFn=fn=>function(event){if(!event.relatedTarget||event.relatedTarget!==event.delegateTarget&&!event.delegateTarget.contains(event.relatedTarget))return fn.call(this,event)},delegationFn?delegationFn=wrapFn(delegationFn):handler=wrapFn(handler)),normalizeParams(originalTypeEvent,handler,delegationFn)),(previousFn=findHandler(events=(events=getEvent(element))[typeEvent]||(events[typeEvent]={}),originalHandler,wrapFn?handler:null))?previousFn.oneOff=previousFn.oneOff&&oneOff:(previousFn=getUidEvent(originalHandler,originalTypeEvent.replace(namespaceRegex,"")),(originalTypeEvent=wrapFn?function(element,selector,fn){return function handler(event){var domElements=element.querySelectorAll(selector);for(let target=event["target"];target&&target!==this;target=target.parentNode)for(let i=domElements.length;i--;)if(domElements[i]===target)return event.delegateTarget=target,handler.oneOff&&EventHandler.off(element,event.type,selector,fn),fn.apply(target,[event]);return null}}(element,handler,delegationFn):function(element,fn){return function handler(event){return event.delegateTarget=element,handler.oneOff&&EventHandler.off(element,event.type,fn),fn.apply(element,[event])}}(element,handler)).delegationSelector=wrapFn?handler:null,originalTypeEvent.originalHandler=originalHandler,originalTypeEvent.oneOff=oneOff,events[originalTypeEvent.uidEvent=previousFn]=originalTypeEvent,element.addEventListener(typeEvent,originalTypeEvent,wrapFn)))}function removeHandler(element,events,typeEvent,handler,delegationSelector){handler=findHandler(events[typeEvent],handler,delegationSelector);handler&&(element.removeEventListener(typeEvent,handler,Boolean(delegationSelector)),delete events[typeEvent][handler.uidEvent])}function getTypeEvent(event){return event=event.replace(stripNameRegex,""),customEvents[event]||event}const EventHandler={on(element,event,handler,delegationFn){addHandler(element,event,handler,delegationFn,!1)},one(element,event,handler,delegationFn){addHandler(element,event,handler,delegationFn,!0)},off(element,originalTypeEvent,handler,delegationFn){if("string"==typeof originalTypeEvent&&element){const[delegation,originalHandler,typeEvent]=normalizeParams(originalTypeEvent,handler,delegationFn),inNamespace=typeEvent!==originalTypeEvent,events=getEvent(element);delegationFn=originalTypeEvent.startsWith(".");if(void 0!==originalHandler)return events&&events[typeEvent]?void removeHandler(element,events,typeEvent,originalHandler,delegation?handler:null):void 0;delegationFn&&Object.keys(events).forEach(elementEvent=>{!function(element,events,typeEvent,namespace){const storeElementEvent=events[typeEvent]||{};Object.keys(storeElementEvent).forEach(handlerKey=>{handlerKey.includes(namespace)&&(handlerKey=storeElementEvent[handlerKey],removeHandler(element,events,typeEvent,handlerKey.originalHandler,handlerKey.delegationSelector))})}(element,events,elementEvent,originalTypeEvent.slice(1))});const storeElementEvent=events[typeEvent]||{};Object.keys(storeElementEvent).forEach(keyHandlers=>{var handlerKey=keyHandlers.replace(stripUidRegex,"");inNamespace&&!originalTypeEvent.includes(handlerKey)||(handlerKey=storeElementEvent[keyHandlers],removeHandler(element,events,typeEvent,handlerKey.originalHandler,handlerKey.delegationSelector))})}},trigger(element,event,args){if("string"!=typeof event||!element)return null;var $=getjQuery(),typeEvent=getTypeEvent(event),inNamespace=event!==typeEvent,isNative=nativeEvents.has(typeEvent);let jQueryEvent,bubbles=!0,nativeDispatch=!0,defaultPrevented=!1,evt=null;return inNamespace&&$&&(jQueryEvent=$.Event(event,args),$(element).trigger(jQueryEvent),bubbles=!jQueryEvent.isPropagationStopped(),nativeDispatch=!jQueryEvent.isImmediatePropagationStopped(),defaultPrevented=jQueryEvent.isDefaultPrevented()),isNative?(evt=document.createEvent("HTMLEvents")).initEvent(typeEvent,bubbles,!0):evt=new CustomEvent(event,{bubbles:bubbles,cancelable:!0}),void 0!==args&&Object.keys(args).forEach(key=>{Object.defineProperty(evt,key,{get(){return args[key]}})}),defaultPrevented&&evt.preventDefault(),nativeDispatch&&element.dispatchEvent(evt),evt.defaultPrevented&&void 0!==jQueryEvent&&jQueryEvent.preventDefault(),evt}},elementMap=new Map,Data={set(element,key,instance){elementMap.has(element)||elementMap.set(element,new Map);element=elementMap.get(element);element.has(key)||0===element.size?element.set(key,instance):console.error(`Bootstrap doesn't allow more than one instance per element. Bound instance: ${Array.from(element.keys())[0]}.`)},get(element,key){return elementMap.has(element)&&elementMap.get(element).get(key)||null},remove(element,key){var instanceMap;elementMap.has(element)&&((instanceMap=elementMap.get(element)).delete(key),0===instanceMap.size)&&elementMap.delete(element)}};class BaseComponent{constructor(element){(element=getElement(element))&&(this._element=element,Data.set(this._element,this.constructor.DATA_KEY,this))}dispose(){Data.remove(this._element,this.constructor.DATA_KEY),EventHandler.off(this._element,this.constructor.EVENT_KEY),Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this).forEach(propertyName=>{this[propertyName]=null})}_queueCallback(callback,element,isAnimated=!0){executeAfterTransition(callback,element,isAnimated)}static getInstance(element){return Data.get(getElement(element),this.DATA_KEY)}static getOrCreateInstance(element,config={}){return this.getInstance(element)||new this(element,"object"==typeof config?config:null)}static get VERSION(){return"5.1.3"}static get NAME(){throw new Error('You have to implement the static method "NAME", for each component!')}static get DATA_KEY(){return"bs."+this.NAME}static get EVENT_KEY(){return"."+this.DATA_KEY}}var enableDismissTrigger=(component,method="hide")=>{var clickEvent="click.dismiss"+component.EVENT_KEY;const name=component.NAME;EventHandler.on(document,clickEvent,`[data-bs-dismiss="${name}"]`,function(event){["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&event.preventDefault(),isDisabled(this)||(event=getElementFromSelector(this)||this.closest("."+name),component.getOrCreateInstance(event)[method]())})};class Alert extends BaseComponent{static get NAME(){return"alert"}close(){var isAnimated;EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"close.bs.alert").defaultPrevented||(this._element.classList.remove("show"),isAnimated=this._element.classList.contains("fade"),this._queueCallback(()=>this._destroyElement(),this._element,isAnimated))}_destroyElement(){this._element.remove(),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"closed.bs.alert"),this.dispose()}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Alert.getOrCreateInstance(this);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config]||config.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===config)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config](this)}})}}enableDismissTrigger(Alert,"close"),Popper(Alert);class Button extends BaseComponent{static get NAME(){return"button"}toggle(){this._element.setAttribute("aria-pressed",this._element.classList.toggle("active"))}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Button.getOrCreateInstance(this);"toggle"===config&&data[config]()})}}function normalizeData(val){return"true"===val||"false"!==val&&(val===Number(val).toString()?Number(val):""===val||"null"===val?null:val)}function normalizeDataKey(key){return key.replace(/[A-Z]/g,chr=>"-"+chr.toLowerCase())}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.button.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="button"]',event=>{event.preventDefault();event=event.target.closest('[data-bs-toggle="button"]');Button.getOrCreateInstance(event).toggle()}),Popper(Button);const Manipulator={setDataAttribute(element,key,value){element.setAttribute("data-bs-"+normalizeDataKey(key),value)},removeDataAttribute(element,key){element.removeAttribute("data-bs-"+normalizeDataKey(key))},getDataAttributes(element){if(!element)return{};const attributes={};return Object.keys(element.dataset).filter(key=>key.startsWith("bs")).forEach(key=>{let pureKey=key.replace(/^bs/,"");pureKey=pureKey.charAt(0).toLowerCase()+pureKey.slice(1,pureKey.length),attributes[pureKey]=normalizeData(element.dataset[key])}),attributes},getDataAttribute(element,key){return normalizeData(element.getAttribute("data-bs-"+normalizeDataKey(key)))},offset(element){element=element.getBoundingClientRect();return{top:element.top+window.pageYOffset,left:element.left+window.pageXOffset}},position(element){return{top:element.offsetTop,left:element.offsetLeft}}},SelectorEngine={find(selector,element=document.documentElement){return[].concat(...Element.prototype.querySelectorAll.call(element,selector))},findOne(selector,element=document.documentElement){return Element.prototype.querySelector.call(element,selector)},children(element,selector){return[].concat(...element.children).filter(child=>child.matches(selector))},parents(element,selector){var parents=[];let ancestor=element.parentNode;for(;ancestor&&ancestor.nodeType===Node.ELEMENT_NODE&&3!==ancestor.nodeType;)ancestor.matches(selector)&&parents.push(ancestor),ancestor=ancestor.parentNode;return parents},prev(element,selector){let previous=element.previousElementSibling;for(;previous;){if(previous.matches(selector))return[previous];previous=previous.previousElementSibling}return[]},next(element,selector){let next=element.nextElementSibling;for(;next;){if(next.matches(selector))return[next];next=next.nextElementSibling}return[]},focusableChildren(element){var focusables=["a","button","input","textarea","select","details","[tabindex]",'[contenteditable="true"]'].map(selector=>selector+':not([tabindex^="-"])').join(", ");return this.find(focusables,element).filter(el=>!isDisabled(el)&&isVisible(el))}};const Default$a={interval:5e3,keyboard:!0,slide:!1,pause:"hover",wrap:!0,touch:!0},DefaultType$a={interval:"(number|boolean)",keyboard:"boolean",slide:"(boolean|string)",pause:"(string|boolean)",wrap:"boolean",touch:"boolean"},KEY_TO_DIRECTION={ArrowLeft:"right",ArrowRight:"left"};class Carousel extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._items=null,this._interval=null,this._activeElement=null,this._isPaused=!1,this._isSliding=!1,this.touchTimeout=null,this.touchStartX=0,this.touchDeltaX=0,this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._indicatorsElement=SelectorEngine.findOne(".carousel-indicators",this._element),this._touchSupported="ontouchstart"in document.documentElement||0<navigator.maxTouchPoints,this._pointerEvent=Boolean(window.PointerEvent),this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return Default$a}static get NAME(){return"carousel"}next(){this._slide("next")}nextWhenVisible(){!document.hidden&&isVisible(this._element)&&this.next()}prev(){this._slide("prev")}pause(event){event||(this._isPaused=!0),SelectorEngine.findOne(".carousel-item-next, .carousel-item-prev",this._element)&&(triggerTransitionEnd(this._element),this.cycle(!0)),clearInterval(this._interval),this._interval=null}cycle(event){event||(this._isPaused=!1),this._interval&&(clearInterval(this._interval),this._interval=null),this._config&&this._config.interval&&!this._isPaused&&(this._updateInterval(),this._interval=setInterval((document.visibilityState?this.nextWhenVisible:this.next).bind(this),this._config.interval))}to(index){this._activeElement=SelectorEngine.findOne(".active.carousel-item",this._element);var activeIndex=this._getItemIndex(this._activeElement);index>this._items.length-1||index<0||(this._isSliding?EventHandler.one(this._element,"slid.bs.carousel",()=>this.to(index)):activeIndex===index?(this.pause(),this.cycle()):this._slide(activeIndex<index?"next":"prev",this._items[index]))}_getConfig(config){return config={...Default$a,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof config?config:{}},typeCheckConfig("carousel",config,DefaultType$a),config}_handleSwipe(){var absDeltax=Math.abs(this.touchDeltaX);absDeltax<=40||(absDeltax=absDeltax/this.touchDeltaX,this.touchDeltaX=0,absDeltax&&this._slide(0<absDeltax?"right":"left"))}_addEventListeners(){this._config.keyboard&&EventHandler.on(this._element,"keydown.bs.carousel",event=>this._keydown(event)),"hover"===this._config.pause&&(EventHandler.on(this._element,"mouseenter.bs.carousel",event=>this.pause(event)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"mouseleave.bs.carousel",event=>this.cycle(event))),this._config.touch&&this._touchSupported&&this._addTouchEventListeners()}_addTouchEventListeners(){const hasPointerPenTouch=event=>this._pointerEvent&&("pen"===event.pointerType||"touch"===event.pointerType),start=event=>{hasPointerPenTouch(event)?this.touchStartX=event.clientX:this._pointerEvent||(this.touchStartX=event.touches[0].clientX)},move=event=>{this.touchDeltaX=event.touches&&1<event.touches.length?0:event.touches[0].clientX-this.touchStartX},end=event=>{hasPointerPenTouch(event)&&(this.touchDeltaX=event.clientX-this.touchStartX),this._handleSwipe(),"hover"===this._config.pause&&(this.pause(),this.touchTimeout&&clearTimeout(this.touchTimeout),this.touchTimeout=setTimeout(event=>this.cycle(event),500+this._config.interval))};SelectorEngine.find(".carousel-item img",this._element).forEach(itemImg=>{EventHandler.on(itemImg,"dragstart.bs.carousel",event=>event.preventDefault())}),this._pointerEvent?(EventHandler.on(this._element,"pointerdown.bs.carousel",event=>start(event)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"pointerup.bs.carousel",event=>end(event)),this._element.classList.add("pointer-event")):(EventHandler.on(this._element,"touchstart.bs.carousel",event=>start(event)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"touchmove.bs.carousel",event=>move(event)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"touchend.bs.carousel",event=>end(event)))}_keydown(event){var direction;/input|textarea/i.test(event.target.tagName)||(direction=KEY_TO_DIRECTION[event.key])&&(event.preventDefault(),this._slide(direction))}_getItemIndex(element){return this._items=element&&element.parentNode?SelectorEngine.find(".carousel-item",element.parentNode):[],this._items.indexOf(element)}_getItemByOrder(order,activeElement){order="next"===order;return getNextActiveElement(this._items,activeElement,order,this._config.wrap)}_triggerSlideEvent(relatedTarget,eventDirectionName){var targetIndex=this._getItemIndex(relatedTarget),fromIndex=this._getItemIndex(SelectorEngine.findOne(".active.carousel-item",this._element));return EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"slide.bs.carousel",{relatedTarget:relatedTarget,direction:eventDirectionName,from:fromIndex,to:targetIndex})}_setActiveIndicatorElement(element){if(this._indicatorsElement){var activeIndicator=SelectorEngine.findOne(".active",this._indicatorsElement),indicators=(activeIndicator.classList.remove("active"),activeIndicator.removeAttribute("aria-current"),SelectorEngine.find("[data-bs-target]",this._indicatorsElement));for(let i=0;i<indicators.length;i++)if(Number.parseInt(indicators[i].getAttribute("data-bs-slide-to"),10)===this._getItemIndex(element)){indicators[i].classList.add("active"),indicators[i].setAttribute("aria-current","true");break}}}_updateInterval(){var element=this._activeElement||SelectorEngine.findOne(".active.carousel-item",this._element);element&&((element=Number.parseInt(element.getAttribute("data-bs-interval"),10))?(this._config.defaultInterval=this._config.defaultInterval||this._config.interval,this._config.interval=element):this._config.interval=this._config.defaultInterval||this._config.interval)}_slide(directionOrOrder,element){directionOrOrder=this._directionToOrder(directionOrOrder);const activeElement=SelectorEngine.findOne(".active.carousel-item",this._element),activeElementIndex=this._getItemIndex(activeElement),nextElement=element||this._getItemByOrder(directionOrOrder,activeElement),nextElementIndex=this._getItemIndex(nextElement);var element=Boolean(this._interval),isNext="next"===directionOrOrder;const directionalClassName=isNext?"carousel-item-start":"carousel-item-end",orderClassName=isNext?"carousel-item-next":"carousel-item-prev",eventDirectionName=this._orderToDirection(directionOrOrder);if(nextElement&&nextElement.classList.contains("active"))this._isSliding=!1;else if(!this._isSliding){isNext=this._triggerSlideEvent(nextElement,eventDirectionName);if(!isNext.defaultPrevented&&activeElement&&nextElement){this._isSliding=!0,element&&this.pause(),this._setActiveIndicatorElement(nextElement),this._activeElement=nextElement;const triggerSlidEvent=()=>{EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"slid.bs.carousel",{relatedTarget:nextElement,direction:eventDirectionName,from:activeElementIndex,to:nextElementIndex})};this._element.classList.contains("slide")?(nextElement.classList.add(orderClassName),reflow(nextElement),activeElement.classList.add(directionalClassName),nextElement.classList.add(directionalClassName),this._queueCallback(()=>{nextElement.classList.remove(directionalClassName,orderClassName),nextElement.classList.add("active"),activeElement.classList.remove("active",orderClassName,directionalClassName),this._isSliding=!1,setTimeout(triggerSlidEvent,0)},activeElement,!0)):(activeElement.classList.remove("active"),nextElement.classList.add("active"),this._isSliding=!1,triggerSlidEvent()),element&&this.cycle()}}}_directionToOrder(direction){return["right","left"].includes(direction)?isRTL()?"left"===direction?"prev":"next":"left"===direction?"next":"prev":direction}_orderToDirection(order){return["next","prev"].includes(order)?isRTL()?"prev"===order?"left":"right":"prev"===order?"right":"left":order}static carouselInterface(element,config){element=Carousel.getOrCreateInstance(element,config);let _config=element["_config"];"object"==typeof config&&(_config={..._config,...config});var action="string"==typeof config?config:_config.slide;if("number"==typeof config)element.to(config);else if("string"==typeof action){if(void 0===element[action])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${action}"`);element[action]()}else _config.interval&&_config.ride&&(element.pause(),element.cycle())}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){Carousel.carouselInterface(this,config)})}static dataApiClickHandler(event){var config,slideIndex,target=getElementFromSelector(this);target&&target.classList.contains("carousel")&&(config={...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(target),...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this)},(slideIndex=this.getAttribute("data-bs-slide-to"))&&(config.interval=!1),Carousel.carouselInterface(target,config),slideIndex&&Carousel.getInstance(target).to(slideIndex),event.preventDefault())}}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.carousel.data-api","[data-bs-slide], [data-bs-slide-to]",Carousel.dataApiClickHandler),EventHandler.on(window,"load.bs.carousel.data-api",()=>{var carousels=SelectorEngine.find('[data-bs-ride="carousel"]');for(let i=0,len=carousels.length;i<len;i++)Carousel.carouselInterface(carousels[i],Carousel.getInstance(carousels[i]))}),Popper(Carousel);const Default$9={toggle:!0,parent:null},DefaultType$9={toggle:"boolean",parent:"(null|element)"};class Collapse extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._isTransitioning=!1,this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._triggerArray=[];var toggleList=SelectorEngine.find('[data-bs-toggle="collapse"]');for(let i=0,len=toggleList.length;i<len;i++){var elem=toggleList[i],selector=getSelectorFromElement(elem),filterElement=SelectorEngine.find(selector).filter(foundElem=>foundElem===this._element);null!==selector&&filterElement.length&&(this._selector=selector,this._triggerArray.push(elem))}this._initializeChildren(),this._config.parent||this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this._triggerArray,this._isShown()),this._config.toggle&&this.toggle()}static get Default(){return Default$9}static get NAME(){return"collapse"}toggle(){this._isShown()?this.hide():this.show()}show(){if(!this._isTransitioning&&!this._isShown()){let actives=[],activesData;if(this._config.parent){const children=SelectorEngine.find(":scope .collapse .collapse",this._config.parent);actives=SelectorEngine.find(".collapse.show, .collapse.collapsing",this._config.parent).filter(elem=>!children.includes(elem))}const container=SelectorEngine.findOne(this._selector);if(actives.length){var tempActiveData=actives.find(elem=>container!==elem);if((activesData=tempActiveData?Collapse.getInstance(tempActiveData):null)&&activesData._isTransitioning)return}tempActiveData=EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.collapse");if(!tempActiveData.defaultPrevented){actives.forEach(elemActive=>{container!==elemActive&&Collapse.getOrCreateInstance(elemActive,{toggle:!1}).hide(),activesData||Data.set(elemActive,"bs.collapse",null)});const dimension=this._getDimension();this._element.classList.remove("collapse"),this._element.classList.add("collapsing"),this._element.style[dimension]=0,this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this._triggerArray,!0),this._isTransitioning=!0;tempActiveData="scroll"+(dimension[0].toUpperCase()+dimension.slice(1));this._queueCallback(()=>{this._isTransitioning=!1,this._element.classList.remove("collapsing"),this._element.classList.add("collapse","show"),this._element.style[dimension]="",EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.collapse")},this._element,!0),this._element.style[dimension]=this._element[tempActiveData]+"px"}}}hide(){if(!this._isTransitioning&&this._isShown()){var startEvent=EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.collapse");if(!startEvent.defaultPrevented){var startEvent=this._getDimension(),triggerArrayLength=(this._element.style[startEvent]=this._element.getBoundingClientRect()[startEvent]+"px",reflow(this._element),this._element.classList.add("collapsing"),this._element.classList.remove("collapse","show"),this._triggerArray.length);for(let i=0;i<triggerArrayLength;i++){var trigger=this._triggerArray[i],elem=getElementFromSelector(trigger);elem&&!this._isShown(elem)&&this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass([trigger],!1)}this._isTransitioning=!0;this._element.style[startEvent]="",this._queueCallback(()=>{this._isTransitioning=!1,this._element.classList.remove("collapsing"),this._element.classList.add("collapse"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.collapse")},this._element,!0)}}}_isShown(element=this._element){return element.classList.contains("show")}_getConfig(config){return(config={...Default$9,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),...config}).toggle=Boolean(config.toggle),config.parent=getElement(config.parent),typeCheckConfig("collapse",config,DefaultType$9),config}_getDimension(){return this._element.classList.contains("collapse-horizontal")?"width":"height"}_initializeChildren(){if(this._config.parent){const children=SelectorEngine.find(":scope .collapse .collapse",this._config.parent);SelectorEngine.find('[data-bs-toggle="collapse"]',this._config.parent).filter(elem=>!children.includes(elem)).forEach(element=>{var selected=getElementFromSelector(element);selected&&this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass([element],this._isShown(selected))})}}_addAriaAndCollapsedClass(triggerArray,isOpen){triggerArray.length&&triggerArray.forEach(elem=>{isOpen?elem.classList.remove("collapsed"):elem.classList.add("collapsed"),elem.setAttribute("aria-expanded",isOpen)})}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var _config={},_config=("string"==typeof config&&/show|hide/.test(config)&&(_config.toggle=!1),Collapse.getOrCreateInstance(this,_config));if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===_config[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);_config[config]()}})}}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.collapse.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="collapse"]',function(event){("A"===event.target.tagName||event.delegateTarget&&"A"===event.delegateTarget.tagName)&&event.preventDefault();event=getSelectorFromElement(this);SelectorEngine.find(event).forEach(element=>{Collapse.getOrCreateInstance(element,{toggle:!1}).toggle()})}),Popper(Collapse);const REGEXP_KEYDOWN=new RegExp("ArrowUp|ArrowDown|Escape");const PLACEMENT_TOP=isRTL()?"top-end":"top-start",PLACEMENT_TOPEND=isRTL()?"top-start":"top-end",PLACEMENT_BOTTOM=isRTL()?"bottom-end":"bottom-start",PLACEMENT_BOTTOMEND=isRTL()?"bottom-start":"bottom-end",PLACEMENT_RIGHT=isRTL()?"left-start":"right-start",PLACEMENT_LEFT=isRTL()?"right-start":"left-start",Default$8={offset:[0,2],boundary:"clippingParents",reference:"toggle",display:"dynamic",popperConfig:null,autoClose:!0},DefaultType$8={offset:"(array|string|function)",boundary:"(string|element)",reference:"(string|element|object)",display:"string",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)",autoClose:"(boolean|string)"};class Dropdown extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._popper=null,this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._menu=this._getMenuElement(),this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar()}static get Default(){return Default$8}static get DefaultType(){return DefaultType$8}static get NAME(){return"dropdown"}toggle(){return this._isShown()?this.hide():this.show()}show(){var relatedTarget,parent;isDisabled(this._element)||this._isShown(this._menu)||(relatedTarget={relatedTarget:this._element},EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.dropdown",relatedTarget).defaultPrevented)||(parent=Dropdown.getParentFromElement(this._element),this._inNavbar?Manipulator.setDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper","none"):this._createPopper(parent),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&!parent.closest(".navbar-nav")&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach(elem=>EventHandler.on(elem,"mouseover",noop)),this._element.focus(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!0),this._menu.classList.add("show"),this._element.classList.add("show"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.dropdown",relatedTarget))}hide(){var relatedTarget;!isDisabled(this._element)&&this._isShown(this._menu)&&(relatedTarget={relatedTarget:this._element},this._completeHide(relatedTarget))}dispose(){this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),super.dispose()}update(){this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar(),this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_completeHide(relatedTarget){EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.dropdown",relatedTarget).defaultPrevented||("ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach(elem=>EventHandler.off(elem,"mouseover",noop)),this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),this._menu.classList.remove("show"),this._element.classList.remove("show"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded","false"),Manipulator.removeDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.dropdown",relatedTarget))}_getConfig(config){if(config={...this.constructor.Default,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),...config},typeCheckConfig("dropdown",config,this.constructor.DefaultType),"object"!=typeof config.reference||isElement(config.reference)||"function"==typeof config.reference.getBoundingClientRect)return config;throw new TypeError("dropdown".toUpperCase()+': Option "reference" provided type "object" without a required "getBoundingClientRect" method.')}_createPopper(parent){if(void 0===Popper__namespace)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's dropdowns require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");let referenceElement=this._element;"parent"===this._config.reference?referenceElement=parent:isElement(this._config.reference)?referenceElement=getElement(this._config.reference):"object"==typeof this._config.reference&&(referenceElement=this._config.reference);var parent=this._getPopperConfig(),isDisplayStatic=parent.modifiers.find(modifier=>"applyStyles"===modifier.name&&!1===modifier.enabled);this._popper=Popper__namespace.createPopper(referenceElement,this._menu,parent),isDisplayStatic&&Manipulator.setDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper","static")}_isShown(element=this._element){return element.classList.contains("show")}_getMenuElement(){return SelectorEngine.next(this._element,".dropdown-menu")[0]}_getPlacement(){var isEnd,parentDropdown=this._element.parentNode;return parentDropdown.classList.contains("dropend")?PLACEMENT_RIGHT:parentDropdown.classList.contains("dropstart")?PLACEMENT_LEFT:(isEnd="end"===getComputedStyle(this._menu).getPropertyValue("--bs-position").trim(),parentDropdown.classList.contains("dropup")?isEnd?PLACEMENT_TOPEND:PLACEMENT_TOP:isEnd?PLACEMENT_BOTTOMEND:PLACEMENT_BOTTOM)}_detectNavbar(){return null!==this._element.closest(".navbar")}_getOffset(){const offset=this._config["offset"];return"string"==typeof offset?offset.split(",").map(val=>Number.parseInt(val,10)):"function"==typeof offset?popperData=>offset(popperData,this._element):offset}_getPopperConfig(){var defaultBsPopperConfig={placement:this._getPlacement(),modifiers:[{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}}]};return"static"===this._config.display&&(defaultBsPopperConfig.modifiers=[{name:"applyStyles",enabled:!1}]),{...defaultBsPopperConfig,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(defaultBsPopperConfig):this._config.popperConfig}}_selectMenuItem({key,target}){var items=SelectorEngine.find(".dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)",this._menu).filter(isVisible);items.length&&getNextActiveElement(items,target,"ArrowDown"===key,!items.includes(target)).focus()}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Dropdown.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config]()}})}static clearMenus(event){if(!event||2!==event.button&&("keyup"!==event.type||"Tab"===event.key)){var toggles=SelectorEngine.find('[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]');for(let i=0,len=toggles.length;i<len;i++){var context=Dropdown.getInstance(toggles[i]);if(context&&!1!==context._config.autoClose&&context._isShown()){var relatedTarget={relatedTarget:context._element};if(event){var composedPath=event.composedPath(),isMenuTarget=composedPath.includes(context._menu);if(composedPath.includes(context._element)||"inside"===context._config.autoClose&&!isMenuTarget||"outside"===context._config.autoClose&&isMenuTarget)continue;if(context._menu.contains(event.target)&&("keyup"===event.type&&"Tab"===event.key||/input|select|option|textarea|form/i.test(event.target.tagName)))continue;"click"===event.type&&(relatedTarget.clickEvent=event)}context._completeHide(relatedTarget)}}}}static getParentFromElement(element){return getElementFromSelector(element)||element.parentNode}static dataApiKeydownHandler(event){var isActive,getToggleButton;(/input|textarea/i.test(event.target.tagName)?"Space"===event.key||"Escape"!==event.key&&("ArrowDown"!==event.key&&"ArrowUp"!==event.key||event.target.closest(".dropdown-menu")):!REGEXP_KEYDOWN.test(event.key))||!(isActive=this.classList.contains("show"))&&"Escape"===event.key||(event.preventDefault(),event.stopPropagation(),isDisabled(this))||(getToggleButton=this.matches('[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]')?this:SelectorEngine.prev(this,'[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]')[0],getToggleButton=Dropdown.getOrCreateInstance(getToggleButton),"Escape"===event.key?getToggleButton.hide():"ArrowUp"===event.key||"ArrowDown"===event.key?(isActive||getToggleButton.show(),getToggleButton._selectMenuItem(event)):isActive&&"Space"!==event.key||Dropdown.clearMenus())}}EventHandler.on(document,"keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]',Dropdown.dataApiKeydownHandler),EventHandler.on(document,"keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api",".dropdown-menu",Dropdown.dataApiKeydownHandler),EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.dropdown.data-api",Dropdown.clearMenus),EventHandler.on(document,"keyup.bs.dropdown.data-api",Dropdown.clearMenus),EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.dropdown.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]',function(event){event.preventDefault(),Dropdown.getOrCreateInstance(this).toggle()}),Popper(Dropdown);class ScrollBarHelper{constructor(){this._element=document.body}getWidth(){var documentWidth=document.documentElement.clientWidth;return Math.abs(window.innerWidth-documentWidth)}hide(){const width=this.getWidth();this._disableOverFlow(),this._setElementAttributes(this._element,"paddingRight",calculatedValue=>calculatedValue+width),this._setElementAttributes(".fixed-top, .fixed-bottom, .is-fixed, .sticky-top","paddingRight",calculatedValue=>calculatedValue+width),this._setElementAttributes(".sticky-top","marginRight",calculatedValue=>calculatedValue-width)}_disableOverFlow(){this._saveInitialAttribute(this._element,"overflow"),this._element.style.overflow="hidden"}_setElementAttributes(selector,styleProp,callback){const scrollbarWidth=this.getWidth();this._applyManipulationCallback(selector,element=>{var calculatedValue;element!==this._element&&window.innerWidth>element.clientWidth+scrollbarWidth||(this._saveInitialAttribute(element,styleProp),calculatedValue=window.getComputedStyle(element)[styleProp],element.style[styleProp]=callback(Number.parseFloat(calculatedValue))+"px")})}reset(){this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"overflow"),this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"paddingRight"),this._resetElementAttributes(".fixed-top, .fixed-bottom, .is-fixed, .sticky-top","paddingRight"),this._resetElementAttributes(".sticky-top","marginRight")}_saveInitialAttribute(element,styleProp){var actualValue=element.style[styleProp];actualValue&&Manipulator.setDataAttribute(element,styleProp,actualValue)}_resetElementAttributes(selector,styleProp){this._applyManipulationCallback(selector,element=>{var value=Manipulator.getDataAttribute(element,styleProp);void 0===value?element.style.removeProperty(styleProp):(Manipulator.removeDataAttribute(element,styleProp),element.style[styleProp]=value)})}_applyManipulationCallback(selector,callBack){isElement(selector)?callBack(selector):SelectorEngine.find(selector,this._element).forEach(callBack)}isOverflowing(){return 0<this.getWidth()}}const Default$7={className:"modal-backdrop",isVisible:!0,isAnimated:!1,rootElement:"body",clickCallback:null},DefaultType$7={className:"string",isVisible:"boolean",isAnimated:"boolean",rootElement:"(element|string)",clickCallback:"(function|null)"};class Backdrop{constructor(config){this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._isAppended=!1,this._element=null}show(callback){this._config.isVisible?(this._append(),this._config.isAnimated&&reflow(this._getElement()),this._getElement().classList.add("show"),this._emulateAnimation(()=>{execute(callback)})):execute(callback)}hide(callback){this._config.isVisible?(this._getElement().classList.remove("show"),this._emulateAnimation(()=>{this.dispose(),execute(callback)})):execute(callback)}_getElement(){var backdrop;return this._element||((backdrop=document.createElement("div")).className=this._config.className,this._config.isAnimated&&backdrop.classList.add("fade"),this._element=backdrop),this._element}_getConfig(config){return(config={...Default$7,..."object"==typeof config?config:{}}).rootElement=getElement(config.rootElement),typeCheckConfig("backdrop",config,DefaultType$7),config}_append(){this._isAppended||(this._config.rootElement.append(this._getElement()),EventHandler.on(this._getElement(),"mousedown.bs.backdrop",()=>{execute(this._config.clickCallback)}),this._isAppended=!0)}dispose(){this._isAppended&&(EventHandler.off(this._element,"mousedown.bs.backdrop"),this._element.remove(),this._isAppended=!1)}_emulateAnimation(callback){executeAfterTransition(callback,this._getElement(),this._config.isAnimated)}}const Default$6={trapElement:null,autofocus:!0},DefaultType$6={trapElement:"element",autofocus:"boolean"};class FocusTrap{constructor(config){this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._isActive=!1,this._lastTabNavDirection=null}activate(){var{trapElement,autofocus}=this._config;this._isActive||(autofocus&&trapElement.focus(),EventHandler.off(document,".bs.focustrap"),EventHandler.on(document,"focusin.bs.focustrap",event=>this._handleFocusin(event)),EventHandler.on(document,"keydown.tab.bs.focustrap",event=>this._handleKeydown(event)),this._isActive=!0)}deactivate(){this._isActive&&(this._isActive=!1,EventHandler.off(document,".bs.focustrap"))}_handleFocusin(event){var event=event["target"],trapElement=this._config["trapElement"];event===document||event===trapElement||trapElement.contains(event)||(0===(event=SelectorEngine.focusableChildren(trapElement)).length?trapElement:"backward"===this._lastTabNavDirection?event[event.length-1]:event[0]).focus()}_handleKeydown(event){"Tab"===event.key&&(this._lastTabNavDirection=event.shiftKey?"backward":"forward")}_getConfig(config){return config={...Default$6,..."object"==typeof config?config:{}},typeCheckConfig("focustrap",config,DefaultType$6),config}}const Default$5={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,focus:!0},DefaultType$5={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",keyboard:"boolean",focus:"boolean"};class Modal extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._dialog=SelectorEngine.findOne(".modal-dialog",this._element),this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._isShown=!1,this._ignoreBackdropClick=!1,this._isTransitioning=!1,this._scrollBar=new ScrollBarHelper}static get Default(){return Default$5}static get NAME(){return"modal"}toggle(relatedTarget){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(relatedTarget)}show(relatedTarget){this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.modal",{relatedTarget:relatedTarget}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._isAnimated()&&(this._isTransitioning=!0),this._scrollBar.hide(),document.body.classList.add("modal-open"),this._adjustDialog(),this._setEscapeEvent(),this._setResizeEvent(),EventHandler.on(this._dialog,"mousedown.dismiss.bs.modal",()=>{EventHandler.one(this._element,"mouseup.dismiss.bs.modal",event=>{event.target===this._element&&(this._ignoreBackdropClick=!0)})}),this._showBackdrop(()=>this._showElement(relatedTarget)))}hide(){var isAnimated;!this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.modal").defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!1,(isAnimated=this._isAnimated())&&(this._isTransitioning=!0),this._setEscapeEvent(),this._setResizeEvent(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.classList.remove("show"),EventHandler.off(this._element,"click.dismiss.bs.modal"),EventHandler.off(this._dialog,"mousedown.dismiss.bs.modal"),this._queueCallback(()=>this._hideModal(),this._element,isAnimated))}dispose(){[window,this._dialog].forEach(htmlElement=>EventHandler.off(htmlElement,".bs.modal")),this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}handleUpdate(){this._adjustDialog()}_initializeBackDrop(){return new Backdrop({isVisible:Boolean(this._config.backdrop),isAnimated:this._isAnimated()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new FocusTrap({trapElement:this._element})}_getConfig(config){return config={...Default$5,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof config?config:{}},typeCheckConfig("modal",config,DefaultType$5),config}_showElement(relatedTarget){var isAnimated=this._isAnimated(),modalBody=SelectorEngine.findOne(".modal-body",this._dialog);this._element.parentNode&&this._element.parentNode.nodeType===Node.ELEMENT_NODE||document.body.append(this._element),this._element.style.display="block",this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.scrollTop=0,modalBody&&(modalBody.scrollTop=0),isAnimated&&reflow(this._element),this._element.classList.add("show");this._queueCallback(()=>{this._config.focus&&this._focustrap.activate(),this._isTransitioning=!1,EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.modal",{relatedTarget:relatedTarget})},this._dialog,isAnimated)}_setEscapeEvent(){this._isShown?EventHandler.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.modal",event=>{this._config.keyboard&&"Escape"===event.key?(event.preventDefault(),this.hide()):this._config.keyboard||"Escape"!==event.key||this._triggerBackdropTransition()}):EventHandler.off(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.modal")}_setResizeEvent(){this._isShown?EventHandler.on(window,"resize.bs.modal",()=>this._adjustDialog()):EventHandler.off(window,"resize.bs.modal")}_hideModal(){this._element.style.display="none",this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._isTransitioning=!1,this._backdrop.hide(()=>{document.body.classList.remove("modal-open"),this._resetAdjustments(),this._scrollBar.reset(),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.modal")})}_showBackdrop(callback){EventHandler.on(this._element,"click.dismiss.bs.modal",event=>{this._ignoreBackdropClick?this._ignoreBackdropClick=!1:event.target===event.currentTarget&&(!0===this._config.backdrop?this.hide():"static"===this._config.backdrop&&this._triggerBackdropTransition())}),this._backdrop.show(callback)}_isAnimated(){return this._element.classList.contains("fade")}_triggerBackdropTransition(){var hideEvent=EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidePrevented.bs.modal");if(!hideEvent.defaultPrevented){const{classList,scrollHeight,style}=this._element,isModalOverflowing=scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight;!isModalOverflowing&&"hidden"===style.overflowY||classList.contains("modal-static")||(isModalOverflowing||(style.overflowY="hidden"),classList.add("modal-static"),this._queueCallback(()=>{classList.remove("modal-static"),isModalOverflowing||this._queueCallback(()=>{style.overflowY=""},this._dialog)},this._dialog),this._element.focus())}}_adjustDialog(){var isModalOverflowing=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,scrollbarWidth=this._scrollBar.getWidth(),isBodyOverflowing=0<scrollbarWidth;(!isBodyOverflowing&&isModalOverflowing&&!isRTL()||isBodyOverflowing&&!isModalOverflowing&&isRTL())&&(this._element.style.paddingLeft=scrollbarWidth+"px"),(isBodyOverflowing&&!isModalOverflowing&&!isRTL()||!isBodyOverflowing&&isModalOverflowing&&isRTL())&&(this._element.style.paddingRight=scrollbarWidth+"px")}_resetAdjustments(){this._element.style.paddingLeft="",this._element.style.paddingRight=""}static jQueryInterface(config,relatedTarget){return this.each(function(){var data=Modal.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config](relatedTarget)}})}}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.modal.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="modal"]',function(event){const target=getElementFromSelector(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&event.preventDefault(),EventHandler.one(target,"show.bs.modal",showEvent=>{showEvent.defaultPrevented||EventHandler.one(target,"hidden.bs.modal",()=>{isVisible(this)&&this.focus()})});event=SelectorEngine.findOne(".modal.show");event&&Modal.getInstance(event).hide(),Modal.getOrCreateInstance(target).toggle(this)}),enableDismissTrigger(Modal),Popper(Modal);const Default$4={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,scroll:!1},DefaultType$4={backdrop:"boolean",keyboard:"boolean",scroll:"boolean"};class Offcanvas extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._isShown=!1,this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._addEventListeners()}static get NAME(){return"offcanvas"}static get Default(){return Default$4}toggle(relatedTarget){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(relatedTarget)}show(relatedTarget){this._isShown||EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:relatedTarget}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._element.style.visibility="visible",this._backdrop.show(),this._config.scroll||(new ScrollBarHelper).hide(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.classList.add("show"),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._config.scroll||this._focustrap.activate(),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:relatedTarget})},this._element,!0))}hide(){this._isShown&&!EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.offcanvas").defaultPrevented&&(this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.blur(),this._isShown=!1,this._element.classList.remove("show"),this._backdrop.hide(),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._element.style.visibility="hidden",this._config.scroll||(new ScrollBarHelper).reset(),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.offcanvas")},this._element,!0))}dispose(){this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}_getConfig(config){return config={...Default$4,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof config?config:{}},typeCheckConfig("offcanvas",config,DefaultType$4),config}_initializeBackDrop(){return new Backdrop({className:"offcanvas-backdrop",isVisible:this._config.backdrop,isAnimated:!0,rootElement:this._element.parentNode,clickCallback:()=>this.hide()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new FocusTrap({trapElement:this._element})}_addEventListeners(){EventHandler.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.offcanvas",event=>{this._config.keyboard&&"Escape"===event.key&&this.hide()})}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Offcanvas.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config]||config.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===config)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config](this)}})}}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.offcanvas.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="offcanvas"]',function(event){var target=getElementFromSelector(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&event.preventDefault(),isDisabled(this)||(EventHandler.one(target,"hidden.bs.offcanvas",()=>{isVisible(this)&&this.focus()}),(event=SelectorEngine.findOne(".offcanvas.show"))&&event!==target&&Offcanvas.getInstance(event).hide(),Offcanvas.getOrCreateInstance(target).toggle(this))}),EventHandler.on(window,"load.bs.offcanvas.data-api",()=>SelectorEngine.find(".offcanvas.show").forEach(el=>Offcanvas.getOrCreateInstance(el).show())),enableDismissTrigger(Offcanvas),Popper(Offcanvas);const uriAttributes=new Set(["background","cite","href","itemtype","longdesc","poster","src","xlink:href"]);const SAFE_URL_PATTERN=/^(?:(?:https?|mailto|ftp|tel|file|sms):|[^#&/:?]*(?:[#/?]|$))/i,DATA_URL_PATTERN=/^data:(?:image\/(?:bmp|gif|jpeg|jpg|png|tiff|webp)|video\/(?:mpeg|mp4|ogg|webm)|audio\/(?:mp3|oga|ogg|opus));base64,[\d+/a-z]+=*$/i;var DefaultAllowlist={"*":["class","dir","id","lang","role",/^aria-[\w-]*$/i],a:["target","href","title","rel"],area:[],b:[],br:[],col:[],code:[],div:[],em:[],hr:[],h1:[],h2:[],h3:[],h4:[],h5:[],h6:[],i:[],img:["src","srcset","alt","title","width","height"],li:[],ol:[],p:[],pre:[],s:[],small:[],span:[],sub:[],sup:[],strong:[],u:[],ul:[]};function sanitizeHtml(unsafeHtml,allowList,sanitizeFn){if(!unsafeHtml.length)return unsafeHtml;if(sanitizeFn&&"function"==typeof sanitizeFn)return sanitizeFn(unsafeHtml);var sanitizeFn=(new window.DOMParser).parseFromString(unsafeHtml,"text/html"),elements=[].concat(...sanitizeFn.body.querySelectorAll("*"));for(let i=0,len=elements.length;i<len;i++){const element=elements[i];var elementName=element.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(Object.keys(allowList).includes(elementName)){var attributeList=[].concat(...element.attributes);const allowedAttributes=[].concat(allowList["*"]||[],allowList[elementName]||[]);attributeList.forEach(attribute=>{((attribute,allowedAttributeList)=>{var attributeName=attribute.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(allowedAttributeList.includes(attributeName))return!uriAttributes.has(attributeName)||Boolean(SAFE_URL_PATTERN.test(attribute.nodeValue)||DATA_URL_PATTERN.test(attribute.nodeValue));var regExp=allowedAttributeList.filter(attributeRegex=>attributeRegex instanceof RegExp);for(let i=0,len=regExp.length;i<len;i++)if(regExp[i].test(attributeName))return!0;return!1})(attribute,allowedAttributes)||element.removeAttribute(attribute.nodeName)})}else element.remove()}return sanitizeFn.body.innerHTML}const DISALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES=new Set(["sanitize","allowList","sanitizeFn"]),DefaultType$3={animation:"boolean",template:"string",title:"(string|element|function)",trigger:"string",delay:"(number|object)",html:"boolean",selector:"(string|boolean)",placement:"(string|function)",offset:"(array|string|function)",container:"(string|element|boolean)",fallbackPlacements:"array",boundary:"(string|element)",customClass:"(string|function)",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",allowList:"object",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)"},AttachmentMap={AUTO:"auto",TOP:"top",RIGHT:isRTL()?"left":"right",BOTTOM:"bottom",LEFT:isRTL()?"right":"left"},Default$3={animation:!0,template:'<div class="tooltip" role="tooltip"><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"></div></div>',trigger:"hover focus",title:"",delay:0,html:!1,selector:!1,placement:"top",offset:[0,0],container:!1,fallbackPlacements:["top","right","bottom","left"],boundary:"clippingParents",customClass:"",sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,allowList:DefaultAllowlist,popperConfig:null},Event$2={HIDE:"hide.bs.tooltip",HIDDEN:"hidden.bs.tooltip",SHOW:"show.bs.tooltip",SHOWN:"shown.bs.tooltip",INSERTED:"inserted.bs.tooltip",CLICK:"click.bs.tooltip",FOCUSIN:"focusin.bs.tooltip",FOCUSOUT:"focusout.bs.tooltip",MOUSEENTER:"mouseenter.bs.tooltip",MOUSELEAVE:"mouseleave.bs.tooltip"};class Tooltip extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){if(void 0===Popper__namespace)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's tooltips require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");super(element),this._isEnabled=!0,this._timeout=0,this._hoverState="",this._activeTrigger={},this._popper=null,this._config=this._getConfig(config),this.tip=null,this._setListeners()}static get Default(){return Default$3}static get NAME(){return"tooltip"}static get Event(){return Event$2}static get DefaultType(){return DefaultType$3}enable(){this._isEnabled=!0}disable(){this._isEnabled=!1}toggleEnabled(){this._isEnabled=!this._isEnabled}toggle(event){this._isEnabled&&(event?((event=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(event))._activeTrigger.click=!event._activeTrigger.click,event._isWithActiveTrigger()?event._enter(null,event):event._leave(null,event)):this.getTipElement().classList.contains("show")?this._leave(null,this):this._enter(null,this))}dispose(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),EventHandler.off(this._element.closest(".modal"),"hide.bs.modal",this._hideModalHandler),this.tip&&this.tip.remove(),this._disposePopper(),super.dispose()}show(){if("none"===this._element.style.display)throw new Error("Please use show on visible elements");var showEvent,container,shadowRoot;this.isWithContent()&&this._isEnabled&&(showEvent=EventHandler.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.SHOW),shadowRoot=(null===(shadowRoot=findShadowRoot(this._element))?this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement:shadowRoot).contains(this._element),!showEvent.defaultPrevented)&&shadowRoot&&("tooltip"===this.constructor.NAME&&this.tip&&this.getTitle()!==this.tip.querySelector(".tooltip-inner").innerHTML&&(this._disposePopper(),this.tip.remove(),this.tip=null),showEvent=this.getTipElement(),shadowRoot=(prefix=>{for(;prefix+=Math.floor(1e6*Math.random()),document.getElementById(prefix););return prefix})(this.constructor.NAME),showEvent.setAttribute("id",shadowRoot),this._element.setAttribute("aria-describedby",shadowRoot),this._config.animation&&showEvent.classList.add("fade"),shadowRoot="function"==typeof this._config.placement?this._config.placement.call(this,showEvent,this._element):this._config.placement,shadowRoot=this._getAttachment(shadowRoot),container=(this._addAttachmentClass(shadowRoot),this._config)["container"],Data.set(showEvent,this.constructor.DATA_KEY,this),this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement.contains(this.tip)||(container.append(showEvent),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.INSERTED)),this._popper?this._popper.update():this._popper=Popper__namespace.createPopper(this._element,showEvent,this._getPopperConfig(shadowRoot)),showEvent.classList.add("show"),(container=this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.customClass))&&showEvent.classList.add(...container.split(" ")),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach(element=>{EventHandler.on(element,"mouseover",noop)}),shadowRoot=this.tip.classList.contains("fade"),this._queueCallback(()=>{var prevHoverState=this._hoverState;this._hoverState=null,EventHandler.