Update to Python 3.12

[lizard-boy]

Motivation

This PR contains all changes necessary to upgrade our Python version for the runtime from 3.11 to 3.12.
Similar to previous updates:

• Update to Python 3.11 localstack/localstack#8087
• Upgrade python version to 3.10 localstack/localstack#5632

Changes

• Update all CircleCI runners (which use Python 3.12.1 by default).
• Update all GitHub actions to install Python 3.12 instead of Python 3.11.
• Update the dockerfile base image to the latest sha digest of Python 3.12.2.
• Update all references to virtual environments which contain the Python version (f.e. /usr/lib/localstack/python-packages/lib/python3.12/site-packages).
• Update the Lambda Runtime version used for local execution (in the runtime of LocalStack itself) from 3.11 to 3.12.
  Impact
• Update the pinned dependencies (they need to be generated with the right version).
• Update the .python-version file for pyenv
• This PR only updates the runtime version of LocalStack itself. The LocalStack CLI will still be compatible with Python 3.8+.

However, Python Initialization Hooks and LocalStack Extensions will then run in a Python 3.12 environment instead of Python 3.11.

[greptile-apps]

PR Summary

This pull request updates LocalStack's runtime environment from Python 3.11 to 3.12, affecting multiple components of the project.

• Updated base Docker images to Python 3.12.3 in Dockerfile and Dockerfile.s3
• Modified CircleCI configuration to use Ubuntu 2024.01.1 machine images
• Adjusted Python package paths and virtual environment references to 3.12
• Updated dependencies in various requirements files for Python 3.12 compatibility
• Changed .python-version file to specify Python 3.12 for development environments

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