✨ switch to mqt-core Python package

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR switches the project to use the newly developed mqt-core Python package.
Any Python package build will only require the mqt-core package as a build and runtime dependency and won't have to rely on fetched version of mqt-core any more.
Any regular C++ build will still use the FetchContent CMake module.

The change brings a range of advantages:

• Uses the new load function of mqt-core that allows to load any supported circuit format as input and has better handling for Qiskit QuantumCircuit objects.
• Allows to directly feed QASM strings as inputs to the compilation methods
• Simplifies the interfaces of the QMAP Python bindings
• Allows OpenQASM3 as an input format.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 93.16239% with 8 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 90.8%. Comparing base (3b7c97b) to head (0d125cd).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/logicblocks/LogicTerm.cpp	75.0%	5 Missing ⚠️
include/sc/DataLogger.hpp	81.8%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/na/nasp/Solver.cpp	95.0%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@          Coverage Diff          @@
##            main    #418   +/-   ##
=====================================
  Coverage   90.7%   90.8%           
=====================================
  Files         93      94    +1     
  Lines      10763   10762    -1     
  Branches    1830    1831    +1     
=====================================
+ Hits        9772    9780    +8     
+ Misses       991     982    -9     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	90.6% <90.5%> (+<0.1%)	⬆️
python	96.2% <100.0%> (+0.2%)	⬆️

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
include/cliffordsynthesis/CliffordSynthesizer.hpp	84.7% <100.0%> (-3.4%)	⬇️
include/cliffordsynthesis/Results.hpp	100.0% <ø> (ø)
include/hybridmap/NeutralAtomLayer.hpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
include/na/nasp/Solver.hpp	95.0% <ø> (ø)
include/sc/Mapper.hpp	82.0% <100.0%> (-1.7%)	⬇️
src/cliffordsynthesis/CliffordSynthesizer.cpp	97.5% <100.0%> (+0.4%)	⬆️
src/cliffordsynthesis/Results.cpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/cliffordsynthesis/Tableau.cpp	91.6% <100.0%> (ø)
src/hybridmap/NeutralAtomArchitecture.cpp	96.1% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qmap/__init__.py	100.0% <100.0%> (+5.8%)	⬆️
... and 15 more

... and 5 files with indirect coverage changes