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.SHOWN),"out"===prevHoverState&&this._leave(null,this)},this.tip,shadowRoot))}hide(){if(this._popper){const tip=this.getTipElement();var isAnimated;EventHandler.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.HIDE).defaultPrevented||(tip.classList.remove("show"),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach(element=>EventHandler.off(element,"mouseover",noop)),this._activeTrigger.click=!1,this._activeTrigger.focus=!1,this._activeTrigger.hover=!1,isAnimated=this.tip.classList.contains("fade"),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._isWithActiveTrigger()||("show"!==this._hoverState&&tip.remove(),this._cleanTipClass(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-describedby"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.HIDDEN),this._disposePopper())},this.tip,isAnimated),this._hoverState="")}}update(){null!==this._popper&&this._popper.update()}isWithContent(){return Boolean(this.getTitle())}getTipElement(){var element;return this.tip||((element=document.createElement("div")).innerHTML=this._config.template,element=element.children[0],this.setContent(element),element.classList.remove("fade","show"),this.tip=element),this.tip}setContent(tip){this._sanitizeAndSetContent(tip,this.getTitle(),".tooltip-inner")}_sanitizeAndSetContent(template,content,selector){selector=SelectorEngine.findOne(selector,template);!content&&selector?selector.remove():this.setElementContent(selector,content)}setElementContent(element,content){null!==element&&(isElement(content)?(content=getElement(content),this._config.html?content.parentNode!==element&&(element.innerHTML="",element.append(content)):element.textContent=content.textContent):this._config.html?(this._config.sanitize&&(content=sanitizeHtml(content,this._config.allowList,this._config.sanitizeFn)),element.innerHTML=content):element.textContent=content)}getTitle(){var title=this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")||this._config.title;return this._resolvePossibleFunction(title)}updateAttachment(attachment){return"right"===attachment?"end":"left"===attachment?"start":attachment}_initializeOnDelegatedTarget(event,context){return context||this.constructor.getOrCreateInstance(event.delegateTarget,this._getDelegateConfig())}_getOffset(){const offset=this._config["offset"];return"string"==typeof offset?offset.split(",").map(val=>Number.parseInt(val,10)):"function"==typeof offset?popperData=>offset(popperData,this._element):offset}_resolvePossibleFunction(content){return"function"==typeof content?content.call(this._element):content}_getPopperConfig(attachment){attachment={placement:attachment,modifiers:[{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:this._config.fallbackPlacements}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}},{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"arrow",options:{element:`.${this.constructor.NAME}-arrow`}},{name:"onChange",enabled:!0,phase:"afterWrite",fn:data=>this._handlePopperPlacementChange(data)}],onFirstUpdate:data=>{data.options.placement!==data.placement&&this._handlePopperPlacementChange(data)}};return{...attachment,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(attachment):this._config.popperConfig}}_addAttachmentClass(attachment){this.getTipElement().classList.add(this._getBasicClassPrefix()+"-"+this.updateAttachment(attachment))}_getAttachment(placement){return AttachmentMap[placement.toUpperCase()]}_setListeners(){this._config.trigger.split(" ").forEach(trigger=>{var eventIn;"click"===trigger?EventHandler.on(this._element,this.constructor.Event.CLICK,this._config.selector,event=>this.toggle(event)):"manual"!==trigger&&(eventIn="hover"===trigger?this.constructor.Event.MOUSEENTER:this.constructor.Event.FOCUSIN,trigger="hover"===trigger?this.constructor.Event.MOUSELEAVE:this.constructor.Event.FOCUSOUT,EventHandler.on(this._element,eventIn,this._config.selector,event=>this._enter(event)),EventHandler.on(this._element,trigger,this._config.selector,event=>this._leave(event)))}),this._hideModalHandler=()=>{this._element&&this.hide()},EventHandler.on(this._element.closest(".modal"),"hide.bs.modal",this._hideModalHandler),this._config.selector?this._config={...this._config,trigger:"manual",selector:""}:this._fixTitle()}_fixTitle(){var title=this._element.getAttribute("title"),originalTitleType=typeof this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title");!title&&"string"==originalTitleType||(this._element.setAttribute("data-bs-original-title",title||""),!title||this._element.getAttribute("aria-label")||this._element.textContent||this._element.setAttribute("aria-label",title),this._element.setAttribute("title",""))}_enter(event,context){context=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(event,context),event&&(context._activeTrigger["focusin"===event.type?"focus":"hover"]=!0),context.getTipElement().classList.contains("show")||"show"===context._hoverState?context._hoverState="show":(clearTimeout(context._timeout),context._hoverState="show",context._config.delay&&context._config.delay.show?context._timeout=setTimeout(()=>{"show"===context._hoverState&&context.show()},context._config.delay.show):context.show())}_leave(event,context){context=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(event,context),event&&(context._activeTrigger["focusout"===event.type?"focus":"hover"]=context._element.contains(event.relatedTarget)),context._isWithActiveTrigger()||(clearTimeout(context._timeout),context._hoverState="out",context._config.delay&&context._config.delay.hide?context._timeout=setTimeout(()=>{"out"===context._hoverState&&context.hide()},context._config.delay.hide):context.hide())}_isWithActiveTrigger(){for(const trigger in this._activeTrigger)if(this._activeTrigger[trigger])return!0;return!1}_getConfig(config){const dataAttributes=Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element);return Object.keys(dataAttributes).forEach(dataAttr=>{DISALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES.has(dataAttr)&&delete dataAttributes[dataAttr]}),(config={...this.constructor.Default,...dataAttributes,..."object"==typeof config&&config?config:{}}).container=!1===config.container?document.body:getElement(config.container),"number"==typeof config.delay&&(config.delay={show:config.delay,hide:config.delay}),"number"==typeof config.title&&(config.title=config.title.toString()),"number"==typeof config.content&&(config.content=config.content.toString()),typeCheckConfig("tooltip",config,this.constructor.DefaultType),config.sanitize&&(config.template=sanitizeHtml(config.template,config.allowList,config.sanitizeFn)),config}_getDelegateConfig(){var config={};for(const key in this._config)this.constructor.Default[key]!==this._config[key]&&(config[key]=this._config[key]);return config}_cleanTipClass(){const tip=this.getTipElement();var basicClassPrefixRegex=new RegExp(`(^|\\s)${this._getBasicClassPrefix()}\\S+`,"g"),basicClassPrefixRegex=tip.getAttribute("class").match(basicClassPrefixRegex);null!==basicClassPrefixRegex&&0<basicClassPrefixRegex.length&&basicClassPrefixRegex.map(token=>token.trim()).forEach(tClass=>tip.classList.remove(tClass))}_getBasicClassPrefix(){return"bs-tooltip"}_handlePopperPlacementChange(popperData){popperData=popperData.state;popperData&&(this.tip=popperData.elements.popper,this._cleanTipClass(),this._addAttachmentClass(this._getAttachment(popperData.placement)))}_disposePopper(){this._popper&&(this._popper.destroy(),this._popper=null)}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Tooltip.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config]()}})}}Popper(Tooltip);const Default$2={...Tooltip.Default,placement:"right",offset:[0,8],trigger:"click",content:"",template:'<div class="popover" role="tooltip"><div class="popover-arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-header"></h3><div class="popover-body"></div></div>'},DefaultType$2={...Tooltip.DefaultType,content:"(string|element|function)"},Event$1={HIDE:"hide.bs.popover",HIDDEN:"hidden.bs.popover",SHOW:"show.bs.popover",SHOWN:"shown.bs.popover",INSERTED:"inserted.bs.popover",CLICK:"click.bs.popover",FOCUSIN:"focusin.bs.popover",FOCUSOUT:"focusout.bs.popover",MOUSEENTER:"mouseenter.bs.popover",MOUSELEAVE:"mouseleave.bs.popover"};class Popover extends Tooltip{static get Default(){return Default$2}static get NAME(){return"popover"}static get Event(){return Event$1}static get DefaultType(){return DefaultType$2}isWithContent(){return this.getTitle()||this._getContent()}setContent(tip){this._sanitizeAndSetContent(tip,this.getTitle(),".popover-header"),this._sanitizeAndSetContent(tip,this._getContent(),".popover-body")}_getContent(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.content)}_getBasicClassPrefix(){return"bs-popover"}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Popover.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config]()}})}}Popper(Popover);const Default$1={offset:10,method:"auto",target:""},DefaultType$1={offset:"number",method:"string",target:"(string|element)"};const SELECTOR_LINK_ITEMS=".nav-link, .list-group-item, .dropdown-item";class ScrollSpy extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._scrollElement="BODY"===this._element.tagName?window:this._element,this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._offsets=[],this._targets=[],this._activeTarget=null,this._scrollHeight=0,EventHandler.on(this._scrollElement,"scroll.bs.scrollspy",()=>this._process()),this.refresh(),this._process()}static get Default(){return Default$1}static get NAME(){return"scrollspy"}refresh(){var autoMethod=this._scrollElement===this._scrollElement.window?"offset":"position";const offsetMethod="auto"===this._config.method?autoMethod:this._config.method,offsetBase="position"===offsetMethod?this._getScrollTop():0;this._offsets=[],this._targets=[],this._scrollHeight=this._getScrollHeight(),SelectorEngine.find(SELECTOR_LINK_ITEMS,this._config.target).map(element=>{var element=getSelectorFromElement(element),target=element?SelectorEngine.findOne(element):null;if(target){var targetBCR=target.getBoundingClientRect();if(targetBCR.width||targetBCR.height)return[Manipulator[offsetMethod](target).top+offsetBase,element]}return null}).filter(item=>item).sort((a,b)=>a[0]-b[0]).forEach(item=>{this._offsets.push(item[0]),this._targets.push(item[1])})}dispose(){EventHandler.off(this._scrollElement,".bs.scrollspy"),super.dispose()}_getConfig(config){return(config={...Default$1,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof config&&config?config:{}}).target=getElement(config.target)||document.documentElement,typeCheckConfig("scrollspy",config,DefaultType$1),config}_getScrollTop(){return this._scrollElement===window?this._scrollElement.pageYOffset:this._scrollElement.scrollTop}_getScrollHeight(){return this._scrollElement.scrollHeight||Math.max(document.body.scrollHeight,document.documentElement.scrollHeight)}_getOffsetHeight(){return this._scrollElement===window?window.innerHeight:this._scrollElement.getBoundingClientRect().height}_process(){var scrollTop=this._getScrollTop()+this._config.offset,scrollHeight=this._getScrollHeight(),maxScroll=this._config.offset+scrollHeight-this._getOffsetHeight();if(this._scrollHeight!==scrollHeight&&this.refresh(),maxScroll<=scrollTop)scrollHeight=this._targets[this._targets.length-1],this._activeTarget!==scrollHeight&&this._activate(scrollHeight);else if(this._activeTarget&&scrollTop<this._offsets[0]&&0<this._offsets[0])this._activeTarget=null,this._clear();else for(let i=this._offsets.length;i--;)this._activeTarget!==this._targets[i]&&scrollTop>=this._offsets[i]&&(void 0===this._offsets[i+1]||scrollTop<this._offsets[i+1])&&this._activate(this._targets[i])}_activate(target){this._activeTarget=target,this._clear();var queries=SELECTOR_LINK_ITEMS.split(",").map(selector=>selector+`[data-bs-target="${target}"],${selector}[href="${target}"]`),queries=SelectorEngine.findOne(queries.join(","),this._config.target);queries.classList.add("active"),queries.classList.contains("dropdown-item")?SelectorEngine.findOne(".dropdown-toggle",queries.closest(".dropdown")).classList.add("active"):SelectorEngine.parents(queries,".nav, .list-group").forEach(listGroup=>{SelectorEngine.prev(listGroup,".nav-link, .list-group-item").forEach(item=>item.classList.add("active")),SelectorEngine.prev(listGroup,".nav-item").forEach(navItem=>{SelectorEngine.children(navItem,".nav-link").forEach(item=>item.classList.add("active"))})}),EventHandler.trigger(this._scrollElement,"activate.bs.scrollspy",{relatedTarget:target})}_clear(){SelectorEngine.find(SELECTOR_LINK_ITEMS,this._config.target).filter(node=>node.classList.contains("active")).forEach(node=>node.classList.remove("active"))}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=ScrollSpy.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config]()}})}}EventHandler.on(window,"load.bs.scrollspy.data-api",()=>{SelectorEngine.find('[data-bs-spy="scroll"]').forEach(spy=>new ScrollSpy(spy))}),Popper(ScrollSpy);class Tab extends BaseComponent{static get NAME(){return"tab"}show(){if(!this._element.parentNode||this._element.parentNode.nodeType!==Node.ELEMENT_NODE||!this._element.classList.contains("active")){let previous;var target=getElementFromSelector(this._element),listElement=this._element.closest(".nav, .list-group"),itemSelector=(listElement&&(itemSelector="UL"===listElement.nodeName||"OL"===listElement.nodeName?":scope > li > .active":".active",previous=(previous=SelectorEngine.find(itemSelector,listElement))[previous.length-1]),previous?EventHandler.trigger(previous,"hide.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:this._element}):null);EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:previous}).defaultPrevented||null!==itemSelector&&itemSelector.defaultPrevented||(this._activate(this._element,listElement),itemSelector=()=>{EventHandler.trigger(previous,"hidden.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:this._element}),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:previous})},target?this._activate(target,target.parentNode,itemSelector):itemSelector())}}_activate(element,container,callback){const active=(!container||"UL"!==container.nodeName&&"OL"!==container.nodeName?SelectorEngine.children(container,".active"):SelectorEngine.find(":scope > li > .active",container))[0];var container=callback&&active&&active.classList.contains("fade"),complete=()=>this._transitionComplete(element,active,callback);active&&container?(active.classList.remove("show"),this._queueCallback(complete,element,!0)):complete()}_transitionComplete(element,active,callback){var dropdownChild;active&&(active.classList.remove("active"),(dropdownChild=SelectorEngine.findOne(":scope > .dropdown-menu .active",active.parentNode))&&dropdownChild.classList.remove("active"),"tab"===active.getAttribute("role"))&&active.setAttribute("aria-selected",!1),element.classList.add("active"),"tab"===element.getAttribute("role")&&element.setAttribute("aria-selected",!0),reflow(element),element.classList.contains("fade")&&element.classList.add("show");let parent=element.parentNode;(parent=parent&&"LI"===parent.nodeName?parent.parentNode:parent)&&parent.classList.contains("dropdown-menu")&&((dropdownChild=element.closest(".dropdown"))&&SelectorEngine.find(".dropdown-toggle",dropdownChild).forEach(dropdown=>dropdown.classList.add("active")),element.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!0)),callback&&callback()}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Tab.getOrCreateInstance(this);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config]()}})}}EventHandler.on(document,"click.bs.tab.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="tab"], [data-bs-toggle="pill"], [data-bs-toggle="list"]',function(event){["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&event.preventDefault(),isDisabled(this)||Tab.getOrCreateInstance(this).show()}),Popper(Tab);const DefaultType={animation:"boolean",autohide:"boolean",delay:"number"},Default={animation:!0,autohide:!0,delay:5e3};class Toast extends BaseComponent{constructor(element,config){super(element),this._config=this._getConfig(config),this._timeout=null,this._hasMouseInteraction=!1,this._hasKeyboardInteraction=!1,this._setListeners()}static get DefaultType(){return DefaultType}static get Default(){return Default}static get NAME(){return"toast"}show(){EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.toast").defaultPrevented||(this._clearTimeout(),this._config.animation&&this._element.classList.add("fade"),this._element.classList.remove("hide"),reflow(this._element),this._element.classList.add("show"),this._element.classList.add("showing"),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.classList.remove("showing"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.toast"),this._maybeScheduleHide()},this._element,this._config.animation))}hide(){this._element.classList.contains("show")&&!EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.toast").defaultPrevented&&(this._element.classList.add("showing"),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.classList.add("hide"),this._element.classList.remove("showing"),this._element.classList.remove("show"),EventHandler.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.toast")},this._element,this._config.animation))}dispose(){this._clearTimeout(),this._element.classList.contains("show")&&this._element.classList.remove("show"),super.dispose()}_getConfig(config){return config={...Default,...Manipulator.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof config&&config?config:{}},typeCheckConfig("toast",config,this.constructor.DefaultType),config}_maybeScheduleHide(){!this._config.autohide||this._hasMouseInteraction||this._hasKeyboardInteraction||(this._timeout=setTimeout(()=>{this.hide()},this._config.delay))}_onInteraction(event,isInteracting){switch(event.type){case"mouseover":case"mouseout":this._hasMouseInteraction=isInteracting;break;case"focusin":case"focusout":this._hasKeyboardInteraction=isInteracting}isInteracting?this._clearTimeout():(event=event.relatedTarget,this._element===event||this._element.contains(event)||this._maybeScheduleHide())}_setListeners(){EventHandler.on(this._element,"mouseover.bs.toast",event=>this._onInteraction(event,!0)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"mouseout.bs.toast",event=>this._onInteraction(event,!1)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"focusin.bs.toast",event=>this._onInteraction(event,!0)),EventHandler.on(this._element,"focusout.bs.toast",event=>this._onInteraction(event,!1))}_clearTimeout(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),this._timeout=null}static jQueryInterface(config){return this.each(function(){var data=Toast.getOrCreateInstance(this,config);if("string"==typeof config){if(void 0===data[config])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${config}"`);data[config](this)}})}}return enableDismissTrigger(Toast),Popper(Toast),{Alert:Alert,Button:Button,Carousel:Carousel,Collapse:Collapse,Dropdown:Dropdown,Modal:Modal,Offcanvas:Offcanvas,Popover:Popover,ScrollSpy:ScrollSpy,Tab:Tab,Toast:Toast,Tooltip:Tooltip}}),!function($){$.fn.visible=function(partial,hidden,direction,container){var lViz,t,tViz,bViz,vpWidth,isContained,$t,wPosition,vpHeight;if(!(this.length<1))return $t=1<this.length?this.eq(0):this,container=$((isContained=null!=container)?container:window),wPosition=isContained?container.position():0,t=$t.get(0),vpWidth=container.outerWidth(),vpHeight=container.outerHeight(),direction=direction||"both",hidden=!0!==hidden||t.offsetWidth*t.offsetHeight,"function"==typeof t.getBoundingClientRect?(t=t.getBoundingClientRect(),tViz=isContained?0<=t.top-wPosition.top&&t.top<vpHeight+wPosition.top:0<=t.top&&t.top<vpHeight,bViz=isContained?0<t.bottom-wPosition.top&&t.bottom<=vpHeight+wPosition.top:0<t.bottom&&t.bottom<=vpHeight,lViz=isContained?0<=t.left-wPosition.left&&t.left<vpWidth+wPosition.left:0<=t.left&&t.left<vpWidth,t=isContained?0<t.right-wPosition.left&&t.right<vpWidth+wPosition.left:0<t.right&&t.right<=vpWidth,tViz=partial?tViz||bViz:tViz&&bViz,bViz=partial?lViz||t:lViz&&t,"both"===direction?hidden&&tViz&&bViz:"vertical"===direction?hidden&&tViz:"horizontal"===direction?hidden&&bViz:void 0):(t=(lViz=isContained?0:wPosition)+vpHeight,bViz=(tViz=container.scrollLeft())+vpWidth,vpHeight=(wPosition=(isContained=$t.position()).top)+$t.height(),vpWidth=(container=isContained.left)+$t.width(),isContained=!0===partial?vpHeight:wPosition,$t=!0===partial?wPosition:vpHeight,wPosition=!0===partial?vpWidth:container,vpHeight=!0===partial?container:vpWidth,"both"===direction?!!hidden&&$t<=t&&lViz<=isContained&&vpHeight<=bViz&&tViz<=wPosition:"vertical"===direction?!!hidden&&$t<=t&&lViz<=isContained:"horizontal"===direction?!!hidden&&vpHeight<=bViz&&tViz<=wPosition:void 0)}}(jQuery),!function(root,factory){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=factory():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],factory):"object"==typeof exports?exports.feather=factory():root.feather=factory()}("undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,function(){return modules={"./dist/icons.json":function(module){module.exports={activity:'<polyline points="22 12 18 12 15 21 9 3 6 12 2 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0<Sizzle(expr,document,null,[elem]).length},Sizzle.contains=function(context,elem){return(context.ownerDocument||context)!=document&&setDocument(context),contains(context,elem)},Sizzle.attr=function(elem,name){(elem.ownerDocument||elem)!=document&&setDocument(elem);var fn=Expr.attrHandle[name.toLowerCase()],fn=fn&&hasOwn.call(Expr.attrHandle,name.toLowerCase())?fn(elem,name,!documentIsHTML):void 0;return void 0!==fn?fn:support.attributes||!documentIsHTML?elem.getAttribute(name):(fn=elem.getAttributeNode(name))&&fn.specified?fn.value:null},Sizzle.escape=function(sel){return(sel+"").replace(rcssescape,fcssescape)},Sizzle.error=function(msg){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+msg)},Sizzle.uniqueSort=function(results){var elem,duplicates=[],j=0,i=0;if(hasDuplicate=!support.detectDuplicates,sortInput=!support.sortStable&&results.slice(0),results.sort(sortOrder),hasDuplicate){for(;elem=results[i++];)elem===results[i]&&(j=duplicates.push(i));for(;j--;)results.splice(duplicates[j],1)}return sortInput=null,results},getText=Sizzle.getText=function(elem){var node,ret="",i=0,nodeType=elem.nodeType;if(nodeType){if(1===nodeType||9===nodeType||11===nodeType){if("string"==typeof elem.textContent)return elem.textContent;for(elem=elem.firstChild;elem;elem=elem.nextSibling)ret+=getText(elem)}else if(3===nodeType||4===nodeType)return elem.nodeValue}else for(;node=elem[i++];)ret+=getText(node);return ret},(Expr=Sizzle.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:markFunction,match:matchExpr,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(match){return match[1]=match[1].replace(runescape,funescape),match[3]=(match[3]||match[4]||match[5]||"").replace(runescape,funescape),"~="===match[2]&&(match[3]=" "+match[3]+" "),match.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(match){return match[1]=match[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===match[1].slice(0,3)?(match[3]||Sizzle.error(match[0]),match[4]=+(match[4]?match[5]+(match[6]||1):2*("even"===match[3]||"odd"===match[3])),match[5]=+(match[7]+match[8]||"odd"===match[3])):match[3]&&Sizzle.error(match[0]),match},PSEUDO:function(match){var excess,unquoted=!match[6]&&match[2];return matchExpr.CHILD.test(match[0])?null:(match[3]?match[2]=match[4]||match[5]||"":unquoted&&rpseudo.test(unquoted)&&(excess=(excess=tokenize(unquoted,!0))&&unquoted.indexOf(")",unquoted.length-excess)-unquoted.length)&&(match[0]=match[0].slice(0,excess),match[2]=unquoted.slice(0,excess)),match.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(nodeNameSelector){var nodeName=nodeNameSelector.replace(runescape,funescape).toLowerCase();return"*"===nodeNameSelector?function(){return!0}:function(elem){return elem.nodeName&&elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()===nodeName}},CLASS:function(className){var pattern=classCache[className+" "];return pattern||(pattern=new RegExp("(^|"+whitespace+")"+className+"("+whitespace+"|$)"))&&classCache(className,function(elem){return pattern.test("string"==typeof elem.className&&elem.className||void 0!==elem.getAttribute&&elem.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(name,operator,check){return function(elem){elem=Sizzle.attr(elem,name);return null==elem?"!="===operator:!operator||(elem+="","="===operator?elem===check:"!="===operator?elem!==check:"^="===operator?check&&0===elem.indexOf(check):"*="===operator?check&&-1<elem.indexOf(check):"$="===operator?check&&elem.slice(-check.length)===check:"~="===operator?-1<(" "+elem.replace(rwhitespace," ")+" ").indexOf(check):"|="===operator&&(elem===check||elem.slice(0,check.length+1)===check+"-"))}},CHILD:function(type,what,_argument,first,last){var simple="nth"!==type.slice(0,3),forward="last"!==type.slice(-4),ofType="of-type"===what;return 1===first&&0===last?function(elem){return!!elem.parentNode}:function(elem,_context,xml){var cache,uniqueCache,outerCache,node,nodeIndex,start,dir=simple!=forward?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",parent=elem.parentNode,name=ofType&&elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(),useCache=!xml&&!ofType,diff=!1;if(parent){if(simple){for(;dir;){for(node=elem;node=node[dir];)if(ofType?node.nodeName.toLowerCase()===name:1===node.nodeType)return!1;start=dir="only"===type&&!start&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(start=[forward?parent.firstChild:parent.lastChild],forward&&useCache){for(diff=(nodeIndex=(cache=(uniqueCache=(outerCache=(node=parent)[expando]||(node[expando]={}))[node.uniqueID]||(outerCache[node.uniqueID]={}))[type]||[])[0]===dirruns&&cache[1])&&cache[2],node=nodeIndex&&parent.childNodes[nodeIndex];node=++nodeIndex&&node&&node[dir]||(diff=nodeIndex=0,start.pop());)if(1===node.nodeType&&++diff&&node===elem){uniqueCache[type]=[dirruns,nodeIndex,diff];break}}else if(!1===(diff=useCache?nodeIndex=(cache=(uniqueCache=(outerCache=(node=elem)[expando]||(node[expando]={}))[node.uniqueID]||(outerCache[node.uniqueID]={}))[type]||[])[0]===dirruns&&cache[1]:diff))for(;(node=++nodeIndex&&node&&node[dir]||(diff=nodeIndex=0,start.pop()))&&((ofType?node.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==name:1!==node.nodeType)||!++diff||(useCache&&((uniqueCache=(outerCache=node[expando]||(node[expando]={}))[node.uniqueID]||(outerCache[node.uniqueID]={}))[type]=[dirruns,diff]),node!==elem)););return(diff-=last)===first||diff%first==0&&0<=diff/first}}},PSEUDO:function(pseudo,argument){var args,fn=Expr.pseudos[pseudo]||Expr.setFilters[pseudo.toLowerCase()]||Sizzle.error("unsupported pseudo: "+pseudo);return fn[expando]?fn(argument):1<fn.length?(args=[pseudo,pseudo,"",argument],Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(pseudo.toLowerCase())?markFunction(function(seed,matches){for(var idx,matched=fn(seed,argument),i=matched.length;i--;)seed[idx=indexOf(seed,matched[i])]=!(matches[idx]=matched[i])}):function(elem){return fn(elem,0,args)}):fn}},pseudos:{not:markFunction(function(selector){var input=[],results=[],matcher=compile(selector.replace(rtrim,"$1"));return matcher[expando]?markFunction(function(seed,matches,_context,xml){for(var elem,unmatched=matcher(seed,null,xml,[]),i=seed.length;i--;)(elem=unmatched[i])&&(seed[i]=!(matches[i]=elem))}):function(elem,_context,xml){return input[0]=elem,matcher(input,null,xml,results),input[0]=null,!results.pop()}}),has:markFunction(function(selector){return function(elem){return 0<Sizzle(selector,elem).length}}),contains:markFunction(function(text){return text=text.replace(runescape,funescape),function(elem){return-1<(elem.textContent||getText(elem)).indexOf(text)}}),lang:markFunction(function(lang){return ridentifier.test(lang||"")||Sizzle.error("unsupported lang: "+lang),lang=lang.replace(runescape,funescape).toLowerCase(),function(elem){var elemLang;do{if(elemLang=documentIsHTML?elem.lang:elem.getAttribute("xml:lang")||elem.getAttribute("lang"))return(elemLang=elemLang.toLowerCase())===lang||0===elemLang.indexOf(lang+"-")}while((elem=elem.parentNode)&&1===elem.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(elem){var hash=window.location&&window.location.hash;return hash&&hash.slice(1)===elem.id},root:function(elem){return elem===docElem},focus:function(elem){return elem===document.activeElement&&(!document.hasFocus||document.hasFocus())&&!!(elem.type||elem.href||~elem.tabIndex)},enabled:createDisabledPseudo(!1),disabled:createDisabledPseudo(!0),checked:function(elem){var nodeName=elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===nodeName&&!!elem.checked||"option"===nodeName&&!!elem.selected},selected:function(elem){return elem.parentNode&&elem.parentNode.selectedIndex,!0===elem.selected},empty:function(elem){for(elem=elem.firstChild;elem;elem=elem.nextSibling)if(elem.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(elem){return!Expr.pseudos.empty(elem)},header:function(elem){return rheader.test(elem.nodeName)},input:function(elem){return rinputs.test(elem.nodeName)},button:function(elem){var name=elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===name&&"button"===elem.type||"button"===name},text:function(elem){return"input"===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===elem.type&&(null==(elem=elem.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===elem.toLowerCase())},first:createPositionalPseudo(function(){return[0]}),last:createPositionalPseudo(function(_matchIndexes,length){return[length-1]}),eq:createPositionalPseudo(function(_matchIndexes,length,argument){return[argument<0?argument+length:argument]}),even:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length){for(var i=0;i<length;i+=2)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),odd:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length){for(var i=1;i<length;i+=2)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),lt:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length,argument){for(var i=argument<0?argument+length:length<argument?length:argument;0<=--i;)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes}),gt:createPositionalPseudo(function(matchIndexes,length,argument){for(var i=argument<0?argument+length:argument;++i<length;)matchIndexes.push(i);return matchIndexes})}}).pseudos.nth=Expr.pseudos.eq,{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})Expr.pseudos[i]=function(type){return function(elem){return"input"===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&elem.type===type}}(i);for(i in{submit:!0,reset:!0})Expr.pseudos[i]=function(type){return function(elem){var name=elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===name||"button"===name)&&elem.type===type}}(i);function setFilters(){}function toSelector(tokens){for(var i=0,len=tokens.length,selector="";i<len;i++)selector+=tokens[i].value;return selector}function addCombinator(matcher,combinator,base){var dir=combinator.dir,skip=combinator.next,key=skip||dir,checkNonElements=base&&"parentNode"===key,doneName=done++;return combinator.first?function(elem,context,xml){for(;elem=elem[dir];)if(1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)return matcher(elem,context,xml);return!1}:function(elem,context,xml){var oldCache,outerCache,newCache=[dirruns,doneName];if(xml){for(;elem=elem[dir];)if((1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)&&matcher(elem,context,xml))return!0}else for(;elem=elem[dir];)if(1===elem.nodeType||checkNonElements)if(outerCache=(outerCache=elem[expando]||(elem[expando]={}))[elem.uniqueID]||(outerCache[elem.uniqueID]={}),skip&&skip===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase())elem=elem[dir]||elem;else{if((oldCache=outerCache[key])&&oldCache[0]===dirruns&&oldCache[1]===doneName)return newCache[2]=oldCache[2];if((outerCache[key]=newCache)[2]=matcher(elem,context,xml))return!0}return!1}}function elementMatcher(matchers){return 1<matchers.length?function(elem,context,xml){for(var i=matchers.length;i--;)if(!matchers[i](elem,context,xml))return!1;return!0}:matchers[0]}function condense(unmatched,map,filter,context,xml){for(var elem,newUnmatched=[],i=0,len=unmatched.length,mapped=null!=map;i<len;i++)!(elem=unmatched[i])||filter&&!filter(elem,context,xml)||(newUnmatched.push(elem),mapped&&map.push(i));return newUnmatched}function setMatcher(preFilter,selector,matcher,postFilter,postFinder,postSelector){return postFilter&&!postFilter[expando]&&(postFilter=setMatcher(postFilter)),postFinder&&!postFinder[expando]&&(postFinder=setMatcher(postFinder,postSelector)),markFunction(function(seed,results,context,xml){var temp,i,elem,preMap=[],postMap=[],preexisting=results.length,elems=seed||function(selector,contexts,results){for(var i=0,len=contexts.length;i<len;i++)Sizzle(selector,contexts[i],results);return results}(selector||"*",context.nodeType?[context]:context,[]),matcherIn=!preFilter||!seed&&selector?elems:condense(elems,preMap,preFilter,context,xml),matcherOut=matcher?postFinder||(seed?preFilter:preexisting||postFilter)?[]:results:matcherIn;if(matcher&&matcher(matcherIn,matcherOut,context,xml),postFilter)for(temp=condense(matcherOut,postMap),postFilter(temp,[],context,xml),i=temp.length;i--;)(elem=temp[i])&&(matcherOut[postMap[i]]=!(matcherIn[postMap[i]]=elem));if(seed){if(postFinder||preFilter){if(postFinder){for(temp=[],i=matcherOut.length;i--;)(elem=matcherOut[i])&&temp.push(matcherIn[i]=elem);postFinder(null,matcherOut=[],temp,xml)}for(i=matcherOut.length;i--;)(elem=matcherOut[i])&&-1<(temp=postFinder?indexOf(seed,elem):preMap[i])&&(seed[temp]=!(results[temp]=elem))}}else matcherOut=condense(matcherOut===results?matcherOut.splice(preexisting,matcherOut.length):matcherOut),postFinder?postFinder(null,results,matcherOut,xml):push.apply(results,matcherOut)})}function matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers,setMatchers){function superMatcher(seed,context,xml,results,outermost){var elem,j,matcher,matchedCount=0,i="0",unmatched=seed&&[],setMatched=[],contextBackup=outermostContext,elems=seed||byElement&&Expr.find.TAG("*",outermost),dirrunsUnique=dirruns+=null==contextBackup?1:Math.random()||.1,len=elems.length;for(outermost&&(outermostContext=context==document||context||outermost);i!==len&&null!=(elem=elems[i]);i++){if(byElement&&elem){for(j=0,context||elem.ownerDocument==document||(setDocument(elem),xml=!documentIsHTML);matcher=elementMatchers[j++];)if(matcher(elem,context||document,xml)){results.push(elem);break}outermost&&(dirruns=dirrunsUnique)}bySet&&((elem=!matcher&&elem)&&matchedCount--,seed)&&unmatched.push(elem)}if(matchedCount+=i,bySet&&i!==matchedCount){for(j=0;matcher=setMatchers[j++];)matcher(unmatched,setMatched,context,xml);if(seed){if(0<matchedCount)for(;i--;)unmatched[i]||setMatched[i]||(setMatched[i]=pop.call(results));setMatched=condense(setMatched)}push.apply(results,setMatched),outermost&&!seed&&0<setMatched.length&&1<matchedCount+setMatchers.length&&Sizzle.uniqueSort(results)}return outermost&&(dirruns=dirrunsUnique,outermostContext=contextBackup),unmatched}var bySet=0<setMatchers.length,byElement=0<elementMatchers.length;return bySet?markFunction(superMatcher):superMatcher}return setFilters.prototype=Expr.filters=Expr.pseudos,Expr.setFilters=new setFilters,tokenize=Sizzle.tokenize=function(selector,parseOnly){var matched,match,tokens,type,soFar,groups,preFilters,cached=tokenCache[selector+" "];if(cached)return parseOnly?0:cached.slice(0);for(soFar=selector,groups=[],preFilters=Expr.preFilter;soFar;){for(type in matched&&!(match=rcomma.exec(soFar))||(match&&(soFar=soFar.slice(match[0].length)||soFar),groups.push(tokens=[])),matched=!1,(match=rcombinators.exec(soFar))&&(matched=match.shift(),tokens.push({value:matched,type:match[0].replace(rtrim," ")}),soFar=soFar.slice(matched.length)),Expr.filter)!(match=matchExpr[type].exec(soFar))||preFilters[type]&&!(match=preFilters[type](match))||(matched=match.shift(),tokens.push({value:matched,type:type,matches:match}),soFar=soFar.slice(matched.length));if(!matched)break}return parseOnly?soFar.length:soFar?Sizzle.error(selector):tokenCache(selector,groups).slice(0)},compile=Sizzle.compile=function(selector,match){var i,setMatchers=[],elementMatchers=[],cached=compilerCache[selector+" "];if(!cached){for(i=(match=match||tokenize(selector)).length;i--;)((cached=function matcherFromTokens(tokens){for(var checkContext,matcher,j,len=tokens.length,leadingRelative=Expr.relative[tokens[0].type],implicitRelative=leadingRelative||Expr.relative[" "],i=leadingRelative?1:0,matchContext=addCombinator(function(elem){return elem===checkContext},implicitRelative,!0),matchAnyContext=addCombinator(function(elem){return-1<indexOf(checkContext,elem)},implicitRelative,!0),matchers=[function(elem,context,xml){return elem=!leadingRelative&&(xml||context!==outermostContext)||((checkContext=context).nodeType?matchContext:matchAnyContext)(elem,context,xml),checkContext=null,elem}];i<len;i++)if(matcher=Expr.relative[tokens[i].type])matchers=[addCombinator(elementMatcher(matchers),matcher)];else{if((matcher=Expr.filter[tokens[i].type].apply(null,tokens[i].matches))[expando]){for(j=++i;j<len&&!Expr.relative[tokens[j].type];j++);return setMatcher(1<i&&elementMatcher(matchers),1<i&&toSelector(tokens.slice(0,i-1).concat({value:" "===tokens[i-2].type?"*":""})).replace(rtrim,"$1"),matcher,i<j&&matcherFromTokens(tokens.slice(i,j)),j<len&&matcherFromTokens(tokens=tokens.slice(j)),j<len&&toSelector(tokens))}matchers.push(matcher)}return elementMatcher(matchers)}(match[i]))[expando]?setMatchers:elementMatchers).push(cached);(cached=compilerCache(selector,matcherFromGroupMatchers(elementMatchers,setMatchers))).selector=selector}return cached},select=Sizzle.select=function(selector,context,results,seed){var i,tokens,token,type,find,compiled="function"==typeof selector&&selector,match=!seed&&tokenize(selector=compiled.selector||selector);if(results=results||[],1===match.length){if(2<(tokens=match[0]=match[0].slice(0)).length&&"ID"===(token=tokens[0]).type&&9===context.nodeType&&documentIsHTML&&Expr.relative[tokens[1].type]){if(!(context=(Expr.find.ID(token.matches[0].replace(runescape,funescape),context)||[])[0]))return results;compiled&&(context=context.parentNode),selector=selector.slice(tokens.shift().value.length)}for(i=matchExpr.needsContext.test(selector)?0:tokens.length;i--&&(token=tokens[i],!Expr.relative[type=token.type]);)if((find=Expr.find[type])&&(seed=find(token.matches[0].replace(runescape,funescape),rsibling.test(tokens[0].type)&&testContext(context.parentNode)||context))){if(tokens.splice(i,1),selector=seed.length&&toSelector(tokens))break;return push.apply(results,seed),results}}return(compiled||compile(selector,match))(seed,context,!documentIsHTML,results,!context||rsibling.test(selector)&&testContext(context.parentNode)||context),results},support.sortStable=expando.split("").sort(sortOrder).join("")===expando,support.detectDuplicates=!!hasDuplicate,setDocument(),support.sortDetached=assert(function(el){return 1&el.compareDocumentPosition(document.createElement("fieldset"))}),assert(function(el){return el.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===el.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||addHandle("type|href|height|width",function(elem,name,isXML){if(!isXML)return elem.getAttribute(name,"type"===name.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),support.attributes&&assert(function(el){return el.innerHTML="<input/>",el.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===el.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||addHandle("value",function(elem,_name,isXML){if(!isXML&&"input"===elem.nodeName.toLowerCase())return elem.defaultValue}),assert(function(el){return null==el.getAttribute("disabled")})||addHandle(booleans,function(elem,name,isXML){if(!isXML)return!0===elem[name]?name.toLowerCase():(isXML=elem.getAttributeNode(name))&&isXML.specified?isXML.value:null}),Sizzle}(window),rneedsContext=(jQuery.find=Sizzle,jQuery.expr=Sizzle.selectors,jQuery.expr[":"]=jQuery.expr.pseudos,jQuery.uniqueSort=jQuery.unique=Sizzle.uniqueSort,jQuery.text=Sizzle.getText,jQuery.isXMLDoc=Sizzle.isXML,jQuery.contains=Sizzle.contains,jQuery.escapeSelector=Sizzle.escape,jQuery.expr.match.needsContext);function nodeName(elem,name){return elem.nodeName&&elem.nodeName.toLowerCase()===name.toLowerCase()}var rsingleTag=/^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i;function winnow(elements,qualifier,not){return isFunction(qualifier)?jQuery.grep(elements,function(elem,i){return!!qualifier.call(elem,i,elem)!==not}):qualifier.nodeType?jQuery.grep(elements,function(elem){return elem===qualifier!==not}):"string"!=typeof qualifier?jQuery.grep(elements,function(elem){return-1<indexOf.call(qualifier,elem)!==not}):jQuery.filter(qualifier,elements,not)}jQuery.filter=function(expr,elems,not){var elem=elems[0];return not&&(expr=":not("+expr+")"),1===elems.length&&1===elem.nodeType?jQuery.find.matchesSelector(elem,expr)?[elem]:[]:jQuery.find.matches(expr,jQuery.grep(elems,function(elem){return 1===elem.nodeType}))},jQuery.fn.extend({find:function(selector){var i,ret,len=this.length,self=this;if("string"!=typeof selector)return this.pushStack(jQuery(selector).filter(function(){for(i=0;i<len;i++)if(jQuery.contains(self[i],this))return!0}));for(ret=this.pushStack([]),i=0;i<len;i++)jQuery.find(selector,self[i],ret);return 1<len?jQuery.uniqueSort(ret):ret},filter:function(selector){return this.pushStack(winnow(this,selector||[],!1))},not:function(selector){return this.pushStack(winnow(this,selector||[],!0))},is:function(selector){return!!winnow(this,"string"==typeof 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queue=jQuery.queue(elem,type),startLength=queue.length,fn=queue.shift(),hooks=jQuery._queueHooks(elem,type);"inprogress"===fn&&(fn=queue.shift(),startLength--),fn&&("fx"===type&&queue.unshift("inprogress"),delete hooks.stop,fn.call(elem,function(){jQuery.dequeue(elem,type)},hooks)),!startLength&&hooks&&hooks.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(elem,type){var key=type+"queueHooks";return dataPriv.get(elem,key)||dataPriv.access(elem,key,{empty:jQuery.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){dataPriv.remove(elem,[type+"queue",key])})})}}),jQuery.fn.extend({queue:function(type,data){var setter=2;return"string"!=typeof type&&(data=type,type="fx",setter--),arguments.length<setter?jQuery.queue(this[0],type):void 0===data?this:this.each(function(){var queue=jQuery.queue(this,type,data);jQuery._queueHooks(this,type),"fx"===type&&"inprogress"!==queue[0]&&jQuery.dequeue(this,type)})},dequeue:function(type){return this.each(function(){jQuery.dequeue(this,type)})},clearQueue:function(type){return 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div,rcheckableType=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i,rtagName=/<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i,rscriptType=/^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,wrapMap=(div=document.createDocumentFragment().appendChild(document.createElement("div")),(input=document.createElement("input")).setAttribute("type","radio"),input.setAttribute("checked","checked"),input.setAttribute("name","t"),div.appendChild(input),support.checkClone=div.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,div.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",support.noCloneChecked=!!div.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,div.innerHTML="<option></option>",support.option=!!div.lastChild,{thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],col:[2,"<table><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:[0,"",""]});function getAll(context,tag){var ret=void 0!==context.getElementsByTagName?context.getElementsByTagName(tag||"*"):void 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divStyle;div&&(container.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0",div.style.cssText="position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;width:60%;top:1%",documentElement.appendChild(container).appendChild(div),divStyle=window.getComputedStyle(div),pixelPositionVal="1%"!==divStyle.top,reliableMarginLeftVal=12===roundPixelMeasures(divStyle.marginLeft),div.style.right="60%",pixelBoxStylesVal=36===roundPixelMeasures(divStyle.right),boxSizingReliableVal=36===roundPixelMeasures(divStyle.width),div.style.position="absolute",scrollboxSizeVal=12===roundPixelMeasures(div.offsetWidth/3),documentElement.removeChild(container),div=null)}function roundPixelMeasures(measure){return Math.round(parseFloat(measure))}var pixelPositionVal,boxSizingReliableVal,scrollboxSizeVal,pixelBoxStylesVal,reliableTrDimensionsVal,reliableMarginLeftVal,container=document.createElement("div"),div=document.createElement("div");div.style&&(div.style.backgroundClip="content-box",div.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",support.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===div.style.backgroundClip,jQuery.extend(support,{boxSizingReliable:function(){return computeStyleTests(),boxSizingReliableVal},pixelBoxStyles:function(){return computeStyleTests(),pixelBoxStylesVal},pixelPosition:function(){return computeStyleTests(),pixelPositionVal},reliableMarginLeft:function(){return computeStyleTests(),reliableMarginLeftVal},scrollboxSize:function(){return computeStyleTests(),scrollboxSizeVal},reliableTrDimensions:function(){var table,tr,trChild;return 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val;val="auto"}return(!support.boxSizingReliable()&&isBorderBox||!support.reliableTrDimensions()&&nodeName(elem,"tr")||"auto"===val||!parseFloat(val)&&"inline"===jQuery.css(elem,"display",!1,styles))&&elem.getClientRects().length&&(isBorderBox="border-box"===jQuery.css(elem,"boxSizing",!1,styles),valueIsBorderBox=offsetProp in elem)&&(val=elem[offsetProp]),(val=parseFloat(val)||0)+boxModelAdjustment(elem,dimension,extra||(isBorderBox?"border":"content"),valueIsBorderBox,styles,val)+"px"}function Tween(elem,options,prop,end,easing){return new Tween.prototype.init(elem,options,prop,end,easing)}jQuery.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(elem,computed){if(computed)return""===(computed=curCSS(elem,"opacity"))?"1":computed}}},cssNumber:{animationIterationCount:!0,columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,gridArea:!0,gridColumn:!0,gridColumnEnd:!0,gridColumnStart:!0,gridRow:!0,gridRowEnd:!0,gridRowStart:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{},style:function(elem,name,value,extra){if(elem&&3!==elem.nodeType&&8!==elem.nodeType&&elem.style){var ret,type,hooks,origName=camelCase(name),isCustomProp=rcustomProp.test(name),style=elem.style;if(isCustomProp||(name=finalPropName(origName)),hooks=jQuery.cssHooks[name]||jQuery.cssHooks[origName],void 0===value)return hooks&&"get"in hooks&&void 0!==(ret=hooks.get(elem,!1,extra))?ret:style[name];"string"===(type=typeof 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input=document.createElement("input"),opt=document.createElement("select").appendChild(document.createElement("option"));input.type="checkbox",support.checkOn=""!==input.value,support.optSelected=opt.selected,(input=document.createElement("input")).value="t",input.type="radio",support.radioValue="t"===input.value}();var boolHook,attrHandle=jQuery.expr.attrHandle,rfocusable=(jQuery.fn.extend({attr:function(name,value){return access(this,jQuery.attr,name,value,1<arguments.length)},removeAttr:function(name){return this.each(function(){jQuery.removeAttr(this,name)})}}),jQuery.extend({attr:function(elem,name,value){var ret,hooks,nType=elem.nodeType;if(3!==nType&&8!==nType&&2!==nType)return void 0===elem.getAttribute?jQuery.prop(elem,name,value):(1===nType&&jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem)||(hooks=jQuery.attrHooks[name.toLowerCase()]||(jQuery.expr.match.bool.test(name)?boolHook:void 0)),void 0!==value?null===value?void jQuery.removeAttr(elem,name):hooks&&"set"in hooks&&void 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e=t.name,i=t.options,t=t.effect;"function"==typeof t&&(t=t({state:a,name:e,instance:h,options:void 0===i?{}:i}),l.push(t||function(){}))}),h.update()},forceUpdate:function(){if(!c){var t=a.elements,e=t.reference,t=t.popper;if(pi(e,t)){a.rects={reference:function(t,e,i){void 0===i&&(i=!1);var o=me(e),r=me(e)&&function(t){var e=t.getBoundingClientRect(),i=we(e.width)/t.offsetWidth||1,e=we(e.height)/t.offsetHeight||1;return 1!==i||1!==e}(e),a=Le(e),t=Te(t,r,i),r={scrollLeft:0,scrollTop:0},h={x:0,y:0};return!o&&(o||i)||("body"===ue(e)&&!Ue(a)||(r=(o=e)!==fe(o)&&me(o)?{scrollLeft:o.scrollLeft,scrollTop:o.scrollTop}:Xe(o)),me(e)?((h=Te(e,!0)).x+=e.clientLeft,h.y+=e.clientTop):a&&(h.x=Ye(a))),{x:t.left+r.scrollLeft-h.x,y:t.top+r.scrollTop-h.y,width:t.width,height:t.height}}(e,$e(t),"fixed"===a.options.strategy),popper:Ce(t)},a.reset=!1,a.placement=a.options.placement,a.orderedModifiers.forEach(function(t){return a.modifiersData[t.name]=Object.assign({},t.data)});for(var o,r,s,n=0;n<a.orderedModifiers.length;n++)!0!==a.reset?(o=(s=a.orderedModifiers[n]).fn,r=s.options,s=s.name,"function"==typeof o&&(a=o({state:a,options:void 0===r?{}:r,name:s,instance:h})||a)):(a.reset=!1,n=-1)}}},update:(s=function(){return new Promise(function(t){h.forceUpdate(),t(a)})},function(){return r=r||new Promise(function(t){Promise.resolve().then(function(){r=void 0,t(s())})})}),destroy:function(){d(),c=!0}};return pi(t,e)&&h.setOptions(i).then(function(t){!c&&i.onFirstUpdate&&i.onFirstUpdate(t)}),h;function d(){l.forEach(function(t){return t()}),l=[]}}}var gi=mi(),_i=mi({defaultModifiers:[Re,ci,Be,_e]}),bi=mi({defaultModifiers:[Re,ci,Be,_e,li,si,hi,je,ai]});const vi=Object.freeze(Object.defineProperty({__proto__:null,afterMain:ae,afterRead:se,afterWrite:he,applyStyles:_e,arrow:je,auto:Kt,basePlacements:Qt,beforeMain:oe,beforeRead:ie,beforeWrite:le,bottom:Rt,clippingParents:Ut,computeStyles:Be,createPopper:bi,createPopperBase:gi,createPopperLite:_i,detectOverflow:ii,end:Yt,eventListeners:Re,flip:si,hide:ai,left:Vt,main:"main",modifierPhases:de,offset:li,placements:ee,popper:Jt,popperGenerator:mi,popperOffsets:ci,preventOverflow:hi,read:"read",reference:Zt,right:qt,start:Xt,top:zt,variationPlacements:te,viewport:Gt,write:"write"},Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"})),yi="dropdown",wi=".bs.dropdown",Ai=".data-api",Ti="ArrowDown",Li="click"+wi+Ai,Si="keydown"+wi+Ai,$i="show",Ii='[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)',Pi=(Ii,".dropdown-menu"),Mi=p()?"top-end":"top-start",ji=p()?"top-start":"top-end",Fi=p()?"bottom-end":"bottom-start",Hi=p()?"bottom-start":"bottom-end",Wi=p()?"left-start":"right-start",Bi=p()?"right-start":"left-start",zi={autoClose:!0,boundary:"clippingParents",display:"dynamic",offset:[0,2],popperConfig:null,reference:"toggle"},Ri={autoClose:"(boolean|string)",boundary:"(string|element)",display:"string",offset:"(array|string|function)",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)",reference:"(string|element|object)"};class qi extends W{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._popper=null,this._parent=this._element.parentNode,this._menu=z.next(this._element,Pi)[0]||z.prev(this._element,Pi)[0]||z.findOne(Pi,this._parent),this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar()}static get Default(){return zi}static get DefaultType(){return Ri}static get NAME(){return yi}toggle(){return this._isShown()?this.hide():this.show()}show(){if(!l(this._element)&&!this._isShown()){const t={relatedTarget:this._element};if(!N.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.dropdown",t).defaultPrevented){if(this._createPopper(),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&!this._parent.closest(".navbar-nav"))for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))N.on(t,"mouseover",h);this._element.focus(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!0),this._menu.classList.add($i),this._element.classList.add($i),N.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.dropdown",t)}}}hide(){var t;!l(this._element)&&this._isShown()&&(t={relatedTarget:this._element},this._completeHide(t))}dispose(){this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),super.dispose()}update(){this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar(),this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_completeHide(t){if(!N.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.dropdown",t).defaultPrevented){if("ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))N.off(t,"mouseover",h);this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),this._menu.classList.remove($i),this._element.classList.remove($i),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded","false"),F.removeDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper"),N.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.dropdown",t)}}_getConfig(t){if("object"!=typeof(t=super._getConfig(t)).reference||o(t.reference)||"function"==typeof t.reference.getBoundingClientRect)return t;throw new TypeError(yi.toUpperCase()+': Option "reference" provided type "object" without a required "getBoundingClientRect" method.')}_createPopper(){if(void 0===vi)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's dropdowns require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");let t=this._element;"parent"===this._config.reference?t=this._parent:o(this._config.reference)?t=r(this._config.reference):"object"==typeof this._config.reference&&(t=this._config.reference);var e=this._getPopperConfig();this._popper=bi(t,this._menu,e)}_isShown(){return this._menu.classList.contains($i)}_getPlacement(){var e,t=this._parent;return t.classList.contains("dropend")?Wi:t.classList.contains("dropstart")?Bi:t.classList.contains("dropup-center")?"top":t.classList.contains("dropdown-center")?"bottom":(e="end"===getComputedStyle(this._menu).getPropertyValue("--bs-position").trim(),t.classList.contains("dropup")?e?ji:Mi:e?Hi:Fi)}_detectNavbar(){return null!==this._element.closest(".navbar")}_getOffset(){const t=this._config["offset"];return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map(t=>Number.parseInt(t,10)):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_getPopperConfig(){var t={placement:this._getPlacement(),modifiers:[{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}}]};return!this._inNavbar&&"static"!==this._config.display||(F.setDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper","static"),t.modifiers=[{name:"applyStyles",enabled:!1}]),{...t,...g(this._config.popperConfig,[t])}}_selectMenuItem({key:t,target:e}){var i=z.find(".dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)",this._menu).filter(t=>a(t));i.length&&b(i,e,t===Ti,!i.includes(e)).focus()}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each(function(){var e=qi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}})}static clearMenus(t){if(2!==t.button&&("keyup"!==t.type||"Tab"===t.key)){const e=z.find('[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]:not(.disabled):not(:disabled).show');for(const i of e){const e=qi.getInstance(i);var s,n;e&&!1!==e._config.autoClose&&(s=(n=t.composedPath()).includes(e._menu),n.includes(e._element)||"inside"===e._config.autoClose&&!s||"outside"===e._config.autoClose&&s||e._menu.contains(t.target)&&("keyup"===t.type&&"Tab"===t.key||/input|select|option|textarea|form/i.test(t.target.tagName))||(n={relatedTarget:e._element},"click"===t.type&&(n.clickEvent=t),e._completeHide(n)))}}}static dataApiKeydownHandler(t){var e=/input|textarea/i.test(t.target.tagName),i="Escape"===t.key,n=["ArrowUp",Ti].includes(t.key);!n&&!i||e&&!i||(t.preventDefault(),e=this.matches(Ii)?this:z.prev(this,Ii)[0]||z.next(this,Ii)[0]||z.findOne(Ii,t.delegateTarget.parentNode),i=qi.getOrCreateInstance(e),n?(t.stopPropagation(),i.show(),i._selectMenuItem(t)):i._isShown()&&(t.stopPropagation(),i.hide(),e.focus()))}}N.on(document,Si,Ii,qi.dataApiKeydownHandler),N.on(document,Si,Pi,qi.dataApiKeydownHandler),N.on(document,Li,qi.clearMenus),N.on(document,"keyup.bs.dropdown.data-api",qi.clearMenus),N.on(document,Li,Ii,function(t){t.preventDefault(),qi.getOrCreateInstance(this).toggle()}),m(qi);const Vi="backdrop",Qi="mousedown.bs."+Vi,Xi={className:"modal-backdrop",clickCallback:null,isAnimated:!1,isVisible:!0,rootElement:"body"},Yi={className:"string",clickCallback:"(function|null)",isAnimated:"boolean",isVisible:"boolean",rootElement:"(element|string)"};class Ui extends H{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isAppended=!1,this._element=null}static get Default(){return Xi}static get DefaultType(){return Yi}static get NAME(){return Vi}show(t){var e;this._config.isVisible?(this._append(),e=this._getElement(),this._config.isAnimated&&d(e),e.classList.add("show"),this._emulateAnimation(()=>{g(t)})):g(t)}hide(t){this._config.isVisible?(this._getElement().classList.remove("show"),this._emulateAnimation(()=>{this.dispose(),g(t)})):g(t)}dispose(){this._isAppended&&(N.off(this._element,Qi),this._element.remove(),this._isAppended=!1)}_getElement(){var t;return this._element||((t=document.createElement("div")).className=this._config.className,this._config.isAnimated&&t.classList.add("fade"),this._element=t),this._element}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.rootElement=r(t.rootElement),t}_append(){var t;this._isAppended||(t=this._getElement(),this._config.rootElement.append(t),N.on(t,Qi,()=>{g(this._config.clickCallback)}),this._isAppended=!0)}_emulateAnimation(t){_(t,this._getElement(),this._config.isAnimated)}}const Gi=".bs.focustrap",tn=(Gi,Gi,"backward"),en={autofocus:!0,trapElement:null},nn={autofocus:"boolean",trapElement:"element"};class sn extends H{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isActive=!1,this._lastTabNavDirection=null}static get Default(){return en}static get DefaultType(){return nn}static get NAME(){return"focustrap"}activate(){this._isActive||(this._config.autofocus&&this._config.trapElement.focus(),N.off(document,Gi),N.on(document,"focusin.bs.focustrap",t=>this._handleFocusin(t)),N.on(document,"keydown.tab.bs.focustrap",t=>this._handleKeydown(t)),this._isActive=!0)}deactivate(){this._isActive&&(this._isActive=!1,N.off(document,Gi))}_handleFocusin(t){var e=this._config["trapElement"];t.target===document||t.target===e||e.contains(t.target)||(0===(t=z.focusableChildren(e)).length?e:this._lastTabNavDirection===tn?t[t.length-1]:t[0]).focus()}_handleKeydown(t){"Tab"===t.key&&(this._lastTabNavDirection=t.shiftKey?tn:"forward")}}const on=".fixed-top, .fixed-bottom, .is-fixed, .sticky-top",rn=".sticky-top",an="padding-right",ln="margin-right";class cn{constructor(){this._element=document.body}getWidth(){var t=document.documentElement.clientWidth;return Math.abs(window.innerWidth-t)}hide(){const t=this.getWidth();this._disableOverFlow(),this._setElementAttributes(this._element,an,e=>e+t),this._setElementAttributes(on,an,e=>e+t),this._setElementAttributes(rn,ln,e=>e-t)}reset(){this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"overflow"),this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,an),this._resetElementAttributes(on,an),this._resetElementAttributes(rn,ln)}isOverflowing(){return 0<this.getWidth()}_disableOverFlow(){this._saveInitialAttribute(this._element,"overflow"),this._element.style.overflow="hidden"}_setElementAttributes(t,e,i){const n=this.getWidth();this._applyManipulationCallback(t,t=>{var s;t!==this._element&&window.innerWidth>t.clientWidth+n||(this._saveInitialAttribute(t,e),s=window.getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue(e),t.style.setProperty(e,i(Number.parseFloat(s))+"px"))})}_saveInitialAttribute(t,e){var i=t.style.getPropertyValue(e);i&&F.setDataAttribute(t,e,i)}_resetElementAttributes(t,e){this._applyManipulationCallback(t,t=>{var i=F.getDataAttribute(t,e);null!==i?(F.removeDataAttribute(t,e),t.style.setProperty(e,i)):t.style.removeProperty(e)})}_applyManipulationCallback(t,e){if(o(t))e(t);else for(const i of z.find(t,this._element))e(i)}}const hn=".bs.modal",fn=(hn,hn,"hidden"+hn),pn="show"+hn,wn=(hn,hn,hn,hn,hn,hn,"modal-open"),En="modal-static",Tn={backdrop:!0,focus:!0,keyboard:!0},Cn={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",focus:"boolean",keyboard:"boolean"};class On extends W{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._dialog=z.findOne(".modal-dialog",this._element),this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._isShown=!1,this._isTransitioning=!1,this._scrollBar=new cn,this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return Tn}static get DefaultType(){return Cn}static get NAME(){return"modal"}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||N.trigger(this._element,pn,{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._isTransitioning=!0,this._scrollBar.hide(),document.body.classList.add(wn),this._adjustDialog(),this._backdrop.show(()=>this._showElement(t)))}hide(){!this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||N.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.modal").defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!1,this._isTransitioning=!0,this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.classList.remove("show"),this._queueCallback(()=>this._hideModal(),this._element,this._isAnimated()))}dispose(){N.off(window,hn),N.off(this._dialog,hn),this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}handleUpdate(){this._adjustDialog()}_initializeBackDrop(){return new Ui({isVisible:Boolean(this._config.backdrop),isAnimated:this._isAnimated()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new sn({trapElement:this._element})}_showElement(t){document.body.contains(this._element)||document.body.append(this._element),this._element.style.display="block",this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.scrollTop=0;var e=z.findOne(".modal-body",this._dialog);e&&(e.scrollTop=0),d(this._element),this._element.classList.add("show"),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._config.focus&&this._focustrap.activate(),this._isTransitioning=!1,N.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.modal",{relatedTarget:t})},this._dialog,this._isAnimated())}_addEventListeners(){N.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.modal",t=>{"Escape"===t.key&&(this._config.keyboard?this.hide():this._triggerBackdropTransition())}),N.on(window,"resize.bs.modal",()=>{this._isShown&&!this._isTransitioning&&this._adjustDialog()}),N.on(this._element,"mousedown.dismiss.bs.modal",t=>{N.one(this._element,"click.dismiss.bs.modal",e=>{this._element===t.target&&this._element===e.target&&("static"!==this._config.backdrop?this._config.backdrop&&this.hide():this._triggerBackdropTransition())})})}_hideModal(){this._element.style.display="none",this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._isTransitioning=!1,this._backdrop.hide(()=>{document.body.classList.remove(wn),this._resetAdjustments(),this._scrollBar.reset(),N.trigger(this._element,fn)})}_isAnimated(){return this._element.classList.contains("fade")}_triggerBackdropTransition(){if(!N.trigger(this._element,"hidePrevented.bs.modal").defaultPrevented){const t=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,e=this._element.style.overflowY;"hidden"===e||this._element.classList.contains(En)||(t||(this._element.style.overflowY="hidden"),this._element.classList.add(En),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.classList.remove(En),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.style.overflowY=e},this._dialog)},this._dialog),this._element.focus())}}_adjustDialog(){const t=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,e=this._scrollBar.getWidth(),i=0<e;if(i&&!t){const t=p()?"paddingLeft":"paddingRight";this._element.style[t]=e+"px"}if(!i&&t){const t=p()?"paddingRight":"paddingLeft";this._element.style[t]=e+"px"}}_resetAdjustments(){this._element.style.paddingLeft="",this._element.style.paddingRight=""}static jQueryInterface(t,e){return this.each(function(){var i=On.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===i[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);i[t](e)}})}}N.on(document,"click.bs.modal.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="modal"]',function(t){const e=z.getElementFromSelector(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),N.one(e,pn,t=>{t.defaultPrevented||N.one(e,fn,()=>{a(this)&&this.focus()})});t=z.findOne(".modal.show");t&&On.getInstance(t).hide(),On.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this)}),R(On),m(On);const xn=".bs.offcanvas",Dn="showing",In=".offcanvas.show",jn="hidePrevented"+xn,Fn="hidden"+xn,zn={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,scroll:!1},Rn={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",keyboard:"boolean",scroll:"boolean"};class qn extends W{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._isShown=!1,this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return zn}static get DefaultType(){return Rn}static get NAME(){return"offcanvas"}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||N.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._backdrop.show(),this._config.scroll||(new cn).hide(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.classList.add(Dn),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._config.scroll&&!this._config.backdrop||this._focustrap.activate(),this._element.classList.add("show"),this._element.classList.remove(Dn),N.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t})},this._element,!0))}hide(){!this._isShown||N.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.offcanvas").defaultPrevented||(this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.blur(),this._isShown=!1,this._element.classList.add("hiding"),this._backdrop.hide(),this._queueCallback(()=>{this._element.classList.remove("show","hiding"),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._config.scroll||(new cn).reset(),N.trigger(this._element,Fn)},this._element,!0))}dispose(){this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}_initializeBackDrop(){var t=Boolean(this._config.backdrop);return new Ui({className:"offcanvas-backdrop",isVisible:t,isAnimated:!0,rootElement:this._element.parentNode,clickCallback:t?()=>{"static"!==this._config.backdrop?this.hide():N.trigger(this._element,jn)}:null})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new sn({trapElement:this._element})}_addEventListeners(){N.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.offcanvas",t=>{"Escape"===t.key&&(this._config.keyboard?this.hide():N.trigger(this._element,jn))})}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each(function(){var e=qn.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t]||t.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===t)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t](this)}})}}N.on(document,"click.bs.offcanvas.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="offcanvas"]',function(t){var e=z.getElementFromSelector(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),l(this)||(N.one(e,Fn,()=>{a(this)&&this.focus()}),(t=z.findOne(In))&&t!==e&&qn.getInstance(t).hide(),qn.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this))}),N.on(window,"load.bs.offcanvas.data-api",()=>{for(const t of z.find(In))qn.getOrCreateInstance(t).show()}),N.on(window,"resize.bs.offcanvas",()=>{for(const t of z.find("[aria-modal][class*=show][class*=offcanvas-]"))"fixed"!==getComputedStyle(t).position&&qn.getOrCreateInstance(t).hide()}),R(qn),m(qn);const Vn={"*":["class","dir","id","lang","role",/^aria-[\w-]*$/i],a:["target","href","title","rel"],area:[],b:[],br:[],col:[],code:[],div:[],em:[],hr:[],h1:[],h2:[],h3:[],h4:[],h5:[],h6:[],i:[],img:["src","srcset","alt","title","width","height"],li:[],ol:[],p:[],pre:[],s:[],small:[],span:[],sub:[],sup:[],strong:[],u:[],ul:[]},Kn=new Set(["background","cite","href","itemtype","longdesc","poster","src","xlink:href"]),Qn=/^(?!javascript:)(?:[a-z0-9+.-]+:|[^&:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Yn={allowList:Vn,content:{},extraClass:"",html:!1,sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,template:"<div></div>"},Un={allowList:"object",content:"object",extraClass:"(string|function)",html:"boolean",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",template:"string"},Gn={entry:"(string|element|function|null)",selector:"(string|element)"};class Jn extends H{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t)}static get Default(){return Yn}static get DefaultType(){return Un}static get NAME(){return"TemplateFactory"}getContent(){return Object.values(this._config.content).map(t=>this._resolvePossibleFunction(t)).filter(Boolean)}hasContent(){return 0<this.getContent().length}changeContent(t){return this._checkContent(t),this._config.content={...this._config.content,...t},this}toHtml(){var t=document.createElement("div");t.innerHTML=this._maybeSanitize(this._config.template);for(const[e,i]of Object.entries(this._config.content))this._setContent(t,i,e);const e=t.children[0],i=this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.extraClass);return i&&e.classList.add(...i.split(" ")),e}_typeCheckConfig(t){super._typeCheckConfig(t),this._checkContent(t.content)}_checkContent(t){for(var[e,i]of Object.entries(t))super._typeCheckConfig({selector:e,entry:i},Gn)}_setContent(t,e,i){i=z.findOne(i,t);i&&((e=this._resolvePossibleFunction(e))?o(e)?this._putElementInTemplate(r(e),i):this._config.html?i.innerHTML=this._maybeSanitize(e):i.textContent=e:i.remove())}_maybeSanitize(t){return this._config.sanitize?function(t,e,i){if(!t.length)return t;if(i&&"function"==typeof i)return i(t);const n=(new window.DOMParser).parseFromString(t,"text/html"),s=[].concat(...n.body.querySelectorAll("*"));for(const t of s){const i=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(Object.keys(e).includes(i)){const n=[].concat(...t.attributes),s=[].concat(e["*"]||[],e[i]||[]);for(const e of n)((t,e)=>{const i=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return e.includes(i)?!Kn.has(i)||Boolean(Qn.test(t.nodeValue)):e.filter(t=>t instanceof RegExp).some(t=>t.test(i))})(e,s)||t.removeAttribute(e.nodeName)}else t.remove()}return n.body.innerHTML}(t,this._config.allowList,this._config.sanitizeFn):t}_resolvePossibleFunction(t){return g(t,[this])}_putElementInTemplate(t,e){this._config.html?(e.innerHTML="",e.append(t)):e.textContent=t.textContent}}const Zn=new Set(["sanitize","allowList","sanitizeFn"]),ts="fade",es="show",ns="hide.bs.modal",ss="hover",os="focus",rs={AUTO:"auto",TOP:"top",RIGHT:p()?"left":"right",BOTTOM:"bottom",LEFT:p()?"right":"left"},as={allowList:Vn,animation:!0,boundary:"clippingParents",container:!1,customClass:"",delay:0,fallbackPlacements:["top","right","bottom","left"],html:!1,offset:[0,6],placement:"top",popperConfig:null,sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,selector:!1,template:'<div class="tooltip" role="tooltip"><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"></div></div>',title:"",trigger:"hover focus"},ls={allowList:"object",animation:"boolean",boundary:"(string|element)",container:"(string|element|boolean)",customClass:"(string|function)",delay:"(number|object)",fallbackPlacements:"array",html:"boolean",offset:"(array|string|function)",placement:"(string|function)",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",selector:"(string|boolean)",template:"string",title:"(string|element|function)",trigger:"string"};class cs extends W{constructor(t,e){if(void 0===vi)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's tooltips require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");super(t,e),this._isEnabled=!0,this._timeout=0,this._isHovered=null,this._activeTrigger={},this._popper=null,this._templateFactory=null,this._newContent=null,this.tip=null,this._setListeners(),this._config.selector||this._fixTitle()}static get Default(){return as}static get DefaultType(){return ls}static get NAME(){return"tooltip"}enable(){this._isEnabled=!0}disable(){this._isEnabled=!1}toggleEnabled(){this._isEnabled=!this._isEnabled}toggle(){this._isEnabled&&(this._activeTrigger.click=!this._activeTrigger.click,this._isShown()?this._leave():this._enter())}dispose(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),N.off(this._element.closest(".modal"),ns,this._hideModalHandler),this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")&&this._element.setAttribute("title",this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")),this._disposePopper(),super.dispose()}show(){if("none"===this._element.style.display)throw new Error("Please use show on visible elements");if(this._isWithContent()&&this._isEnabled){const t=N.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("show")),e=(c(this._element)||this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement).contains(this._element);if(!t.defaultPrevented&&e){this._disposePopper();var i=this._getTipElement(),n=(this._element.setAttribute("aria-describedby",i.getAttribute("id")),this._config)["container"];if(this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement.contains(this.tip)||(n.append(i),N.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("inserted"))),this._popper=this._createPopper(i),i.classList.add(es),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))N.on(t,"mouseover",h);this._queueCallback(()=>{N.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("shown")),!1===this._isHovered&&this._leave(),this._isHovered=!1},this.tip,this._isAnimated())}}}hide(){if(this._isShown()&&!N.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("hide")).defaultPrevented){if(this._getTipElement().classList.remove(es),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))N.off(t,"mouseover",h);this._activeTrigger.click=!1,this._activeTrigger[os]=!1,this._activeTrigger[ss]=!1,this._isHovered=null,this._queueCallback(()=>{this._isWithActiveTrigger()||(this._isHovered||this._disposePopper(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-describedby"),N.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("hidden")))},this.tip,this._isAnimated())}}update(){this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_isWithContent(){return Boolean(this._getTitle())}_getTipElement(){return this.tip||(this.tip=this._createTipElement(this._newContent||this._getContentForTemplate())),this.tip}_createTipElement(t){t=this._getTemplateFactory(t).toHtml();if(!t)return null;t.classList.remove(ts,es),t.classList.add(`bs-${this.constructor.NAME}-auto`);var i=(t=>{for(;t+=Math.floor(1e6*Math.random()),document.getElementById(t););return t})(this.constructor.NAME).toString();return t.setAttribute("id",i),this._isAnimated()&&t.classList.add(ts),t}setContent(t){this._newContent=t,this._isShown()&&(this._disposePopper(),this.show())}_getTemplateFactory(t){return this._templateFactory?this._templateFactory.changeContent(t):this._templateFactory=new Jn({...this._config,content:t,extraClass:this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.customClass)}),this._templateFactory}_getContentForTemplate(){return{".tooltip-inner":this._getTitle()}}_getTitle(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.title)||this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")}_initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t){return this.constructor.getOrCreateInstance(t.delegateTarget,this._getDelegateConfig())}_isAnimated(){return this._config.animation||this.tip&&this.tip.classList.contains(ts)}_isShown(){return this.tip&&this.tip.classList.contains(es)}_createPopper(t){var e=g(this._config.placement,[this,t,this._element]),e=rs[e.toUpperCase()];return bi(this._element,t,this._getPopperConfig(e))}_getOffset(){const t=this._config["offset"];return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map(t=>Number.parseInt(t,10)):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_resolvePossibleFunction(t){return g(t,[this._element])}_getPopperConfig(t){t={placement:t,modifiers:[{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:this._config.fallbackPlacements}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}},{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"arrow",options:{element:`.${this.constructor.NAME}-arrow`}},{name:"preSetPlacement",enabled:!0,phase:"beforeMain",fn:t=>{this._getTipElement().setAttribute("data-popper-placement",t.state.placement)}}]};return{...t,...g(this._config.popperConfig,[t])}}_setListeners(){const t=this._config.trigger.split(" ");for(const e of t)if("click"===e)N.on(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("click"),this._config.selector,t=>{this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t).toggle()});else if("manual"!==e){const t=e===ss?this.constructor.eventName("mouseenter"):this.constructor.eventName("focusin"),i=e===ss?this.constructor.eventName("mouseleave"):this.constructor.eventName("focusout");N.on(this._element,t,this._config.selector,t=>{var e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t);e._activeTrigger["focusin"===t.type?os:ss]=!0,e._enter()}),N.on(this._element,i,this._config.selector,t=>{var e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t);e._activeTrigger["focusout"===t.type?os:ss]=e._element.contains(t.relatedTarget),e._leave()})}this._hideModalHandler=()=>{this._element&&this.hide()},N.on(this._element.closest(".modal"),ns,this._hideModalHandler)}_fixTitle(){var t=this._element.getAttribute("title");t&&(this._element.getAttribute("aria-label")||this._element.textContent.trim()||this._element.setAttribute("aria-label",t),this._element.setAttribute("data-bs-original-title",t),this._element.removeAttribute("title"))}_enter(){this._isShown()||this._isHovered?this._isHovered=!0:(this._isHovered=!0,this._setTimeout(()=>{this._isHovered&&this.show()},this._config.delay.show))}_leave(){this._isWithActiveTrigger()||(this._isHovered=!1,this._setTimeout(()=>{this._isHovered||this.hide()},this._config.delay.hide))}_setTimeout(t,e){clearTimeout(this._timeout),this._timeout=setTimeout(t,e)}_isWithActiveTrigger(){return Object.values(this._activeTrigger).includes(!0)}_getConfig(t){var e=F.getDataAttributes(this._element);for(const t of Object.keys(e))Zn.has(t)&&delete e[t];return t={...e,..."object"==typeof t&&t?t:{}},t=this._mergeConfigObj(t),t=this._configAfterMerge(t),this._typeCheckConfig(t),t}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.container=!1===t.container?document.body:r(t.container),"number"==typeof t.delay&&(t.delay={show:t.delay,hide:t.delay}),"number"==typeof t.title&&(t.title=t.title.toString()),"number"==typeof t.content&&(t.content=t.content.toString()),t}_getDelegateConfig(){var e,i,t={};for([e,i]of Object.entries(this._config))this.constructor.Default[e]!==i&&(t[e]=i);return t.selector=!1,t.trigger="manual",t}_disposePopper(){this._popper&&(this._popper.destroy(),this._popper=null),this.tip&&(this.tip.remove(),this.tip=null)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each(function(){var e=cs.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}})}}m(cs);const hs={...cs.Default,content:"",offset:[0,8],placement:"right",template:'<div class="popover" role="tooltip"><div class="popover-arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-header"></h3><div class="popover-body"></div></div>',trigger:"click"},ds={...cs.DefaultType,content:"(null|string|element|function)"};class us extends cs{static get Default(){return hs}static get DefaultType(){return ds}static get NAME(){return"popover"}_isWithContent(){return this._getTitle()||this._getContent()}_getContentForTemplate(){return{".popover-header":this._getTitle(),".popover-body":this._getContent()}}_getContent(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.content)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each(function(){var e=us.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}})}}m(us);const fs=".bs.scrollspy",ms="click"+fs,_s="active",bs="[href]",ws={offset:null,rootMargin:"0px 0px -25%",smoothScroll:!1,target:null,threshold:[.1,.5,1]},As={offset:"(number|null)",rootMargin:"string",smoothScroll:"boolean",target:"element",threshold:"array"};class Es extends W{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._targetLinks=new Map,this._observableSections=new Map,this._rootElement="visible"===getComputedStyle(this._element).overflowY?null:this._element,this._activeTarget=null,this._observer=null,this._previousScrollData={visibleEntryTop:0,parentScrollTop:0},this.refresh()}static get Default(){return ws}static get DefaultType(){return As}static get NAME(){return"scrollspy"}refresh(){this._initializeTargetsAndObservables(),this._maybeEnableSmoothScroll(),this._observer?this._observer.disconnect():this._observer=this._getNewObserver();for(const t of this._observableSections.values())this._observer.observe(t)}dispose(){this._observer.disconnect(),super.dispose()}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.target=r(t.target)||document.body,t.rootMargin=t.offset?t.offset+"px 0px -30%":t.rootMargin,"string"==typeof t.threshold&&(t.threshold=t.threshold.split(",").map(t=>Number.parseFloat(t))),t}_maybeEnableSmoothScroll(){this._config.smoothScroll&&(N.off(this._config.target,ms),N.on(this._config.target,ms,bs,t=>{var 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diff --git a/assets/styles.css b/assets/styles.css
index d20b80e..4dc74d3 100644
--- a/assets/styles.css
+++ b/assets/styles.css
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ﻿/*!
- * Bootstrap v5.1.3 (https://getbootstrap.com/)
- * Copyright 2011-2021 The Bootstrap Authors
- * Copyright 2011-2021 Twitter, Inc.
+ * Bootstrap  v5.3.2 (https://getbootstrap.com/)
+ * Copyright 2011-2023 The Bootstrap Authors
  * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE)
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.dropdown-toggle-split::before{margin-right:0}.btn-sm+.dropdown-toggle-split,.btn-group-sm>.btn+.dropdown-toggle-split{padding-right:.375rem;padding-left:.375rem}.btn-lg+.dropdown-toggle-split,.btn-group-lg>.btn+.dropdown-toggle-split{padding-right:.75rem;padding-left:.75rem}.btn-group-vertical{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center}.btn-group-vertical>.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group{width:100%}.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:first-child),.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child){margin-top:calc(var(--bs-border-width) * -1)}.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:last-child)>.btn{border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn-group-vertical>.btn~.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child)>.btn{border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight: ;--bs-nav-link-color: 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.offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.navbar-expand-xl{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.navbar-expand-xxl{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}.navbar-expand{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}.navbar-dark,.navbar[data-bs-theme=dark]{--bs-navbar-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);--bs-navbar-disabled-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color: #fff;--bs-navbar-brand-color: #fff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color: #fff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%28255, 255, 255, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}[data-bs-theme=dark] .navbar-toggler-icon{--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%28255, 255, 255, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-title-color: ;--bs-card-subtitle-color: ;--bs-card-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), 0.03);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);color:var(--bs-card-title-color)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-subtitle-color)}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header:first-child{border-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) 0 0}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer:last-child{border-radius:0 0 var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding);border-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-img,.card-img-top{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-img,.card-img-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 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reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;border-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-item:first-of-type .accordion-button{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-item:last-of-type{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-button.collapsed{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius)}.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-collapse{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-accordion-border-radius)}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush .accordion-collapse{border-width:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0;border-radius:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button,.accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button.collapsed{border-radius:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%236ea8fe'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%236ea8fe'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.breadcrumb{--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") /* rtl: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") */}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.pagination{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1rem;--bs-pagination-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-pagination-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-pagination-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-pagination-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-pagination-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-pagination-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-hover-bg: var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-pagination-hover-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-pagination-focus-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-focus-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);--bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;--bs-pagination-active-bg: #0d6efd;--bs-pagination-active-border-color: #0d6efd;--bs-pagination-disabled-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-pagination-disabled-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);display:flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none}.page-link{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-pagination-font-size);color:var(--bs-pagination-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-bg);border:var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.page-link{transition:none}}.page-link:hover{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color)}.page-link:focus{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow)}.page-link.active,.active>.page-link{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color)}.page-link.disabled,.disabled>.page-link{color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color)}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:calc(var(--bs-border-width) * -1)}.page-item:first-child .page-link{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.page-item:last-child .page-link{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.pagination-lg{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg)}.pagination-sm{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-sm)}.badge{--bs-badge-padding-x: 0.65em;--bs-badge-padding-y: 0.35em;--bs-badge-font-size:0.75em;--bs-badge-font-weight: 700;--bs-badge-color: #fff;--bs-badge-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-badge-padding-y) var(--bs-badge-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-badge-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-badge-font-weight);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-badge-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline;border-radius:var(--bs-badge-border-radius)}.badge:empty{display:none}.btn .badge{position:relative;top:-1px}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-success{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.alert-danger{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes{0%{background-position-x:1rem}}.progress,.progress-stacked{--bs-progress-height: 1rem;--bs-progress-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-progress-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-progress-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-progress-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow-inset);--bs-progress-bar-color: #fff;--bs-progress-bar-bg: #0d6efd;--bs-progress-bar-transition: width 0.6s ease;display:flex;height:var(--bs-progress-height);overflow:hidden;font-size:var(--bs-progress-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-progress-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-progress-border-radius)}.progress-bar{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;color:var(--bs-progress-bar-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;background-color:var(--bs-progress-bar-bg);transition:var(--bs-progress-bar-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar{transition:none}}.progress-bar-striped{background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-size:var(--bs-progress-height) var(--bs-progress-height)}.progress-stacked>.progress{overflow:visible}.progress-stacked>.progress>.progress-bar{width:100%}.progress-bar-animated{animation:1s linear infinite progress-bar-stripes}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar-animated{animation:none}}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-list-group-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-list-group-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-list-group-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-list-group-disabled-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-disabled-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-active-color: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg: #0d6efd;--bs-list-group-active-border-color: #0d6efd;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-numbered{list-style-type:none;counter-reset:section}.list-group-numbered>.list-group-item::before{content:counters(section, ".") ". ";counter-increment:section}.list-group-item-action{width:100%;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-color);text-align:inherit}.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-action:focus{z-index:1;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg)}.list-group-item-action:active{color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item.disabled,.list-group-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg)}.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-list-group-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-border-color)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-horizontal{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}@media(min-width: 576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.list-group-horizontal-md{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.list-group-horizontal-xl{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.list-group-horizontal-xxl{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}.list-group-flush{border-radius:0}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.list-group-item-primary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-secondary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-success{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-info{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-warning{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-danger{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-light{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-dark{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.toast{--bs-toast-zindex: 1090;--bs-toast-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-toast-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-toast-spacing: 1.5rem;--bs-toast-max-width: 350px;--bs-toast-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-toast-color: ;--bs-toast-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), 0.85);--bs-toast-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-toast-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-toast-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-toast-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-toast-header-color: var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-toast-header-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), 0.85);--bs-toast-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);width:var(--bs-toast-max-width);max-width:100%;font-size:var(--bs-toast-font-size);color:var(--bs-toast-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-toast-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-border-color);box-shadow:var(--bs-toast-box-shadow);border-radius:var(--bs-toast-border-radius)}.toast.showing{opacity:0}.toast:not(.show){display:none}.toast-container{--bs-toast-zindex: 1090;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-toast-zindex);width:max-content;max-width:100%;pointer-events:none}.toast-container>:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--bs-toast-spacing)}.toast-header{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-toast-padding-y) var(--bs-toast-padding-x);color:var(--bs-toast-header-color);background-color:var(--bs-toast-header-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border-bottom:var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:calc(var(--bs-toast-border-radius) - var(--bs-toast-border-width));border-top-right-radius:calc(var(--bs-toast-border-radius) - var(--bs-toast-border-width))}.toast-header .btn-close{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-toast-padding-x));margin-left:var(--bs-toast-padding-x)}.toast-body{padding:var(--bs-toast-padding-x);word-wrap:break-word}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex: 1055;--bs-modal-width: 500px;--bs-modal-padding: 1rem;--bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-color: ;--bs-modal-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static 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diff --git a/assets/themetoggle.js b/assets/themetoggle.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeddc50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/themetoggle.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+(()=>{"use strict";try{var store=window.localStorage||{}}catch(e){store={}}const getPreferredTheme=()=>{var storedTheme=store.getItem("theme");return storedTheme||(window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches?"dark":"light")},setTheme=theme=>{"auto"===theme&&window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches?document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme","dark"):"auto"===theme&&window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme","light"):document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme",theme)},showActiveTheme=(setTheme(getPreferredTheme()),(theme,focus=!1)=>{const themeSwitcher=document.querySelector("#bd-theme");var svgOfActiveBtn;themeSwitcher&&(document.querySelectorAll("[data-bs-theme-value]").forEach(element=>{element.classList.remove("active"),element.setAttribute("aria-pressed","false")}),document.querySelectorAll(`[data-bs-theme-value="${theme}"]`).forEach(btnToActive=>{svgOfActiveBtn=btnToActive.querySelector("svg use").getAttribute("href"),btnToActive.classList.add("active"),btnToActive.setAttribute("aria-pressed","true");btnToActive=`Toggle theme (${btnToActive.dataset.bsThemeValue})`;themeSwitcher.setAttribute("aria-label",btnToActive),focus&&themeSwitcher.focus()}),document.querySelectorAll(".theme-icon-active use").forEach(activeThemeIcon=>{activeThemeIcon.setAttribute("href",svgOfActiveBtn)}))});window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").addEventListener("change",()=>{"auto"==store.getItem("theme")&&setTheme(getPreferredTheme())}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",()=>{showActiveTheme(getPreferredTheme()),document.querySelectorAll("[data-bs-theme-value]").forEach(toggle=>{toggle.addEventListener("click",()=>{var theme=toggle.getAttribute("data-bs-theme-value");store.setItem("theme",theme),setTheme(theme),showActiveTheme(theme,!0)})})})})();
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diff --git a/constant_memory.html b/constant_memory.html
index df1c974..91356d1 100644
--- a/constant_memory.html
+++ b/constant_memory.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
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   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Shared Memory and
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="streams.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Concurrent access to... 
+          Next: Concurrent access to...
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Constant Memory</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/constant_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -398,9 +451,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant
-memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>What should be the output of the following line of code?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -414,9 +465,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
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-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In our case the output of this line of code is two floating point
 numbers, e.g. <code>[0.11390183 0.2585096 ]</code>. However, we are not
@@ -474,8 +525,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-generalize-the-previous-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-generalize-the-previous-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Have a look again at the code using constant memory, and make it
 general enough to be able to run on input of arbitrary size. Experiment
@@ -486,9 +536,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="ancho
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
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-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One of the possible solutions is the following one.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -544,8 +594,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Globally scoped arrays, which size is known at compile time, can be
 stored in constant memory using the <code>__constant__</code>
@@ -553,9 +602,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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@@ -573,7 +622,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Shared Memory and
         </a>
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@@ -584,20 +633,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -619,33 +668,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/constant_memory.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/constant_memory.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-  <script>
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-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/cupy.html b/cupy.html
index 8f22712..4bd5003 100644
--- a/cupy.html
+++ b/cupy.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Using your GPU with CuPy</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Using your GPU with CuPy</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
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       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
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+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
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+                  </li>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
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@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Introduction
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="numba.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Accelerate your... 
+          Next: Accelerate your...
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Using your GPU with CuPy</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/cupy.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -337,295 +390,297 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="section level1">
 <h1 id="introduction-to-cupy">Introduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a></h1>
 <p><a href="https://cupy.dev" class="external-link">CuPy</a> is a GPU array library that
-implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. This makes it a
-very convenient tool to use the compute power of GPUs for people that
-have some experience with NumPy, without the need to write code in a GPU
-programming language such as CUDA, OpenCL, or HIP.</p>
+implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. Thanks to CuPy,
+people conversant with NumPy can very conveniently harvest the compute
+power of GPUs without writing code in GPU programming languages such as
+CUDA, OpenCL, and HIP.</p>
+<p>From now on we can also use the word <em>host</em> to refer to the
+CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node you are using as usual, and
+<em>device</em> to refer to the graphics card and its GPU.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-in-python">Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a></h1>
-<p>We start by generating an artificial “image” on the host using Python
-and NumPy; the host is the CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node
-you are using right now, and from now on we may use <em>host</em> to
-refer to the CPU and <em>device</em> to refer to the GPU. The image will
-be all zeros, except for isolated pixels with value one, on a regular
-grid. The plan is to convolve it with a Gaussian and inspect the result.
-We will also record the time it takes to execute this convolution on the
-host.</p>
-<p>We can interactively write and executed the code in an iPython shell
-or a Jupyter notebook.</p>
+<h1 id="convolutions-in-python">Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a></h1>
+<p>We start by generating an image using Python and NumPy code. We want
+to compute a convolution on this input image once on the host and once
+on the device, and then compare both the execution times and the
+results.</p>
+<p>In an iPython shell or a Jupyter notebook, we can write and execute
+the following code on the host. The pixel values will be zero everywhere
+except for a regular grid of single pixels having value one, very much
+like a Dirac’s delta function; hence the input image is named
+<code>deltas</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Construct an image with repeated delta functions</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>To get a feeling of how the whole image looks like, we can display
-the top-left corner of it.</p>
+<p>We can display the top-left corner of the input image to get a
+feeling of how it looks like, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pylab <span class="im">as</span> pyl</span>
-<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Necessary command to render a matplotlib image in a Jupyter notebook.</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Jupyter 'magic' command to render a Matplotlib image in the notebook</span></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>matplotlib inline</span>
 <span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Display the image</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(deltas[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in/out using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(diracs[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>After executing the code, you should see the following image.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
-</figure><div class="section level3">
-<h3 id="background">Background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#background"></a></h3>
-<p>The computation we want to perform on this image is a convolution,
-once on the host and once on the device so we can compare the results
-and execution times. In computer vision applications, convolutions are
-often used to filter images and if you want to know more about them, we
-encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this github
+<p>and you should obtain the following image:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
+</figure><div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="gaussian-convolutions">Gaussian convolutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#gaussian-convolutions"></a></h2>
+<p>The illustration below shows an example of convolution (courtesy of
+Michael Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons). Looking at the
+terminology in the illustration, be forewarned that the word
+<em>kernel</em> happens to have different meanings that, inconveniently,
+apply to both mathematical convolution and coding on a GPU device. To
+know more about convolutions, we encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this GitHub
 repository</a> by Vincent Dumoulin and Francesco Visin with some great
-animations. We have already seen that we can think of an image as a
-matrix of color values, when we convolve that image with a particular
-filter, we generate a new matrix with different color values. An example
-of convolution can be seen in the figure below (illustration by Michael
-Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
-</figure><p>In our example, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
-function shown below:</p>
+animations.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
+</figure><p>In this course section, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
+function, having the general form:</p>
 <p><span class="math display">\[G(x,y) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sigma^2}
-\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right),\]</span></p>
-<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are the “coordinates in our matrix,
-i.e. our row and columns, and <span class="math display">\[\sigma\]</span> controls the width of the
-Gaussian distribution. Convolving images with 2D Gaussian functions will
-change the value of each pixel to be a weighted average of the pixels
-around it, thereby”smoothing” the image. Convolving images with a
-Gaussian function reduces the noise in the image, which is often
-required in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge-detection</a>
-since most algorithms to do this are sensitive to noise.</p>
+\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right)\]</span></p>
+<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are distances from the origin, and
+<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> controls the width of the
+Gaussian curve. Since we can think of an image as a matrix of color
+values, the convolution of that image with a kernel generates a new
+matrix with different color values. In particular, convolving images
+with a 2D Gaussian kernel changes the value of each pixel into a
+weighted average of the neighboring pixels, thereby smoothing out the
+features in the input image.</p>
+<p>Convolutions are frequently used in computer vision to filter images.
+For example, Gaussian convolution can be required before applying
+algorithms for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge
+detection</a>, which are sensitive to the noise in the original image.
+To avoid conflicting vocabularies, in the remainder we refer to
+<em>convolution kernels</em> as <em>filters</em>.</p>
 <div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>It is often useful to identify the dataflow inherent in a problem.
-Say, if we want to square a list of numbers, all the operations are
-independent. The dataflow of a one-to-one operation is called a
-<em>map</em>.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
-</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complicated. Here we have a
-many-to-one data flow, which is also known as a stencil.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
-</figure><p>GPU’s are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
-one of these patterns.</p>
-</div>
+<p>Identifying the dataflow inherent in an algorithm is often useful.
+Say, if we want to square the numbers in a list, the operations on each
+item of the list are independent one of another. The dataflow of a
+one-to-one operation is called a <em>map</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
+</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complex because of a many-to-one
+dataflow, also known as a <em>stencil</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
+</figure><p>GPUs are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
+either dataflow.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a></h1>
-<p>Let us first construct the Gaussian, and then display it. Remember
-that at this point we are still doing everything with standard Python,
-and not using the GPU yet.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a></h2>
+<p>Let’s first construct and then display the Gaussian filter. Remember
+that we are still coding everything in standard Python, without using
+the GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x, y <span class="op">=</span> np.meshgrid(np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>), np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dst <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dist <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
 <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>muu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>((dst<span class="op">-</span>muu)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">/</span>(<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>)))</span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>origin <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>(dist <span class="op">-</span> origin)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">/</span> (<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(gauss)</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This should show you a symmetrical two-dimensional Gaussian.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
-</figure><p>Now we are ready to do the convolution on the host. We do not have to
-write this convolution function ourselves, as it is very conveniently
-provided by SciPy. Let us also record the time it takes to perform this
-convolution and inspect the top left corner of the convolved image.</p>
+<p>The code above produces this image of a symmetrical two-dimensional
+Gaussian:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
+</figure><p>Now we are ready to compute the convolution on the host. Very
+conveniently, SciPy provides a method for convolutions. Let’s also
+record the time to perform this convolution and inspect the top-left
+corner of the convolved image, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_CPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_using_CPU[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_cpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span>
+<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_cpu[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span>
-<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Obviously, the time to perform this convolution will depend very much
-on the power of your CPU, but I expect you to find that it takes a
-couple of seconds.</p>
+<p>Obviously, the compute power of your CPU influences the actual
+execution time very much. We expect that to be in the region of a couple
+of seconds, as shown in the timing report below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>2.4 s ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>When you display the corner of the image, you can see that the “ones”
-surrounded by zeros have actually been blurred by a Gaussian, so we end
-up with a regular grid of Gaussians.</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p>Displaying just a corner of the image shows that the Gaussian has so
+much blurred the original pattern of ones surrounded by zeros that we
+end up with a regular pattern of Gaussians.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure></div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a></h1>
-<p>This is part of a lesson on GPU programming, so let us use the GPU.
-Although there is a physical connection - i.e. a cable - between the CPU
-and the GPU, they do not share the same memory space. This image depicts
-the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are connected:</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
-</figure><p>This means that an array created from e.g. an iPython shell using
-NumPy is physically located into the main memory of the host, and
-therefore available for the CPU but not the GPU. It is not yet present
-in GPU memory, which means that we need to copy our data, the input
-image and the convolving function to the GPU, before we can execute any
-code on it. In practice, we have the arrays <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> in the host’s RAM, and we need to copy them to GPU
-memory using CuPy.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a></h2>
+<p>This is a lesson on GPU programming, so let’s use the GPU. In spite
+of being physically connected – typically with special <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_(integrated_circuits)" class="external-link">interconnects</a>
+– the CPU and the GPU do not share the same memory space. This picture
+depicts the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are
+connected:</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
+</figure><p>This means that the array created with NumPy is physically stored in
+a memory of the host’s and, therefore, is only available to the CPU.
+Since our input image and convolution filter are not yet present in the
+device memory, we need to copy both data to the GPU before executing any
+code on it. In practice, we use CuPy to copy the arrays
+<code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> from the host’s Random Access
+Memory (RAM) to the GPU memory as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> cupy <span class="im">as</span> cp</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Now it is time to do the convolution on the GPU. SciPy does not offer
-functions that can use the GPU, so we need to import the convolution
-function from another library, called <code>cupyx</code>;
-<code>cupyx.scipy</code> contains a subset of all SciPy routines. You
-will see that the GPU convolution function from the <code>cupyx</code>
-library looks very much like the convolution function from SciPy we used
-previously. In general, NumPy and CuPy look very similar, as well as the
-SciPy and <code>cupyx</code> libraries, and this is on purpose to
-facilitate the use of the GPU by programmers that are already familiar
-with NumPy and SciPy. Let us again record the time to execute the
-convolution, so that we can compare it with the time it took on the
-host.</p>
+<p>Now it is time to compute the convolution on our GPU. Inconveniently,
+SciPy does not offer methods running on GPUs. Hence, we import the
+convolution function from a CuPy package aliased as <code>cupyx</code>,
+whose sub-package <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/reference/scipy.html" class="external-link"><code>cupyx.scipy</code></a>
+performs a selection of the SciPy operations. We will soon verify that
+the GPU convolution function of <code>cupyx</code> works out the same
+calculations as the CPU convolution function of SciPy. In general, CuPy
+proper and NumPy are so similar as are the <code>cupyx</code> methods
+and SciPy; this is intended to invite programmers already familiar with
+NumPy and SciPy to use the GPU for computing. For now, let’s again
+record the execution time on the device for the same convolution as the
+host, and can compare the respective performances.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_gpu</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Similar to what we had previously on the host, the execution time of
-the GPU convolution will depend very much on the GPU used. These are the
-results using a NVIDIA Tesla T4 on Google Colab.</p>
+<p>Also the execution time of the GPU convolution will depend very much
+on the hardware used, as seen for the host. The timing using a NVIDIA
+Tesla T4 on Google Colab was:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>98.2 µs ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 7 loops each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This is a lot faster than on the host, a performance improvement, or
-speedup, of 24439 times. Impressive, but is it true?</p>
+<p>This is way faster than the host: more than a 24000-fold performance
+improvement, or speedup. Impressive, but is that true?</p>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a></h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a></h2>
 <p>So far we used <code>timeit</code> to measure the performance of our
-Python code, no matter if it was running on the CPU or was GPU
-accelerated. However, execution on the GPU is asynchronous: the control
-is given back to the Python interpreter immediately, while the GPU is
-still executing the task. Because of this, we cannot use
-<code>timeit</code> anymore: the timing would not be correct.</p>
-<p>CuPy provides a function, <code>benchmark</code> that we can use to
-measure the time it takes the GPU to execute our kernels.</p>
+Python code, no matter whether it was running on the CPU or was
+GPU-accelerated. However, the execution on the GPU is
+<em>asynchronous</em>: the Python interpreter takes back control of the
+program execution immediately, while the GPU is still executing the
+task. Therefore, the timing of <code>timeit</code> is not reliable.</p>
+<p>Conveniently, <code>cupyx</code> provides the function
+<code>benchmark()</code> that measures the actual execution time in the
+GPU. The following code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> with the
+appropriate arguments ten times, and stores inside the
+<code>.gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
+<code>execution_gpu</code> the execution time of each run in
+seconds.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.profiler <span class="im">import</span> benchmark</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The previous code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu</code> ten times, and
-stores the execution time of each run, in seconds, inside the
-<code>gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
-<code>execution_gpu</code>. We can then compute the average execution
-time and print it, as shown.</p>
+<p>These measurements are also more stable and representative, because
+<code>benchmark()</code> disregards the compile time and the repetitions
+warm up the GPU. We can then average the execution times, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>Another advantage of the <code>benchmark</code> method is that it
-excludes the compile time, and warms up the GPU, so that measurements
-are more stable and representative.</p>
-<p>With the new measuring code in place, we can measure performance
-again.</p>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>whereby the performance revisited is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.020642 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, speedup of 116
-times over the host code.</p>
+<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, 116-fold speedup
+with respect to the execution on the host.</p>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without
-CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without CuPy</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>deltas</code> with the NumPy
-array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, without using CuPy arrays.
-If this works, it should save us the time and effort of transferring
-<code>deltas</code> and <code>gauss</code> to the GPU.</p>
+<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>diracs</code> with the NumPy
+array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, that is, without CuPy
+arrays. If this works, it will save us the time and effort of
+transferring the arrays <code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> to
+the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>We can directly try to use the GPU convolution function
-<code>convolve2d_gpu</code> with <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> as inputs.</p>
+<p>We can call the GPU convolution function
+<code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> directly with <code>deltas</code> and
+<code>gauss</code> as argument:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>However, this gives a long error message ending with:</p>
+<p>However, this throws a long error message ending with:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: Unsupported type &lt;class 'numpy.ndarray'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>It is unfortunately not possible to access NumPy arrays directly from
-the GPU because they exist in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the host
-and not in GPU memory.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to access directly from the GPU the
+NumPy arrays that live in the host RAM.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a></h1>
-<p>To check that we actually computed the same output on the host and
-the device we can compare the two output arrays
-<code>convolved_image_using_GPU</code> and
-<code>convolved_image_using_CPU</code>.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a></h2>
+<p>To check that the host and the device actually produced the same
+output, we compare the two output arrays
+<code>convolved_image_gpu</code> and <code>convolved_image_cpu</code> as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_using_GPU, convolved_image_using_CPU)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_gpu, convolved_image_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>As you may expect, the result of the comparison is positive, and in
-fact we computed the same results on the host and the device.</p>
+<p>As you may have expected, the outcome of the comparison confirms that
+the results on the host and on the device are the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -636,142 +691,147 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU
-vs. GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU vs. GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, but try to take
-also into account the time spent transferring the data to the GPU and
+<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, taking into account
+also the time spent transferring the data from the CPU to the GPU and
 back.</p>
-<p>Hint: to copy a CuPy array back to the host (CPU), use the
-<code>cp.asnumpy()</code> function.</p>
+<p>Hint: use the <code>cp.asnumpy()</code> method to copy a CuPy array
+back to the host.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>A convenient solution is to group both the transfers, to and from the
-GPU, and the convolution into a single Python function, and then time
-its execution, like in the following example.</p>
+<p>A convenient strategy is to time the execution of a single Python
+function that groups the transfers to and from the GPU and the
+convolution, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> transfer_compute_transferback():</span>
-<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> push_compute_pull():</span>
+<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU_copied_to_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_using_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu_in_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" tabindex="-1"></a>   </span>
-<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(transfer_compute_transferback, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(push_compute_pull, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.035400 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfers decreased from 116
-to 67. Taking into account the necessary data transfers when computing
-the speedup is a better, and more fair, way to compare performance. As a
-note, because data transfers force the GPU to sync with the host, this
-could also be measured with <code>timeit</code> and still provide
-correct measurements.</p>
+<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfer decreased from 116
+to 67. Nonetheless, accounting for the necessary data transfers is a
+better and fairer way to compute performance speedups. As an aside, here
+<code>timeit</code> would still provide correct measurements, because
+the data transfers force the device and host to <em>sync</em> one with
+another.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a></h1>
-<p>We saw earlier that we cannot execute routines from the
-<code>cupyx</code> library directly on NumPy arrays. In fact we need to
-first transfer the data from host to device memory. Vice versa, if we
-try to execute a regular SciPy routine (i.e. designed to run the CPU) on
-a CuPy array, we will also encounter an error. Try the following:</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a></h2>
+<p>We saw in a previous challenge that we cannot launch the routines of
+<code>cupyx</code> directly on NumPy arrays. In fact, we first needed to
+transfer the data from the host to the device memory. Conversely, we
+also encounter an error when we launch a regular SciPy routine, designed
+to run on CPUs, on a CuPy array. Try out the following:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This results in</p>
+<p>which results in</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>......
-......
-......
-TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed. Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>So SciPy routines cannot have CuPy arrays as input. We can, however,
-execute a simpler command that does not require SciPy. Instead of 2D
-convolution, we can do 1D convolution. For that we can use a NumPy
-routine instead of a SciPy routine. The <code>convolve</code> routine
-from NumPy performs linear (1D) convolution. To generate some input for
-a linear convolution, we can flatten our image from 2D to 1D (using
-<code>ravel()</code>), but we also need a 1D kernel. For the latter we
-will take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian kernel. Try the
-following three instructions for linear convolution on the CPU:</p>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>...
+...
+...
+TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed.
+Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>So, SciPy routines do not accept CuPy arrays as input. However,
+instead of performing a 2D convolution, we can execute a simpler 1D
+(linear) convolution that uses the NumPy routine
+<code>np.convolve()</code> instead of a SciPy routine. To generate the
+input appropriate to a linear convolution, we flatten our input image
+from 2D to 1D using the method <code>.ravel()</code>. To generate a 1D
+filter, we take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian filter. Let’s
+launch a linear convolution on the CPU with the following three
+instructions:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d <span class="op">=</span> deltas.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
-<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(deltas_1d, gauss_1d)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> diracs.ravel()</span>
+<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
+<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(diracs_1d_cpu, gauss_1d_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You could arrive at something similar to this timing result:</p>
+<p>A realistic execution time is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>270 ms ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We have performed a regular linear convolution using our CPU. Now let
-us try something bold. We will transfer the 1D arrays to the GPU and use
-the NumPy routine to do the convolution.</p>
+<p>After having performed this regular linear convolution on the host
+with NumPy, let’s try something bold. We transfer the 1D arrays to the
+device and do the convolution with the same NumPy routine, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas_1d)</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs_1d_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d_cpu)</span>
 <span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (deltas_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>You may be surprised that we can issue these commands without error.
-Contrary to SciPy routines, NumPy accepts CuPy arrays, i.e. arrays that
-exist in GPU memory, as input. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">In
-the CuPy documentation</a> you can find some background on why NumPy
-routines can handle CuPy arrays.</p>
-<p>Also, remember when we used <code>np.allclose</code> with a NumPy and
-a CuPy array as input? That worked for the same reason.</p>
-<p>The linear convolution is actually performed on the GPU, which also
-results in a lower execution time.</p>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (diracs_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>You may be surprised that these commands do not throw any error.
+Contrary to SciPy, NumPy routines accept CuPy arrays as input, even
+though the latter exist only in GPU memory. Indeed, can you recall when
+we validated our codes using a NumPy and a CuPy array as input of
+<code>np.allclose()</code>? That worked for the same reason. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">The
+CuPy documentation</a> explains why NumPy routines can handle CuPy
+arrays.</p>
+<p>The last linear convolution has actually been performed on the GPU,
+and faster than the CPU:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.014529 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Without much effort, we obtained a 18 times speedup.</p>
+<p>With this Numpy shortcut and without much coding effort, we obtained
+a good 18-fold speedup.</p>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></h1>
-<p>In this section, we will perform the four major steps in image
-processing for radio astronomy: determination of background
-characteristics, segmentation, connected component labelling and source
+<h1 id="a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></h1>
+<p>In this section, we will perform four classical steps in image
+processing for radio astronomy: determination of the background
+characteristics, segmentation, connected component labeling, and source
 measurements.</p>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="import-the-fits-image">Import the FITS image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-image"></a></h2>
-<p>Start by importing a 2048² pixels image of the Galactic Center, an
-image made from observations by the Indian Giant Metrewave Radio
-Telescope (GMRT) at 150 MHz. The image is stored <a href="./data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this repository</a>
-as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file, and to
-read it we need the <code>astropy</code> Python package.</p>
+<h2 id="import-the-fits-file">Import the FITS file<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-file"></a></h2>
+<p>We import a 2048²-pixel image of the electromagnetic radiation at 150
+MHz around the Galactic Center, as observed by the Indian Giant
+Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).</p>
+<p>The image is stored <a href="./data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this lesson’s
+repository</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file. The
+<code>astropy</code> Python package enables us to read in this file and,
+for compatibility with Python, convert the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" class="external-link">byte ordering</a> from
+the big to little endian, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -780,12 +840,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> fits.<span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="st">"GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits"</span>) <span class="im">as</span> hdul:</span>
 <span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    data <span class="op">=</span> hdul[<span class="dv">0</span>].data.byteswap().newbyteorder()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The latter two methods are needed to convert byte ordering from big
-endian to little endian.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
 <h2 id="inspect-the-image">Inspect the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#inspect-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>Let us have a look at part of this image.</p>
+<p>Let’s have a look at this image. Left and right in the data will be
+swapped with the method <code>np.fliplr()</code> just to adhere to the
+astronomical convention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension" class="external-link">right ascension</a>
+increasing leftwards.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -798,45 +859,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb25-7"><a href="#cb25-7" tabindex="-1"></a>im_plot <span class="op">=</span> ax.imshow(np.fliplr(data), cmap<span class="op">=</span>pyl.cm.gray_r, norm<span class="op">=</span>LogNorm(vmin <span class="op">=</span> maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">10</span>, vmax<span class="op">=</span>maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">100</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb25-8"><a href="#cb25-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.colorbar(im_plot, ax<span class="op">=</span>ax)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
-</figure><p>The data has been switched left to right because Right Ascension
-increases to the left, so now it adheres to this astronomical
-convention. We can see a few dozen sources, especially in the lower left
-and upper right, which both have relatively good image quality. The band
-across the image from upper left to lower right has the worst image
-quality because there are many extended sources - especially the
-Galactic Center itself, in the middle - which are hard to deconvolve
-with the limited spacings from this observation. You can, however, see a
-couple of ring-like structures. These are actually supernova shells,
-i.e. the remnants from massive stars that exploded at the end of their
-lifes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image">Determine the background characteristics of the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>We want to identify all the sources - meaning e.g. stars, supernova
-remnants and distant galaxies - in this image and measure their
-positions and fluxes. How do we separate source pixels from background
-pixels? When do we know if a pixel with a high value belongs to a source
-or is simply a noise peak? We assume the background noise, which is a
-reflection of the limited sensitivity of the radio telescope, has a
-normal distribution. The chance of having a background pixel with a
-value above 5 times the standard deviation is 2.9e-7. We have 2²² =
-4.2e6 pixels in our image, so the chance of catching at least one random
-noise peak by setting a threshold of 5 times the standard deviation is
-less than 50%. We refer to the standard deviation as <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>.</p>
-<p>How do we measure the standard deviation of the background pixels?
-First we need to separate them from the source pixels, based on their
-values, in the sense that high pixel values more likely come from
-sources. The technique we use is called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping. First we take
-all pixels and compute the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>). Then we compute the median and
-clip all pixels larger than <span class="math inline">\(median + 3 *
-\sigma\)</span> and smaller than <span class="math inline">\(median - 3
-* \sigma\)</span>. From the clipped set, we compute the median and
-standard deviation again and clip again. Continue until no more pixels
-are clipped. The standard deviation from this final set of pixel values
-is the basis for the next step.</p>
-<p>Before clipping, let us investigate some properties of our unclipped
-data.</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
+</figure><p>Stars, remnants of supernovas (massive exploded stars), and distant
+galaxies are possible radiation sources observed in this image. We can
+spot a few dozen radiation sources in fairly good quality in the lower
+left and upper right. In contrast, the quality is worse in the diagonal
+from the upper left to the lower right, because the radio telescope has
+a limited sensitivity and cannot look into large radiation sources.
+Nonetheless, you can notice the Galactic Center in the middle of the
+image and supernova shells as ring-like formations elsewhere.</p>
+<p>The telescope accuracy has added background noise to the image. Yet,
+we want to identify all the radiation sources in this image, determine
+their positions, and measure their radiation fluxes. How can we then
+assert whether a high-intensity pixel is a peak of the noise or a
+genuine source? Assuming that the background noise is normally
+distributed with standard deviation <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>, the chance of its intensity being
+larger than 5<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> is 2.9e-7. The
+chance of picking from our image of 2048² (4.2e6) pixels at least one
+that is so extremely bright because of noise is thus less than 50%.</p>
+<p>Before moving on, let’s determine some summary statistics of the
+radiation intensity in the input image:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -844,108 +887,124 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" tabindex="-1"></a>median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" tabindex="-1"></a>max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data)</span>
-<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam, coming from the Galactic
-Center itself, so from the center of the image, while the overall
-standard deviation is 19.9 mJy/beam:</p>
+<p>This gives (in Jy/beam):</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean = 3.898e-04, median = 1.571e-05, sttdev = 1.993e-02, maximum = 2.506e+00</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You might observe that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intense task, that is why we want
-to do it on a GPU. But let’s first issue the algorithm on a CPU.</p>
-<p>This is the NumPy code to do this:</p>
+<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam coming from the Galactic
+Center, the overall standard deviation 19.9 mJy/beam, and the median
+1.57e-05 mJy/beam.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background">Step 1: Determining the characteristics of the background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background"></a></h2>
+<p>First, we separate the background pixels from the source pixels using
+an iterative procedure called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping, which assumes that high
+intensity is more likely to result from genuine sources. We start from
+the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>) and
+the median (<span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2}\)</span>) of all pixel
+intensities, as computed above. We then discard (clip) the pixels whose
+intensity is larger than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} +
+3\sigma\)</span> or smaller than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} -
+3\sigma\)</span>. In the next pass, we compute again the median and
+standard deviation of the clipped set, and clip once more. We repeat
+these operations until no more pixels are clipped, that is, there are no
+outliers in the designated tails.</p>
+<p>In the meantime, you may have noticed already that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intensive
+task that could be implemented in a GPU. For the moment, let’s implement
+the algorithm with the NumPy code for a CPU, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data first makes subsequent steps easier.</span></span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data makes subsequent steps easier</span></span>
 <span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa, sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_lower <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_both <span class="op">=</span> clipped_lower.compress(clipped_lower <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_both) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_both  </span>
-<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
-<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
-<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU ks clipping time = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">       </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
+<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa-sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
+<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_below <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_data <span class="op">=</span> clipped_below.compress(clipped_below <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_data) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_data  </span>
+<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
+<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_cpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
+<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The performance is close to 1 s and, hopefully, can be sped up on the
+GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>793 ms ± 17.2 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
-Fastest CPU ks clipping time = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
+Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>So that is close to 1 second to perform these computations.
-Hopefully, we can speed this up using the GPU. How has <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping influenced our
-statistics?</p>
+<p>Finally, let’s see how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping has influenced the
+summary statistics:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_mean_ <span class="op">=</span> data_clipped.mean()</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> standard deviation of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>All output statistics have become smaller which is reassuring; it
-seems data_clipped contains mostly background pixels:</p>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">,</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">      median of clipped = {clipped_median_:.3e} \n</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a>      standard deviation of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_stddev_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>},</span>
+<span id="cb30-8"><a href="#cb30-8" tabindex="-1"></a>      maximum of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_max_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>}<span class="st">")</span></span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The first-order statistics have become smaller, which reassures us
+that <code>data_clipped</code> contains background pixels:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06 
- standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06
+standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
 </div>
+<p>The standard deviation of the intensity in the background pixels is
+be the basis for the next step.</p>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge:<span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span>clipping on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping on the GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Now that you understand how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform it on the GPU using
-CuPy and compute the speedup. Include the data transfer to and from the
-GPU in your calculation.</p>
+<p>Now that you know how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform
+it on the GPU using CuPy. Compute the speedup, including the data
+transfer to and from the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat):</span>
 <span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(data_gpu_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb32-5"><a href="#cb32-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_on_GPU <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_gpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu,</span>
+<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ),</span>
+<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb32-11"><a href="#cb32-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -969,16 +1028,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="segment-the-image">Segment the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#segment-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>We have seen that clipping at the <span class="math inline">\(5
-\sigma\)</span> level of an image this size (2048² pixels) will yield a
-chance of less than 50% that from all the sources we detect at least one
-will be a noise peak. So let us set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> and segment it. First check that
-we find the same standard deviation from our clipper on the GPU:</p>
+<h2 id="step-2-segmenting-the-image">Step 2: Segmenting the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-2-segmenting-the-image"></a></h2>
+<p>We have already estimated that clipping an image of 2048² pixels at
+the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> level yields a chance
+of less than 50% that at least one out of all the sources we detect is a
+noise peak. So let’s set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5\sigma\)</span> and segment it.</p>
+<p>First let’s check that the standard deviation from our clipper on the
+GPU is the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_on_GPU)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"standard deviation of background_noise = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_gpu_<span class="sc">:.4f}</span><span class="ss"> Jy/beam"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -986,7 +1046,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>standard deviation of background_noise = 0.0133 Jy/beam</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>With the standard deviation computed we apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> threshold to the image.</p>
+<p>We then apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span>
+threshold to the image with this standard deviation:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -994,8 +1055,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb38-2"><a href="#cb38-2" tabindex="-1"></a>segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-3"><a href="#cb38-3" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-4"><a href="#cb38-4" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_segmentation_CPU.best </span>
-<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb38-6"><a href="#cb38-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1005,27 +1065,26 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="labelling-of-the-segmented-data">Labelling of the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#labelling-of-the-segmented-data"></a></h2>
-<p>This is called connected component labelling (CCL). It will replace
+<h2 id="step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data">Step 3: Labeling the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data"></a></h2>
+<p>This is called connected component labeling (CCL). It will replace
 pixel values in the segmented image - just consisting of zeros and ones
 - of the first connected group of pixels with the value 1 - so nothing
 changed, but just for that first group - the pixel values in the second
 group of connected pixels will all be 2, the third connected group of
 pixels will all have the value 3 etc.</p>
-<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labelling.</p>
+<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labeling.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labelled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labeled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
 <span id="cb40-4"><a href="#cb40-4" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma_unicode <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"</span><span class="ch">\u03C3</span><span class="st">"</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
-<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb40-10"><a href="#cb40-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
+<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This gives, on my machine:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1035,19 +1094,19 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 26.3 ms ± 965 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
 Fastest CPU CCL time = 2.546e+01 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Let us not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
-are the values in the labelled image?</p>
+<p>Let’s not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
+are the values in the labeled image?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labelled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labeled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This should show the following output:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: [  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image:
+[  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
   14.  15.  16.  17.  18.  19.  20.  21.  22.  23.  24.  25.  26.  27.
   28.  29.  30.  31.  32.  33.  34.  35.  36.  37.  38.  39.  40.  41.
   42.  43.  44.  45.  46.  47.  48.  49.  50.  51.  52.  53.  54.  55.
@@ -1063,9 +1122,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  182. 183. 184. 185.]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="source-measurements">Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources">Step 4: Measuring the radiation sources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources"></a></h2>
 <p>We are ready for the final step. We have been given observing time to
 make this beautiful image of the Galactic Center, we have determined its
 background statistics, we have separated actual cosmic sources from
@@ -1079,20 +1137,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb44-2"><a href="#cb44-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb44-6"><a href="#cb44-6" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb44-7"><a href="#cb44-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-9"><a href="#cb44-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>which gives the Galactic Center as the most luminous source, which
 makes sense when we look at our image.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image: [ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image:
+[ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
   58.07289425  68.85673917  70.31223921  95.16443585 363.58937774]</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can try to measure the execution times for both algorithms,
@@ -1101,9 +1159,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb46-5"><a href="#cb46-5" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields, on my machine:</p>
@@ -1121,8 +1179,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> _</span>
 <span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_source_measurements_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb48-4"><a href="#cb48-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1135,113 +1192,101 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-putting-it-all-together" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-putting-it-all-together"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Combine the first two steps of image processing for astronomy,
-i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation
-into a single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a
-function for connected component labelling and source measurements on
-the GPU and calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four
-steps of image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU.
-Finally, verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using
-the CPU.</p>
+i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation into a
+single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a function
+for connected component labeling and source measurements on the GPU and
+calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four steps of
+image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU. Finally,
+verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using the
+CPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data):</span>
 <span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
 <span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    threshold <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">*</span> stddev_</span>
 <span id="cb50-6"><a href="#cb50-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-7"><a href="#cb50-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> segmented_image</span>
 <span id="cb50-8"><a href="#cb50-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb50-9"><a href="#cb50-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data_CPU, segmented_image_CPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
 <span id="cb50-11"><a href="#cb50-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                       output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_CPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_CPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
 <span id="cb50-14"><a href="#cb50-14" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                        np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb50-17"><a href="#cb50-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> np.array(all_positions), np.array(all_fluxes)</span>
 <span id="cb50-18"><a href="#cb50-18" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
+<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
 <span id="cb50-21"><a href="#cb50-21" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU, (data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(</span>
+<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU,</span>
+<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            (data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)),                                             n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-26"><a href="#cb50-26" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_GPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists. These first have to be converted to</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a>           cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
-<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
+<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                        cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># These first have to be converted to</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)),</span>
+<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>                      cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
+<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-53"><a href="#cb50-53" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-66"><a href="#cb50-66" tabindex="-1"></a>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
-<span id="cb50-67"><a href="#cb50-67" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-68"><a href="#cb50-68" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-69"><a href="#cb50-69" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-70"><a href="#cb50-70" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-71"><a href="#cb50-71" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-72"><a href="#cb50-72" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-73"><a href="#cb50-73" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-74"><a href="#cb50-74" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">/</span>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
+<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms 
- on our CPU.
-The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms 
- on our GPU.
-This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: 1.838e+01
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms on our CPU.
+The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms on our GPU.
+This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs _mCPU equals: 1.838e+01
 
 The CPU and GPU positions agree: True
 
@@ -1256,8 +1301,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
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-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“CuPy provides GPU accelerated version of many NumPy and Scipy
 functions.”</li>
@@ -1266,11 +1310,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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@@ -1286,7 +1331,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -1332,33 +1377,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/cupy.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/fig/diracs.png b/fig/diracs.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/first_program.html b/first_program.html
index 62a43d0..9c32237 100644
--- a/first_program.html
+++ b/first_program.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Your First GPU Kernel</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Your First GPU Kernel</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
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         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Your First GPU Kernel</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/first_program.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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         </div>
@@ -377,8 +430,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are aware that CUDA is a proprietary solution, and that there are
 open-source alternatives such as OpenCL. However, CUDA is the most used
@@ -500,8 +552,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-loose-threads" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-loose-threads"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We know enough now to pause for a moment and do a little exercise.
 Assume that in our <code>vector_add</code> kernel we replace the
@@ -528,9 +579,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is number 3, only the element <code>C[1]</code> is
 written, and we do not even know by which thread!</p>
@@ -580,9 +631,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 &lt;ipython-input-4-a26bc8acad2fin &lt;module&gt;()
      19 ''', "vector_add")
-     20 
+     20
 ---21 vector_add_gpu((1, 1, 1), (size, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
-     22 
+     22
      23 print(c_gpu)
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
@@ -657,8 +708,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-hidden-variables" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-hidden-variables"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following snippet of code:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
@@ -676,9 +726,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 <div class="accordion-item">
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-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The content of <code>blockDim</code> is <code>(512, 1, 1)</code> and
 the content of <code>gridDim</code> is <code>(4, 1, 1)</code>, for all
@@ -742,8 +792,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-scaling-up" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-scaling-up"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In the following code, fill in the blank to work with vectors that
 are larger than the largest CUDA block (i.e. 1024).</p>
@@ -763,9 +812,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is
 <code>(blockIdx.x * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x</code>. The following code
@@ -797,8 +846,7 @@ <h1 id="vectors-of-arbitrary-size">Vectors of Arbitrary Size<a class="anchor" ar
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-more-work-than-necessary" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-more-work-than-necessary"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We modified the <code>vector_add</code> kernel to include a check for
 the size of the vector, so that we only compute elements that are within
@@ -823,9 +871,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct way to modify the <code>vector_add</code> to work on
 vectors of arbitrary size is to first compute the coordinates of each
@@ -858,11 +906,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 CUDADriverError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
 
 &lt;ipython-input-20-00d938215d28in &lt;module&gt;()
-     31 
+     31
      32 # Execute the code
 ---33 vector_add_gpu((2, 1, 1), (size // 2, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
      34 vector_add(a_cpu, b_cpu, c_cpu, size)
-     35 
+     35
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
 
@@ -946,9 +994,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with
-CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with CUDA</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following Python code, similar to what we have seen in the
 previous episode about Numba, write the missing CUDA kernel that
@@ -1028,9 +1074,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution5" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible solution for the CUDA kernel is provided in the
 following code.</p>
@@ -1072,8 +1118,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Precede your kernel definition with the <code>__global__</code>
 keyword”</li>
@@ -1083,9 +1128,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
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@@ -1103,7 +1148,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: A Better Look at the
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="global_local_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Registers, Global,... 
+          Next: Registers, Global,...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
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@@ -1114,20 +1159,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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@@ -1149,33 +1194,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/first_program.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/first_program.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/global_local_memory.html b/global_local_memory.html
index c23ffce..5626246 100644
--- a/global_local_memory.html
+++ b/global_local_memory.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Registers, Global, and Local Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Registers, Global, and Local Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
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+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
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+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Your First GPU
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Shared Memory and... 
+          Next: Shared Memory and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Registers, Global, and Local Memory</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -353,9 +406,7 @@ <h1 id="registers">Registers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#registe
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we
-using?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we using?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Can you guess how many registers are we using in the following
 <code>vector_add</code> code?</p>
@@ -379,7 +430,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -431,8 +482,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Registers are the fastest memory on the GPU, so using them to
 increase data reuse is an important performance optimization. We will
@@ -481,9 +531,7 @@ <h1 id="global-memory">Global Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is
-used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is used</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Observe the code of the following <code>vector_add</code> and
 identify where global memory is used.</p>
@@ -507,7 +555,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -527,8 +575,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout2"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>While global memory is visible to all threads, remember that global
 memory is not coherent, and changes made by one thread block may not be
@@ -550,8 +597,7 @@ <h1 id="local-memory">Local Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#l
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-local-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-local-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following of <code>vector_add</code> so that intermediate
 data products are stored in local memory, and only the final result is
@@ -578,7 +624,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -627,8 +673,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Registers can be used to locally store data and avoid repeated
 memory operations”</li>
@@ -640,9 +685,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -660,7 +705,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Your First GPU
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Shared Memory and... 
+          Next: Shared Memory and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -671,20 +716,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -706,33 +751,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/global_local_memory.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/global_local_memory.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/gpu_introduction.html b/gpu_introduction.html
index 97b6703..35dbef9 100644
--- a/gpu_introduction.html
+++ b/gpu_introduction.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: A Better Look at the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: A Better Look at the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
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     <div class="selector-container">
-      
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+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Accelerate your
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="first_program.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Your First GPU... 
+          Next: Your First GPU...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>A Better Look at the GPU</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -427,9 +480,9 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
 from the University of Utah’s undergraduate course on Computer
 Organization and presented by Rajeev Balasubramonian.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcS_kQOIykU" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/FcS_kQOIykU/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YouTube video showing a slide" class="figure"></a></p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -447,7 +500,7 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
           Previous: Accelerate your
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="first_program.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Your First GPU... 
+          Next: Your First GPU...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -458,20 +511,20 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -493,33 +546,11 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/gpu_introduction.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/gpu_introduction.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/images.html b/images.html
index 936303e..b65bcea 100644
--- a/images.html
+++ b/images.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: All Images</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
+<script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
 <script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
 </head>
 <body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+</li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
 </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -108,7 +137,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div>
 <!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
@@ -131,6 +160,35 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+</li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -154,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -176,7 +234,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -188,7 +246,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -200,7 +258,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -212,7 +270,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -224,7 +282,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -236,7 +294,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
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@@ -248,7 +306,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div>
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-        
+
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 </div>
@@ -260,7 +318,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div>
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-        
+
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@@ -272,7 +330,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div>
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-        
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 </div>
@@ -284,7 +342,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
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-        
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 </div>
@@ -295,10 +353,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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@@ -320,13 +378,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
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@@ -348,40 +406,41 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <hr class="half-width">
 <h3 id="introduction-figure-1">Figure 1</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU’</p>
-<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZdxcHEM-uc" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/bZdxcHEM-uc/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU" class="figure"></a><hr></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></a></h2>
+<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZdxcHEM-uc" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/bZdxcHEM-uc/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU" class="figure"></a><hr></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-1">Figure 1</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Deltas array’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Grid of delta functions.’</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Example of animated convolution’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
+<figure><img src="./fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Data flow of a map operation’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
+<figure><img src="./fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-4">Figure 4</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Data flow of a stencil operation’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
+<figure><img src="./fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-5">Figure 5</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Two-dimensional Gaussian’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
+<figure><img src="./fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-6">Figure 6</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Regular grid of Gaussians’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image’</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-7">Figure 7</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory’</p>
+<figure><img src="./fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-8">Figure 8</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Image of the Galactic Center’</p>
-<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
+<figure><img src="./fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
 </figure><hr></section><section id="numba"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="numba.html">Accelerate your Python code with NumbaUsing Numba to execute Python code on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#using-numba-to-execute-python-code-on-the-gpu"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"></section><section id="gpu_introduction"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="gpu_introduction.html">A Better Look at the GPUThe GPU, a High Level View at the Hardware<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-gpu-a-high-level-view-at-the-hardware"></a>How Programs are Executed<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#how-programs-are-executed"></a>Different Memories<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#different-memories"></a>Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#additional-material"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
@@ -408,20 +467,20 @@ <h3 id="gpu_introduction-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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@@ -444,35 +503,13 @@ <h3 id="gpu_introduction-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/images.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
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           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -150,7 +203,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -159,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -292,8 +345,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="do-you-want-to-teach-this-lesson" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#do-you-want-to-teach-this-lesson"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Do you want to teach GPU programming? This material is open-source
 and freely available. Are you planning on using our material in your
@@ -303,9 +355,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?<a class="anchor" ari
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 
 
@@ -361,8 +413,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are installing the precompiled <code>cupy</code> libraries
 compiled against the latest version of CUDA. This is always faster to
@@ -409,9 +460,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
 </div>
 <p>This will print out a url in your terminal, which you can then open
 in the browser of your choice.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -431,20 +482,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/index.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -466,33 +517,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor-notes.html b/instructor-notes.html
index 72d2619..3fda9a6 100644
--- a/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor-notes.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: Instructor Notes</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
+<script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
 <script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
 </head>
 <body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+</li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
 </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -108,7 +137,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div>
 <!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
@@ -131,6 +160,35 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
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+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
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+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+</li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -154,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -176,7 +234,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
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 </div>
@@ -188,7 +246,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -200,7 +258,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -212,7 +270,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div>
@@ -224,7 +282,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -236,7 +294,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -248,7 +306,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -260,7 +318,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -272,7 +330,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div>
@@ -284,7 +342,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -295,10 +353,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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                 </h2>
@@ -320,13 +378,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
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 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -346,9 +404,9 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
         
 
 <p>This is a placeholder file. Please add content here.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
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@@ -364,20 +422,20 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -400,35 +458,13 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-  End Matomo Code -->
+	</script>
 </body>
 </html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index 4b8fce5..658bb82 100644
--- a/instructor/404.html
+++ b/instructor/404.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Page not found</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/assets/styles.css"><script src="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Page not found</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/assets/styles.css"><script src="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
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+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+                Auto
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="external-link btn btn-primary" href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
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+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
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+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
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             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
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@@ -147,7 +200,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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@@ -158,7 +211,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/introduction.html" class="external-link">1. Introduction</a>
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 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div>
@@ -169,7 +222,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/cupy.html" class="external-link">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -180,7 +233,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/numba.html" class="external-link">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div>
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/gpu_introduction.html" class="external-link">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -202,7 +255,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/first_program.html" class="external-link">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/global_local_memory.html" class="external-link">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
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 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -224,7 +277,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html" class="external-link">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
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@@ -235,7 +288,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/constant_memory.html" class="external-link">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -246,7 +299,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/streams.html" class="external-link">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -255,10 +308,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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@@ -278,11 +331,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/aio.html" class="external-link">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/aio.html" class="external-link">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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+
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@@ -295,8 +348,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-<section id="our-apologies"><h2 class="section-heading">Our apologies!<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#our-apologies"></a>
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="our-apologies">Our apologies!<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#our-apologies"></a></h2>
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@@ -322,20 +374,20 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
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diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 933c8f4..6ffd45a 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Contributor Code of Conduct</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Contributor Code of Conduct</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
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+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,14 +342,14 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -309,9 +362,9 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
 <p>Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior
 may be reported by following our <a href="https://docs.carpentries.org/topic_folders/policies/incident-reporting.html" class="external-link">reporting
 guidelines</a>.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
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@@ -339,20 +392,20 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
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-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -374,33 +427,11 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
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-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
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-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index 3fb30a7..916639e 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Licenses</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Licenses</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,22 +342,21 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
 
         
 
-<section id="instructional-material"><h2 class="section-heading">Instructional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#instructional-material"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="instructional-material">Instructional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#instructional-material"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>All Carpentries (Software Carpentry, Data Carpentry, and Library
 Carpentry) instructional material is made available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="external-link">Creative Commons
 Attribution license</a>. The following is a human-readable summary of
@@ -337,8 +389,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
 permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights
 such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the
 material.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="software"><h2 class="section-heading">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="software">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Except where otherwise noted, the example programs and other software
 provided by The Carpentries are made available under the <a href="https://opensource.org" class="external-link">OSI</a>-approved <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html" class="external-link">MIT
 license</a>.</p>
@@ -358,14 +409,13 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</p>
-</section><section id="trademark"><h2 class="section-heading">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="trademark">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>“The Carpentries”, “Software Carpentry”, “Data Carpentry”, and
 “Library Carpentry” and their respective logos are registered trademarks
 of <a href="https://communityin.org/" class="external-link">Community Initiatives</a>.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </section></div> <!-- / div.lesson-content -->
     </main><!-- / main#main-content.main-content --><nav class="bottom-pagination mx-md-4" aria-label="Previous and Next Chapter"><div class="d-block d-sm-block d-md-none">
@@ -390,20 +440,20 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -425,33 +475,11 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index 77dd740..741ad04 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: All in One View</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
+<script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
 <script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
 </head>
 <body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
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+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
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@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
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@@ -109,7 +138,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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           <div class="row mobile-row">
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@@ -155,7 +213,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
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 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
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@@ -177,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -189,7 +247,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -201,7 +259,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div>
@@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -225,7 +283,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div>
@@ -237,7 +295,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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@@ -249,7 +307,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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@@ -261,7 +319,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -273,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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@@ -285,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -296,10 +354,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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@@ -322,13 +380,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
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@@ -348,8 +406,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-introduction"><p>Content from <a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -501,8 +559,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="host-vs.-device" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#host-vs.-device"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From now on we may also call the GPU the <em>device</em>, while we
 refer to other computations as taking place on the <em>host</em>. We’ll
@@ -539,8 +596,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“CPUs and GPUs are both useful and each has its own place in our
@@ -554,14 +610,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-cupy"><p>Content from <a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPy</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/cupy.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 270 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -604,302 +660,304 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <h1 id="introduction-to-cupy">Introduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>
 </h1>
 <p><a href="https://cupy.dev" class="external-link">CuPy</a> is a GPU array library that
-implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. This makes it a
-very convenient tool to use the compute power of GPUs for people that
-have some experience with NumPy, without the need to write code in a GPU
-programming language such as CUDA, OpenCL, or HIP.</p>
+implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. Thanks to CuPy,
+people conversant with NumPy can very conveniently harvest the compute
+power of GPUs without writing code in GPU programming languages such as
+CUDA, OpenCL, and HIP.</p>
+<p>From now on we can also use the word <em>host</em> to refer to the
+CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node you are using as usual, and
+<em>device</em> to refer to the graphics card and its GPU.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-in-python">Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>
+<h1 id="convolutions-in-python">Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>
 </h1>
-<p>We start by generating an artificial “image” on the host using Python
-and NumPy; the host is the CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node
-you are using right now, and from now on we may use <em>host</em> to
-refer to the CPU and <em>device</em> to refer to the GPU. The image will
-be all zeros, except for isolated pixels with value one, on a regular
-grid. The plan is to convolve it with a Gaussian and inspect the result.
-We will also record the time it takes to execute this convolution on the
-host.</p>
-<p>We can interactively write and executed the code in an iPython shell
-or a Jupyter notebook.</p>
+<p>We start by generating an image using Python and NumPy code. We want
+to compute a convolution on this input image once on the host and once
+on the device, and then compare both the execution times and the
+results.</p>
+<p>In an iPython shell or a Jupyter notebook, we can write and execute
+the following code on the host. The pixel values will be zero everywhere
+except for a regular grid of single pixels having value one, very much
+like a Dirac’s delta function; hence the input image is named
+<code>deltas</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Construct an image with repeated delta functions</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>To get a feeling of how the whole image looks like, we can display
-the top-left corner of it.</p>
+<p>We can display the top-left corner of the input image to get a
+feeling of how it looks like, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pylab <span class="im">as</span> pyl</span>
-<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Necessary command to render a matplotlib image in a Jupyter notebook.</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Jupyter 'magic' command to render a Matplotlib image in the notebook</span></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>matplotlib inline</span>
 <span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Display the image</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(deltas[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in/out using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(diracs[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>After executing the code, you should see the following image.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
-</figure><div class="section level3">
-<h3 id="background">Background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#background"></a>
-</h3>
-<p>The computation we want to perform on this image is a convolution,
-once on the host and once on the device so we can compare the results
-and execution times. In computer vision applications, convolutions are
-often used to filter images and if you want to know more about them, we
-encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this github
+<p>and you should obtain the following image:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
+</figure><div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="gaussian-convolutions">Gaussian convolutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#gaussian-convolutions"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>The illustration below shows an example of convolution (courtesy of
+Michael Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons). Looking at the
+terminology in the illustration, be forewarned that the word
+<em>kernel</em> happens to have different meanings that, inconveniently,
+apply to both mathematical convolution and coding on a GPU device. To
+know more about convolutions, we encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this GitHub
 repository</a> by Vincent Dumoulin and Francesco Visin with some great
-animations. We have already seen that we can think of an image as a
-matrix of color values, when we convolve that image with a particular
-filter, we generate a new matrix with different color values. An example
-of convolution can be seen in the figure below (illustration by Michael
-Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
-</figure><p>In our example, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
-function shown below:</p>
+animations.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
+</figure><p>In this course section, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
+function, having the general form:</p>
 <p><span class="math display">\[G(x,y) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sigma^2}
-\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right),\]</span></p>
-<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are the “coordinates in our matrix,
-i.e. our row and columns, and <span class="math display">\[\sigma\]</span> controls the width of the
-Gaussian distribution. Convolving images with 2D Gaussian functions will
-change the value of each pixel to be a weighted average of the pixels
-around it, thereby”smoothing” the image. Convolving images with a
-Gaussian function reduces the noise in the image, which is often
-required in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge-detection</a>
-since most algorithms to do this are sensitive to noise.</p>
+\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right)\]</span></p>
+<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are distances from the origin, and
+<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> controls the width of the
+Gaussian curve. Since we can think of an image as a matrix of color
+values, the convolution of that image with a kernel generates a new
+matrix with different color values. In particular, convolving images
+with a 2D Gaussian kernel changes the value of each pixel into a
+weighted average of the neighboring pixels, thereby smoothing out the
+features in the input image.</p>
+<p>Convolutions are frequently used in computer vision to filter images.
+For example, Gaussian convolution can be required before applying
+algorithms for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge
+detection</a>, which are sensitive to the noise in the original image.
+To avoid conflicting vocabularies, in the remainder we refer to
+<em>convolution kernels</em> as <em>filters</em>.</p>
 <div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>It is often useful to identify the dataflow inherent in a problem.
-Say, if we want to square a list of numbers, all the operations are
-independent. The dataflow of a one-to-one operation is called a
-<em>map</em>.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
-</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complicated. Here we have a
-many-to-one data flow, which is also known as a stencil.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
-</figure><p>GPU’s are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
-one of these patterns.</p>
-</div>
+<p>Identifying the dataflow inherent in an algorithm is often useful.
+Say, if we want to square the numbers in a list, the operations on each
+item of the list are independent one of another. The dataflow of a
+one-to-one operation is called a <em>map</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
+</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complex because of a many-to-one
+dataflow, also known as a <em>stencil</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
+</figure><p>GPUs are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
+either dataflow.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>Let us first construct the Gaussian, and then display it. Remember
-that at this point we are still doing everything with standard Python,
-and not using the GPU yet.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>Let’s first construct and then display the Gaussian filter. Remember
+that we are still coding everything in standard Python, without using
+the GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x, y <span class="op">=</span> np.meshgrid(np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>), np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dst <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dist <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
 <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>muu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>((dst<span class="op">-</span>muu)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">/</span>(<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>)))</span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>origin <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>(dist <span class="op">-</span> origin)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">/</span> (<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(gauss)</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This should show you a symmetrical two-dimensional Gaussian.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
-</figure><p>Now we are ready to do the convolution on the host. We do not have to
-write this convolution function ourselves, as it is very conveniently
-provided by SciPy. Let us also record the time it takes to perform this
-convolution and inspect the top left corner of the convolved image.</p>
+<p>The code above produces this image of a symmetrical two-dimensional
+Gaussian:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
+</figure><p>Now we are ready to compute the convolution on the host. Very
+conveniently, SciPy provides a method for convolutions. Let’s also
+record the time to perform this convolution and inspect the top-left
+corner of the convolved image, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_CPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_using_CPU[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_cpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span>
+<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_cpu[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span>
-<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Obviously, the time to perform this convolution will depend very much
-on the power of your CPU, but I expect you to find that it takes a
-couple of seconds.</p>
+<p>Obviously, the compute power of your CPU influences the actual
+execution time very much. We expect that to be in the region of a couple
+of seconds, as shown in the timing report below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>2.4 s ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>When you display the corner of the image, you can see that the “ones”
-surrounded by zeros have actually been blurred by a Gaussian, so we end
-up with a regular grid of Gaussians.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p>Displaying just a corner of the image shows that the Gaussian has so
+much blurred the original pattern of ones surrounded by zeros that we
+end up with a regular pattern of Gaussians.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>This is part of a lesson on GPU programming, so let us use the GPU.
-Although there is a physical connection - i.e. a cable - between the CPU
-and the GPU, they do not share the same memory space. This image depicts
-the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are connected:</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
-</figure><p>This means that an array created from e.g. an iPython shell using
-NumPy is physically located into the main memory of the host, and
-therefore available for the CPU but not the GPU. It is not yet present
-in GPU memory, which means that we need to copy our data, the input
-image and the convolving function to the GPU, before we can execute any
-code on it. In practice, we have the arrays <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> in the host’s RAM, and we need to copy them to GPU
-memory using CuPy.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>This is a lesson on GPU programming, so let’s use the GPU. In spite
+of being physically connected – typically with special <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_(integrated_circuits)" class="external-link">interconnects</a>
+– the CPU and the GPU do not share the same memory space. This picture
+depicts the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are
+connected:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
+</figure><p>This means that the array created with NumPy is physically stored in
+a memory of the host’s and, therefore, is only available to the CPU.
+Since our input image and convolution filter are not yet present in the
+device memory, we need to copy both data to the GPU before executing any
+code on it. In practice, we use CuPy to copy the arrays
+<code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> from the host’s Random Access
+Memory (RAM) to the GPU memory as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> cupy <span class="im">as</span> cp</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Now it is time to do the convolution on the GPU. SciPy does not offer
-functions that can use the GPU, so we need to import the convolution
-function from another library, called <code>cupyx</code>;
-<code>cupyx.scipy</code> contains a subset of all SciPy routines. You
-will see that the GPU convolution function from the <code>cupyx</code>
-library looks very much like the convolution function from SciPy we used
-previously. In general, NumPy and CuPy look very similar, as well as the
-SciPy and <code>cupyx</code> libraries, and this is on purpose to
-facilitate the use of the GPU by programmers that are already familiar
-with NumPy and SciPy. Let us again record the time to execute the
-convolution, so that we can compare it with the time it took on the
-host.</p>
+<p>Now it is time to compute the convolution on our GPU. Inconveniently,
+SciPy does not offer methods running on GPUs. Hence, we import the
+convolution function from a CuPy package aliased as <code>cupyx</code>,
+whose sub-package <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/reference/scipy.html" class="external-link"><code>cupyx.scipy</code></a>
+performs a selection of the SciPy operations. We will soon verify that
+the GPU convolution function of <code>cupyx</code> works out the same
+calculations as the CPU convolution function of SciPy. In general, CuPy
+proper and NumPy are so similar as are the <code>cupyx</code> methods
+and SciPy; this is intended to invite programmers already familiar with
+NumPy and SciPy to use the GPU for computing. For now, let’s again
+record the execution time on the device for the same convolution as the
+host, and can compare the respective performances.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_gpu</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Similar to what we had previously on the host, the execution time of
-the GPU convolution will depend very much on the GPU used. These are the
-results using a NVIDIA Tesla T4 on Google Colab.</p>
+<p>Also the execution time of the GPU convolution will depend very much
+on the hardware used, as seen for the host. The timing using a NVIDIA
+Tesla T4 on Google Colab was:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>98.2 µs ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 7 loops each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This is a lot faster than on the host, a performance improvement, or
-speedup, of 24439 times. Impressive, but is it true?</p>
+<p>This is way faster than the host: more than a 24000-fold performance
+improvement, or speedup. Impressive, but is that true?</p>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>
-</h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>
+</h2>
 <p>So far we used <code>timeit</code> to measure the performance of our
-Python code, no matter if it was running on the CPU or was GPU
-accelerated. However, execution on the GPU is asynchronous: the control
-is given back to the Python interpreter immediately, while the GPU is
-still executing the task. Because of this, we cannot use
-<code>timeit</code> anymore: the timing would not be correct.</p>
-<p>CuPy provides a function, <code>benchmark</code> that we can use to
-measure the time it takes the GPU to execute our kernels.</p>
+Python code, no matter whether it was running on the CPU or was
+GPU-accelerated. However, the execution on the GPU is
+<em>asynchronous</em>: the Python interpreter takes back control of the
+program execution immediately, while the GPU is still executing the
+task. Therefore, the timing of <code>timeit</code> is not reliable.</p>
+<p>Conveniently, <code>cupyx</code> provides the function
+<code>benchmark()</code> that measures the actual execution time in the
+GPU. The following code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> with the
+appropriate arguments ten times, and stores inside the
+<code>.gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
+<code>execution_gpu</code> the execution time of each run in
+seconds.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.profiler <span class="im">import</span> benchmark</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The previous code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu</code> ten times, and
-stores the execution time of each run, in seconds, inside the
-<code>gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
-<code>execution_gpu</code>. We can then compute the average execution
-time and print it, as shown.</p>
+<p>These measurements are also more stable and representative, because
+<code>benchmark()</code> disregards the compile time and the repetitions
+warm up the GPU. We can then average the execution times, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Another advantage of the <code>benchmark</code> method is that it
-excludes the compile time, and warms up the GPU, so that measurements
-are more stable and representative.</p>
-<p>With the new measuring code in place, we can measure performance
-again.</p>
+<p>whereby the performance revisited is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.020642 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, speedup of 116
-times over the host code.</p>
+<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, 116-fold speedup
+with respect to the execution on the host.</p>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without
-CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without CuPy</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>deltas</code> with the NumPy
-array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, without using CuPy arrays.
-If this works, it should save us the time and effort of transferring
-<code>deltas</code> and <code>gauss</code> to the GPU.</p>
+<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>diracs</code> with the NumPy
+array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, that is, without CuPy
+arrays. If this works, it will save us the time and effort of
+transferring the arrays <code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> to
+the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>We can directly try to use the GPU convolution function
-<code>convolve2d_gpu</code> with <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> as inputs.</p>
+<p>We can call the GPU convolution function
+<code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> directly with <code>deltas</code> and
+<code>gauss</code> as argument:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>However, this gives a long error message ending with:</p>
+<p>However, this throws a long error message ending with:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: Unsupported type &lt;class 'numpy.ndarray'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>It is unfortunately not possible to access NumPy arrays directly from
-the GPU because they exist in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the host
-and not in GPU memory.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to access directly from the GPU the
+NumPy arrays that live in the host RAM.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>To check that we actually computed the same output on the host and
-the device we can compare the two output arrays
-<code>convolved_image_using_GPU</code> and
-<code>convolved_image_using_CPU</code>.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>To check that the host and the device actually produced the same
+output, we compare the two output arrays
+<code>convolved_image_gpu</code> and <code>convolved_image_cpu</code> as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_using_GPU, convolved_image_using_CPU)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_gpu, convolved_image_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>As you may expect, the result of the comparison is positive, and in
-fact we computed the same results on the host and the device.</p>
+<p>As you may have expected, the outcome of the comparison confirms that
+the results on the host and on the device are the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -910,145 +968,150 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU
-vs. GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU vs. GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, but try to take
-also into account the time spent transferring the data to the GPU and
+<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, taking into account
+also the time spent transferring the data from the CPU to the GPU and
 back.</p>
-<p>Hint: to copy a CuPy array back to the host (CPU), use the
-<code>cp.asnumpy()</code> function.</p>
+<p>Hint: use the <code>cp.asnumpy()</code> method to copy a CuPy array
+back to the host.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>A convenient solution is to group both the transfers, to and from the
-GPU, and the convolution into a single Python function, and then time
-its execution, like in the following example.</p>
+<p>A convenient strategy is to time the execution of a single Python
+function that groups the transfers to and from the GPU and the
+convolution, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> transfer_compute_transferback():</span>
-<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> push_compute_pull():</span>
+<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU_copied_to_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_using_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu_in_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" tabindex="-1"></a>   </span>
-<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(transfer_compute_transferback, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(push_compute_pull, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.035400 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfers decreased from 116
-to 67. Taking into account the necessary data transfers when computing
-the speedup is a better, and more fair, way to compare performance. As a
-note, because data transfers force the GPU to sync with the host, this
-could also be measured with <code>timeit</code> and still provide
-correct measurements.</p>
+<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfer decreased from 116
+to 67. Nonetheless, accounting for the necessary data transfers is a
+better and fairer way to compute performance speedups. As an aside, here
+<code>timeit</code> would still provide correct measurements, because
+the data transfers force the device and host to <em>sync</em> one with
+another.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h1>
-<p>We saw earlier that we cannot execute routines from the
-<code>cupyx</code> library directly on NumPy arrays. In fact we need to
-first transfer the data from host to device memory. Vice versa, if we
-try to execute a regular SciPy routine (i.e. designed to run the CPU) on
-a CuPy array, we will also encounter an error. Try the following:</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>We saw in a previous challenge that we cannot launch the routines of
+<code>cupyx</code> directly on NumPy arrays. In fact, we first needed to
+transfer the data from the host to the device memory. Conversely, we
+also encounter an error when we launch a regular SciPy routine, designed
+to run on CPUs, on a CuPy array. Try out the following:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This results in</p>
+<p>which results in</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>......
-......
-......
-TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed. Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>So SciPy routines cannot have CuPy arrays as input. We can, however,
-execute a simpler command that does not require SciPy. Instead of 2D
-convolution, we can do 1D convolution. For that we can use a NumPy
-routine instead of a SciPy routine. The <code>convolve</code> routine
-from NumPy performs linear (1D) convolution. To generate some input for
-a linear convolution, we can flatten our image from 2D to 1D (using
-<code>ravel()</code>), but we also need a 1D kernel. For the latter we
-will take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian kernel. Try the
-following three instructions for linear convolution on the CPU:</p>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>...
+...
+...
+TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed.
+Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>So, SciPy routines do not accept CuPy arrays as input. However,
+instead of performing a 2D convolution, we can execute a simpler 1D
+(linear) convolution that uses the NumPy routine
+<code>np.convolve()</code> instead of a SciPy routine. To generate the
+input appropriate to a linear convolution, we flatten our input image
+from 2D to 1D using the method <code>.ravel()</code>. To generate a 1D
+filter, we take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian filter. Let’s
+launch a linear convolution on the CPU with the following three
+instructions:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d <span class="op">=</span> deltas.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
-<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(deltas_1d, gauss_1d)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> diracs.ravel()</span>
+<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
+<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(diracs_1d_cpu, gauss_1d_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You could arrive at something similar to this timing result:</p>
+<p>A realistic execution time is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>270 ms ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We have performed a regular linear convolution using our CPU. Now let
-us try something bold. We will transfer the 1D arrays to the GPU and use
-the NumPy routine to do the convolution.</p>
+<p>After having performed this regular linear convolution on the host
+with NumPy, let’s try something bold. We transfer the 1D arrays to the
+device and do the convolution with the same NumPy routine, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas_1d)</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs_1d_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d_cpu)</span>
 <span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (deltas_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>You may be surprised that we can issue these commands without error.
-Contrary to SciPy routines, NumPy accepts CuPy arrays, i.e. arrays that
-exist in GPU memory, as input. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">In
-the CuPy documentation</a> you can find some background on why NumPy
-routines can handle CuPy arrays.</p>
-<p>Also, remember when we used <code>np.allclose</code> with a NumPy and
-a CuPy array as input? That worked for the same reason.</p>
-<p>The linear convolution is actually performed on the GPU, which also
-results in a lower execution time.</p>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (diracs_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>You may be surprised that these commands do not throw any error.
+Contrary to SciPy, NumPy routines accept CuPy arrays as input, even
+though the latter exist only in GPU memory. Indeed, can you recall when
+we validated our codes using a NumPy and a CuPy array as input of
+<code>np.allclose()</code>? That worked for the same reason. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">The
+CuPy documentation</a> explains why NumPy routines can handle CuPy
+arrays.</p>
+<p>The last linear convolution has actually been performed on the GPU,
+and faster than the CPU:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.014529 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Without much effort, we obtained a 18 times speedup.</p>
+<p>With this Numpy shortcut and without much coding effort, we obtained
+a good 18-fold speedup.</p>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>
+<h1 id="a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>
 </h1>
-<p>In this section, we will perform the four major steps in image
-processing for radio astronomy: determination of background
-characteristics, segmentation, connected component labelling and source
+<p>In this section, we will perform four classical steps in image
+processing for radio astronomy: determination of the background
+characteristics, segmentation, connected component labeling, and source
 measurements.</p>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="import-the-fits-image">Import the FITS image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-image"></a>
+<h2 id="import-the-fits-file">Import the FITS file<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-file"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>Start by importing a 2048² pixels image of the Galactic Center, an
-image made from observations by the Indian Giant Metrewave Radio
-Telescope (GMRT) at 150 MHz. The image is stored <a href=".././data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this repository</a>
-as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file, and to
-read it we need the <code>astropy</code> Python package.</p>
+<p>We import a 2048²-pixel image of the electromagnetic radiation at 150
+MHz around the Galactic Center, as observed by the Indian Giant
+Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).</p>
+<p>The image is stored <a href=".././data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this lesson’s
+repository</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file. The
+<code>astropy</code> Python package enables us to read in this file and,
+for compatibility with Python, convert the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" class="external-link">byte ordering</a> from
+the big to little endian, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1057,13 +1120,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> fits.<span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="st">"GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits"</span>) <span class="im">as</span> hdul:</span>
 <span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    data <span class="op">=</span> hdul[<span class="dv">0</span>].data.byteswap().newbyteorder()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The latter two methods are needed to convert byte ordering from big
-endian to little endian.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
 <h2 id="inspect-the-image">Inspect the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#inspect-the-image"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>Let us have a look at part of this image.</p>
+<p>Let’s have a look at this image. Left and right in the data will be
+swapped with the method <code>np.fliplr()</code> just to adhere to the
+astronomical convention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension" class="external-link">right ascension</a>
+increasing leftwards.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1076,46 +1140,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb25-7"><a href="#cb25-7" tabindex="-1"></a>im_plot <span class="op">=</span> ax.imshow(np.fliplr(data), cmap<span class="op">=</span>pyl.cm.gray_r, norm<span class="op">=</span>LogNorm(vmin <span class="op">=</span> maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">10</span>, vmax<span class="op">=</span>maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">100</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb25-8"><a href="#cb25-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.colorbar(im_plot, ax<span class="op">=</span>ax)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
-</figure><p>The data has been switched left to right because Right Ascension
-increases to the left, so now it adheres to this astronomical
-convention. We can see a few dozen sources, especially in the lower left
-and upper right, which both have relatively good image quality. The band
-across the image from upper left to lower right has the worst image
-quality because there are many extended sources - especially the
-Galactic Center itself, in the middle - which are hard to deconvolve
-with the limited spacings from this observation. You can, however, see a
-couple of ring-like structures. These are actually supernova shells,
-i.e. the remnants from massive stars that exploded at the end of their
-lifes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image">Determine the background characteristics of the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image"></a>
-</h2>
-<p>We want to identify all the sources - meaning e.g. stars, supernova
-remnants and distant galaxies - in this image and measure their
-positions and fluxes. How do we separate source pixels from background
-pixels? When do we know if a pixel with a high value belongs to a source
-or is simply a noise peak? We assume the background noise, which is a
-reflection of the limited sensitivity of the radio telescope, has a
-normal distribution. The chance of having a background pixel with a
-value above 5 times the standard deviation is 2.9e-7. We have 2²² =
-4.2e6 pixels in our image, so the chance of catching at least one random
-noise peak by setting a threshold of 5 times the standard deviation is
-less than 50%. We refer to the standard deviation as <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>.</p>
-<p>How do we measure the standard deviation of the background pixels?
-First we need to separate them from the source pixels, based on their
-values, in the sense that high pixel values more likely come from
-sources. The technique we use is called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping. First we take
-all pixels and compute the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>). Then we compute the median and
-clip all pixels larger than <span class="math inline">\(median + 3 *
-\sigma\)</span> and smaller than <span class="math inline">\(median - 3
-* \sigma\)</span>. From the clipped set, we compute the median and
-standard deviation again and clip again. Continue until no more pixels
-are clipped. The standard deviation from this final set of pixel values
-is the basis for the next step.</p>
-<p>Before clipping, let us investigate some properties of our unclipped
-data.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
+</figure><p>Stars, remnants of supernovas (massive exploded stars), and distant
+galaxies are possible radiation sources observed in this image. We can
+spot a few dozen radiation sources in fairly good quality in the lower
+left and upper right. In contrast, the quality is worse in the diagonal
+from the upper left to the lower right, because the radio telescope has
+a limited sensitivity and cannot look into large radiation sources.
+Nonetheless, you can notice the Galactic Center in the middle of the
+image and supernova shells as ring-like formations elsewhere.</p>
+<p>The telescope accuracy has added background noise to the image. Yet,
+we want to identify all the radiation sources in this image, determine
+their positions, and measure their radiation fluxes. How can we then
+assert whether a high-intensity pixel is a peak of the noise or a
+genuine source? Assuming that the background noise is normally
+distributed with standard deviation <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>, the chance of its intensity being
+larger than 5<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> is 2.9e-7. The
+chance of picking from our image of 2048² (4.2e6) pixels at least one
+that is so extremely bright because of noise is thus less than 50%.</p>
+<p>Before moving on, let’s determine some summary statistics of the
+radiation intensity in the input image:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1123,108 +1168,125 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" tabindex="-1"></a>median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" tabindex="-1"></a>max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data)</span>
-<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam, coming from the Galactic
-Center itself, so from the center of the image, while the overall
-standard deviation is 19.9 mJy/beam:</p>
+<p>This gives (in Jy/beam):</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean = 3.898e-04, median = 1.571e-05, sttdev = 1.993e-02, maximum = 2.506e+00</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You might observe that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intense task, that is why we want
-to do it on a GPU. But let’s first issue the algorithm on a CPU.</p>
-<p>This is the NumPy code to do this:</p>
+<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam coming from the Galactic
+Center, the overall standard deviation 19.9 mJy/beam, and the median
+1.57e-05 mJy/beam.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background">Step 1: Determining the characteristics of the background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background"></a>
+</h2>
+<p>First, we separate the background pixels from the source pixels using
+an iterative procedure called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping, which assumes that high
+intensity is more likely to result from genuine sources. We start from
+the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>) and
+the median (<span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2}\)</span>) of all pixel
+intensities, as computed above. We then discard (clip) the pixels whose
+intensity is larger than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} +
+3\sigma\)</span> or smaller than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} -
+3\sigma\)</span>. In the next pass, we compute again the median and
+standard deviation of the clipped set, and clip once more. We repeat
+these operations until no more pixels are clipped, that is, there are no
+outliers in the designated tails.</p>
+<p>In the meantime, you may have noticed already that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intensive
+task that could be implemented in a GPU. For the moment, let’s implement
+the algorithm with the NumPy code for a CPU, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data first makes subsequent steps easier.</span></span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data makes subsequent steps easier</span></span>
 <span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa, sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_lower <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_both <span class="op">=</span> clipped_lower.compress(clipped_lower <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_both) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_both  </span>
-<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
-<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
-<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU ks clipping time = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">       </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
+<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa-sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
+<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_below <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_data <span class="op">=</span> clipped_below.compress(clipped_below <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_data) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_data  </span>
+<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
+<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_cpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
+<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The performance is close to 1 s and, hopefully, can be sped up on the
+GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>793 ms ± 17.2 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
-Fastest CPU ks clipping time = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
+Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>So that is close to 1 second to perform these computations.
-Hopefully, we can speed this up using the GPU. How has <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping influenced our
-statistics?</p>
+<p>Finally, let’s see how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping has influenced the
+summary statistics:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_mean_ <span class="op">=</span> data_clipped.mean()</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> standard deviation of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>All output statistics have become smaller which is reassuring; it
-seems data_clipped contains mostly background pixels:</p>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">,</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">      median of clipped = {clipped_median_:.3e} \n</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a>      standard deviation of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_stddev_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>},</span>
+<span id="cb30-8"><a href="#cb30-8" tabindex="-1"></a>      maximum of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_max_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>}<span class="st">")</span></span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The first-order statistics have become smaller, which reassures us
+that <code>data_clipped</code> contains background pixels:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06 
- standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06
+standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
 </div>
+<p>The standard deviation of the intensity in the background pixels is
+be the basis for the next step.</p>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge:<span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span>clipping on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping on the GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Now that you understand how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform it on the GPU using
-CuPy and compute the speedup. Include the data transfer to and from the
-GPU in your calculation.</p>
+<p>Now that you know how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform
+it on the GPU using CuPy. Compute the speedup, including the data
+transfer to and from the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat):</span>
 <span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(data_gpu_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb32-5"><a href="#cb32-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_on_GPU <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_gpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu,</span>
+<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ),</span>
+<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb32-11"><a href="#cb32-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1248,17 +1310,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="segment-the-image">Segment the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#segment-the-image"></a>
+<h2 id="step-2-segmenting-the-image">Step 2: Segmenting the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-2-segmenting-the-image"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>We have seen that clipping at the <span class="math inline">\(5
-\sigma\)</span> level of an image this size (2048² pixels) will yield a
-chance of less than 50% that from all the sources we detect at least one
-will be a noise peak. So let us set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> and segment it. First check that
-we find the same standard deviation from our clipper on the GPU:</p>
+<p>We have already estimated that clipping an image of 2048² pixels at
+the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> level yields a chance
+of less than 50% that at least one out of all the sources we detect is a
+noise peak. So let’s set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5\sigma\)</span> and segment it.</p>
+<p>First let’s check that the standard deviation from our clipper on the
+GPU is the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_on_GPU)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"standard deviation of background_noise = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_gpu_<span class="sc">:.4f}</span><span class="ss"> Jy/beam"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1266,7 +1329,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>standard deviation of background_noise = 0.0133 Jy/beam</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>With the standard deviation computed we apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> threshold to the image.</p>
+<p>We then apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span>
+threshold to the image with this standard deviation:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1274,8 +1338,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb38-2"><a href="#cb38-2" tabindex="-1"></a>segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-3"><a href="#cb38-3" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-4"><a href="#cb38-4" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_segmentation_CPU.best </span>
-<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb38-6"><a href="#cb38-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1285,28 +1348,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="labelling-of-the-segmented-data">Labelling of the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#labelling-of-the-segmented-data"></a>
+<h2 id="step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data">Step 3: Labeling the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data"></a>
 </h2>
-<p>This is called connected component labelling (CCL). It will replace
+<p>This is called connected component labeling (CCL). It will replace
 pixel values in the segmented image - just consisting of zeros and ones
 - of the first connected group of pixels with the value 1 - so nothing
 changed, but just for that first group - the pixel values in the second
 group of connected pixels will all be 2, the third connected group of
 pixels will all have the value 3 etc.</p>
-<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labelling.</p>
+<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labeling.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labelled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labeled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
 <span id="cb40-4"><a href="#cb40-4" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma_unicode <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"</span><span class="ch">\u03C3</span><span class="st">"</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
-<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb40-10"><a href="#cb40-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
+<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This gives, on my machine:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1316,19 +1378,19 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 26.3 ms ± 965 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
 Fastest CPU CCL time = 2.546e+01 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Let us not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
-are the values in the labelled image?</p>
+<p>Let’s not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
+are the values in the labeled image?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labelled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labeled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This should show the following output:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: [  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image:
+[  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
   14.  15.  16.  17.  18.  19.  20.  21.  22.  23.  24.  25.  26.  27.
   28.  29.  30.  31.  32.  33.  34.  35.  36.  37.  38.  39.  40.  41.
   42.  43.  44.  45.  46.  47.  48.  49.  50.  51.  52.  53.  54.  55.
@@ -1344,10 +1406,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  182. 183. 184. 185.]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="source-measurements">Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a>
-</h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources">Step 4: Measuring the radiation sources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources"></a>
+</h2>
 <p>We are ready for the final step. We have been given observing time to
 make this beautiful image of the Galactic Center, we have determined its
 background statistics, we have separated actual cosmic sources from
@@ -1361,20 +1422,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb44-2"><a href="#cb44-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb44-6"><a href="#cb44-6" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb44-7"><a href="#cb44-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-9"><a href="#cb44-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>which gives the Galactic Center as the most luminous source, which
 makes sense when we look at our image.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image: [ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image:
+[ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
   58.07289425  68.85673917  70.31223921  95.16443585 363.58937774]</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can try to measure the execution times for both algorithms,
@@ -1383,9 +1444,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb46-5"><a href="#cb46-5" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields, on my machine:</p>
@@ -1403,8 +1464,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> _</span>
 <span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_source_measurements_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb48-4"><a href="#cb48-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1417,113 +1477,101 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-putting-it-all-together" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-putting-it-all-together"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Combine the first two steps of image processing for astronomy,
-i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation
-into a single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a
-function for connected component labelling and source measurements on
-the GPU and calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four
-steps of image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU.
-Finally, verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using
-the CPU.</p>
+i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation into a
+single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a function
+for connected component labeling and source measurements on the GPU and
+calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four steps of
+image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU. Finally,
+verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using the
+CPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data):</span>
 <span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
 <span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    threshold <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">*</span> stddev_</span>
 <span id="cb50-6"><a href="#cb50-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-7"><a href="#cb50-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> segmented_image</span>
 <span id="cb50-8"><a href="#cb50-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb50-9"><a href="#cb50-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data_CPU, segmented_image_CPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
 <span id="cb50-11"><a href="#cb50-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                       output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_CPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_CPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
 <span id="cb50-14"><a href="#cb50-14" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                        np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb50-17"><a href="#cb50-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> np.array(all_positions), np.array(all_fluxes)</span>
 <span id="cb50-18"><a href="#cb50-18" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
+<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
 <span id="cb50-21"><a href="#cb50-21" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU, (data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(</span>
+<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU,</span>
+<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            (data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)),                                             n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-26"><a href="#cb50-26" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_GPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists. These first have to be converted to</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a>           cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
-<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
+<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                        cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># These first have to be converted to</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)),</span>
+<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>                      cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
+<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-53"><a href="#cb50-53" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-66"><a href="#cb50-66" tabindex="-1"></a>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
-<span id="cb50-67"><a href="#cb50-67" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-68"><a href="#cb50-68" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-69"><a href="#cb50-69" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-70"><a href="#cb50-70" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-71"><a href="#cb50-71" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-72"><a href="#cb50-72" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-73"><a href="#cb50-73" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-74"><a href="#cb50-74" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">/</span>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
+<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms 
- on our CPU.
-The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms 
- on our GPU.
-This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: 1.838e+01
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms on our CPU.
+The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms on our GPU.
+This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs _mCPU equals: 1.838e+01
 
 The CPU and GPU positions agree: True
 
@@ -1538,8 +1586,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“CuPy provides GPU accelerated version of many NumPy and Scipy
@@ -1550,14 +1597,15 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
+</div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-numba"><p>Content from <a href="numba.html">Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/numba.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1735,8 +1783,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Write a new function <code>find_all_primes_cpu_and_gpu</code> that
 uses <code>check_prime_gpu_kernel</code> instead of the inner loop of
@@ -1748,9 +1795,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible implementation of this function is the following
 one.</p>
@@ -1839,8 +1886,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Numba can be used to run your own Python functions on the
@@ -1850,14 +1896,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-gpu_introduction"><p>Content from <a href="gpu_introduction.html">A Better Look at the GPU</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1993,14 +2039,14 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
 from the University of Utah’s undergraduate course on Computer
 Organization and presented by Rajeev Balasubramonian.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcS_kQOIykU" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/FcS_kQOIykU/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YouTube video showing a slide" class="figure"></a></p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-first_program"><p>Content from <a href="first_program.html">Your First GPU Kernel</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/first_program.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 70 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2084,8 +2130,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are aware that CUDA is a proprietary solution, and that there are
 open-source alternatives such as OpenCL. However, CUDA is the most used
@@ -2225,8 +2270,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-loose-threads" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-loose-threads"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We know enough now to pause for a moment and do a little exercise.
 Assume that in our <code>vector_add</code> kernel we replace the
@@ -2255,9 +2299,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is number 3, only the element <code>C[1]</code> is
 written, and we do not even know by which thread!</p>
@@ -2308,9 +2352,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 &lt;ipython-input-4-a26bc8acad2fin &lt;module&gt;()
      19 ''', "vector_add")
-     20 
+     20
 ---21 vector_add_gpu((1, 1, 1), (size, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
-     22 
+     22
      23 print(c_gpu)
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
@@ -2403,8 +2447,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-hidden-variables" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-hidden-variables"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following snippet of code:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
@@ -2422,9 +2465,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The content of <code>blockDim</code> is <code>(512, 1, 1)</code> and
 the content of <code>gridDim</code> is <code>(4, 1, 1)</code>, for all
@@ -2488,8 +2531,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-scaling-up" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-scaling-up"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In the following code, fill in the blank to work with vectors that
 are larger than the largest CUDA block (i.e. 1024).</p>
@@ -2509,9 +2551,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is
 <code>(blockIdx.x * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x</code>. The following code
@@ -2544,8 +2586,7 @@ <h1 id="vectors-of-arbitrary-size">Vectors of Arbitrary Size<a class="anchor" ar
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-more-work-than-necessary" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-more-work-than-necessary"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We modified the <code>vector_add</code> kernel to include a check for
 the size of the vector, so that we only compute elements that are within
@@ -2570,9 +2611,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct way to modify the <code>vector_add</code> to work on
 vectors of arbitrary size is to first compute the coordinates of each
@@ -2605,11 +2646,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 CUDADriverError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
 
 &lt;ipython-input-20-00d938215d28in &lt;module&gt;()
-     31 
+     31
      32 # Execute the code
 ---33 vector_add_gpu((2, 1, 1), (size // 2, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
      34 vector_add(a_cpu, b_cpu, c_cpu, size)
-     35 
+     35
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
 
@@ -2693,9 +2734,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with
-CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with CUDA</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following Python code, similar to what we have seen in the
 previous episode about Numba, write the missing CUDA kernel that
@@ -2775,9 +2814,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution5" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible solution for the CUDA kernel is provided in the
 following code.</p>
@@ -2819,8 +2858,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Precede your kernel definition with the <code>__global__</code>
@@ -2832,14 +2870,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-global_local_memory"><p>Content from <a href="global_local_memory.html">Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 45 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2898,9 +2936,7 @@ <h1 id="registers">Registers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#registe
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we
-using?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we using?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Can you guess how many registers are we using in the following
 <code>vector_add</code> code?</p>
@@ -2924,7 +2960,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -2976,8 +3012,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Registers are the fastest memory on the GPU, so using them to
 increase data reuse is an important performance optimization. We will
@@ -3027,9 +3062,7 @@ <h1 id="global-memory">Global Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is
-used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is used</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Observe the code of the following <code>vector_add</code> and
 identify where global memory is used.</p>
@@ -3053,7 +3086,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -3073,8 +3106,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout2"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>While global memory is visible to all threads, remember that global
 memory is not coherent, and changes made by one thread block may not be
@@ -3097,8 +3129,7 @@ <h1 id="local-memory">Local Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#l
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-local-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-local-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following of <code>vector_add</code> so that intermediate
 data products are stored in local memory, and only the final result is
@@ -3125,7 +3156,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -3174,8 +3205,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Registers can be used to locally store data and avoid repeated
@@ -3189,14 +3219,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-shared_memory_and_synchronization"><p>Content from <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">Shared Memory and Synchronization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3252,8 +3282,7 @@ <h1 id="shared-memory">Shared Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-of-shared-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-of-shared-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following code to allocate the <code>temp</code> array in
 shared memory.</p>
@@ -3281,9 +3310,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To use shared memory for the <code>temp</code> array add the
 identifier <code>__shared__</code> to its definition, like in the
@@ -3319,9 +3348,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
-code block?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous code block?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The previous code example is functionally wrong. Can you guess what
 the result of its execution will be?</p>
@@ -3331,9 +3358,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The result is non deterministic, and definitely not the same as the
 previous versions of <code>vector_add</code>. Threads will overwrite
@@ -3494,8 +3521,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-error-in-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-error-in-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you look at the CUDA <code>histogram</code> code, there is a
 logical error that prevents it to produce the correct results. Can you
@@ -3517,9 +3543,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The GPU is a highly parallel device, executing multiple threads at
 the same time. In the previous code different threads could be updating
@@ -3613,9 +3639,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the
-histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Implement a new version of the CUDA <code>histogram</code> function
 that uses shared memory to reduce conflicts in global memory. Modify the
@@ -3646,9 +3670,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following code shows one of the possible solutions.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
@@ -3799,8 +3823,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Shared memory is faster than global memory and local memory”</li>
@@ -3818,14 +3841,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-constant_memory"><p>Content from <a href="constant_memory.html">Constant Memory</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/constant_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 40 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3929,9 +3952,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant
-memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>What should be the output of the following line of code?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -3945,9 +3966,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In our case the output of this line of code is two floating point
 numbers, e.g. <code>[0.11390183 0.2585096 ]</code>. However, we are not
@@ -4005,8 +4026,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-generalize-the-previous-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-generalize-the-previous-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Have a look again at the code using constant memory, and make it
 general enough to be able to run on input of arbitrary size. Experiment
@@ -4017,9 +4037,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="ancho
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One of the possible solutions is the following one.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -4075,8 +4095,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“Globally scoped arrays, which size is known at compile time, can be
@@ -4086,14 +4105,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section><section id="aio-streams"><p>Content from <a href="streams.html">Concurrent access to the GPU</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+<p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 40 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -4382,8 +4401,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
 <li>“”</li>
@@ -4391,9 +4409,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div></section>
 </div>
@@ -4407,20 +4425,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -4443,35 +4461,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/constant_memory.html b/instructor/constant_memory.html
index c196744..ab3d91a 100644
--- a/instructor/constant_memory.html
+++ b/instructor/constant_memory.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Constant Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Constant Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+                Auto
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+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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     </div>
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
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       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
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               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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-      
+
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           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
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-        
+
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         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Shared Memory and
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/streams.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Concurrent access to... 
+          Next: Concurrent access to...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Constant Memory</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/constant_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 40 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -400,9 +453,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant
-memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-print-the-content-of-constant-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: print the content of constant memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>What should be the output of the following line of code?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
@@ -416,9 +467,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In our case the output of this line of code is two floating point
 numbers, e.g. <code>[0.11390183 0.2585096 ]</code>. However, we are not
@@ -476,8 +527,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-generalize-the-previous-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-generalize-the-previous-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Have a look again at the code using constant memory, and make it
 general enough to be able to run on input of arbitrary size. Experiment
@@ -488,9 +538,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: generalize the previous code<a class="ancho
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One of the possible solutions is the following one.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -546,8 +596,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Globally scoped arrays, which size is known at compile time, can be
 stored in constant memory using the <code>__constant__</code>
@@ -555,9 +604,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -575,7 +624,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Shared Memory and
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/streams.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Concurrent access to... 
+          Next: Concurrent access to...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -586,20 +635,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/constant_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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-        
+
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+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -621,33 +670,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/constant_memory.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/constant_memory.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/cupy.html b/instructor/cupy.html
index f44ee10..611af86 100644
--- a/instructor/cupy.html
+++ b/instructor/cupy.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Using your GPU with CuPy</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Using your GPU with CuPy</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
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@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
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+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
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@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
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@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
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@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/numba.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Accelerate your... 
+          Next: Accelerate your...
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Using your GPU with CuPy</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/cupy.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 270 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -339,295 +392,297 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="section level1">
 <h1 id="introduction-to-cupy">Introduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a></h1>
 <p><a href="https://cupy.dev" class="external-link">CuPy</a> is a GPU array library that
-implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. This makes it a
-very convenient tool to use the compute power of GPUs for people that
-have some experience with NumPy, without the need to write code in a GPU
-programming language such as CUDA, OpenCL, or HIP.</p>
+implements a subset of the NumPy and SciPy interfaces. Thanks to CuPy,
+people conversant with NumPy can very conveniently harvest the compute
+power of GPUs without writing code in GPU programming languages such as
+CUDA, OpenCL, and HIP.</p>
+<p>From now on we can also use the word <em>host</em> to refer to the
+CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node you are using as usual, and
+<em>device</em> to refer to the graphics card and its GPU.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-in-python">Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a></h1>
-<p>We start by generating an artificial “image” on the host using Python
-and NumPy; the host is the CPU on the laptop, desktop, or cluster node
-you are using right now, and from now on we may use <em>host</em> to
-refer to the CPU and <em>device</em> to refer to the GPU. The image will
-be all zeros, except for isolated pixels with value one, on a regular
-grid. The plan is to convolve it with a Gaussian and inspect the result.
-We will also record the time it takes to execute this convolution on the
-host.</p>
-<p>We can interactively write and executed the code in an iPython shell
-or a Jupyter notebook.</p>
+<h1 id="convolutions-in-python">Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a></h1>
+<p>We start by generating an image using Python and NumPy code. We want
+to compute a convolution on this input image once on the host and once
+on the device, and then compare both the execution times and the
+results.</p>
+<p>In an iPython shell or a Jupyter notebook, we can write and execute
+the following code on the host. The pixel values will be zero everywhere
+except for a regular grid of single pixels having value one, very much
+like a Dirac’s delta function; hence the input image is named
+<code>deltas</code>.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> numpy <span class="im">as</span> np</span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Construct an image with repeated delta functions</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs <span class="op">=</span> np.zeros((<span class="dv">2048</span>, <span class="dv">2048</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs[<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>::<span class="dv">16</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>To get a feeling of how the whole image looks like, we can display
-the top-left corner of it.</p>
+<p>We can display the top-left corner of the input image to get a
+feeling of how it looks like, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pylab <span class="im">as</span> pyl</span>
-<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Necessary command to render a matplotlib image in a Jupyter notebook.</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Jupyter 'magic' command to render a Matplotlib image in the notebook</span></span>
 <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>matplotlib inline</span>
 <span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Display the image</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
-<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(deltas[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># You can zoom in/out using the menu in the window that will appear</span></span>
+<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(diracs[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>After executing the code, you should see the following image.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
-</figure><div class="section level3">
-<h3 id="background">Background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#background"></a></h3>
-<p>The computation we want to perform on this image is a convolution,
-once on the host and once on the device so we can compare the results
-and execution times. In computer vision applications, convolutions are
-often used to filter images and if you want to know more about them, we
-encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this github
+<p>and you should obtain the following image:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
+</figure><div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="gaussian-convolutions">Gaussian convolutions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#gaussian-convolutions"></a></h2>
+<p>The illustration below shows an example of convolution (courtesy of
+Michael Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons). Looking at the
+terminology in the illustration, be forewarned that the word
+<em>kernel</em> happens to have different meanings that, inconveniently,
+apply to both mathematical convolution and coding on a GPU device. To
+know more about convolutions, we encourage you to check out <a href="https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic" class="external-link">this GitHub
 repository</a> by Vincent Dumoulin and Francesco Visin with some great
-animations. We have already seen that we can think of an image as a
-matrix of color values, when we convolve that image with a particular
-filter, we generate a new matrix with different color values. An example
-of convolution can be seen in the figure below (illustration by Michael
-Plotke, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
-</figure><p>In our example, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
-function shown below:</p>
+animations.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
+</figure><p>In this course section, we will convolve our image with a 2D Gaussian
+function, having the general form:</p>
 <p><span class="math display">\[G(x,y) = \frac{1}{2\pi \sigma^2}
-\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right),\]</span></p>
-<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are the “coordinates in our matrix,
-i.e. our row and columns, and <span class="math display">\[\sigma\]</span> controls the width of the
-Gaussian distribution. Convolving images with 2D Gaussian functions will
-change the value of each pixel to be a weighted average of the pixels
-around it, thereby”smoothing” the image. Convolving images with a
-Gaussian function reduces the noise in the image, which is often
-required in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge-detection</a>
-since most algorithms to do this are sensitive to noise.</p>
+\exp\left(-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \sigma^2}\right)\]</span></p>
+<p>where <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> and <span class="math inline">\(y\)</span> are distances from the origin, and
+<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> controls the width of the
+Gaussian curve. Since we can think of an image as a matrix of color
+values, the convolution of that image with a kernel generates a new
+matrix with different color values. In particular, convolving images
+with a 2D Gaussian kernel changes the value of each pixel into a
+weighted average of the neighboring pixels, thereby smoothing out the
+features in the input image.</p>
+<p>Convolutions are frequently used in computer vision to filter images.
+For example, Gaussian convolution can be required before applying
+algorithms for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur#Edge_detection" class="external-link">edge
+detection</a>, which are sensitive to the noise in the original image.
+To avoid conflicting vocabularies, in the remainder we refer to
+<em>convolution kernels</em> as <em>filters</em>.</p>
 <div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>It is often useful to identify the dataflow inherent in a problem.
-Say, if we want to square a list of numbers, all the operations are
-independent. The dataflow of a one-to-one operation is called a
-<em>map</em>.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
-</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complicated. Here we have a
-many-to-one data flow, which is also known as a stencil.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
-</figure><p>GPU’s are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
-one of these patterns.</p>
+<p>Identifying the dataflow inherent in an algorithm is often useful.
+Say, if we want to square the numbers in a list, the operations on each
+item of the list are independent one of another. The dataflow of a
+one-to-one operation is called a <em>map</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
+</figure><p>A convolution is slightly more complex because of a many-to-one
+dataflow, also known as a <em>stencil</em>.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
+</figure><p>GPUs are exceptionally well suited to compute algorithms that follow
+either dataflow.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a></h1>
-<p>Let us first construct the Gaussian, and then display it. Remember
-that at this point we are still doing everything with standard Python,
-and not using the GPU yet.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy">Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a></h2>
+<p>Let’s first construct and then display the Gaussian filter. Remember
+that we are still coding everything in standard Python, without using
+the GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x, y <span class="op">=</span> np.meshgrid(np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>), np.linspace(<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dst <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>dist <span class="op">=</span> np.sqrt(x<span class="op">*</span>x <span class="op">+</span> y<span class="op">*</span>y)</span>
 <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>muu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>((dst<span class="op">-</span>muu)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">/</span>(<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>)))</span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>origin <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.000</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss <span class="op">=</span> np.exp(<span class="op">-</span>(dist <span class="op">-</span> origin)<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span> <span class="op">/</span> (<span class="fl">2.0</span> <span class="op">*</span> sigma<span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(gauss)</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This should show you a symmetrical two-dimensional Gaussian.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
-</figure><p>Now we are ready to do the convolution on the host. We do not have to
-write this convolution function ourselves, as it is very conveniently
-provided by SciPy. Let us also record the time it takes to perform this
-convolution and inspect the top left corner of the convolved image.</p>
+<p>The code above produces this image of a symmetrical two-dimensional
+Gaussian:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
+</figure><p>Now we are ready to compute the convolution on the host. Very
+conveniently, SciPy provides a method for convolutions. Let’s also
+record the time to perform this convolution and inspect the top-left
+corner of the convolved image, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_CPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_using_CPU[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_cpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span>
+<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.imshow(convolved_image_cpu[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">32</span>])</span>
 <span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.show()</span>
-<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolve2d_cpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Obviously, the time to perform this convolution will depend very much
-on the power of your CPU, but I expect you to find that it takes a
-couple of seconds.</p>
+<p>Obviously, the compute power of your CPU influences the actual
+execution time very much. We expect that to be in the region of a couple
+of seconds, as shown in the timing report below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>2.4 s ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>When you display the corner of the image, you can see that the “ones”
-surrounded by zeros have actually been blurred by a Gaussian, so we end
-up with a regular grid of Gaussians.</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p>Displaying just a corner of the image shows that the Gaussian has so
+much blurred the original pattern of ones surrounded by zeros that we
+end up with a regular pattern of Gaussians.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure></div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a></h1>
-<p>This is part of a lesson on GPU programming, so let us use the GPU.
-Although there is a physical connection - i.e. a cable - between the CPU
-and the GPU, they do not share the same memory space. This image depicts
-the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are connected:</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
-</figure><p>This means that an array created from e.g. an iPython shell using
-NumPy is physically located into the main memory of the host, and
-therefore available for the CPU but not the GPU. It is not yet present
-in GPU memory, which means that we need to copy our data, the input
-image and the convolving function to the GPU, before we can execute any
-code on it. In practice, we have the arrays <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> in the host’s RAM, and we need to copy them to GPU
-memory using CuPy.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy">Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a></h2>
+<p>This is a lesson on GPU programming, so let’s use the GPU. In spite
+of being physically connected – typically with special <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_(integrated_circuits)" class="external-link">interconnects</a>
+– the CPU and the GPU do not share the same memory space. This picture
+depicts the different components of CPU and GPU and how they are
+connected:</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
+</figure><p>This means that the array created with NumPy is physically stored in
+a memory of the host’s and, therefore, is only available to the CPU.
+Since our input image and convolution filter are not yet present in the
+device memory, we need to copy both data to the GPU before executing any
+code on it. In practice, we use CuPy to copy the arrays
+<code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> from the host’s Random Access
+Memory (RAM) to the GPU memory as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> cupy <span class="im">as</span> cp</span>
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Now it is time to do the convolution on the GPU. SciPy does not offer
-functions that can use the GPU, so we need to import the convolution
-function from another library, called <code>cupyx</code>;
-<code>cupyx.scipy</code> contains a subset of all SciPy routines. You
-will see that the GPU convolution function from the <code>cupyx</code>
-library looks very much like the convolution function from SciPy we used
-previously. In general, NumPy and CuPy look very similar, as well as the
-SciPy and <code>cupyx</code> libraries, and this is on purpose to
-facilitate the use of the GPU by programmers that are already familiar
-with NumPy and SciPy. Let us again record the time to execute the
-convolution, so that we can compare it with the time it took on the
-host.</p>
+<p>Now it is time to compute the convolution on our GPU. Inconveniently,
+SciPy does not offer methods running on GPUs. Hence, we import the
+convolution function from a CuPy package aliased as <code>cupyx</code>,
+whose sub-package <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/reference/scipy.html" class="external-link"><code>cupyx.scipy</code></a>
+performs a selection of the SciPy operations. We will soon verify that
+the GPU convolution function of <code>cupyx</code> works out the same
+calculations as the CPU convolution function of SciPy. In general, CuPy
+proper and NumPy are so similar as are the <code>cupyx</code> methods
+and SciPy; this is intended to invite programmers already familiar with
+NumPy and SciPy to use the GPU for computing. For now, let’s again
+record the execution time on the device for the same convolution as the
+host, and can compare the respective performances.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.signal <span class="im">import</span> convolve2d <span class="im">as</span> convolve2d_gpu</span>
 <span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a>convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Similar to what we had previously on the host, the execution time of
-the GPU convolution will depend very much on the GPU used. These are the
-results using a NVIDIA Tesla T4 on Google Colab.</p>
+<p>Also the execution time of the GPU convolution will depend very much
+on the hardware used, as seen for the host. The timing using a NVIDIA
+Tesla T4 on Google Colab was:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>98.2 µs ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 7 loops each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This is a lot faster than on the host, a performance improvement, or
-speedup, of 24439 times. Impressive, but is it true?</p>
+<p>This is way faster than the host: more than a 24000-fold performance
+improvement, or speedup. Impressive, but is that true?</p>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a></h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="measuring-performance">Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a></h2>
 <p>So far we used <code>timeit</code> to measure the performance of our
-Python code, no matter if it was running on the CPU or was GPU
-accelerated. However, execution on the GPU is asynchronous: the control
-is given back to the Python interpreter immediately, while the GPU is
-still executing the task. Because of this, we cannot use
-<code>timeit</code> anymore: the timing would not be correct.</p>
-<p>CuPy provides a function, <code>benchmark</code> that we can use to
-measure the time it takes the GPU to execute our kernels.</p>
+Python code, no matter whether it was running on the CPU or was
+GPU-accelerated. However, the execution on the GPU is
+<em>asynchronous</em>: the Python interpreter takes back control of the
+program execution immediately, while the GPU is still executing the
+task. Therefore, the timing of <code>timeit</code> is not reliable.</p>
+<p>Conveniently, <code>cupyx</code> provides the function
+<code>benchmark()</code> that measures the actual execution time in the
+GPU. The following code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> with the
+appropriate arguments ten times, and stores inside the
+<code>.gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
+<code>execution_gpu</code> the execution time of each run in
+seconds.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.profiler <span class="im">import</span> benchmark</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(convolve2d_gpu, (diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The previous code executes <code>convolve2d_gpu</code> ten times, and
-stores the execution time of each run, in seconds, inside the
-<code>gpu_times</code> attribute of the variable
-<code>execution_gpu</code>. We can then compute the average execution
-time and print it, as shown.</p>
+<p>These measurements are also more stable and representative, because
+<code>benchmark()</code> disregards the compile time and the repetitions
+warm up the GPU. We can then average the execution times, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>Another advantage of the <code>benchmark</code> method is that it
-excludes the compile time, and warms up the GPU, so that measurements
-are more stable and representative.</p>
-<p>With the new measuring code in place, we can measure performance
-again.</p>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>whereby the performance revisited is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.020642 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, speedup of 116
-times over the host code.</p>
+<p>We now have a more reasonable, but still impressive, 116-fold speedup
+with respect to the execution on the host.</p>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without
-CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-convolution-on-the-gpu-without-cupy"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: convolution on the GPU without CuPy</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>deltas</code> with the NumPy
-array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, without using CuPy arrays.
-If this works, it should save us the time and effort of transferring
-<code>deltas</code> and <code>gauss</code> to the GPU.</p>
+<p>Try to convolve the NumPy array <code>diracs</code> with the NumPy
+array <code>gauss</code> directly on the GPU, that is, without CuPy
+arrays. If this works, it will save us the time and effort of
+transferring the arrays <code>diracs</code> and <code>gauss</code> to
+the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>We can directly try to use the GPU convolution function
-<code>convolve2d_gpu</code> with <code>deltas</code> and
-<code>gauss</code> as inputs.</p>
+<p>We can call the GPU convolution function
+<code>convolve2d_gpu()</code> directly with <code>deltas</code> and
+<code>gauss</code> as argument:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(deltas, gauss)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_gpu(diracs, gauss)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>However, this gives a long error message ending with:</p>
+<p>However, this throws a long error message ending with:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: Unsupported type &lt;class 'numpy.ndarray'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>It is unfortunately not possible to access NumPy arrays directly from
-the GPU because they exist in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the host
-and not in GPU memory.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to access directly from the GPU the
+NumPy arrays that live in the host RAM.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a></h1>
-<p>To check that we actually computed the same output on the host and
-the device we can compare the two output arrays
-<code>convolved_image_using_GPU</code> and
-<code>convolved_image_using_CPU</code>.</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="validation">Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a></h2>
+<p>To check that the host and the device actually produced the same
+output, we compare the two output arrays
+<code>convolved_image_gpu</code> and <code>convolved_image_cpu</code> as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_using_GPU, convolved_image_using_CPU)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" tabindex="-1"></a>np.allclose(convolved_image_gpu, convolved_image_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>As you may expect, the result of the comparison is positive, and in
-fact we computed the same results on the host and the device.</p>
+<p>As you may have expected, the outcome of the comparison confirms that
+the results on the host and on the device are the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -638,142 +693,147 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU
-vs. GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-fairer-comparison-of-cpu-vs.-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: fairer comparison of CPU vs. GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, but try to take
-also into account the time spent transferring the data to the GPU and
+<p>Compute again the speedup achieved using the GPU, taking into account
+also the time spent transferring the data from the CPU to the GPU and
 back.</p>
-<p>Hint: to copy a CuPy array back to the host (CPU), use the
-<code>cp.asnumpy()</code> function.</p>
+<p>Hint: use the <code>cp.asnumpy()</code> method to copy a CuPy array
+back to the host.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<p>A convenient solution is to group both the transfers, to and from the
-GPU, and the convolution into a single Python function, and then time
-its execution, like in the following example.</p>
+<p>A convenient strategy is to time the execution of a single Python
+function that groups the transfers to and from the GPU and the
+convolution, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> transfer_compute_transferback():</span>
-<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    deltas_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> push_compute_pull():</span>
+<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    diracs_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs)</span>
 <span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    gauss_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss)</span>
-<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
-<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_using_GPU_copied_to_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_using_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu <span class="op">=</span> convolve2d_gpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    convolved_image_gpu_in_host <span class="op">=</span> cp.asnumpy(convolved_image_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" tabindex="-1"></a>   </span>
-<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(transfer_compute_transferback, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(push_compute_pull, (), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.035400 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfers decreased from 116
-to 67. Taking into account the necessary data transfers when computing
-the speedup is a better, and more fair, way to compare performance. As a
-note, because data transfers force the GPU to sync with the host, this
-could also be measured with <code>timeit</code> and still provide
-correct measurements.</p>
+<p>The speedup taking into account the data transfer decreased from 116
+to 67. Nonetheless, accounting for the necessary data transfers is a
+better and fairer way to compute performance speedups. As an aside, here
+<code>timeit</code> would still provide correct measurements, because
+the data transfers force the device and host to <em>sync</em> one with
+another.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a></h1>
-<p>We saw earlier that we cannot execute routines from the
-<code>cupyx</code> library directly on NumPy arrays. In fact we need to
-first transfer the data from host to device memory. Vice versa, if we
-try to execute a regular SciPy routine (i.e. designed to run the CPU) on
-a CuPy array, we will also encounter an error. Try the following:</p>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu">A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a></h2>
+<p>We saw in a previous challenge that we cannot launch the routines of
+<code>cupyx</code> directly on NumPy arrays. In fact, we first needed to
+transfer the data from the host to the device memory. Conversely, we
+also encounter an error when we launch a regular SciPy routine, designed
+to run on CPUs, on a CuPy array. Try out the following:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(deltas_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a>convolve2d_cpu(diracs_gpu, gauss_gpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>This results in</p>
+<p>which results in</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>......
-......
-......
-TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed. Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>So SciPy routines cannot have CuPy arrays as input. We can, however,
-execute a simpler command that does not require SciPy. Instead of 2D
-convolution, we can do 1D convolution. For that we can use a NumPy
-routine instead of a SciPy routine. The <code>convolve</code> routine
-from NumPy performs linear (1D) convolution. To generate some input for
-a linear convolution, we can flatten our image from 2D to 1D (using
-<code>ravel()</code>), but we also need a 1D kernel. For the latter we
-will take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian kernel. Try the
-following three instructions for linear convolution on the CPU:</p>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>...
+...
+...
+TypeError: Implicit conversion to a NumPy array is not allowed.
+Please use `.get()` to construct a NumPy array explicitly.</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>So, SciPy routines do not accept CuPy arrays as input. However,
+instead of performing a 2D convolution, we can execute a simpler 1D
+(linear) convolution that uses the NumPy routine
+<code>np.convolve()</code> instead of a SciPy routine. To generate the
+input appropriate to a linear convolution, we flatten our input image
+from 2D to 1D using the method <code>.ravel()</code>. To generate a 1D
+filter, we take the diagonal elements of our 2D Gaussian filter. Let’s
+launch a linear convolution on the CPU with the following three
+instructions:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d <span class="op">=</span> deltas.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
-<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(deltas_1d, gauss_1d)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> diracs.ravel()</span>
+<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_cpu <span class="op">=</span> gauss.diagonal()</span>
+<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>n <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">-</span>r <span class="dv">1</span> np.convolve(diracs_1d_cpu, gauss_1d_cpu)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You could arrive at something similar to this timing result:</p>
+<p>A realistic execution time is:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>270 ms ± 0 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 1 run, 1 loop each)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>We have performed a regular linear convolution using our CPU. Now let
-us try something bold. We will transfer the 1D arrays to the GPU and use
-the NumPy routine to do the convolution.</p>
+<p>After having performed this regular linear convolution on the host
+with NumPy, let’s try something bold. We transfer the 1D arrays to the
+device and do the convolution with the same NumPy routine, as
+follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>deltas_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(deltas_1d)</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>diracs_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(diracs_1d_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>gauss_1d_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(gauss_1d_cpu)</span>
 <span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>execution_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (deltas_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_avg_time <span class="op">=</span> np.average(execution_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_avg_time<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>You may be surprised that we can issue these commands without error.
-Contrary to SciPy routines, NumPy accepts CuPy arrays, i.e. arrays that
-exist in GPU memory, as input. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">In
-the CuPy documentation</a> you can find some background on why NumPy
-routines can handle CuPy arrays.</p>
-<p>Also, remember when we used <code>np.allclose</code> with a NumPy and
-a CuPy array as input? That worked for the same reason.</p>
-<p>The linear convolution is actually performed on the GPU, which also
-results in a lower execution time.</p>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a>benchmark_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(np.convolve, (diracs_1d_gpu, gauss_1d_gpu), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a>gpu_execution_avg <span class="op">=</span> np.average(benchmark_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>gpu_execution_avg<span class="sc">:.6f}</span><span class="ss"> s"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>You may be surprised that these commands do not throw any error.
+Contrary to SciPy, NumPy routines accept CuPy arrays as input, even
+though the latter exist only in GPU memory. Indeed, can you recall when
+we validated our codes using a NumPy and a CuPy array as input of
+<code>np.allclose()</code>? That worked for the same reason. <a href="https://docs.cupy.dev/en/stable/user_guide/interoperability.html#numpy" class="external-link">The
+CuPy documentation</a> explains why NumPy routines can handle CuPy
+arrays.</p>
+<p>The last linear convolution has actually been performed on the GPU,
+and faster than the CPU:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>0.014529 s</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Without much effort, we obtained a 18 times speedup.</p>
+<p>With this Numpy shortcut and without much coding effort, we obtained
+a good 18-fold speedup.</p>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></h1>
-<p>In this section, we will perform the four major steps in image
-processing for radio astronomy: determination of background
-characteristics, segmentation, connected component labelling and source
+<h1 id="a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy">A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></h1>
+<p>In this section, we will perform four classical steps in image
+processing for radio astronomy: determination of the background
+characteristics, segmentation, connected component labeling, and source
 measurements.</p>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="import-the-fits-image">Import the FITS image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-image"></a></h2>
-<p>Start by importing a 2048² pixels image of the Galactic Center, an
-image made from observations by the Indian Giant Metrewave Radio
-Telescope (GMRT) at 150 MHz. The image is stored <a href=".././data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this repository</a>
-as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file, and to
-read it we need the <code>astropy</code> Python package.</p>
+<h2 id="import-the-fits-file">Import the FITS file<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-the-fits-file"></a></h2>
+<p>We import a 2048²-pixel image of the electromagnetic radiation at 150
+MHz around the Galactic Center, as observed by the Indian Giant
+Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).</p>
+<p>The image is stored <a href=".././data/GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits">in this lesson’s
+repository</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITS" class="external-link">FITS</a> file. The
+<code>astropy</code> Python package enables us to read in this file and,
+for compatibility with Python, convert the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" class="external-link">byte ordering</a> from
+the big to little endian, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -782,12 +842,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">with</span> fits.<span class="bu">open</span>(<span class="st">"GMRT_image_of_Galactic_Center.fits"</span>) <span class="im">as</span> hdul:</span>
 <span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    data <span class="op">=</span> hdul[<span class="dv">0</span>].data.byteswap().newbyteorder()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The latter two methods are needed to convert byte ordering from big
-endian to little endian.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
 <h2 id="inspect-the-image">Inspect the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#inspect-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>Let us have a look at part of this image.</p>
+<p>Let’s have a look at this image. Left and right in the data will be
+swapped with the method <code>np.fliplr()</code> just to adhere to the
+astronomical convention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension" class="external-link">right ascension</a>
+increasing leftwards.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -800,45 +861,27 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb25-7"><a href="#cb25-7" tabindex="-1"></a>im_plot <span class="op">=</span> ax.imshow(np.fliplr(data), cmap<span class="op">=</span>pyl.cm.gray_r, norm<span class="op">=</span>LogNorm(vmin <span class="op">=</span> maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">10</span>, vmax<span class="op">=</span>maxim<span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">100</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb25-8"><a href="#cb25-8" tabindex="-1"></a>pyl.colorbar(im_plot, ax<span class="op">=</span>ax)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
-</figure><p>The data has been switched left to right because Right Ascension
-increases to the left, so now it adheres to this astronomical
-convention. We can see a few dozen sources, especially in the lower left
-and upper right, which both have relatively good image quality. The band
-across the image from upper left to lower right has the worst image
-quality because there are many extended sources - especially the
-Galactic Center itself, in the middle - which are hard to deconvolve
-with the limited spacings from this observation. You can, however, see a
-couple of ring-like structures. These are actually supernova shells,
-i.e. the remnants from massive stars that exploded at the end of their
-lifes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image">Determine the background characteristics of the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#determine-the-background-characteristics-of-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>We want to identify all the sources - meaning e.g. stars, supernova
-remnants and distant galaxies - in this image and measure their
-positions and fluxes. How do we separate source pixels from background
-pixels? When do we know if a pixel with a high value belongs to a source
-or is simply a noise peak? We assume the background noise, which is a
-reflection of the limited sensitivity of the radio telescope, has a
-normal distribution. The chance of having a background pixel with a
-value above 5 times the standard deviation is 2.9e-7. We have 2²² =
-4.2e6 pixels in our image, so the chance of catching at least one random
-noise peak by setting a threshold of 5 times the standard deviation is
-less than 50%. We refer to the standard deviation as <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>.</p>
-<p>How do we measure the standard deviation of the background pixels?
-First we need to separate them from the source pixels, based on their
-values, in the sense that high pixel values more likely come from
-sources. The technique we use is called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping. First we take
-all pixels and compute the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>). Then we compute the median and
-clip all pixels larger than <span class="math inline">\(median + 3 *
-\sigma\)</span> and smaller than <span class="math inline">\(median - 3
-* \sigma\)</span>. From the clipped set, we compute the median and
-standard deviation again and clip again. Continue until no more pixels
-are clipped. The standard deviation from this final set of pixel values
-is the basis for the next step.</p>
-<p>Before clipping, let us investigate some properties of our unclipped
-data.</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
+</figure><p>Stars, remnants of supernovas (massive exploded stars), and distant
+galaxies are possible radiation sources observed in this image. We can
+spot a few dozen radiation sources in fairly good quality in the lower
+left and upper right. In contrast, the quality is worse in the diagonal
+from the upper left to the lower right, because the radio telescope has
+a limited sensitivity and cannot look into large radiation sources.
+Nonetheless, you can notice the Galactic Center in the middle of the
+image and supernova shells as ring-like formations elsewhere.</p>
+<p>The telescope accuracy has added background noise to the image. Yet,
+we want to identify all the radiation sources in this image, determine
+their positions, and measure their radiation fluxes. How can we then
+assert whether a high-intensity pixel is a peak of the noise or a
+genuine source? Assuming that the background noise is normally
+distributed with standard deviation <span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>, the chance of its intensity being
+larger than 5<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> is 2.9e-7. The
+chance of picking from our image of 2048² (4.2e6) pixels at least one
+that is so extremely bright because of noise is thus less than 50%.</p>
+<p>Before moving on, let’s determine some summary statistics of the
+radiation intensity in the input image:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -846,108 +889,124 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" tabindex="-1"></a>median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data)</span>
 <span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4" tabindex="-1"></a>max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data)</span>
-<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean = </span><span class="sc">{</span>mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median = </span><span class="sc">{</span>median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, sttdev = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum = </span><span class="sc">{</span>max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam, coming from the Galactic
-Center itself, so from the center of the image, while the overall
-standard deviation is 19.9 mJy/beam:</p>
+<p>This gives (in Jy/beam):</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean = 3.898e-04, median = 1.571e-05, sttdev = 1.993e-02, maximum = 2.506e+00</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>You might observe that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intense task, that is why we want
-to do it on a GPU. But let’s first issue the algorithm on a CPU.</p>
-<p>This is the NumPy code to do this:</p>
+<p>The maximum flux density is 2506 mJy/beam coming from the Galactic
+Center, the overall standard deviation 19.9 mJy/beam, and the median
+1.57e-05 mJy/beam.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background">Step 1: Determining the characteristics of the background<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-1-determining-the-characteristics-of-the-background"></a></h2>
+<p>First, we separate the background pixels from the source pixels using
+an iterative procedure called <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping, which assumes that high
+intensity is more likely to result from genuine sources. We start from
+the standard deviation (<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span>) and
+the median (<span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2}\)</span>) of all pixel
+intensities, as computed above. We then discard (clip) the pixels whose
+intensity is larger than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} +
+3\sigma\)</span> or smaller than <span class="math inline">\(\mu_{1/2} -
+3\sigma\)</span>. In the next pass, we compute again the median and
+standard deviation of the clipped set, and clip once more. We repeat
+these operations until no more pixels are clipped, that is, there are no
+outliers in the designated tails.</p>
+<p>In the meantime, you may have noticed already that <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping is a compute intensive
+task that could be implemented in a GPU. For the moment, let’s implement
+the algorithm with the NumPy code for a CPU, as follows:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data first makes subsequent steps easier.</span></span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Flattening our 2D data makes subsequent steps easier</span></span>
 <span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa, sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_lower <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_both <span class="op">=</span> clipped_lower.compress(clipped_lower <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
-<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_both) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
-<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_both  </span>
-<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
-<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
-<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU ks clipping time = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">       </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
+<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here is a kappa-sigma clipper for the CPU</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">while</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
+<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" tabindex="-1"></a>         med <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" tabindex="-1"></a>         std <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_below <span class="op">=</span> data_flat.compress(data_flat <span class="op">&gt;</span> med <span class="op">-</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" tabindex="-1"></a>         clipped_data <span class="op">=</span> clipped_below.compress(clipped_below <span class="op">&lt;</span> med <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">*</span> std)</span>
+<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" tabindex="-1"></a>         <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(clipped_data) <span class="op">==</span> <span class="bu">len</span>(data_flat):</span>
+<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" tabindex="-1"></a>             <span class="cf">break</span></span>
+<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" tabindex="-1"></a>         data_flat <span class="op">=</span> clipped_data  </span>
+<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> data_flat</span>
+<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_cpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_cpu <span class="op">=</span> timing_ks_clipping_cpu.best</span>
+<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_cpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The performance is close to 1 s and, hopefully, can be sped up on the
+GPU.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>793 ms ± 17.2 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
-Fastest CPU ks clipping time = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
+Fastest ks clipping time on CPU = 7.777e+02 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>So that is close to 1 second to perform these computations.
-Hopefully, we can speed this up using the GPU. How has <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping influenced our
-statistics?</p>
+<p>Finally, let’s see how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping has influenced the
+summary statistics:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_mean_ <span class="op">=</span> data_clipped.mean()</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped)</span>
-<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, median of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_median_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> standard deviation of clipped = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_stddev_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">, maximum of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_max_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
-</div>
-<p>All output statistics have become smaller which is reassuring; it
-seems data_clipped contains mostly background pixels:</p>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_median_ <span class="op">=</span> np.median(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4" tabindex="-1"></a>clipped_max_ <span class="op">=</span> np.amax(data_clipped_cpu)</span>
+<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"mean of clipped = </span><span class="sc">{</span>clipped_mean_<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss">,</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">      median of clipped = {clipped_median_:.3e} \n</span></span>
+<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7" tabindex="-1"></a>      standard deviation of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_stddev_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>},</span>
+<span id="cb30-8"><a href="#cb30-8" tabindex="-1"></a>      maximum of clipped <span class="op">=</span> {clipped_max_:<span class="fl">.3</span><span class="er">e</span>}<span class="st">")</span></span></code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>The first-order statistics have become smaller, which reassures us
+that <code>data_clipped</code> contains background pixels:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06 
- standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>mean of clipped = -1.945e-06, median of clipped = -9.796e-06
+standard deviation of clipped = 1.334e-02, maximum of clipped = 4.000e-02</code></pre>
 </div>
+<p>The standard deviation of the intensity in the background pixels is
+be the basis for the next step.</p>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout challenge">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge:<span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span>clipping on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-kappa-sigma-clipping-on-the-gpu"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping on the GPU</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
-<p>Now that you understand how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa,
-\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform it on the GPU using
-CuPy and compute the speedup. Include the data transfer to and from the
-GPU in your calculation.</p>
+<p>Now that you know how the <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping algorithm works, perform
+it on the GPU using CuPy. Compute the speedup, including the data
+transfer to and from the GPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat):</span>
 <span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat_gpu <span class="op">=</span> cp.asarray(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat_gpu)</span>
+<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_gpu_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(data_gpu_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb32-5"><a href="#cb32-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_on_GPU <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
-<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb32-6"><a href="#cb32-6" tabindex="-1"></a>data_clipped_gpu <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_gpu(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb32-7"><a href="#cb32-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> benchmark(ks_clipper_gpu,</span>
+<span id="cb32-8"><a href="#cb32-8" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   (data_flat, ),</span>
+<span id="cb32-9"><a href="#cb32-9" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb32-10"><a href="#cb32-10" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_ks_clipping_gpu <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_ks_clipping_gpu.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb32-11"><a href="#cb32-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_ks_clipping_gpu<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -971,16 +1030,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="segment-the-image">Segment the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#segment-the-image"></a></h2>
-<p>We have seen that clipping at the <span class="math inline">\(5
-\sigma\)</span> level of an image this size (2048² pixels) will yield a
-chance of less than 50% that from all the sources we detect at least one
-will be a noise peak. So let us set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> and segment it. First check that
-we find the same standard deviation from our clipper on the GPU:</p>
+<h2 id="step-2-segmenting-the-image">Step 2: Segmenting the image<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-2-segmenting-the-image"></a></h2>
+<p>We have already estimated that clipping an image of 2048² pixels at
+the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> level yields a chance
+of less than 50% that at least one out of all the sources we detect is a
+noise peak. So let’s set the threshold at <span class="math inline">\(5\sigma\)</span> and segment it.</p>
+<p>First let’s check that the standard deviation from our clipper on the
+GPU is the same:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_on_GPU)</span>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" tabindex="-1"></a>stddev_gpu_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped_gpu)</span>
 <span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"standard deviation of background_noise = </span><span class="sc">{</span>stddev_gpu_<span class="sc">:.4f}</span><span class="ss"> Jy/beam"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -988,7 +1048,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>standard deviation of background_noise = 0.0133 Jy/beam</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>With the standard deviation computed we apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span> threshold to the image.</p>
+<p>We then apply the <span class="math inline">\(5 \sigma\)</span>
+threshold to the image with this standard deviation:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -996,8 +1057,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb38-2"><a href="#cb38-2" tabindex="-1"></a>segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-3"><a href="#cb38-3" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb38-4"><a href="#cb38-4" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_segmentation_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_segmentation_CPU.best </span>
-<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb38-6"><a href="#cb38-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb38-5"><a href="#cb38-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU segmentation time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_segmentation_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1007,27 +1067,26 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section level2">
-<h2 id="labelling-of-the-segmented-data">Labelling of the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#labelling-of-the-segmented-data"></a></h2>
-<p>This is called connected component labelling (CCL). It will replace
+<h2 id="step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data">Step 3: Labeling the segmented data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-3-labeling-the-segmented-data"></a></h2>
+<p>This is called connected component labeling (CCL). It will replace
 pixel values in the segmented image - just consisting of zeros and ones
 - of the first connected group of pixels with the value 1 - so nothing
 changed, but just for that first group - the pixel values in the second
 group of connected pixels will all be 2, the third connected group of
 pixels will all have the value 3 etc.</p>
-<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labelling.</p>
+<p>This is a CPU code for connected component labeling.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labelled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" tabindex="-1"></a>labeled_image <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" tabindex="-1"></a>number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
 <span id="cb40-4"><a href="#cb40-4" tabindex="-1"></a>sigma_unicode <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"</span><span class="ch">\u03C3</span><span class="st">"</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labelled_image)</span>
-<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb40-10"><a href="#cb40-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb40-5"><a href="#cb40-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The number of sources in the image at the 5</span><span class="sc">{</span>sigma_unicode<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> level is </span><span class="sc">{</span>number_of_sources_in_image<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb40-6"><a href="#cb40-6" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb40-7"><a href="#cb40-7" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o label_cpu(segmented_image, output <span class="op">=</span> labeled_image)</span>
+<span id="cb40-8"><a href="#cb40-8" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_CCL_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_CCL_CPU.best</span>
+<span id="cb40-9"><a href="#cb40-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU CCL time = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_CCL_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This gives, on my machine:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1037,19 +1096,19 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 26.3 ms ± 965 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
 Fastest CPU CCL time = 2.546e+01 ms.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<p>Let us not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
-are the values in the labelled image?</p>
+<p>Let’s not just accept the answer, but also do a sanity check. What
+are the values in the labeled image?</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labelled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>unique(labeled_image)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>This should show the following output:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labelled image: [  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are all the pixel values we can find in the labeled image:
+[  0.   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9.  10.  11.  12.  13.
   14.  15.  16.  17.  18.  19.  20.  21.  22.  23.  24.  25.  26.  27.
   28.  29.  30.  31.  32.  33.  34.  35.  36.  37.  38.  39.  40.  41.
   42.  43.  44.  45.  46.  47.  48.  49.  50.  51.  52.  53.  54.  55.
@@ -1065,9 +1124,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  182. 183. 184. 185.]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
-</div>
-<div class="section level1">
-<h1 id="source-measurements">Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></h1>
+<div class="section level2">
+<h2 id="step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources">Step 4: Measuring the radiation sources<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#step-4-measuring-the-radiation-sources"></a></h2>
 <p>We are ready for the final step. We have been given observing time to
 make this beautiful image of the Galactic Center, we have determined its
 background statistics, we have separated actual cosmic sources from
@@ -1081,20 +1139,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_cpu</span>
 <span id="cb44-2"><a href="#cb44-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_cpu</span>
-<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb44-4"><a href="#cb44-4" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb44-5"><a href="#cb44-5" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb44-6"><a href="#cb44-6" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb44-7"><a href="#cb44-7" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n\</span></span>
-<span id="cb44-9"><a href="#cb44-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ss">image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb44-8"><a href="#cb44-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span> (<span class="ss">f'These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my </span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> image: </span><span class="sc">{</span>np<span class="sc">.</span>sort(all_integrated_fluxes)[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">10</span>:]<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>which gives the Galactic Center as the most luminous source, which
 makes sense when we look at our image.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image: [ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>These are the ten highest integrated fluxes of the sources in my image:
+[ 38.90615184  41.91485894  43.02203498  47.30590784  51.23707351
   58.07289425  68.85673917  70.31223921  95.16443585 363.58937774]</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can try to measure the execution times for both algorithms,
@@ -1103,9 +1161,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">%%</span>timeit <span class="op">-</span>o</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labelled_image, <span class="op">\</span></span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a>                        <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb46-4"><a href="#cb46-4" tabindex="-1"></a>all_integrated_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data, labeled_image,</span>
 <span id="cb46-5"><a href="#cb46-5" tabindex="-1"></a>                               <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields, on my machine:</p>
@@ -1123,8 +1181,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> _</span>
 <span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_source_measurements_CPU <span class="op">=</span> timing_source_measurements_CPU.best</span>
-<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb48-4"><a href="#cb48-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"Fastest CPU set of source measurements = </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_source_measurements_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms."</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Which yields</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -1137,113 +1194,101 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-putting-it-all-together" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-putting-it-all-together"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: putting it all together</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Combine the first two steps of image processing for astronomy,
-i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa, \sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation
-into a single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a
-function for connected component labelling and source measurements on
-the GPU and calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four
-steps of image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU.
-Finally, verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using
-the CPU.</p>
+i.e. determining background characteristics e.g. through <span class="math inline">\(\kappa\)</span>-<span class="math inline">\(\sigma\)</span> clipping and segmentation into a
+single function, that works for both CPU and GPU. Next, write a function
+for connected component labeling and source measurements on the GPU and
+calculate the overall speedup factor for the combined four steps of
+image processing in astronomy on the GPU relative to the CPU. Finally,
+verify your output by comparing with the previous output, using the
+CPU.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data):</span>
 <span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_flat <span class="op">=</span> data.ravel()</span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> kappa_sigma_clipper(data_flat)</span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    data_clipped <span class="op">=</span> ks_clipper_cpu(data_flat)</span>
 <span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    stddev_ <span class="op">=</span> np.std(data_clipped)</span>
 <span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    threshold <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">*</span> stddev_</span>
 <span id="cb50-6"><a href="#cb50-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    segmented_image <span class="op">=</span> np.where(data <span class="op">&gt;</span> threshold, <span class="dv">1</span>,  <span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-7"><a href="#cb50-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> segmented_image</span>
 <span id="cb50-8"><a href="#cb50-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb50-9"><a href="#cb50-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data_CPU, segmented_image_CPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-10"><a href="#cb50-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.empty(data_CPU.shape)</span>
 <span id="cb50-11"><a href="#cb50-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_cpu(segmented_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                       output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_CPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-12"><a href="#cb50-12" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_CPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-13"><a href="#cb50-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
 <span id="cb50-14"><a href="#cb50-14" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labelled_image_CPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                            np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-15"><a href="#cb50-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_cpu(data_CPU, labeled_image_CPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-16"><a href="#cb50-16" tabindex="-1"></a>                        np.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
 <span id="cb50-17"><a href="#cb50-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> np.array(all_positions), np.array(all_fluxes)</span>
 <span id="cb50-18"><a href="#cb50-18" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
+<span id="cb50-19"><a href="#cb50-19" tabindex="-1"></a>CPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU(data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-20"><a href="#cb50-20" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data))</span>
 <span id="cb50-21"><a href="#cb50-21" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU, (data, <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-22"><a href="#cb50-22" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(</span>
+<span id="cb50-23"><a href="#cb50-23" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            ccl_and_source_measurements_on_CPU,</span>
+<span id="cb50-24"><a href="#cb50-24" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            (data,</span>
+<span id="cb50-25"><a href="#cb50-25" tabindex="-1"></a>                                            first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(data)),                                             n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-26"><a href="#cb50-26" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
-<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
-<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>    labelled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
-<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labelled_image_GPU)</span>
-<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labelled_image_GPU, </span>
-<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
-<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists. These first have to be converted to</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a>           cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
-<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>                 first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-27"><a href="#cb50-27" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_CPU.cpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-28"><a href="#cb50-28" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-29"><a href="#cb50-29" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our CPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-30"><a href="#cb50-30" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-31"><a href="#cb50-31" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> label <span class="im">as</span> label_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-32"><a href="#cb50-32" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> center_of_mass <span class="im">as</span> com_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-33"><a href="#cb50-33" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> cupyx.scipy.ndimage <span class="im">import</span> sum_labels <span class="im">as</span> sl_gpu</span>
+<span id="cb50-34"><a href="#cb50-34" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-35"><a href="#cb50-35" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">def</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(data_GPU, segmented_image_GPU):</span>
+<span id="cb50-36"><a href="#cb50-36" tabindex="-1"></a>    labeled_image_GPU <span class="op">=</span> cp.empty(data_GPU.shape)</span>
+<span id="cb50-37"><a href="#cb50-37" tabindex="-1"></a>    number_of_sources_in_image <span class="op">=</span> label_gpu(segmented_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-38"><a href="#cb50-38" tabindex="-1"></a>                                           output<span class="op">=</span> labeled_image_GPU)</span>
+<span id="cb50-39"><a href="#cb50-39" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_positions <span class="op">=</span> com_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-40"><a href="#cb50-40" tabindex="-1"></a>                            cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-41"><a href="#cb50-41" tabindex="-1"></a>    all_fluxes <span class="op">=</span> sl_gpu(data_GPU, labeled_image_GPU, </span>
+<span id="cb50-42"><a href="#cb50-42" tabindex="-1"></a>                        cp.arange(<span class="dv">1</span>, number_of_sources_in_image<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
+<span id="cb50-43"><a href="#cb50-43" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># This seems redundant, but we want to return ndarrays (Numpy)</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-44"><a href="#cb50-44" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># and what we have are lists.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-45"><a href="#cb50-45" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># These first have to be converted to</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-46"><a href="#cb50-46" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="co"># Cupy arrays before they can be converted to Numpy arrays.</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-47"><a href="#cb50-47" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">return</span> cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_positions)),</span>
+<span id="cb50-48"><a href="#cb50-48" tabindex="-1"></a>                      cp.asnumpy(cp.asarray(all_fluxes))</span>
+<span id="cb50-49"><a href="#cb50-49" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-50"><a href="#cb50-50" tabindex="-1"></a>GPU_output <span class="op">=</span> ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU(cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data)))</span>
+<span id="cb50-51"><a href="#cb50-51" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-52"><a href="#cb50-52" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb50-53"><a href="#cb50-53" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>timing_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span>  <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a>    benchmark(ccl_and_source_measurements_on_GPU, (cp.asarray(data), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a>       first_two_steps_for_both_CPU_and_GPU(cp.asarray(data))), <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a>       n_repeat<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a>    np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
-<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU<span class="op">/</span> <span class="op">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-66"><a href="#cb50-66" tabindex="-1"></a>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
-<span id="cb50-67"><a href="#cb50-67" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="ch">\</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-68"><a href="#cb50-68" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-69"><a href="#cb50-69" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-70"><a href="#cb50-70" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-71"><a href="#cb50-71" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb50-72"><a href="#cb50-72" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb50-73"><a href="#cb50-73" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
-<span id="cb50-74"><a href="#cb50-74" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
+<span id="cb50-54"><a href="#cb50-54" tabindex="-1"></a>fastest_complete_processing_GPU <span class="op">=</span> np.amin(timing_complete_processing_GPU.gpu_times)</span>
+<span id="cb50-55"><a href="#cb50-55" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-56"><a href="#cb50-56" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The four steps of image processing for astronomy take </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="op">*</span> fastest_complete_processing_GPU<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ss"> ms</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss"> on our GPU."</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-57"><a href="#cb50-57" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-58"><a href="#cb50-58" tabindex="-1"></a>overall_speedup_factor <span class="op">=</span> fastest_complete_processing_CPU <span class="op">/</span>                         fastest_complete_processing_GPU</span>
+<span id="cb50-59"><a href="#cb50-59" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: </span><span class="sc">{</span>overall_speedup_factor<span class="sc">:.3e}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-60"><a href="#cb50-60" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-61"><a href="#cb50-61" tabindex="-1"></a>all_positions_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-62"><a href="#cb50-62" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU positions agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
+<span id="cb50-63"><a href="#cb50-63" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb50-64"><a href="#cb50-64" tabindex="-1"></a>all_fluxes_agree <span class="op">=</span> np.allclose(CPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>], GPU_output[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
+<span id="cb50-65"><a href="#cb50-65" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"The CPU and GPU fluxes agree: </span><span class="sc">{</span>all_positions_agree<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms 
- on our CPU.
-The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms 
- on our GPU.
-This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs CPU equals: 1.838e+01
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 1.060e+03 ms on our CPU.
+The four steps of image processing for astronomy take 5.770e+01 ms on our GPU.
+This means that the overall speedup factor GPU vs _mCPU equals: 1.838e+01
 
 The CPU and GPU positions agree: True
 
@@ -1258,8 +1303,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“CuPy provides GPU accelerated version of many NumPy and Scipy
 functions.”</li>
@@ -1268,11 +1312,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
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+<!--
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+</div>
 
 
 
@@ -1288,7 +1333,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Introduction
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-          Next: Accelerate your... 
+          Next: Accelerate your...
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@@ -1299,20 +1344,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -1334,33 +1379,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/cupy.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/cupy.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/first_program.html b/instructor/first_program.html
index 6ba14e5..1664798 100644
--- a/instructor/first_program.html
+++ b/instructor/first_program.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Your First GPU Kernel</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Your First GPU Kernel</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
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       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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       }
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
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@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
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         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: A Better Look at the
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/global_local_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Registers, Global,... 
+          Next: Registers, Global,...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Your First GPU Kernel</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/first_program.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 70 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -379,8 +432,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are aware that CUDA is a proprietary solution, and that there are
 open-source alternatives such as OpenCL. However, CUDA is the most used
@@ -502,8 +554,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-loose-threads" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-loose-threads"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: loose threads</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We know enough now to pause for a moment and do a little exercise.
 Assume that in our <code>vector_add</code> kernel we replace the
@@ -530,9 +581,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is number 3, only the element <code>C[1]</code> is
 written, and we do not even know by which thread!</p>
@@ -582,9 +633,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 &lt;ipython-input-4-a26bc8acad2fin &lt;module&gt;()
      19 ''', "vector_add")
-     20 
+     20
 ---21 vector_add_gpu((1, 1, 1), (size, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
-     22 
+     22
      23 print(c_gpu)
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
@@ -659,8 +710,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-hidden-variables" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-hidden-variables"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: hidden variables</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following snippet of code:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
@@ -678,9 +728,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The content of <code>blockDim</code> is <code>(512, 1, 1)</code> and
 the content of <code>gridDim</code> is <code>(4, 1, 1)</code>, for all
@@ -744,8 +794,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-scaling-up" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-scaling-up"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: scaling up</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In the following code, fill in the blank to work with vectors that
 are larger than the largest CUDA block (i.e. 1024).</p>
@@ -765,9 +814,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct answer is
 <code>(blockIdx.x * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x</code>. The following code
@@ -799,8 +848,7 @@ <h1 id="vectors-of-arbitrary-size">Vectors of Arbitrary Size<a class="anchor" ar
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-more-work-than-necessary" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-more-work-than-necessary"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: more work than necessary</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We modified the <code>vector_add</code> kernel to include a check for
 the size of the vector, so that we only compute elements that are within
@@ -825,9 +873,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The correct way to modify the <code>vector_add</code> to work on
 vectors of arbitrary size is to first compute the coordinates of each
@@ -860,11 +908,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 CUDADriverError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
 
 &lt;ipython-input-20-00d938215d28in &lt;module&gt;()
-     31 
+     31
      32 # Execute the code
 ---33 vector_add_gpu((2, 1, 1), (size // 2, 1, 1), (a_gpu, b_gpu, c_gpu, size))
      34 vector_add(a_cpu, b_cpu, c_cpu, size)
-     35 
+     35
 
 cupy/core/raw.pyx in cupy.core.raw.RawKernel.__call__()
 
@@ -948,9 +996,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with
-CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers-with-cuda"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers with CUDA</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Given the following Python code, similar to what we have seen in the
 previous episode about Numba, write the missing CUDA kernel that
@@ -1030,9 +1076,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div id="accordionSolution5" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible solution for the CUDA kernel is provided in the
 following code.</p>
@@ -1074,8 +1120,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Precede your kernel definition with the <code>__global__</code>
 keyword”</li>
@@ -1085,9 +1130,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -1105,7 +1150,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: A Better Look at the
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/global_local_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Registers, Global,... 
+          Next: Registers, Global,...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1116,20 +1161,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/first_program.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
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 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1151,33 +1196,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/first_program.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/first_program.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/global_local_memory.html b/instructor/global_local_memory.html
index c01d469..4e0a091 100644
--- a/instructor/global_local_memory.html
+++ b/instructor/global_local_memory.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Registers, Global, and Local Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Registers, Global, and Local Memory</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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-      
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@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
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@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
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         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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                     RESOURCES
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Your First GPU
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Shared Memory and... 
+          Next: Shared Memory and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Registers, Global, and Local Memory</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 45 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -355,9 +408,7 @@ <h1 id="registers">Registers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#registe
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we
-using?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-how-many-registers-are-we-using"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: how many registers are we using?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Can you guess how many registers are we using in the following
 <code>vector_add</code> code?</p>
@@ -381,7 +432,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
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@@ -433,8 +484,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Registers are the fastest memory on the GPU, so using them to
 increase data reuse is an important performance optimization. We will
@@ -483,9 +533,7 @@ <h1 id="global-memory">Global Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is
-used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-identify-when-global-memory-is-used"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: identify when global memory is used</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Observe the code of the following <code>vector_add</code> and
 identify where global memory is used.</p>
@@ -509,7 +557,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
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@@ -529,8 +577,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout2"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>While global memory is visible to all threads, remember that global
 memory is not coherent, and changes made by one thread block may not be
@@ -552,8 +599,7 @@ <h1 id="local-memory">Local Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#l
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-local-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-local-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use local memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following of <code>vector_add</code> so that intermediate
 data products are stored in local memory, and only the final result is
@@ -580,7 +626,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
@@ -629,8 +675,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Registers can be used to locally store data and avoid repeated
 memory operations”</li>
@@ -642,9 +687,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
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@@ -662,7 +707,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Your First GPU
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Shared Memory and... 
+          Next: Shared Memory and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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@@ -673,20 +718,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/global_local_memory.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
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 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -708,33 +753,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/global_local_memory.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/global_local_memory.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/gpu_introduction.html b/instructor/gpu_introduction.html
index e41df04..efdf007 100644
--- a/instructor/gpu_introduction.html
+++ b/instructor/gpu_introduction.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: A Better Look at the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: A Better Look at the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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-            Beta
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-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
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     <div class="selector-container">
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
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+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
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+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/first_program.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Your First GPU... 
+          Next: Your First GPU...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>A Better Look at the GPU</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -429,9 +482,9 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
 from the University of Utah’s undergraduate course on Computer
 Organization and presented by Rajeev Balasubramonian.</p>
 <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcS_kQOIykU" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/FcS_kQOIykU/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YouTube video showing a slide" class="figure"></a></p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -449,7 +502,7 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
           Previous: Accelerate your
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/first_program.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Your First GPU... 
+          Next: Your First GPU...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -460,20 +513,20 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/gpu_introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -495,33 +548,11 @@ <h1 id="additional-material">Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="an
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/gpu_introduction.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/gpu_introduction.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index fed0964..2c79b7d 100644
--- a/instructor/images.html
+++ b/instructor/images.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: All Images</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
+<script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
 <script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
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+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
 </head>
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-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
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+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+</li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
 </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -109,7 +138,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div>
 <!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
@@ -132,6 +161,35 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+</li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -155,7 +213,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -177,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -189,7 +247,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -201,7 +259,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -225,7 +283,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -237,7 +295,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -249,7 +307,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -261,7 +319,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -273,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -285,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -296,10 +354,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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                 </h2>
@@ -322,13 +380,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
 <a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -350,40 +408,41 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <hr class="half-width">
 <h3 id="introduction-figure-1">Figure 1</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU’</p>
-<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZdxcHEM-uc" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/bZdxcHEM-uc/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU" class="figure"></a><hr></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></a></h2>
+<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZdxcHEM-uc" class="external-link"><img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/bZdxcHEM-uc/0.jpg" alt="Screenshot of the YoutTube video showing a GPU" class="figure"></a><hr></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-1">Figure 1</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Deltas array’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/deltas.png" alt="Deltas array" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Deltas array</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Grid of delta functions.’</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/diracs.png" alt="Grid of delta functions." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of delta functions</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Example of animated convolution’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution</div>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/2D_Convolution_Animation.gif" alt="Example of animated convolution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Example of animated convolution.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Data flow of a map operation’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a map operation</div>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/mapping.svg" alt="Data flow of a map operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a map operation.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-4">Figure 4</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Data flow of a stencil operation’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Data flow of a stencil operation</div>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/stencil.svg" alt="Data flow of a stencil operation" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Dataflow of a stencil operation.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-5">Figure 5</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Two-dimensional Gaussian’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian</div>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/gauss.png" alt="Two-dimensional Gaussian" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Two-dimensional Gaussian.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-6">Figure 6</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Regular grid of Gaussians’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Regular grid of Gaussians" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Regular grid of Gaussians</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image’</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/convolved_image.png" alt="Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Grid of Gaussians in the convoluted image.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-7">Figure 7</h3>
-<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with its own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are two separate entities, each with
-its own memory</div>
+<p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory’</p>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/CPU_and_GPU_separated.png" alt="CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own memory" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">CPU and GPU are separate entities with an own
+memory.</div>
 </figure><hr>
 <h3 id="cupy-figure-8">Figure 8</h3>
 <p aria-hidden="true">Image 1 of 1: ‘Image of the Galactic Center’</p>
-<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center</div>
+<figure><img src=".././fig/improved_image_of_GC.png" alt="Image of the Galactic Center" class="figure mx-auto d-block"><div class="figcaption">Image of the Galactic Center at the radio
+frequency of 150 MHz</div>
 </figure><hr></section><section id="numba"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="numba.html">Accelerate your Python code with NumbaUsing Numba to execute Python code on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#using-numba-to-execute-python-code-on-the-gpu"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"></section><section id="gpu_introduction"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="gpu_introduction.html">A Better Look at the GPUThe GPU, a High Level View at the Hardware<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-gpu-a-high-level-view-at-the-hardware"></a>How Programs are Executed<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#how-programs-are-executed"></a>Different Memories<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#different-memories"></a>Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#additional-material"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
@@ -410,20 +469,20 @@ <h3 id="gpu_introduction-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
 <div class="col-md-6">
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+
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+
 	
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         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -446,35 +505,13 @@ <h3 id="gpu_introduction-figure-2">Figure 2</h3>
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   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/index.html b/instructor/index.html
index 8945672..f9f51a4 100644
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+++ b/instructor/index.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Summary and Schedule</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -150,7 +203,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -159,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -292,8 +345,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="do-you-want-to-teach-this-lesson" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#do-you-want-to-teach-this-lesson"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Do you want to teach GPU programming? This material is open-source
 and freely available. Are you planning on using our material in your
@@ -303,9 +355,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?<a class="anchor" ari
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 
 
@@ -413,9 +465,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Do you want to teach this lesson?<a class="anchor" ari
 </td>
 <td>
 </td>
-</tr><!-- 
+</tr><!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  --></tbody></table><p>
       The actual schedule may vary slightly depending on the topics and exercises chosen by the instructor.
       </p>
@@ -471,8 +523,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Callout<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#callout1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Callout</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We are installing the precompiled <code>cupy</code> libraries
 compiled against the latest version of CUDA. This is always faster to
@@ -519,9 +570,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
 </div>
 <p>This will print out a url in your terminal, which you can then open
 in the browser of your choice.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -541,20 +592,20 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/index.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -576,33 +627,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/instructor-notes.html b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
index ab314ce..dd42e62 100644
--- a/instructor/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: Instructor Notes</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
+<script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
 <script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
 </head>
 <body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+</li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
 </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -109,7 +138,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div>
 <!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
@@ -132,6 +161,35 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text">
+<li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
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+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+</li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
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@@ -155,7 +213,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
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             </div>
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-      
+
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@@ -177,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div>
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@@ -189,7 +247,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
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 </div>
@@ -201,7 +259,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
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@@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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@@ -225,7 +283,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
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@@ -237,7 +295,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -249,7 +307,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
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@@ -273,7 +331,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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@@ -285,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
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             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
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@@ -348,14 +406,14 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
         
 
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       <section id="aggregate-instructor-notes"><section id="introduction"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="introduction.html">IntroductionGraphics Processing Unit<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#graphics-processing-unit"></a>Parallel by Design<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#parallel-by-design"></a>Speed Benefits<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#speed-benefits"></a></a></h2>
-<hr class="half-width"></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></a></h2>
+<hr class="half-width"></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"></section><section id="numba"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="numba.html">Accelerate your Python code with NumbaUsing Numba to execute Python code on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#using-numba-to-execute-python-code-on-the-gpu"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"></section><section id="gpu_introduction"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="gpu_introduction.html">A Better Look at the GPUThe GPU, a High Level View at the Hardware<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-gpu-a-high-level-view-at-the-hardware"></a>How Programs are Executed<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#how-programs-are-executed"></a>Different Memories<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#different-memories"></a>Additional Material<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#additional-material"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"></section><section id="first_program"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="first_program.html">Your First GPU KernelSumming Two Vectors in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#summing-two-vectors-in-python"></a>Summing Two Vectors in CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#summing-two-vectors-in-cuda"></a>Running Code on the GPU with CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#running-code-on-the-gpu-with-cupy"></a>Understanding the CUDA Code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#understanding-the-cuda-code"></a>Computing Hierarchy in CUDA<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#computing-hierarchy-in-cuda"></a>Vectors of Arbitrary Size<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vectors-of-arbitrary-size"></a></a></h2>
@@ -375,20 +433,20 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -411,35 +469,13 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/introduction.html b/instructor/introduction.html
index f69d52d..c116dfc 100644
--- a/instructor/introduction.html
+++ b/instructor/introduction.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Introduction</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
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@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
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     </form>
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-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -159,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/cupy.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Using your GPU with... 
+          Next: Using your GPU with...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -446,8 +499,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="host-vs.-device" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#host-vs.-device"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From now on we may also call the GPU the <em>device</em>, while we
 refer to other computations as taking place on the <em>host</em>. We’ll
@@ -484,8 +536,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“CPUs and GPUs are both useful and each has its own place in our
 toolbox”</li>
@@ -497,9 +548,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -517,7 +568,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/cupy.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Using your GPU with... 
+          Next: Using your GPU with...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -528,20 +579,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -563,33 +614,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/introduction.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/introduction.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
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-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
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-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/key-points.html b/instructor/key-points.html
index 0035a09..900247a 100644
--- a/instructor/key-points.html
+++ b/instructor/key-points.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: Key Points</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
+<script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css">
 <script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
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@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
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 <link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
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+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
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+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
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+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
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@@ -56,7 +85,7 @@
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
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@@ -109,7 +138,7 @@
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-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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@@ -132,6 +161,35 @@
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@@ -155,7 +213,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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+
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@@ -177,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div>
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@@ -189,7 +247,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
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@@ -201,7 +259,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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@@ -225,7 +283,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -237,7 +295,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div>
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         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
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@@ -285,7 +343,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div>
@@ -296,10 +354,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
             </div>
 
             <hr class="half-width">
-<div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+<div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources">
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources">
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@@ -356,7 +414,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <li>“Using GPUs to accelerate computation can provide large performance
 gains”</li>
 <li>“Using the GPU with Python is not particularly difficult”</li>
-</ul></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolution in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-in-python"></a>Convolution on the CPU Using SciPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-cpu-using-scipy"></a>Convolution on the GPU Using CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolution-on-the-gpu-using-cupy"></a>Measuring performance<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#measuring-performance"></a>Validation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#validation"></a>A shortcut: performing NumPy routines on the GPU<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-shortcut-performing-numpy-routines-on-the-gpu"></a>A real world example: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-real-world-example-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a>Source measurements<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source-measurements"></a></a></h2>
+</ul></section><section id="cupy"><h2 class="section-heading"><a href="cupy.html">Using your GPU with CuPyIntroduction to CuPy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction-to-cupy"></a>Convolutions in Python<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convolutions-in-python"></a>A scientific application: image processing for radio astronomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-scientific-application-image-processing-for-radio-astronomy"></a></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
 <li>“CuPy provides GPU accelerated version of many NumPy and Scipy
@@ -424,20 +482,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -460,35 +518,13 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/numba.html b/instructor/numba.html
index 9616b47..e1fe892 100644
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
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@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Using your GPU with
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/gpu_introduction.html" rel="next">
-          Next: A Better Look at the... 
+          Next: A Better Look at the...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Accelerate your Python code with Numba</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/numba.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -474,8 +527,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Write a new function <code>find_all_primes_cpu_and_gpu</code> that
 uses <code>check_prime_gpu_kernel</code> instead of the inner loop of
@@ -487,9 +539,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible implementation of this function is the following
 one.</p>
@@ -578,8 +630,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Numba can be used to run your own Python functions on the
 GPU.”</li>
@@ -587,9 +638,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -607,7 +658,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Using your GPU with
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/gpu_introduction.html" rel="next">
-          Next: A Better Look at the... 
+          Next: A Better Look at the...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -618,20 +669,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/numba.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -653,33 +704,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/numba.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/numba.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
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-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
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-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/profiles.html b/instructor/profiles.html
index 1b76efb..e900680 100644
--- a/instructor/profiles.html
+++ b/instructor/profiles.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Learner Profiles</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Learner Profiles</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
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-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
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-      
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+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -277,9 +330,9 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
         
 
 <p>This is a placeholder file. Please add content here.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 
 
@@ -291,20 +344,20 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -326,33 +379,11 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/reference.html b/instructor/reference.html
index e14fbe7..6020205 100644
--- a/instructor/reference.html
+++ b/instructor/reference.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Reference</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Reference</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
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-      
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
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+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,25 +342,24 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reference</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
 
         
-<section id="glossary"><h2 class="section-heading">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="glossary">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>This is a placeholder file. Please add content here.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </section></div> <!-- / div.lesson-content -->
     </main><!-- / main#main-content.main-content --><nav class="bottom-pagination mx-md-4" aria-label="Previous and Next Chapter"><div class="d-block d-sm-block d-md-none">
@@ -332,20 +384,20 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -367,33 +419,11 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/reference.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html b/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
index 3f64653..1c99ed4 100644
--- a/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
+++ b/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
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           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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                     RESOURCES
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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@@ -287,20 +340,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/constant_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Constant Memory... 
+          Next: Constant Memory...
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Shared Memory and Synchronization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
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+
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-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -352,8 +405,7 @@ <h1 id="shared-memory">Shared Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-of-shared-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-of-shared-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following code to allocate the <code>temp</code> array in
 shared memory.</p>
@@ -381,9 +433,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To use shared memory for the <code>temp</code> array add the
 identifier <code>__shared__</code> to its definition, like in the
@@ -419,9 +471,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
-code block?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous code block?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The previous code example is functionally wrong. Can you guess what
 the result of its execution will be?</p>
@@ -431,9 +481,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The result is non deterministic, and definitely not the same as the
 previous versions of <code>vector_add</code>. Threads will overwrite
@@ -594,8 +644,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-error-in-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-error-in-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you look at the CUDA <code>histogram</code> code, there is a
 logical error that prevents it to produce the correct results. Can you
@@ -617,9 +666,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The GPU is a highly parallel device, executing multiple threads at
 the same time. In the previous code different threads could be updating
@@ -713,9 +762,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the
-histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Implement a new version of the CUDA <code>histogram</code> function
 that uses shared memory to reduce conflicts in global memory. Modify the
@@ -746,9 +793,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following code shows one of the possible solutions.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
@@ -898,8 +945,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Shared memory is faster than global memory and local memory”</li>
 <li>“Shared memory can be used as a user-controlled cache to speedup
@@ -915,9 +961,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -935,7 +981,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Registers, Global,
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/constant_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Constant Memory... 
+          Next: Constant Memory...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -946,20 +992,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -981,33 +1027,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
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-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/streams.html b/instructor/streams.html
index c45824a..8102b9b 100644
--- a/instructor/streams.html
+++ b/instructor/streams.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Concurrent access to the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Concurrent access to the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
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   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
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       <div class="large-logo">
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="../assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
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+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Instructor View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="../aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="../instructor/aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -293,14 +346,14 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Concurrent access to the GPU</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 40 minutes</p>
-        
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -583,16 +636,15 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“”</li>
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
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 </div>
 
@@ -621,20 +673,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -656,33 +708,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/streams.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/streams.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
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-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
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-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/instructor/workshops.html b/instructor/workshops.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6724db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/instructor/workshops.html
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: </title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="../assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/styles.css"><script src="../assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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+      TeX: {
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+      tex2jax: {
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+        displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['\\[', '\\]'] ],
+        processEscapes: true
+      }
+    });
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="../site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="../safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
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+    <div class="search-icon-sm">
+      <!-- TODO: do not show until we have search
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+      <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto mb-2 mb-lg-0"><li class="nav-item">
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+<div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush5">
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+        <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
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+        <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
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+<div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush7">
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+        <h1></h1>
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
+        <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/workshops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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+
+<table class="table"><colgroup><col width="13%"><col width="27%"><col width="20%"><col width="38%"></colgroup><thead><tr class="header"><th>Date (YYYY-MM-DD)</th>
+<th>Organisation</th>
+<th>Location</th>
+<th>Comments</th>
+</tr></thead><tbody><tr class="odd"><td>2021-11-02</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Online</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2022-02-08</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Online</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2022-05-11</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2022-11-02</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2023-03-09</td>
+<td>N8 computational intensive research</td>
+<td>Newcastle, UK</td>
+<td>2nd part of the workshop was online April 18th 2023</td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2023-04-18</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2023-11-06</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
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+				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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diff --git a/introduction.html b/introduction.html
index 54a4f34..3b1c286 100644
--- a/introduction.html
+++ b/introduction.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
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+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -159,7 +212,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -168,7 +221,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="cupy.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Using your GPU with... 
+          Next: Using your GPU with...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -444,8 +497,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="host-vs.-device" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#host-vs.-device"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Host vs. Device</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From now on we may also call the GPU the <em>device</em>, while we
 refer to other computations as taking place on the <em>host</em>. We’ll
@@ -482,8 +534,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“CPUs and GPUs are both useful and each has its own place in our
 toolbox”</li>
@@ -495,9 +546,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -515,7 +566,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="cupy.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Using your GPU with... 
+          Next: Using your GPU with...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -526,20 +577,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/introduction.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -561,33 +612,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/introduction.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/introduction.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
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-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/key-points.html b/key-points.html
index 21ec4c4..97ed038 100644
--- a/key-points.html
+++ b/key-points.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>GPU Programming: Key Points</title>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
+<script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css">
 <script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
@@ -26,27 +26,56 @@
 <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
 <link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
 <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c">
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+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white">
+<meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black">
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+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
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+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
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-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
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@@ -131,6 +160,35 @@
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 			</div>
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-        
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
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+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
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 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
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+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
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           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -186,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -195,7 +248,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -204,7 +257,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="gpu_introduction.html" rel="next">
-          Next: A Better Look at the... 
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Accelerate your Python code with Numba</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/numba.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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@@ -472,8 +525,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-compute-prime-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-compute-prime-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Write a new function <code>find_all_primes_cpu_and_gpu</code> that
 uses <code>check_prime_gpu_kernel</code> instead of the inner loop of
@@ -485,9 +537,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: compute prime numbers<a class="anchor" aria
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One possible implementation of this function is the following
 one.</p>
@@ -576,8 +628,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Numba can be used to run your own Python functions on the
 GPU.”</li>
@@ -585,9 +636,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
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+<!--
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@@ -605,7 +656,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Using your GPU with
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="gpu_introduction.html" rel="next">
-          Next: A Better Look at the... 
+          Next: A Better Look at the...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -616,20 +667,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
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   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/numba.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/numba.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 8f3b416..c6db50b 100644
--- a/pkgdown.yml
+++ b/pkgdown.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 pandoc: 3.1.11
-pkgdown: 2.0.9
+pkgdown: 2.1.1
 pkgdown_sha: ~
 articles: {}
-last_built: 2024-05-15T09:32Z
-
+last_built: 2024-11-04T09:40Z
diff --git a/profiles.html b/profiles.html
index 74de709..aadbff7 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Learner Profiles</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Learner Profiles</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
+          </button>
+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                Dark
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -277,9 +330,9 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
         
 
 <p>This is a placeholder file. Please add content here.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 
 
@@ -291,20 +344,20 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -326,33 +379,11 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-05-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
-    _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
-    _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
-    (function() {
-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
-          _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
-          _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);
-          var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-          g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/carpentries.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
index d92b271..a3d3b96 100644
--- a/reference.html
+++ b/reference.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Reference</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Reference</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
   <div class="container-fluid top-nav-container">
-    <div class="col-md-6">
+    <div class="col-md-8">
       <div class="large-logo">
-        <img alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><abbr class="badge badge-light" title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team." style="background-color: #001483; border-radius: 5px">
-          <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link" style="color: #FFF7F1">
-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
-        </abbr>
-        
+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
+
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="selector-container">
-      
-      
-      <div class="dropdown">
+      <div id="theme-selector">
+        <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+          <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="dark" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -209,7 +262,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -218,7 +271,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -227,7 +280,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -235,10 +288,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -258,11 +311,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div><!-- /div.accordion -->
         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -289,23 +342,22 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reference</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
+
+
+
         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
 
         
-<section id="glossary"><h2 class="section-heading">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="glossary">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>This is a placeholder file. Please add content here.</p>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
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     </main><!-- / main#main-content.main-content --><nav class="bottom-pagination mx-md-4" aria-label="Previous and Next Chapter"><div class="d-block d-sm-block d-md-none">
@@ -330,20 +382,20 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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+
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -365,33 +417,11 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/reference.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
-    _paq.push(["disableCookies"]);
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html b/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
index 439166a..b633889 100644
--- a/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
+++ b/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Shared Memory and Synchronization</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Shared Memory and Synchronization</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
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+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
+    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md top-nav incubator"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"><symbol id="check2" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="circle-half" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 0 8 1v14zm0 1A8 8 0 1 1 8 0a8 8 0 0 1 0 16z"></path></symbol><symbol id="moon-stars-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M6 .278a.768.768 0 0 1 .08.858 7.208 7.208 0 0 0-.878 3.46c0 4.021 3.278 7.277 7.318 7.277.527 0 1.04-.055 1.533-.16a.787.787 0 0 1 .81.316.733.733 0 0 1-.031.893A8.349 8.349 0 0 1 8.344 16C3.734 16 0 12.286 0 7.71 0 4.266 2.114 1.312 5.124.06A.752.752 0 0 1 6 .278z"></path><path d="M10.794 3.148a.217.217 0 0 1 .412 0l.387 1.162c.173.518.579.924 1.097 1.097l1.162.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0 .412l-1.162.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0-1.097 1.097l-.387 1.162a.217.217 0 0 1-.412 0l-.387-1.162A1.734 1.734 0 0 0 9.31 6.593l-1.162-.387a.217.217 0 0 1 0-.412l1.162-.387a1.734 1.734 0 0 0 1.097-1.097l.387-1.162zM13.863.099a.145.145 0 0 1 .274 0l.258.774c.115.346.386.617.732.732l.774.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0 .274l-.774.258a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732.732l-.258.774a.145.145 0 0 1-.274 0l-.258-.774a1.156 1.156 0 0 0-.732-.732l-.774-.258a.145.145 0 0 1 0-.274l.774-.258c.346-.115.617-.386.732-.732L13.863.1z"></path></symbol><symbol id="sun-fill" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 12a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8zM8 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 0zm0 13a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2a.5.5 0 0 1-1 0v-2A.5.5 0 0 1 8 13zm8-5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5zM3 8a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-2a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1h2A.5.5 0 0 1 3 8zm10.657-5.657a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707l-1.414 1.415a.5.5 0 1 1-.707-.708l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm-9.193 9.193a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707L3.05 13.657a.5.5 0 0 1-.707-.707l1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707 0zm9.193 2.121a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0l-1.414-1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .707zM4.464 4.465a.5.5 0 0 1-.707 0L2.343 3.05a.5.5 0 1 1 .707-.707l1.414 1.414a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708z"></path></symbol></svg><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
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-          </a>
-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
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+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
+          </ul></li>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
         </button>
@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
         </button>
         <div class="sidebar-inner">
+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
+            <div class="col" id="theme-selector">
+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
+                  <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><span class="d-lg-none ms-1" id="bd-theme-text">Toggle Theme</span>
+                </button>
+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Light
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
+                      Dark
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                      Auto
+                      <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+                  </li>
+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
             <div class="col">
               <div class="sidenav-view-selector">
@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -200,7 +253,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -213,7 +266,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         </span>
       
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -222,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -231,7 +284,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading10">
         <a href="streams.html">9. Concurrent access to the GPU</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
                 <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
                   </button>
                 </h2>
@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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+
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         </div><!-- /div.sidebar-inner -->
@@ -287,18 +340,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Registers, Global,
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="constant_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Constant Memory... 
+          Next: Constant Memory...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Shared Memory and Synchronization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
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         </div>
@@ -350,8 +403,7 @@ <h1 id="shared-memory">Shared Memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-of-shared-memory" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-of-shared-memory"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use of shared memory</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Modify the following code to allocate the <code>temp</code> array in
 shared memory.</p>
@@ -379,9 +431,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution1" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To use shared memory for the <code>temp</code> array add the
 identifier <code>__shared__</code> to its definition, like in the
@@ -417,9 +469,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
-code block?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-what-is-the-result-of-the-previous-code-block"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous code block?</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The previous code example is functionally wrong. Can you guess what
 the result of its execution will be?</p>
@@ -429,9 +479,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: what is the result of the previous
 <div id="accordionSolution2" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The result is non deterministic, and definitely not the same as the
 previous versions of <code>vector_add</code>. Threads will overwrite
@@ -592,8 +642,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-error-in-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-error-in-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: error in the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you look at the CUDA <code>histogram</code> code, there is a
 logical error that prevents it to produce the correct results. Can you
@@ -615,9 +664,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution3" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The GPU is a highly parallel device, executing multiple threads at
 the same time. In the previous code different threads could be updating
@@ -711,9 +760,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="zap"></i>
 </div>
 <div id="challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the
-histogram<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#challenge-use-shared-memory-to-speed-up-the-histogram"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: use shared memory to speed up the histogram</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Implement a new version of the CUDA <code>histogram</code> function
 that uses shared memory to reduce conflicts in global memory. Modify the
@@ -744,9 +791,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">C<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div id="accordionSolution4" class="accordion challenge-accordion accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
-  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Show me the solution</h4>
+  <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following code shows one of the possible solutions.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
@@ -896,8 +943,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li>“Shared memory is faster than global memory and local memory”</li>
 <li>“Shared memory can be used as a user-controlled cache to speedup
@@ -913,9 +959,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!-- 
+<!--
 Place links that you need to refer to multiple times across pages here. Delete
-any links that you are not going to use. 
+any links that you are not going to use.
  -->
 </div>
 
@@ -933,7 +979,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Registers, Global,
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="constant_memory.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Constant Memory... 
+          Next: Constant Memory...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -944,20 +990,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/shared_memory_and_synchronization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:instructors@esciencecenter.nl">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.4" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.4)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.2" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.2)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -979,33 +1025,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html",
   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/shared_memory_and_synchronization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
   </script><script>
 		feather.replace();
-	</script><!-- Matomo
-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
-    tracking and I'm pretty sure this has to do with Workbench usage.
-    Considering that I am not _currently_ using this tracking because I do not
-    yet know how to access the data, I am turning this off for now.
-  <script>
-    var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
-    /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
-    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", document.domain + "/" + document.title]);
-    _paq.push(["setDomains", ["*.preview.carpentries.org","*.datacarpentry.github.io","*.datacarpentry.org","*.librarycarpentry.github.io","*.librarycarpentry.org","*.swcarpentry.github.io", "*.carpentries.github.io"]]);
-    _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]);
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-          var u="https://carpentries.matomo.cloud/";
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-        })();
-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
index 5e09431..68fbcce 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -90,6 +90,9 @@
   <url>
     <loc>https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/streams.html</loc>
   </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor/workshops.html</loc>
+  </url>
   <url>
     <loc>https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/instructor-notes.html</loc>
   </url>
@@ -114,4 +117,7 @@
   <url>
     <loc>https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/streams.html</loc>
   </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/workshops.html</loc>
+  </url>
 </urlset>
diff --git a/streams.html b/streams.html
index c4ce40e..697318e 100644
--- a/streams.html
+++ b/streams.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Concurrent access to the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: Concurrent access to the GPU</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
     MathJax.Hub.Config({
       config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
       jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/HTML-CSS","output/NativeMML", "output/PreviewHTML"],
@@ -13,25 +13,51 @@
         processEscapes: true
       }
     });
-    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"></head><body>
-    <header id="top" class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-white top-nav incubator"><a class="visually-hidden-focusable skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>
+    </script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- Responsive Favicon for The Carpentries --><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest"><link rel="mask-icon" href="safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" content="white"><meta name="theme-color" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" content="black"></head><body>
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-            <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
-            Beta
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-          <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
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+        <img id="incubator-logo" alt="Carpentries Incubator" src="assets/images/incubator-logo.svg"><span class="badge text-bg-info">
+          <abbr title="This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.">
+            <a href="https://cdh.carpentries.org/the-lesson-life-cycle.html#polishing-beta-stage" class="external-link alert-link">
+              <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="alert-circle" style="border-radius: 5px"></i>
+              Beta
+            </a>
+            <span class="visually-hidden">This lesson is in the beta phase, which means that it is ready for teaching by instructors outside of the original author team.</span>
+          </abbr>
+        </span>
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+            <svg class="bi my-1 theme-icon-active"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg><i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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+          <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center" data-bs-theme-value="light" aria-pressed="false">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
+                Light
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
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+              <button type="button" class="btn dropdown-item d-flex align-items-center active" data-bs-theme-value="auto" aria-pressed="true">
+                <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#circle-half"></use></svg>
+                Auto
+                <svg class="bi ms-auto d-none"><use href="#check2"></use></svg></button>
+            </li>
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+      </div>
+
+      <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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@@ -39,7 +65,7 @@
         </ul></div>
     </div>
   </div>
-  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light bg-white bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
+  <hr></header><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl bottom-nav incubator" aria-label="Main Navigation"><div class="container-fluid nav-container">
     <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Navigation">
       <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
       <span class="menu-title">Menu</span>
@@ -86,7 +112,7 @@
       </fieldset>
     </form>
     -->
-    <a class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
+    <a id="search-button" class="btn btn-primary" href="aio.html" role="button" aria-label="Search the All In One page">Search the All In One page</a>
   </div><!--/div.container-fluid -->
 </nav><div class="col-md-12 mobile-title">
   GPU Programming
@@ -108,6 +134,33 @@
           <i class="search-icon" data-feather="x" role="img"></i>
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+          <div class="row mobile-row" id="theme-row-mobile">
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+              <li class="nav-item dropdown" id="theme-button-list">
+                <button class="btn btn-link nav-link px-0 px-lg-2 dropdown-toggle d-flex align-items-center" id="bd-theme" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-display="static" aria-label="Toggle theme (auto)">
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+                <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-theme-text"><li>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#sun-fill"></use></svg>
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+                      <svg class="bi me-2 theme-icon"><use href="#moon-stars-fill"></use></svg>
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+                      Auto
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+                </ul></li>
+            </div>
+          </div>
           <div class="row mobile-row">
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@@ -127,7 +180,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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-      
+
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           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -146,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -155,7 +208,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
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-        
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -164,7 +217,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="cupy.html">2. Using your GPU with CuPy</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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@@ -173,7 +226,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="numba.html">3. Accelerate your Python code with Numba</a>
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@@ -182,7 +235,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <a href="gpu_introduction.html">4. A Better Look at the GPU</a>
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -191,7 +244,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="first_program.html">5. Your First GPU Kernel</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
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         <a href="global_local_memory.html">6. Registers, Global, and Local Memory</a>
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         <a href="shared_memory_and_synchronization.html">7. Shared Memory and Synchronization</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="constant_memory.html">8. Constant Memory</a>
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@@ -239,10 +292,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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             </div>
 
-            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush resources" id="accordionFlush12">
+            <hr class="half-width"><div class="accordion accordion-flush lesson-resources" id="accordionFlush12">
               <div class="accordion-item">
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-                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
+                  <button class="accordion-button collapsed" id="lesson-resources" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#flush-collapseTwelve" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseTwelve">
                     RESOURCES
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@@ -262,11 +315,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
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-            <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+            <hr class="half-width lesson-resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
+
 
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@@ -293,12 +346,12 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Concurrent access to the GPU</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-12 |
-        
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="key"></i>
 </div>
 <div class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#keypoints1"></a>
-</h3>
+<h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
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@@ -619,20 +671,20 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/episodes/streams.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
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         | <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.9" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.9)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.4" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.4)</a></p>
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@@ -654,33 +706,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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   "identifier": "https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/lesson-gpu-programming/streams.html",
   "dateCreated": "2020-09-25",
-  "dateModified": "2024-03-12",
-  "datePublished": "2024-05-15"
+  "dateModified": "2024-11-04",
+  "datePublished": "2024-11-04"
 }
 
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-    2022-11-07: we have gotten a notification that we have an overage for our
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-  </script>
-  End Matomo Code --></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
+	</script></body></html><!-- END:   inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html-->
 
diff --git a/workshops.html b/workshops.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/workshops.html
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!-- START: inst/pkgdown/templates/layout.html --><!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en" data-bs-theme="auto"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>GPU Programming: </title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><script src="assets/themetoggle.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="assets/styles.css"><script src="assets/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- mathjax --><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
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+        <h1></h1>
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-11-04 |
+
+        <a href="https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/lesson-gpu-programming/edit/main/workshops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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+<table class="table"><colgroup><col width="13%"><col width="27%"><col width="20%"><col width="38%"></colgroup><thead><tr class="header"><th>Date (YYYY-MM-DD)</th>
+<th>Organisation</th>
+<th>Location</th>
+<th>Comments</th>
+</tr></thead><tbody><tr class="odd"><td>2021-11-02</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Online</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2022-02-08</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Online</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2022-05-11</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2022-11-02</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2023-03-09</td>
+<td>N8 computational intensive research</td>
+<td>Newcastle, UK</td>
+<td>2nd part of the workshop was online April 18th 2023</td>
+</tr><tr class="even"><td>2023-04-18</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr><tr class="odd"><td>2023-11-06</td>
+<td>Netherlands eScience Center</td>
+<td>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</td>
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